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Electron Microscopy Reveals Evidence of Perinuclear Clustering of Mitochondria in Cardiac Biopsy-Proven Allograft Rejection. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020296. [PMID: 35207783 PMCID: PMC8878136 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cellular rejection is a major complication in heart transplantation. We focus on the analysis of new ultrastructural findings in cardiac biopsy rejection based on mitochondrial intracellular organization. This study includes heart transplanted patients from a single center who were referred for endomyocardial biopsies as a scheduled routine screening. Participants were divided into two groups: patients transplanted without allograft rejection (Grade 0R), and patients with biopsy-proven allograft rejection (Grade ≥ 2R). Using electronic microscopy, we detected a significant increase in the volume density of mitochondria (p < 0.0001) and dense bodies (p < 0.01) in the rejection group. The most relevant finding was the presence of local accumulations of mitochondria close to the nuclear envelope, pressing and molding the morphology of this membrane in all rejection samples (100%). We identified this perinuclear clustering of mitochondria phenomenon in a 68 ± 27% of the total cardiac nucleus observed from rejection samples. We did not observe this phenomenon in any non-rejection samples, reflecting excellent sensitivity and specificity. We have identified a specific phenomenon affecting the architecture of the nuclear membrane—perinuclear clustering of mitochondria—in endomyocardial biopsies from patients with cardiac rejection. This ultrastructural approach might complement and improve the diagnosis of rejection.
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Eldarov CM, Vangely IM, Vays VB, Sheval EV, Holtze S, Hildebrandt TB, Kolosova NG, Popkov VA, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB, Bakeeva LE, Skulachev VP. Mitochondria in the Nuclei of Rat Myocardial Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E712. [PMID: 32183238 PMCID: PMC7140638 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopic study of cardiomyocytes taken from healthy Wistar and OXYS rats and naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) revealed mitochondria in nuclei that lacked part of the nuclear envelope. The direct interaction of mitochondria with nucleoplasm is shown. The statistical analysis of the occurrence of mitochondria in cardiomyocyte nuclei showed that the percentage of nuclei with mitochondria was roughly around 1%, and did not show age and species dependency. Confocal microscopy of normal rat cardiac myocytes revealed a branched mitochondrial network in the vicinity of nuclei with an organization different than that of interfibrillar mitochondria. This mitochondrial network was energetically functional because it carried the membrane potential that responded by oscillatory mode after photodynamic challenge. We suggest that the presence of functional mitochondria in the nucleus is not only a consequence of certain pathologies but rather represents a normal biological phenomenon involved in mitochondrial/nuclear interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chupalav M Eldarov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina M Vangely
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya B Vays
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas B Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vasily A Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lora E Bakeeva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Skulachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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Dong Q, Xing X, Han Y, Wei X, Zhang S. De Novo Organelle Biogenesis in the Cyanobacterium TDX16 Released from the Green Alga <i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i>. Cell 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2020.91003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Choudhury AR, Singh KK. Mitochondrial determinants of cancer health disparities. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:125-146. [PMID: 28487205 PMCID: PMC5673596 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, which are multi-functional, have been implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis due to metabolic alterations in transformed cells. Mitochondria are involved in the generation of energy, cell growth and differentiation, cellular signaling, cell cycle control, and cell death. To date, the mitochondrial basis of cancer disparities is unknown. The goal of this review is to provide an understanding and a framework of mitochondrial determinants that may contribute to cancer disparities in racially different populations. Due to maternal inheritance and ethnic-based diversity, the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) contributes to inherited racial disparities. In people of African ancestry, several germline, population-specific haplotype variants in mtDNA as well as depletion of mtDNA have been linked to cancer predisposition and cancer disparities. Indeed, depletion of mtDNA and mutations in mtDNA or nuclear genome (nDNA)-encoded mitochondrial proteins lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and promote resistance to apoptosis, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastatic disease, all of which can contribute to cancer disparity and tumor aggressiveness related to racial disparities. Ethnic differences at the level of expression or genetic variations in nDNA encoding the mitochondrial proteome, including mitochondria-localized mtDNA replication and repair proteins, miRNA, transcription factors, kinases and phosphatases, and tumor suppressors and oncogenes may underlie susceptibility to high-risk and aggressive cancers found in African population and other ethnicities. The mitochondrial retrograde signaling that alters the expression profile of nuclear genes in response to dysfunctional mitochondria is a mechanism for tumorigenesis. In ethnic populations, differences in mitochondrial function may alter the cross talk between mitochondria and the nucleus at epigenetic and genetic levels, which can also contribute to cancer health disparities. Targeting mitochondrial determinants and mitochondrial retrograde signaling could provide a promising strategy for the development of selective anticancer therapy for dealing with cancer disparities. Further, agents that restore mitochondrial function to optimal levels should permit sensitivity to anticancer agents for the treatment of aggressive tumors that occur in racially diverse populations and hence help in reducing racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Departments of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Departments of Environmental Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Singh B, Modica-Napolitano JS, Singh KK. Defining the momiome: Promiscuous information transfer by mobile mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:1-17. [PMID: 28502611 PMCID: PMC5681893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles that have long been identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells because of the central role they play in oxidative metabolism. A resurgence of interest in the study of mitochondria during the past decade has revealed that mitochondria also play key roles in cell signaling, proliferation, cell metabolism and cell death, and that genetic and/or metabolic alterations in mitochondria contribute to a number of diseases, including cancer. Mitochondria have been identified as signaling organelles, capable of mediating bidirectional intracellular information transfer: anterograde (from nucleus to mitochondria) and retrograde (from mitochondria to nucleus). More recently, evidence is now building that the role of mitochondria extends to intercellular communication as well, and that the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and even whole mitochondria are indeed mobile and can mediate information transfer between cells. We define this promiscuous information transfer function of mitochondria and mtDNA as "momiome" to include all mobile functions of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Herein, we review the "momiome" and explore its role in cancer development, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Szafranski P. Intercompartmental Piecewise Gene Transfer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100260. [PMID: 28984842 PMCID: PMC5664110 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene relocation from the residual genomes of organelles to the nuclear genome still continues, although as a scaled down evolutionary phenomenon, limited in occurrence mostly to protists (sensu lato) and land plants. During this process, the structural integrity of transferred genes is usually preserved. However, the relocation of mitochondrial genes that code for respiratory chain and ribosomal proteins is sometimes associated with their fragmentation into two complementary genes. Herein, this review compiles cases of piecewise gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus, and discusses hypothesized mechanistic links between the fission and relocation of those genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Szafranski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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El-Magd MA, Abdo WS, El-Maddaway M, Nasr NM, Gaber RA, El-Shetry ES, Saleh AA, Alzahrani FAA, Abdelhady DH. High doses of S-methylcysteine cause hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis accompanied by engulfment of mitochondaria by nucleus. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:589-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Singh KK, Choudhury AR, Tiwari HK. Numtogenesis as a mechanism for development of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:101-109. [PMID: 28511886 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of genetic material from cytoplasmic organelles to the nucleus, an ongoing process, has implications in evolution, aging, and human pathologies such as cancer. The transferred mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments in the nuclear genome are called nuclear mtDNA or NUMTs. We have named the process numtogenesis, defining the term as the transfer of mtDNA into the nuclear genome, or, less specifically, the transfer of mitochondria or mitochondrial components into the nucleus. There is increasing evidence of the involvement of NUMTs in human biology and pathology. Although information pertaining to NUMTs and numtogenesis is sparse, the role of this aspect of mitochondrial biology to human cancers is apparent. In this review, we present available knowledge about the origin and mechanisms of numtogenesis, with special emphasis on the role of NUMTs in human malignancies. We describe studies undertaken in our laboratory and in others and discuss the influence of NUMTs in tumor initiation and progression and in survival of cancer patients. We describe suppressors of numtogenesis and evolutionary conserved mechanisms underlying numtogenesis in cancer. An understanding the emerging field of numtogenesis should allow comprehension of this process in various malignancies and other diseases and, more generally, in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav K Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Departments of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Departments of Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Center for Aging, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, AL, 35294, USA.
| | | | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Srinivasainagendra V, Sandel MW, Singh B, Sundaresan A, Mooga VP, Bajpai P, Tiwari HK, Singh KK. Migration of mitochondrial DNA in the nuclear genome of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Genome Med 2017; 9:31. [PMID: 28356157 PMCID: PMC5370490 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal adenocarcinomas are characterized by abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and genomic instability, but a molecular interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear genome remains unknown. Here we report the discovery of increased copies of nuclear mtDNA (NUMT) in colorectal adenocarcinomas, which supports link between mtDNA and genomic instability in the nucleus. We name this phenomenon of nuclear occurrence of mitochondrial component as numtogenesis. We provide a description of NUMT abundance and distribution in tumor versus matched blood-derived normal genomes. Methods Whole-genome sequence data were obtained for colon adenocarcinoma and rectum adenocarcinoma patients participating in The Cancer Genome Atlas, via the Cancer Genomics Hub, using the GeneTorrent file acquisition tool. Data were analyzed to determine NUMT proportion and distribution on a genome-wide scale. A NUMT suppressor gene was identified by comparing numtogenesis in other organisms. Results Our study reveals that colorectal adenocarcinoma genomes, on average, contains up to 4.2-fold more somatic NUMTs than matched normal genomes. Women colorectal tumors contained more NUMT than men. NUMT abundance in tumor predicted parallel abundance in blood. NUMT abundance positively correlated with GC content and gene density. Increased numtogenesis was observed with higher mortality. We identified YME1L1, a human homolog of yeast YME1 (yeast mitochondrial DNA escape 1) to be frequently mutated in colorectal tumors. YME1L1 was also mutated in tumors derived from other tissues. We show that inactivation of YME1L1 results in increased transfer of mtDNA in the nuclear genome. Conclusions Our study demonstrates increased somatic transfer of mtDNA in colorectal tumors. Our study also reveals sex-based differences in frequency of NUMT occurrence and that NUMT in blood reflects NUMT in tumors, suggesting NUMT may be used as a biomarker for tumorigenesis. We identify YME1L1 as the first NUMT suppressor gene in human and demonstrate that inactivation of YME1L1 induces migration of mtDNA to the nuclear genome. Our study reveals that numtogenesis plays an important role in the development of cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0420-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodh Srinivasainagendra
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Michael W Sandel
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.,Present address: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of West Alabama, Livingston, Alabama, USA
| | - Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Aishwarya Sundaresan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Ved P Mooga
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Prachi Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Departments of Pathology, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA. .,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Suite 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Papa AL, Basu S, Sengupta P, Banerjee D, Sengupta S, Harfouche R. Mechanistic studies of Gemcitabine-loaded nanoplatforms in resistant pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:419. [PMID: 22998550 PMCID: PMC3543259 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer remains the deadliest of all cancers, with a mortality rate of 91%. Gemcitabine is considered the gold chemotherapeutic standard, but only marginally improves life-span due to its chemical instability and low cell penetrance. A new paradigm to improve Gemcitabine’s therapeutic index is to administer it in nanoparticles, which favour its delivery to cells when under 500 nm in diameter. Although promising, this approach still suffers from major limitations, as the choice of nanovector used as well as its effects on Gemcitabine intracellular trafficking inside pancreatic cancer cells remain unknown. A proper elucidation of these mechanisms would allow for the elaboration of better strategies to engineer more potent Gemcitabine nanotherapeutics against pancreatic cancer. Methods Gemcitabine was encapsulated in two types of commonly used nanovectors, namely poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and cholesterol-based liposomes, and their physico-chemical parameters assessed in vitro. Their mechanisms of action in human pancreatic cells were compared with those of the free drug, and with each others, using cytotoxity, apoptosis and ultrastructural analyses. Results Physico-chemical analyses of both drugs showed high loading efficiencies and sizes of less than 200 nm, as assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with a drug release profile of at least one week. These profiles translated to significant cytotoxicity and apoptosis, as well as distinct intracellular trafficking mechanisms, which were most pronounced in the case of PLGem showing significant mitochondrial, cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum stresses. Conclusions Our study demonstrates how the choice of nanovector affects the mechanisms of drug action and is a crucial determinant of Gemcitabine intracellular trafficking and potency in pancreatic cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Papa
- BWH-HST Center for Biomedical Engineering, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Evrard SG, Brusco A. Ethanol Effects on the Cytoskeleton of Nerve Tissue Cells. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6787-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lyamzaev KG, Nepryakhina OK, Saprunova VB, Bakeeva LE, Pletjushkina OY, Chernyak BV, Skulachev VP. Novel mechanism of elimination of malfunctioning mitochondria (mitoptosis): Formation of mitoptotic bodies and extrusion of mitochondrial material from the cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:817-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sardão VA, Pereira SL, Oliveira PJ. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac and skeletal muscle injury. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2008; 7:129-46. [PMID: 18324876 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.7.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The list of clinically relevant molecules that affect skeletal and cardiac muscle mitochondria is gradually increasing, which strongly suggest that mitochondrial toxicity should be an important end point during the design and testing of novel pharmaceuticals. OBJECTIVE The present review intends to describe mechanisms by which clinically relevant drugs are known to alter mitochondrial function in cardiac and skeletal muscle, which is suggested to be involved in the toxicity associated with those drugs. METHODS Literature databases were searched in order to identify clinically relevant drugs with associated mitochondrial muscle toxicity. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial function is important in the context of muscle survival, hence, the requirement to identify novel mitochondrial targets and develop new therapies to counteract chemical-induced degeneration of mitochondrial function and muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma A Sardão
- University of Coimbra, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Dzyubinskaya EV, Kiselevsky DB, Bakeeva LE, Samuilov VD. Programmed cell death in plants: effect of protein synthesis inhibitors and structural changes in pea guard cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2006; 71:395-405. [PMID: 16615859 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pea leaf epidermis incubated with cyanide displayed ultrastructural changes in guard cells that are typical of apoptosis. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, and lincomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria, produced different effects on the dynamics of programmed death of guard cells. According to light microscopy data, cycloheximide reinforced and lincomycin suppressed the CN(-)-induced destruction of cell nuclei. Lincomycin lowered the effect of cycloheximide in the light and prevented it in the dark. According to electron microscopy data, the most pronounced effects of cycloheximide in the presence of cyanide were autophagy and a lack of apoptotic condensation of nuclear chromatin, the prevention of chloroplast envelope rupturing and its invagination inside the stroma, and the appearance of particular compartments with granular inclusions in mitochondria. Lincomycin inhibited the CN(-)-induced ultrastructural changes in guard cell nuclei. The data show that programmed death of guard cells may have a combined scenario involving both apoptosis and autophagy and may depend on the action of both cytoplasm synthesized and chloroplast and mitochondrion synthesized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Dzyubinskaya
- Department of Physiology of Microorganisms, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Bakeeva LE, Dzyubinskaya EV, Samuilov VD. Programmed cell death in plants: ultrastructural changes in pea guard cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2005; 70:972-9. [PMID: 16266266 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with cyanide of epidermal peels isolated from pea leaves resulted in destruction of nuclei in the guard cells of stomata, which is visible with a light microscope. The process was accelerated by illumination. Electron microscopy revealed significant CN--induced changes in the ultrastructure of guard cells, which increased with time. Margination of chromatin, which is one of the first signs of apoptosis, was observed in the guard cells even after 1 h incubation of the isolated epidermis with CN-. Subsequent chromatin condensation, swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum with formation of large tanks covered with ribosomes, changes in the structure of dictyosomes, and a slight swelling of mitochondria were observed after 3 h of the epidermis incubation with CN-. After 6 h of incubation with CN-, the bulk volume of the guard cells was filled with vacuoles, the cytoplasm occupied the thin marginal layer, the nucleus was in the center similarly to the control experiment, but it was polylobal, extended in narrow cytoplasmic bands, and, despite the loss of the nuclear envelope integrity, appeared to be a self-dependent structure. In the envelope-free open regions of the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts directly contacted with chromatin. Much like the cell nucleus, chloroplasts lost the integrity of the membrane, but did not swell and retained the stroma and integrity of the thylakoid system. An antioxidant di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene prevented ultrastructural changes in the cells observed after 6 h of incubation with CN-. Thus, the CN--induced death of the guard cells of stomata occurs through the mechanism of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Bakeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Abstract
Mortalin, also known as mthsp70/PBP74/GRP75, resides in multiple subcellular sites including mitochondria, ER, plasma membrane, cytoplasmic vesicles and cytosol. It is differentially distributed in normal and cancerous cells; the latter, when reverted back to normal phenotype, also show change in mortalin staining pattern similar to normal cells. Depending on its different subcellular niche and binding partner therein, mortalin is expected to perform multiple functions relevant to cell survival, control of proliferation and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil C Kaul
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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