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Hashimoto K, Oikawa H, Shibata H. Characterization of Porous β-Type Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics Formed via Physical Foaming with Freeze-Drying. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5363. [PMID: 38791401 PMCID: PMC11120988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porous β-tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2; β-TCP) was prepared via freeze-drying and the effects of this process on pore shapes and sizes were investigated. Various samples were prepared by freezing β-TCP slurries above a liquid nitrogen surface at -180 °C with subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. These materials were then dried under reduced pressure in a freeze-dryer, after which they were sintered with heating. Compared with conventional heat-based drying, the resulting pores were more spherical, which increased both the mechanical strength and porosity of the β-TCP. These materials had a wide range of pore sizes from 50 to 200 µm, with the mean and median values both approximately 100 µm regardless of the freeze-drying conditions. Mercury porosimetry data showed that the samples contained small, interconnected pores with sizes of 1.24 ± 0.25 µm and macroscopic, interconnected pores of 25.8 ± 4.7 µm in size. The effects of nonionic surfactants having different hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) values on foaming and pore size were also investigated. Materials made with surfactants having lower HLB values exhibited smaller pores and lower porosity, whereas higher HLB surfactants gave higher porosity and slightly larger macropores. Even so, the pore diameter could not be readily controlled solely by adjusting the HLB value. The findings of this work indicated that high porosity (>75%) and good compressive strength (>2 MPa) can both be obtained in the same porous material and that foaming agents with HLB values between 12.0 and 13.5 were optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi 275-0016, Chiba, Japan; (H.O.); (H.S.)
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Pawelec KM, Schoborg TA, Shapiro EM. Computed tomography technologies to measure key structural features of polymeric biomedical implants from bench to bedside. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 38728118 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Implanted polymeric devices, designed to encourage tissue regeneration, require porosity. However, characterizing porosity, which affects many functional device properties, is non-trivial. Computed tomography (CT) is a quick, versatile, and non-destructive way to gain 3D structural information, yet various CT technologies, such as benchtop, preclinical and clinical systems, all have different capabilities. As system capabilities determine the structural information that can be obtained, seamless monitoring of key device features through all stages of clinical translation must be engineered intentionally. Therefore, in this study we tested feasibility of obtaining structural information in pre-clinical systems and high-resolution micro-CT (μCT) under physiological conditions. To overcome the low CT contrast of polymers in hydrated environments, radiopaque nanoparticle contrast agent was incorporated into porous devices. The size of resolved features in porous structures is highly dependent on the resolution (voxel size) of the scan. As the voxel size of the CT scan increased (lower resolution) from 5 to 50 μm, the measured pore size was overestimated, and percentage porosity was underestimated by nearly 50%. With the homogeneous introduction of nanoparticles, changes to device structure could be quantified in the hydrated state, including at high-resolution. Biopolymers had significant structural changes post-hydration, including a mean increase of 130% in pore wall thickness that could potentially impact biological response. By incorporating imaging capabilities into polymeric devices, CT can be a facile way to monitor devices from initial design stages through to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendell M Pawelec
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Todd A Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Wang S, Shao C, Zhao X, Guo Y, Song H, Shen L, Zhou Z, Li Z. Application of Three-Dimension Printing Nano-Carbonated-Hydroxylapatite to the Repair of Defects in Rabbit Bone. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1667-1681. [PMID: 38406604 PMCID: PMC10894707 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s439775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hydroxylapatite (HAp) is a biodegradable bone graft material with high biocompatibility. However, the clinical application of HAp has been limited due to the poor absorption rate in vivo. Methods In this study, carbonated hydroxylapatite (CHAp) with a chemical composition similar to natural bone was synthesized. HAp and CHAp scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing. Each material was designed by two types of scaffold model with a maximum width of 8 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, ie, structure I (round shape) and structure II (grid shape). Then, the HAp scaffolds were loaded with lutein. These scaffolds were implanted into the 8 mm bone defect on the top of the rabbit skull within 3 hours in the morning. The curative effects of the scaffolds were assessed two months after implantation. Results The 3D printed scaffolds did not cause severe inflammation or rejection after implantation. It showed that the porous structures allow bone cells to enter into the scaffolds. Furthermore, CHAp scaffolds were more biocompatible than HAp scaffolds, and showed a higher level of degradation and new bone formation after implantation. Structure II scaffolds with a smaller mineral content degraded faster than structure I, while structure I had better osteoconductive properties than structure II. Besides, the addition of lutein significantly enhanced the rate of new bone formation. Discussion The uniqueness of this study lies in the synthesis of 3D printed CHAp scaffolds and the implantation of CHAp in rabbit bone defects. The incorporation of suitable carbonate and lutein into HAp can enhance the osteoinductivity of the graft, and CHAp has a faster degradation rate in vivo, all of which provide a new reference for the research and application of apatite-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingkai Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhe Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lida Shen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People’s Republic of China
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Misra RDK, Misra KP. Process-structure-biofunctional paradigm in cellular structured implants: an overview and perspective on the synergy between additive manufacturing, bio-mechanical behaviour and biological functions. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:630-640. [PMID: 37933821 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2278156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The overview describes the synergy between biological sciences and cellular structures processed by additive manufacturing to elucidate the significance of cellular structured implants in eliminating stress shielding and in meeting the bio-mechanical property requirements of elastic modulus, impact resistance, and fatigue strength in conjunction with the biological functionality. The convergence of additive manufacturing, computer-aided design, and structure-property relationships is envisaged to provide the solution to the current day challenges in the biomedical arena. The traditional methods of fabrication of biomedical devices including casting and mechanical forming have limitations because of the mismatch in micro/microstructure, mechanical, and physical properties with the host site. Additive manufacturing of cellular structured alloys via electron beam melting and laser powder bed fusion has benefits of fabricating patient-specific design that is obtained from the computed tomography scan of the defect site. The discussion in the overview consists of two aspects - the first one describes the underlying reason that motivated 3D printing of implants from the perspective of minimising stress shielding together with the mechanical property requirements, where the mechanical properties of cellular structured implants depend on the cellular architecture and percentage cellular porosity. The second aspect focuses on the biological response of cellular structured devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D K Misra
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering and Biomedical and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Center for Structural and Functional Materials, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - K P Misra
- Department of Physics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Bouakaz I, Drouet C, Grossin D, Cobraiville E, Nolens G. Hydroxyapatite 3D-printed scaffolds with Gyroid-Triply periodic minimal surface porous structure: Fabrication and an in vivo pilot study in sheep. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:580-595. [PMID: 37673232 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone repair is a major challenge in regenerative medicine, e.g. for large defects. There is a need for bioactive, highly percolating bone substitutes favoring bone ingrowth and tissue healing. Here, a modern 3D printing approach (VAT photopolymerization) was exploited to fabricate hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds with a Gyroid-"Triply periodic minimal surface" (TPMS) porous structure (65% porosity, 90.5% HA densification) inspired from trabecular bone. Percolation and absorption capacities were analyzed in gaseous and liquid conditions. Mechanical properties relevant to guided bone regeneration in non-load bearing sites, as for maxillofacial contour reconstruction, were evidenced from 3-point bending tests and macrospherical indentation. Scaffolds were implanted in a clinically-relevant large animal model (sheep femur), over 6 months, enabling thorough analyses at short (4 weeks) and long (26 weeks) time points. In vivo performances were systematically compared to the bovine bone-derived Bio-OssⓇ standard. The local tissue response was examined thoroughly by semi-quantitative histopathology. Results demonstrated the absence of toxicity. Bone healing was assessed by bone dynamics analysis through epifluorescence using various fluorochromes and quantitative histomorphometry. Performant bone regeneration was evidenced with similar overall performances to the control, although the Gyroid biomaterial slightly outperformed Bio-OssⓇ at early healing time in terms of osteointegration and appositional mineralization. This work is considered a pilot study on the in vivo evaluation of TPMS-based 3D porous scaffolds in a large animal model, for an extended period of time, and in comparison to a clinical standard. Our results confirm the relevance of such scaffolds for bone regeneration in view of clinical practice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone repair, e.g. for large bone defects or patients with defective vascularization is still a major challenge. Highly percolating TPMS porous structures have recently emerged, but no in vivo data were reported on a large animal model of clinical relevance and comparing to an international standard. Here, we fabricated TPMS scaffolds of HA, determined their chemical, percolation and mechanical features, and ran an in-depth pilot study in the sheep with a systematic comparison to the Bio-OssⓇ reference. Our results clearly show the high bone-forming capability of such scaffolds, with outcomes even better than Bio-OssⓇ at short implantation time. This preclinical work provides quantitative data validating the relevance of such TMPS porous scaffolds for bone regeneration in view of clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Bouakaz
- CERHUM - PIMW, 4000 Liège, Belgium; CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS / Toulouse INP / UT3, 31030 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Drouet
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS / Toulouse INP / UT3, 31030 Toulouse, France.
| | - David Grossin
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS / Toulouse INP / UT3, 31030 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Grégory Nolens
- CERHUM - PIMW, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Jung N, Park J, Park SH, Oh S, Kim S, Cho SW, Kim JE, Moon HS, Park YB. Improving Bone Formation by Guided Bone Regeneration Using a Collagen Membrane with rhBMP-2: A Novel Concept. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030170. [PMID: 36976094 PMCID: PMC10056333 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) when applied to collagen membranes, would reinforce them during guided bone regeneration. Four critical cranial bone defects were created and treated in 30 New Zealand white rabbits, including a control group, critical defect only; group 1, collagen membrane only; group 2, biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) only; group 3, collagen membrane + BCP; group 4, collagen membrane with rhBMP-2 (1.0 mg/mL); group 5, collagen membrane with rhBMP-2 (0.5 mg/mL); group 6, collagen membrane with rhBMP-2 (1.0 mg/mL) + BCP; and group 7, collagen membrane with rhBMP-2 (0.5 mg/mL) + BCP. After a 2-, 4-, or 8-week healing period, the animals were sacrificed. The combination of collagen membranes with rhBMP-2 and BCP yielded significantly higher bone formation rates compared to the other groups (control group and groups 1-5 < groups 6 and 7; p < 0.05). A 2-week healing period yielded significantly lower bone formation than that at 4 and 8 weeks (2 < 4 = 8 weeks; p < 0.05). This study proposes a novel GBR concept in which rhBMP-2 is applied to collagen membranes outside instead of inside the grafted area, thereby inducing quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced bone regeneration in critical bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Jung
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Osong Research Institute, TaeWoong Medical Co., Ltd., 55-7 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28161, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Oh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biomaterials & Implant, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungtae Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Moon
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bum Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Kumawat VS, Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh S, Ghosh SB. An overview of translational research in bone graft biomaterials. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:497-540. [PMID: 36124544 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2127143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural bone healing is often inadequate to treat fractures with critical size bone defects and massive bone loss. Immediate surgical interventions through bone grafts have been found to be essential on such occasions. Naturally harvested bone grafts, although are the preferred choice of the surgeons; they suffer from serious clinical limitations, including disease transmission, donor site morbidity, limited supply of graft etc. Synthetic bone grafts, on the other hand, offer a more clinically appealing approach to decode the pathways of bone repair through use of tissue engineered biomaterials. This article critically retrospects the translational research on various engineered biomaterials towards bringing transformative changes in orthopaedic healthcare. The first section of the article discusses about composition and ultrastructure of bone along with the global perspectives on statistical escalation of bone fracture surgeries requiring use of bone grafts. The next section reviews the types, benefits and challenges of various natural and synthetic bone grafts. An overview of clinically relevant biomaterials from traditionally used metallic, bioceramic, and biopolymeric biomaterials to new generation composites have been summarised. Finally, this narrative review concludes with the discussion on the emerging trends and future perspectives of the promising bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shankar Kumawat
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
- Engineered Biomedical Materials Research and Innovation Centre (EnBioMatRIC), Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Huang P, Yang P, Liu K, Tao W, Tao J, Ai F. Evaluation of 'surgery-friendly' bone scaffold characteristics: 3D printed ductile BG/PCL scaffold with high inorganic content to repair critical bone defects. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36317271 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac9e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The repair of irregular and complex critical bone defects remains a challenge in clinical practice. The application of 3D-printed bioceramics particle/polymer composite scaffolds in bone tissue engineering has been widely studied. At present, the inorganic particle content of the composite scaffolds is generally low, resulting in poor osteogenic activity. However, scaffold with high inorganic content are highly brittle, difficult to operate during surgery, and cannot be in close contact with surrounding bones. Therefore, it is of great significance to design a 'surgery-friendly' scaffold with high bioceramic content and good ductility. In this study, we used the solvent method to add high concentration (wt% 70%) bioglass (BG) into polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyethylene glycol was used as plasticizer to prepare 70% BG/PCL composite scaffolds with high ductility using 3D printing technology.In vitroexperiments showed that the scaffold had good mechanical properties: easy extension, easy folding and strong compressive resistance. It also showed good performance in biocompatibility and osteogenic activity. It was further observed that compared with pure BG or PCL implantation, the scaffold with higher BG content could have more new bone tissue appeared after 12 weeks. All these results indicate that 3D-printed 70% BG/PCL scaffolds have great potential for personalized repair of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengren Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guixi Dongxin Hospital, Yingtan 335400, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanrong Ai
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
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Besleaga C, Nan B, Popa AC, Balescu LM, Nedelcu L, Neto AS, Pasuk I, Leonat L, Popescu-Pelin G, Ferreira JMF, Stan GE. Sr and Mg Doped Bi-Phasic Calcium Phosphate Macroporous Bone Graft Substitutes Fabricated by Robocasting: A Structural and Cytocompatibility Assessment. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030123. [PMID: 36135559 PMCID: PMC9502687 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-phasic calcium phosphates (BCPs) are considered prominent candidate materials for the fabrication of bone graft substitutes. Currently, supplemental cation-doping is suggested as a powerful path to boost biofunctionality, however, there is still a lack of knowledge on the structural role of such substituents in BCPs, which in turn, could influence the intensity and extent of the biological effects. In this work, pure and Mg- and Sr-doped BCP scaffolds were fabricated by robocasting from hydrothermally synthesized powders, and then preliminarily tested in vitro and thoroughly investigated physically and chemically. Collectively, the osteoblast cell culture assays indicated that all types of BCP scaffolds (pure, Sr- or Sr–Mg-doped) delivered in vitro performances similar to the biological control, with emphasis on the Sr–Mg-doped ones. An important result was that double Mg–Sr doping obtained the ceramic with the highest β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/hydroxyapatite mass concentration ratio of ~1.8. Remarkably, Mg and Sr were found to be predominantly incorporated in the β-TCP lattice. These findings could be important for the future development of BCP-based bone graft substitutes since the higher dissolution rate of β-TCP enables an easier release of the therapeutic ions. This may pave the road toward medical devices with more predictable in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Besleaga
- National Institute of Materials Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Bo Nan
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Liviu Nedelcu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ana Sofia Neto
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iuliana Pasuk
- National Institute of Materials Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Lucia Leonat
- National Institute of Materials Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Gianina Popescu-Pelin
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - José M. F. Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.F.); (G.E.S.)
| | - George E. Stan
- National Institute of Materials Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.F.); (G.E.S.)
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Jamalpour MR, Yadegari A, Vahdatinia F, Amirabad LM, Jamshidi S, Shojaei S, Shokri A, Moeinifard E, Omidi M, Tayebi L. 3D-printed bi-layered polymer/hydrogel construct for interfacial tissue regeneration in a canine model. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1316-1329. [PMID: 35738951 PMCID: PMC9339537 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are complications in applying regenerative strategies at the interface of hard and soft tissues due to the limited designs of constructs that can accommodate different cell types in different sites. The problem originates from the challenges in the adhesion of dissimilar materials, such as polymers and hydrogels, that can be suitable for regenerating different tissues such as bone and soft tissues. This paper presents a design of a new hybrid construct in which a polymer (polycaprolactone (PCL)) membrane firmly adheres to a layer of hydrogen (gelatin). METHODS PCL membranes with defined size and porosity were fabricated using 3D printing. The gelatin layer was attached to the PCL membranes using the aminolysis procedure. We have examined this construct for the application of Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) as a typical surgical regenerative procedure of the oral cavity at the interface of bone and soft tissue. Complete in vitro and in vivo investigations on canine tibia bone defects have been performed. Histological analyses for fibrosis morphometric and bone morphometric evaluation, as well as bone-fibrosis histological grading and CBCT imaging, were conducted. RESULTS Chemical and morphological studies of the membrane proved that gelatin was uniformly attached to the aminolyzed PCL membranes. The in vitro and in vivo studies indicated the membrane's biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and barrier function for the GBR application. Furthermore, in vitro study showed that the membranes could improve osteogenesis and the regeneration of bone defects. The results illustrated that the mean bone density in the membrane groups was about three times more than that of the control group. SIGNIFICANCE The fabricated 3D-printed hybrid Gelatin/PCL bi-layered membrane can be a good candidate for interfacial tissue engineering and a promising membrane for GBR procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Jamalpour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Yadegari
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53207, USA
| | - Farshid Vahdatinia
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadi Amirabad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Jamshidi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Setareh Shojaei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Shokri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Erfan Moeinifard
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Private Practice in Royal Veterinary Clinic, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53207, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53207, USA.
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Outcome Analysis of Osseous Ingrowth in an Artificially Created Gap Non-union Using the Novel 3D Biodegradable Polycaprolactone Poly-l-Lactide Polymer Scaffold: Insights from an Experimental Study. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56:1410-1416. [PMID: 35928653 PMCID: PMC9283636 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-022-00657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic biopolymers have been widely used to manage bone effects in recent years. The study aims to analyse the ability to repair artificially created ulnar bone defects with the scaffold made of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and investigate the material's feasibility as a bone graft substitute. METHOD We have tested a novel 3D biodegradable Polycaprolactone Poly-l-Lactide polymer scaffold in an experimental animal model. 14 adults New Zealand white rabbits were used to create the ulnar defect model of 10 mm in length, and randomly divided into group A (test-12 rabbits), group B (control-3 rabbits). The defect area was implanted with the PCL scaffold in the test group, whereas it was left as such in the control group. The repairing effect was observed by gross, histology, radiology, and the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Cook's scoring was used to assess the radiological parameters. RESULTS Histological and radiological results showed better quality of bone regeneration in the defect area at 12 week follow-up period. The SEM image at that period showed impregnation of the osteogenic cells in the surface and pores of the scaffold material. It was evident that the scaffold was thoroughly degraded, corresponding with osteogenesis. New bone formation was statistically significant in the test group than in the control group. CONCLUSION The Polycaprolactone Poly-l-Lactide polymer scaffold is biodegradable in-vivo at a suitable half-life. It has an excellent porous structure, no tissue toxicity, excellent mechanical strength, high osteogenesis potential, and osteoconductivity. Therefore, it can be used as bone graft material in the gap non-union and as a void filler in bone defects.
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12
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Li B, Wang M, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Tang L, You P, Deng Y. Independent effects of structural optimization and resveratrol functionalization on extracellular matrix scaffolds for bone regeneration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112370. [PMID: 35144132 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to their natural biological activity and low immunogenicity, decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) materials have aroused interest as potential scaffold materials in tissue engineering. Decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is one ECM biomaterial that can be easily sourced. In the present study, we tested whether the osteogenesis of SIS scaffolds was enhanced via structural optimization and resveratrol (RSV) functionalization and explored the independent effects of these modifications. We obtained SIS scaffolds with different pore structures by controlling the preparation concentration. The group with superior osteogenic properties was further RSV-functionalized via covalent immobilization. We conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo studies to explore the effects of these two optimization strategies on the osteogenic properties of SIS scaffolds. The results showed that pore structure and RSV functionalization significantly affected the osteogenic properties of SIS scaffolds. With a fabrication concentration of 1%, the SIS scaffolds had superior osteogenic properties. Through covalent coupling, RSV was successfully grafted onto SIS scaffolds, where it was slowly released. The most significant improvements in osteogenic properties were obtained with a coupling concentration of 1%. Furthermore, in in vivo experiments, vascular and new bone tissue formation was enhanced with RSV/SIS scaffolds compared with SIS scaffolds and the blank control group at 4 weeks after implantation. These findings indicate that the RSV/SIS scaffolds obtained via dual optimization strategies show promise as biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; Department of Stomatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yuhua Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Pengyue You
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yi Deng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Ghayor C, Bhattacharya I, Guerrero J, Özcan M, Weber FE. 3D-Printed HA-Based Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration: Microporosity, Osteoconduction and Osteoclastic Resorption. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041433. [PMID: 35207973 PMCID: PMC8875550 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing enables the realization of the macro- and microarchitecture of bone substitutes. The macroarchitecture is determined by the bone defect and its shape makes the implant patient specific. The preset distribution of the 3D-printed material in the macroarchitecture defines the microarchitecture. At the lower scale, the nanoarchitecture of 3D-printed scaffolds is dependent on the post-processing methodology such as the sintering temperature. However, the role of microarchitecture and nanoarchitecture of scaffolds for osteoconduction is still elusive. To address these aspects in more detail, we produced lithography-based osteoconductive scaffolds from hydroxyapatite (HA) of identical macro- and microarchitecture and varied their nanoarchitecture, such as microporosity, by increasing the maximum sintering temperatures from 1100 to 1400 °C. The different scaffold types were characterized for microporosity, compression strength, and nanoarchitecture. The in vivo results, based on a rabbit calvarial defect model showed that bony ingrowth, as a measure of osteoconduction, was independent from scaffold’s microporosity. The same applies to in vitro osteoclastic resorbability, since on all tested scaffold types, osteoclasts formed on their surfaces and resorption pits upon exposure to mature osteoclasts were visible. Thus, for wide-open porous HA-based scaffolds, a low degree of microporosity and high mechanical strength yield optimal osteoconduction and creeping substitution. Based on our study, non-unions, the major complication during demanding bone regeneration procedures, could be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chafik Ghayor
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.G.); (I.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Indranil Bhattacharya
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.G.); (I.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Julien Guerrero
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.G.); (I.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Center of Dental Medicine, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Franz E. Weber
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.G.); (I.B.); (J.G.)
- CABMM, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-634-3140
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Toughening robocast chitosan/biphasic calcium phosphate composite scaffolds with silk fibroin: Tuning printable inks and scaffold structure for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Q, Lu WF, Zhai W. Toward stronger robocast calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: A mini-review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 134:112578. [PMID: 35525758 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among different treatments of critical-sized bone defects, bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a fast-developing strategy centering around the fabrication of scaffolds that can stimulate tissue regeneration and provide mechanical support at the same time. This area has seen an extensive application of bioceramics, such as calcium phosphate, for their bioactivity and resemblance to the composition of natural bones. Moreover, recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM) have unleashed enormous potential in the fabrication of BTE scaffolds with tailored porous structures as well as desired biological and mechanical properties. Robocasting is an AM technique that has been widely applied to fabricate calcium phosphate scaffolds, but most of these scaffolds do not meet the mechanical requirements for load-bearing BTE scaffolds. In light of this challenge, various approaches have been utilized to mechanically strengthen the scaffolds. In this review, the current state of knowledge and existing research on robocasting of calcium phosphate scaffolds are presented. Applying the Gibson-Ashby model, this review provides a meta-analysis from the published literature of the compressive strength of robocast calcium phosphate scaffolds. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches to the mechanical strengthening of robocast calcium phosphate scaffolds. The aim of this review is to provide insightful data and analysis for future research on mechanical strengthening of robocast calcium phosphate scaffolds and ultimately for their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wen Feng Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; The NUS Centre for Additive Manufacturing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; The NUS Centre for Additive Manufacturing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
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Yang SH, Xiao FR, Lai DM, Wei CK, Tsuang FY. A Dynamic Interbody Cage Improves Bone Formation in Anterior Cervical Surgery: A Porcine Biomechanical Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2021; 479:2547-2558. [PMID: 34343157 PMCID: PMC8509952 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with a rigid interbody spacer is commonly used in the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease. Although ACDF relieves clinical symptoms, it is associated with several complications such as pseudoarthrosis and adjacent segment degeneration. The concept of dynamic fusion has been proposed to enhance fusion and reduce implant subsidence rate and post-fusion stiffness; this pilot preclinical animal study was conducted to begin to compare rigid and dynamic fusion in ACDF. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES Using a pig model, we asked, is there (1) decreased subsidence, (2) reduced axial stiffness in compression, and (3) improved likelihood of bone growth with a dynamic interbody cage compared with a rigid interbody cage in ACDF? METHODS ACDF was performed at two levels, C3/4 and C5/6, in 10 pigs weighing 48 to 55 kg at the age of 14 to 18 months (the pigs were skeletally mature). One level was implanted with a conventional rigid interbody cage, and the other level was implanted with a dynamic interbody cage. The conventional rigid interbody cage was implanted in the upper level in the first five pigs and in the lower level in the next five pigs. Both types of interbody cages were implanted with artificial hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate bone grafts. To assess subsidence, we took radiographs at 0, 7, and 14 weeks postoperatively. Subsidence less than 10% of the disc height was considered as no radiologic abnormality. The animals were euthanized at 14 weeks, and each operated-on motion segment was harvested. Five specimens from each group were biomechanically tested under axial compression loading to determine stiffness. The other five specimens from each group were used for microCT evaluation of bone ingrowth and ongrowth and histologic investigation of bone formation. Sample size was determined based on 80% power and an α of 0.05 to detect a between-group difference of successful bone formation of 15%. RESULTS With the numbers available, there was no difference in subsidence between the two groups. Seven of 10 operated-on levels with rigid cages had subsidence on a follow-up radiograph at 14 weeks, and subsidence occurred in two of 10 operated-on levels with dynamic cages (Fisher exact test; p = 0.07). The stiffness of the unimplanted rigid interbody cages was higher than the unimplanted dynamic interbody cages. After harvesting, the median (range) stiffness of the motion segments fused with dynamic interbody cages (531 N/mm [372 to 802]) was less than that of motion segments fused with rigid interbody cages (1042 N/mm [905 to 1249]; p = 0.002). Via microCT, we observed bone trabecular formation in both groups. The median (range) proportions of specimens showing bone ongrowth (88% [85% to 92%]) and bone volume fraction (87% [72% to 100%]) were higher in the dynamic interbody cage group than bone ongrowth (79% [71% to 81%]; p < 0.001) and bone volume fraction (66% [51% to 78%]; p < 0.001) in the rigid interbody cage group. The percentage of the cage with bone ingrowth was higher in the dynamic interbody cage group (74% [64% to 90%]) than in the rigid interbody cage group (56% [32% to 63%]; p < 0.001), and the residual bone graft percentage was lower (6% [5% to 8%] versus 13% [10% to 20%]; p < 0.001). In the dynamic interbody cage group, more bone formation was qualitatively observed inside the cages than in the rigid interbody cage group, with a smaller area of fibrotic tissue under histologic investigation. CONCLUSION The dynamic interbody cage provided satisfactory stabilization and percentage of bone ongrowth in this in vivo model of ACDF in pigs, with lower stiffness after bone ongrowth and no difference in subsidence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The dynamic interbody cage appears to be worthy of further investigation. An animal study with larger numbers, with longer observation time, with multilevel surgery, and perhaps in the lumbar spine should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Yang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ren Xiao
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ming Lai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kai Wei
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fon-Yih Tsuang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Yin TJ, Jeyapalina S, Naleway SE. Characterization of porous fluorohydroxyapatite bone-scaffolds fabricated using freeze casting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104717. [PMID: 34352488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for orthopedic and dental reconstruction surgeries, there comes a shortage of viable bone substitutes. This study was therefore designed to assess the efficacy of porous fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) as a potential bone substitute. For this, porous FHA scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze casting technique. They were then sintered at 1250, 1350 and, 1450 °C, and microstructural, mechanical, and in vitro properties were analyzed. The microstructure analyses revealed the porosity remained constant within the temperature range. However, the pore size decreased with increasing sintering temperature. The greatest compressive strength and elastic modulus were obtained at 1450 °C, which were 13.5 ± 4.0 MPa and 379 ± 182 MPa, respectively. These are comparable values to human trabecular bone and other porous scaffolds made using hydroxyapatite. This analysis has thus helped to attain an understanding of the mechanical and material properties of freeze-cast FHA scaffolds that have not been presented before. In vitro studies revealed an increasing rate of human osteoblast cell proliferation on freeze-cast FHA scaffolds with increasing sintering temperature, suggesting improved osteogenic properties. Additionally, osteoblasts cells were also shown to proliferate into the interior pores of all freeze-cast FHA scaffolds. These results indicate the potential of porous FHA scaffolds fabricated using the freeze-casting technique to be utilized clinically as bone substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, USA
| | - Sujee Jeyapalina
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health, USA; Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, USA
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18
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Montoya C, Du Y, Gianforcaro AL, Orrego S, Yang M, Lelkes PI. On the road to smart biomaterials for bone research: definitions, concepts, advances, and outlook. Bone Res 2021; 9:12. [PMID: 33574225 PMCID: PMC7878740 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for biomaterials that promote the repair, replacement, or restoration of hard and soft tissues continues to grow as the population ages. Traditionally, smart biomaterials have been thought as those that respond to stimuli. However, the continuous evolution of the field warrants a fresh look at the concept of smartness of biomaterials. This review presents a redefinition of the term "Smart Biomaterial" and discusses recent advances in and applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissue restoration and regeneration. To clarify the use of the term "smart biomaterials", we propose four degrees of smartness according to the level of interaction of the biomaterials with the bio-environment and the biological/cellular responses they elicit, defining these materials as inert, active, responsive, and autonomous. Then, we present an up-to-date survey of applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissues, based on the materials' responses (external and internal stimuli) and their use as immune-modulatory biomaterials. Finally, we discuss the limitations and obstacles to the translation from basic research (bench) to clinical utilization that is required for the development of clinically relevant applications of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anthony L Gianforcaro
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Maobin Yang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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19
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Tanaka K, Tsuchiya A, Ogino Y, Koyano K, Ishikawa K. Fabrication and Histological Evaluation of a Fully Interconnected Porous CO 3Ap Block Formed by Hydrate Expansion of CaO Granules. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8872-8878. [PMID: 35019563 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) fabricated by a dissolution-precipitation reaction from a precursor exhibits excellent osteoconductivity and is readily replaced by bone. In the present study, a fully interconnected porous CO3Ap block was fabricated by hydrate expansion and carbonation of CaO granules, and the resulting CaCO3 was then converted to CO3Ap. When CaO granules were exposed to 100% humidity CO2 in a closed vessel, the CaO granules were hydrated and expanded to form a porous Ca(OH)2 block. The block was then carbonated to form a porous CaCO3 block, which was then immersed in a Na2HPO4 solution to convert it to a porous CO3Ap block. The resulting CO3Ap block possessed a fully interconnected porous structure. Histological analyses 4 and 8 weeks after implantation in rabbits revealed that the porous CO3Ap block resulted in more significant material resorption and bone formation than the dense CO3Ap block. Therefore, it was concluded that a fully interconnected porous CO3Ap block fabricated by the hydrate expansion of CaO granules has potential value as a bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tanaka
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Section of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Tsuchiya
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Ogino
- Section of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Koyano
- Section of Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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20
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Rodrigues AFM, Torres PMC, Barros MJS, Presa R, Ribeiro N, Abrantes JCC, Belo JH, Amaral JS, Amaral VS, Bañobre-López M, Bettencourt A, Sousa A, Olhero SM. Effective production of multifunctional magnetic-sensitive biomaterial by an extrusion-based additive manufacturing technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 16:015011. [PMID: 32750692 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abac4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A calcium phosphate (CaP)-based scaffold used as synthetic bone grafts, which smartly combines precise dimensions, controlled porosity and therapeutic functions, presents benefits beyond those offered by conventional practices, although its fabrication is still a challenge. The sintering step normally required to improve the strength of the ceramic scaffolds precludes the addition of any biomolecules or functional particles before this stage. This study presents a proof of concept of multifunctional CaP-based scaffolds, fabricated by additive manufacturing from an innovative ink composition, with potential for bone regeneration, cancer treatment by local magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery platforms. Highly loaded inks comprising iron-doped hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate powders suspended in a chitosan-based solution, in the presence of levofloxacin (LEV) as model drug and magnetic nanoparticles (MNP), were developed. The sintering step was removed from the production process, and the integrity of the printed scaffolds was assured by the polymerization capacity of the ink composite, using genipin as a crosslinking agent. The effects of MNP and LEV on the inks' rheological properties, as well as on the mechanical and structural behaviour of non-doped and iron-doped scaffolds, were evaluated. Magnetic and magneto-thermal response, drug delivery and biological performance, such as cell proliferation in the absence and presence of an applied magnetic field, were also assessed. The addition of a constant amount of MNP in the iron-doped and non-doped CaP-based inks enhances their magnetic response and induction heating, with these effects more pronounced for the iron-doped CaP-based ink. These results suggest a synergistic effect between the iron-doped CaP-based powders and the MNP due to ferro/ferrimagnetic interactions. Furthermore, the iron presence enhances human mesenchymal stem cell metabolic activity and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F M Rodrigues
- Department of Materials Engineering and Ceramics (DEMaC), CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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21
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Grazioli G, Silva AF, Souza JF, David C, Diehl L, Sousa-Neto MD, Cava SS, Fajardo AR, Moraes RR. Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chondroitin sulfate composite hydrogels containing strontium-doped hydroxyapatite as promising biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:1160-1172. [PMID: 32985092 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/chondroitin sulfate (PVA/CS) composite hydrogels containing hydroxyapatite (HA) or Sr-doped HA (HASr) particles were synthesized by a freeze/thaw method and characterized aiming towards biomedical applications. HA and HASr were synthesized by a wet-precipitation method and added to the composite hydrogels in fractions up to 15 wt%. Physical-chemical characterizations of particles and hydrogels included scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, porosity, compressive strength/elastic modulus, swelling degree, and cell viability. Particles were irregular in shape and appeared to have narrow size variation. The thermal behavior of composite hydrogels was altered compared to the control (bare) hydrogel. All hydrogels exhibited high porosity. HA/HASr particles reduced total porosity without reducing pore size. The mechanical strength was improved as the fraction of HA or HASr was increased. HASr particles led to a faster water uptake but did not interfere with the total hydrogel swelling capacity. In cell viability essay, increased cell growth (above 120%) was observed in all groups including the control hydrogel, suggesting a bioactive effect. In conclusion, PVA/CS hydrogels containing HA or HASr particles were successfully synthesized and showed promising morphological, mechanical, and swelling properties, which are particularly required for scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Grazioli
- Department of Dental Materials, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline F Souza
- Laboratory of Technology and Development of Composites and Polymeric Materials - LaCoPol, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carla David
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Diehl
- Advanced Crystal Growth and Photonics - CCAF, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Manoel D Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio S Cava
- Advanced Crystal Growth and Photonics - CCAF, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - André R Fajardo
- Laboratory of Technology and Development of Composites and Polymeric Materials - LaCoPol, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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He F, Lu T, Fang X, Feng S, Feng S, Tian Y, Li Y, Zuo F, Deng X, Ye J. Novel Extrusion-Microdrilling Approach to Fabricate Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramic Scaffolds Enabling Fast Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32340-32351. [PMID: 32597161 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a novel approach, termed extrusion-microdrilling, to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) interconnected bioceramic scaffolds with channel-like macropores for bone regeneration. The extrusion-microdrilling method is characterized by ease of use, high efficiency, structural flexibility, and precision. The 3D interconnected β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic (EM-TCP) scaffolds prepared by this method showed channel-like square macropores (∼650 μm) by extrusion and channel-like round macropores (∼570 μm) by microdrilling as well as copious micropores. By incorporating a strontium-containing phosphate-based glass (SrPG), the obtained calcium phosphate-based bioceramic (EM-TCP/SrPG) scaffolds had noticeably higher compressive strength, lower porosity, and smaller macropore size, tremendously enhanced in vitro proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells, and suppressed in vitro osteoclastic activities of RAW264.7 cells, as compared with the EM-TCP scaffolds. In vivo assessment results indicated that at postoperative week 6, new vessels and a large percentage of new bone tissues (24-25%) were formed throughout the interconnected macropores of EM-TCP and EM-TCP/SrPG, which were implanted in the femoral defects of rabbits; the bone formation of the EM-TCP group was comparable to that of the EM-TCP/SrPG group. At 12 weeks postimplantation, the bone formation percentage of EM-TCP was slightly reduced, while that of EM-TCP/SrPG with a slower degradation rate was pronouncedly increased. This work provides a new strategy to fabricate interconnected bioceramic scaffolds allowing for fast bone regeneration, and the EM-TCP/SrPG scaffolds are promising for efficiently repairing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupo He
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Teliang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibo Fang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Songheng Feng
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglei Feng
- School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Li
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zuo
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Deng
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
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Integrated 3D Information for Custom-Made Bone Grafts: Focus on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Biomaterials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144931. [PMID: 32650587 PMCID: PMC7399868 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Several studies showed that the sintering temperature of 1250 °C could affect the formation of α-Ca3(PO4)2, which is responsible for the reduction of the hardness value of biphasic calcium phosphate biocomposites, but they did not evaluate the inference of the sintering time at peak temperature on transition of β-Ca3(PO4)2 to α-Ca3(PO4)2. This analysis explored, in an innovative way, inferences and correlations between volumetric microstructure, mechanical properties, sintering temperature, and time at peak temperature in order to find the best sintering conditions for biphasic calcium phosphate composites grafted in severe alveolar bone defects. Methods: Sintered biphasic calcium phosphates (30%-hydroxyapatite/70%-tricalcium phosphate) were tested by microCT imaging for the 3D morphometric analysis, by compressive loading to find their mechanical parameters, and by X-ray diffraction to quantify the phases via Rietveld refinement for different sintering temperatures and times at the peak temperature. Data were analysed in terms of statistical inference using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results: All the studied scaffolds closely mimicked the alveolar organization of the jawbone, independently on the sintering temperatures and times; however, mechanical testing revealed that the group with peak temperature, which lasted for 2 hours at 1250 °C, showed the highest strength both at the ultimate point and at fracture point. Conclusion: The good mechanical performances of the group with peak temperature, which lasted for 2 hours at 1250 °C, is most likely due to the absence of the α-Ca3(PO4)2 phase, as revealed by X-ray diffraction. However, we detected its presence after sintering at the same peak temperature for longer times, showing the time-dependence, combined with the temperature-dependence, of the β-Ca3(PO4)2 to α-Ca3(PO4)2 transition.
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Coogan KR, Stone PT, Sempertegui ND, Rao SS. Fabrication of micro-porous hyaluronic acid hydrogels through salt leaching. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Paré A, Bossard A, Laure B, Weiss P, Gauthier O, Corre P. Reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects: Current procedures and perspectives. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:587-596. [PMID: 31890875 PMCID: PMC6929581 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects remains a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon, from both a functional and an esthetic point of view. Methods This clinical review examines the different techniques currently in use for mandibular reconstruction as related to a range of etiologies, including the different bone donor sites, the alternatives to free flaps (FFs), as well as the contribution of computer‐assisted surgery. Recent progress and the perspectives in bone tissue engineering (BTE) are also discussed. Results Osseous FF allows reliable and satisfying outcomes. However, locoregional flap, distraction osteogenesis, or even induced membrane techniques are other potential options in less favorable cases. Obtaining an engineered bone with satisfactory mechanical properties and sufficient vascular supply requires further investigations. Conclusions Osseous FF procedure remains the gold standard for segmental mandible reconstruction. BTE strategies offer promising alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Paré
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo Faciale Plastique et Brulés, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours Tours France.,Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton RMeS, France INSERM, U 1229 Nantes France.,UFR Médecine Université de Tours Tours France.,UFR Odontologie Université́ de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Adeline Bossard
- ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Centre de Rechecherche et D'investigation Préclinique (CRIP) Nantes France
| | - Boris Laure
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo Faciale Plastique et Brulés, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours Tours France
| | - Pierre Weiss
- Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton RMeS, France INSERM, U 1229 Nantes France.,UFR Odontologie Université́ de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton RMeS, France INSERM, U 1229 Nantes France.,ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Centre de Rechecherche et D'investigation Préclinique (CRIP) Nantes France
| | - Pierre Corre
- Laboratoire Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton RMeS, France INSERM, U 1229 Nantes France.,UFR Odontologie Université́ de Nantes Nantes France.,Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale et Stomatologie CHU de Nantes Nantes France
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Ortiz-Puigpelat O, Simões A, Caballé-Serrano J, Hernández-Alfaro F. Blood absorption capacity of different xenograft bone substitutes. An in-vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e1018-e1024. [PMID: 31700576 PMCID: PMC6825731 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Commercially available xenograft blocks, claim to have adequate characteristics to interact with biological media and thus permitting biological fluid absorption. The objective of this in vitro study was to compare the blood absorption capacity of four different xenograft block materials of different composition of collagen and porosity. Material and Methods Four brands of xenograft block materials were used (NuOss®, Bio-Oss®, Osteobiol® and Smartbone®). Five samples of each brand were analyzed, making a total of 20 tests. Human blood was used as the absorption liquid for the present experiment. The time period, in which the block remains in contact with the blood, was registered at 30 seconds (T1), 60 seconds (T2) and 5 minutes (T3). The xenograft blocks were evaluated according to their absorption capacity. Results The absorption capacity of the different biomaterials were statistical significant different (p<0,001) at T1, T2 and T3 time points. At 30 seconds, Smartbone® absorbed significantly less blood than NuOss® and Bio-Oss®, however, without differences comparing with Osteobiol®. The NuOss®, Bio-Oss® and Osteobiol® did not register any significant difference between them. At 60 seconds, the Smartbone® absorbed significantly less blood than the other biomaterials. Conclusions The NuOss® was significantly superior than Osteobiol®, but without differences relatively with Bio-Oss®. Also the Bio-Oss® and Osteobiol® did not register any difference between them. At 5 minutes, the Smatbone® continued to significantly absorbed less blood than any other biomaterial, nevertheless, NuOss®, Bio-Oss® and Osteobiol® not register again any significant difference between them. Despite of small sample size, it can be concluded that NuOss® was superior, in terms of blood absorption capacity, comparing with the other block biomaterials at 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 5 minutes. However, more investigation in a clinical setting are needed to know the clinical implications of the absorption capacity of such biomaterials. Key words:Blood absorption, osteoconduction, xenograft, bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavi Ortiz-Puigpelat
- Assistant Professor Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Director of Clínica Dental Ortiz-Puigpelat. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreia Simões
- DDS, MS. Resident Student of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
| | - Jordi Caballé-Serrano
- DDS, MS, PhD. Assistant Professor Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
| | - Federico Hernández-Alfaro
- MD, DDS, PhD, FEBOMS. Professor & Chairman Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Director InstitutoMaxilofacial. Teknon Medical Center
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Kim Y, Lim JY, Yang GH, Seo JH, Ryu HS, Kim G. 3D-printed PCL/bioglass (BGS-7) composite scaffolds with high toughness and cell-responses for bone tissue regeneration. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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ECM coating modification generated by optimized decellularization process improves functional behavior of BMSCs. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110039. [PMID: 31546422 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been widely applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, small number of BMSCs and loss of stem cell characteristics after expansion in vitro limited clinical use of BMSCs. In the present study, osteoblasts were cultured to lay down extracellular matrix (ECM) and then the cells were removed (decellularization) to generate ECM coating substrates. The decellularization process was optimized to maximally remove cells and cellular components, along with integrated ECM retained which was demonstrated to be beneficial for BMSCs expansion in vitro. After decellularization, only less than 2% of residual DNA and cellular proteins were detected in TFFF-ECM (decellularized by triton X-100 (T) and three freeze/thaw cycles (FFF)), which was much less than that in TN-ECM generated by traditional decellularization method (triton X-100 (T) and NH4OH (N)). Meanwhile, ECM components and structure were preserved best after decellularization by TFFF method. More ECM proteins were detected, and structure proteins (fibronectin and collagen) exhibited as classic network fibers in TFFF-ECM. Functionally, all kinds of decellularized ECM (dECM) were demonstrated to promote BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity, thus maintain the stemness of BMSCs. Importantly, cells cultured on TFFF-ECM grew faster than the cells on other kinds of dECM at early stage and TFFF-ECM was beneficial to preserve stemness of BMSCs with high expression of OCT4 and NANOG when cultured in vitro. Proteomic analysis showed the proteins in ECM functioned in multiple biological activities and signaling pathways, which contributed to stemness maintenance of BMSC. Thus, the mild decellularization process optimized in this study enhanced the effectiveness of dECM for BMSCs culture in vitro and maybe further applied to BMSCs based tissue repair.
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Kakuta A, Tanaka T, Chazono M, Komaki H, Kitasato S, Inagaki N, Akiyama S, Marumo K. Effects of micro-porosity and local BMP-2 administration on bioresorption of β-TCP and new bone formation. Biomater Res 2019; 23:12. [PMID: 31372237 PMCID: PMC6660686 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that the microporous structure of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics is important to osteoconduction. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been shown to be a promising alternative to bone grafting and a therapeutic agent promoting bone regeneration when delivered locally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of micro-porosity within beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) cylinders and local BMP-2 administration on β-TCP resorption and new bone formation. Methods Bilateral cylindrical bone defects were created in rabbit distal femora, and the defects were filled with β-TCP. Rabbits were divided into 3 groups; defects were filled with a β-TCP cylinder with a total of approximately 60% porosity (Group A: 13.4% micro- and 46.9% macropore, Group B: 38.5% micro- and 20.3% macropore, Group C: the same micro- and macro-porosity as in group B supplemented with BMP-2). Rabbits were sacrificed 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively. Results The number of TRAP-positive cells and new bone formation in group B were significantly greater than those in group A at every period. The amount of residual β-TCP in group C was less than that in group B at all time periods, resulting in significantly more new bone formation in group C at 8 and 12 weeks. The number of TRAP-positive cells in group C was maximum at 4 weeks. Conclusions These results suggest that the amount of submicron microporous structure and local BMP-2 administration accelerated both osteoclastic resorption of β-TCP and new bone formation, probably through a coupling-like phenomenon between resorption and new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhito Kakuta
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NHO Utsunomiya National Hospital, 2160 Shimo-Okamoto, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 329-1193 Japan
| | - Masaaki Chazono
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NHO Utsunomiya National Hospital, 2160 Shimo-Okamoto, Utsunomiya City, Tochigi 329-1193 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Komaki
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Seiichiro Kitasato
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Naoya Inagaki
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Shoshi Akiyama
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
| | - Keishi Marumo
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003 Japan
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A Radiological Approach to Evaluate Bone Graft Integration in Reconstructive Surgeries. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Bone tissue engineering is a promising tool to develop new smart solutions for regeneration of complex bone districts, from orthopedic to oral and maxillo-facial fields. In this respect, a crucial characteristic for biomaterials is the ability to fully integrate within the patient body. In this work, we developed a novel radiological approach, in substitution to invasive histology, for evaluating the level of osteointegration and osteogenesis, in both qualitative and quantitative manners. (2) SmartBone®, a composite xeno-hybrid bone graft, was selected as the base material because of its remarkable effectiveness in clinical practice. Using pre- and post-surgery computed tomography (CT), we built 3D models that faithfully represented the patient’s anatomy, with special attention to the bone defects. (3) Results: This way, it was possible to assess whether the new bone formation respected the natural geometry of the healthy bone. In all cases of the study (four dental, one maxillo-facial, and one orthopedic) we evaluated the presence of new bone formation and volumetric increase. (4) Conclusion: The newly established radiological protocol allowed the tracking of SmartBone® effective integration and bone regeneration. Moreover, the patient’s anatomy was completely restored in the defect area and functionality completely rehabilitated without foreign body reaction or inflammation.
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Novel calcium phosphate/PCL graded samples: Design and development in view of biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:336-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wojak-Ćwik IM, Rumian Ł, Krok-Borkowicz M, Hess R, Bernhardt R, Dobrzyński P, Möller S, Schnabelrauch M, Hintze V, Scharnweber D, Pamuła E. Synergistic effect of bimodal pore distribution and artificial extracellular matrices in polymeric scaffolds on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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He F, Lu T, Fang X, Tian Y, Li Y, Zuo F, Ye J. Modification of honeycomb bioceramic scaffolds for bone regeneration under the condition of excessive bone resorption. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1314-1323. [PMID: 30707498 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallium (Ga) ions have been clinically approved for treating the diseases caused by the excessive bone resorption through the systemic administration. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to the Ga-containing biomaterials for repairing bone defects under the pathological condition of excessive bone resorption. In the current study, for the first time the Ga-containing phosphate glasses (GPGs) were introduced to modify the honeycomb β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic scaffolds, which were prepared by an extrusion method. The results indicated that the scaffolds were characterized by uniform pore structure and channel-like macropores. The addition of GPGs promoted densification of strut of scaffolds by achieving liquid-sintering of β-TCP, thereby tremendously increasing the compressive strength. The ions released from scaffolds pronouncedly inhibited osteoclastogenesis-related gene expressions and multinuclearity of RAW264.7 murine monocyte cells, as well as expressions of early osteogenic makers of mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs). However, the scaffolds with lower amount of Ga increased cell proliferation and upregulated expression of late osteogenic maker of mBMSCs. This study offers a novel approach to modify the bioceramic scaffolds for bone regeneration under the condition of accelerated bone resorption. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1314-1323, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupo He
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Teliang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibo Fang
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Li
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zuo
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, People's Republic of China
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Shamsoddin E, Houshmand B, Golabgiran M. Biomaterial selection for bone augmentation in implant dentistry: A systematic review. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2019; 10:46-50. [PMID: 31041181 PMCID: PMC6474167 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_327_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the biomaterials and their effectiveness for bone augmentation in implant dentistry. The databases of Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information), and Scopus were searched for published studies between 2006 and March 30, 2018. We only included clinical studies in this research. Due to a lack of quantitative evidence and the vast heterogeneity of the biomaterials, implant surgery sites, implant types, follow-up periods, and various implant placement techniques (1-stage or 2-stage), we could not manage to do a meta-analysis on the 13 included studies. Several techniques can result in vertical bone augmentation. Complications can be seen in vertical bone augmentation and especially in the autogenous bone grafting; however, some biomaterials showed promising results to be practical substitutes for autogenous bone. Bio-Oss and beta-tricalcium phosphate are our second-level candidates for vertical bone augmentation due to their promising clinical results with the least infection and immunologic response risk. The gold standard, however, remains the autogenous bone graft. Further clinical studies in the future with exact report of bone measures are needed to develop new comparisons and quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Shamsoddin
- Student, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Houshmand
- Department of Periodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Golabgiran
- Private Practitioner, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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No YJ, Xin X, Ramaswamy Y, Li Y, Roohaniesfahani S, Mustaffa S, Shi J, Jiang X, Zreiqat H. Novel injectable strontium-hardystonite phosphate cement for cancellous bone filling applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:103-115. [PMID: 30678894 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Injectable bone cement (IBC) such as those based on methacrylates and hydraulic calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate-based cements have been used extensively for filling bone defects with acceptable clinical outcomes. There is a need however for novel IBC materials that can address some of the inherent limitations of currently available formulations to widen the clinical application of IBC. In this study, we characterized a novel hydraulic IBC formulation consisting of bioactive strontium-doped hardystonite (Sr-HT) ceramic microparticles and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, herein named Sr-HT phosphate cement (SPC). The resultant cement is comprised of two distinct amorphous phases with embedded partially reacted crystalline reactants. The novel SPC formulation possesses a unique combination of physicochemical properties suitable for use as an IBC, and demonstrates in vitro cytocompatibility when seeded with primary human osteoblasts. In vivo injection of SPC into rabbit sinus defects show minor new bone formation at the SPC periphery, similar to those exhibited in sinus defects filled with a clinically available calcium phosphate cement. The current SPC formulation presented in this paper shows promise as a clinically applicable IBC which can be further enhanced with additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jung No
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Unit, School of AMME, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xianzhen Xin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Unit, School of AMME, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yihan Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Seyediman Roohaniesfahani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Unit, School of AMME, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Siti Mustaffa
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Unit, School of AMME, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Unit, School of AMME, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Joint Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Biggemann J, Pezoldt M, Stumpf M, Greil P, Fey T. Modular ceramic scaffolds for individual implants. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:390-400. [PMID: 30213769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ideal artificial bone grafts aim for multiscale porosity, high mechanical strength and ensure rapid vascularization for bone ingrowth. In this work modular ceramic arteriovenous loops (AV-loops) with a hierarchical porosity approach were designed and manufactured to meet these criteria and to exceed the poor mechanical strength of monolithic scaffolds. Bioactive building blocks (β-TCP, HAp, BCP) with dimensions of 1.5-3.0 mm were prepared by injection molding and assembled to complex AV-loop scaffolds using a customized automated assembly technology (pick and place). The building blocks were bonded with a biocompatible adhesive. Single building blocks are characterized by a compressive strength of 112.4-134.5 MPa with a residual sintering porosity of 32.2-41.5%, matching the strength of cortical bone of 100-230 MPa. The compressive strength of the modular assemblies varied between 22.3 and 47.6 MPa primary depending on the building block arrangement. The achieved compressive strengths are superior to current monolithic AV-scaffolds and sufficient for the implantation as non-load-bearing AV-loop scaffolds in isolation chambers. The modular AV-loop scaffolds provide a hierarchical interconnected pore network (P = 58.8%) combining small macropores of 4.1-4.3 µm size for possible enhanced protein absorption and large gradient macropores of 200-1700 µm size for optimum vascularization and complete bone ingrowth. The modular building block approach allows to design patient individualized scaffolds with complex hierarchical pore networks. The pore volume, size and geometry as well as the biological response can effectively be tuned by changing the dimensions, shape and placing gap of the bioactive building blocks. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Gold standard of bone replacement in case of surgery or cancer is still own bone material usually taken from the hip/arm or leg in second surgery with poor mechanical properties and limited amount. To avoid a second surgery and provide mechanical strong scaffold structures for fast patient regeneration a novel modular building block approach is used. This allows complex scaffold geometry with a hierarchical interconnection porosity for blood vessel ingrowth. The pore volume, size and geometry as well as the biological response can effectively be tuned by changing the dimensions, shape and placing gap of the bioactive building blocks.
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Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludağ H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:1-30. [PMID: 30248515 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A range of traditional and free-form fabrication technologies have been investigated and, in numerous occasions, commercialized for use in the field of regenerative tissue engineering (TE). The demand for technologies capable of treating bone defects inherently difficult to repair has been on the rise. This quest, accompanied by the advent of functionally tailored, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials, has garnered an enormous research interest in bone TE. As a result, different materials and fabrication methods have been investigated towards this end, leading to a deeper understanding of the geometrical, mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone scaffolds. As our understanding of the scaffold requirements expands, so do the capability requirements of the fabrication processes. The goal of this review is to provide a broad examination of existing scaffold fabrication processes and highlight future trends in their development. To appreciate the clinical requirements of bone scaffolds, a brief review of the biological process by which bone regenerates itself is presented first. This is followed by a summary and comparisons of commonly used implant techniques to highlight the advantages of TE-based approaches over traditional grafting methods. A detailed discussion on the clinical and mechanical requirements of bone scaffolds then follows. The remainder of the manuscript is dedicated to current scaffold fabrication methods, their unique capabilities and perceived shortcomings. The range of biomaterials employed in each fabrication method is summarized. Selected traditional and non-traditional fabrication methods are discussed with a highlight on their future potential from the authors' perspective. This study is motivated by the rapidly growing demand for effective scaffold fabrication processes capable of economically producing constructs with intricate and precisely controlled internal and external architectures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The manuscript summarizes the current state of fabrication technologies and materials used for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. A comprehensive analysis of different fabrication methods (traditional and free-form) were summarized in this review paper, with emphasis on recent developments in the field. The fabrication techniques suitable for creating scaffolds for tissue engineering was particularly targeted and their use in bone tissue engineering were articulated. Along with the fabrication techniques, we emphasized the choice of materials in these processes. Considering the limitations of each process, we highlighted the materials and the material properties critical in that particular process and provided a brief rational for the choice of the materials. The functional performance for bone tissue engineering are summarized for different fabrication processes and the choice of biomaterials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of the field, highlighting the knowledge gaps and promising avenues in pursuit of effective scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This extensive review of the field will provide research community with a reference source for current approaches to scaffold preparation. We hope to encourage the researchers to generate next generation biomaterials to be used in these fabrication processes. By providing both advantages and disadvantage of each fabrication method in detail, new fabrication techniques might be devised that will overcome the limitations of the current approaches. These studies should facilitate the efforts of researchers interested in generating ideal scaffolds, and should have applications beyond the repair of bone tissue.
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Mohammadrezaei D, Golzar H, Rezai Rad M, Omidi M, Rashedi H, Yazdian F, Khojasteh A, Tayebi L. In vitroeffect of graphene structures as an osteoinductive factor in bone tissue engineering: A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2284-2343. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Mohammadrezaei
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Golzar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Rezai Rad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, GC, Velenjak; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering; Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Khojasteh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine; Stanford University; Palo Alto California
- Marquette University School of Dentistry; Milwaukee Wisconsin
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Novotna L, Kucera L, Hampl A, Drdlik D, Cihlar J, Cihlar J. Biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds with controlled pore size distribution prepared by in-situ foaming. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 95:363-370. [PMID: 30573260 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a reproducible method of fabricating hierarchically 3D porous scaffolds with high porosity and pore interconnectivity is reported. The method is based on in-situ foaming of a dispersion of diisocyanate, polyol, water and hydroxyapatite (HA) to form a hard foamed HA/polyurethane composite which after heat treatment provided a bi-phase calcium phosphate scaffold. This technique, combining the advantages of polymer sponge and direct foaming methods, provides a better control over the macrostructure of the scaffold. A modification of the multi-scaled porous macrostructure of scaffolds produced by changing the ratio of input reactants and by sintering temperature was studied. The pore morphology, size, and distribution were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and mercury porosimetry. The pores were open and interconnected with multi-scale (from several nanometres to millimetres) sizes convenient for using in tissue engineering applications. The bioactivity was confirmed by growing an apatite layer on the surfaces after immersion in simulated body fluid. The material was biocompatible, as shown by using normal human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC). When seeded onto the scaffolds, the ASC adhered and remained healthy while maintaining their typical morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Novotna
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Kucera
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Hampl
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Drdlik
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Cihlar
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Cihlar
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Wahab NFAC, Kannan TP, Mahmood Z, Rahman IA, Ismail H. Genotoxicity assessment of biphasic calcium phosphate of modified porosity on human dental pulp cells using Ames and Comet assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 47:207-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tissue Scaffolds As a Local Drug Delivery System for Bone Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:475-493. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rh Owen G, Dard M, Larjava H. Hydoxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramics as regenerative material for the repair of complex bone defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2493-2512. [PMID: 29266701 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material composed of collagen and calcium phosphate (CaP) mineral. The collagen gives bone its flexibility while the inorganic material gives bone its resilience. The CaP in bone is similar in composition and structure to the mineral hydroxyapatite (HA) and is bioactive, osteoinductive and osteoconductive. Therefore synthetic versions of bone apatite (BA) have been developed to address the demand for autologous bone graft substitutes. Synthetic HA (s-HA) are stiff and strong, but brittle. These lack of physical attributes limit the use of synthetic apatites in situations where no physical loading of the apatite occurs. s-HA chemical properties differ from BA and thus change the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Consequently, s-HA is more chemically stable than BA and thus its resorption rate is slower than the rate of bone regeneration. One solution to this problem is to introduce a faster resorbing CaP, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), when synthesizing the material creating a biphasic (s-HA and β-TCP) formulation of calcium phosphate (BCP). The focus of this review is to introduce the major differences between BCP and biological apatites and how material scientists have overcome the inadequacies of the synthetic counterparts. Examples of BCP performance in vitro and in vivo following structural and chemical modifications are provided as well as novel ultrastructural data. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2493-2512, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethin Rh Owen
- Department of Oral, Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michel Dard
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Department of Oral, Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Ishikawa K, Putri TS, Tsuchiya A, Tanaka K, Tsuru K. Fabrication of interconnected porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) based on a setting reaction of β-TCP granules with HNO3
followed by heat treatment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:797-804. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi; Fukuoka Higashi-ku 812-8582 Japan
| | - Tansza Setiana Putri
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi; Fukuoka Higashi-ku 812-8582 Japan
| | - Akira Tsuchiya
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi; Fukuoka Higashi-ku 812-8582 Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi; Fukuoka Higashi-ku 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kanji Tsuru
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi; Fukuoka Higashi-ku 812-8582 Japan
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Spalthoff S, Zimmerer R, Dittmann J, Kokemüller H, Tiede M, Flohr L, Korn P, Gellrich NC, Jehn P. Heterotopic bone formation in the musculus latissimus dorsi of sheep using β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds: evaluation of different seeding techniques. Regen Biomater 2017; 5:77-84. [PMID: 29644089 PMCID: PMC5888254 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osseous reconstruction of large bone defects remains a challenge in oral and maxillofacial surgery. In addition to autogenous bone grafts, which despite potential donor-site mobility still represent the gold standard in reconstructive surgery, many studies have investigated less invasive alternatives such as in vitro cultivation techniques. This study compared different types of seeding techniques on pure β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds in terms of bone formation and ceramic resorption in vivo. Cylindrical scaffolds loaded with autologous cancellous bone, venous blood, bone marrow aspirate concentrate or extracorporeal in vitro cultivated bone marrow stromal cells were cultured in sheep on a perforator vessel of the musculus latissimus dorsi over a 6-month period. Histological and histomorphometric analyses revealed that scaffolds loaded with cancellous bone were superior at promoting heterotopic bone formation and ceramic degradation, with autogenous bone and bone marrow aspirate concentrate inducing in vivo formation of vital bone tissue. These results confirm that autologous bone constitutes the preferred source of osteoinductive and osteogenic material that can reliably induce heterotopic bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Spalthoff
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
- Correspondence address. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany. Tel: +49-511-532-4879; Fax: +49-511-532-18598; E-mail:
| | - Rüdiger Zimmerer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
| | - Jan Dittmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
| | - Horst Kokemüller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
| | - Marco Tiede
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Laura Flohr
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
| | - Philippe Korn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
| | - Nils-Claudius Gellrich
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
| | - Philipp Jehn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany and
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Das D, Bang S, Zhang S, Noh I. Bioactive Molecules Release and Cellular Responses of Alginate-Tricalcium Phosphate Particles Hybrid Gel. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E389. [PMID: 29135939 PMCID: PMC5707606 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a hybrid gel has been developed using sodium alginate (Alg) and α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) particles through ionic crosslinking process for the application in bone tissue engineering. The effects of pH and composition of the gel on osteoblast cells (MC3T3) response and bioactive molecules release have been evaluated. At first, a slurry of Alg and α-TCP has been prepared using an ultrasonicator for the homogeneous distribution of α-TCP particles in the Alg network and to achieve adequate interfacial interaction between them. After that, CaCl2 solution has been added to the slurry so that ionic crosslinked gel (Alg-α-TCP) is formed. The developed hybrid gel has been physico-chemically characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a swelling study. The SEM analysis depicted the presence of α-TCP micro-particles on the surface of the hybrid gel, while cross-section images signified that the α-TCP particles are fully embedded in the porous gel network. Different % swelling ratio at pH 4, 7 and 7.4 confirmed the pH responsiveness of the Alg-α-TCP gel. The hybrid gel having lower % α-TCP particles showed higher % swelling at pH 7.4. The hybrid gel demonstrated a faster release rate of bovine serum albumin (BSA), tetracycline (TCN) and dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) at pH 7.4 and for the grade having lower % α-TCP particles. The MC3T3 cells are viable inside the hybrid gel, while the rate of cell proliferation is higher at pH 7.4 compared to pH 7. The in vitro cytotoxicity analysis using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and neutral red assays ascertained that the hybrid gel is non-toxic for MC3T3 cells. The experimental results implied that the non-toxic and biocompatible Alg-α-TCP hybrid gel could be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Das
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science of Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science of Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Sumi Bang
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science of Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Insup Noh
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science of Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science of Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea.
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46
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Wu T, Yu S, Chen D, Wang Y. Bionic Design, Materials and Performance of Bone Tissue Scaffolds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1187. [PMID: 29039749 PMCID: PMC5666993 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Design, materials, and performance are important factors in the research of bone tissue scaffolds. This work briefly describes the bone scaffolds and their anatomic structure, as well as their biological and mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, we reviewed the characteristics of metal materials, inorganic materials, organic polymer materials, and composite materials. The importance of the bionic design in preoperative diagnosis models and customized bone scaffolds was also discussed, addressing both the bionic structure design (macro and micro structure) and the bionic performance design (mechanical performance and biological performance). Materials and performance are the two main problems in the development of customized bone scaffolds. Bionic design is an effective way to solve these problems, which could improve the clinical application of bone scaffolds, by creating a balance between mechanical performance and biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Suihuai Yu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Dengkai Chen
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yanen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Hoover S, Tarafder S, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S. Silver doped resorbable tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone graft applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 79:763-769. [PMID: 28629079 PMCID: PMC5609511 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone graft procedures, in particular maxillofacial repair, account for half of the orthopedic procedures done in the US each year. Infection is a major issue in surgery, and should be of primary concern when engineering biomaterials. Silver is of renewed importance today, as it has the ability to potentiate antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains. In order to reduce long term infection risks, it is necessary for the scaffold to maintain a silver ion release for the length of the healing process. In this study, silver doped porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds were engineered using liquid porogen based method with the goal of meeting these requirements. Silver was added to the β-TCP at three different dopant levels: 0.5wt% Ag2O, 1wt% Ag2O and 2wt% Ag2O. Immersion in pH5 acetate buffer over a 60day period resulted in a total cumulative ion release between 32 and 54μM for dense control scaffolds, and between 80 and 90μM for porous scaffolds. Porosity increased the dissolution rate of the scaffolds by a factor of 2. Human osteoblast cell lines were grown on the scaffolds to measure cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. Porosity increased osteoconduction by doubling the cell growth, and there was no significant cytotoxic effect even for the 2wt% Ag2O, as cells were observed on all the samples. Our results showed that silver can be released over a long period without compromising the biocompatibility of the scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hoover
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Solaiman Tarafder
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Huh J, Lee J, Kim W, Yeo M, Kim G. Preparation and characterization of gelatin/α-TCP/SF biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 110:488-496. [PMID: 28917939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we suggest a new biocomposite scaffold composed of gelatin/α-TCP (tricalcium phosphate)/SF (silk-fibroin) (GTS) which has enhanced mechanical strength and high level of cellular activity. To fabricate GTS scaffold, a temperature-controlled 3D printing process was used and appropriate printing conditions were selected based on rheological data. To show the feasibility as a biomedical scaffold for bone tissue regeneration, the various physical and biological results, using MG63 (osteoblast-like cells), of the GTS scaffold were compared with those of a pure gelatin (G) and gelatin/α-TCP (GT) composite scaffold. GTS scaffolds showed enhanced mechanical properties in dry and wet state compared to those of the G and GT scaffolds. Also, significantly high cell-proliferation and differentiation of MG63 cells were observed in the GTS scaffold. Therefore, the GTS composite scaffold will be one of highly potential biomaterials to be used in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunTae Huh
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - JiUn Lee
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - WonJin Kim
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Miji Yeo
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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Gentamicin Released from Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Stereolithography. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:9547896. [PMID: 29065670 PMCID: PMC5585561 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9547896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Porous oligolactide-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds were obtained by stereolithographic fabrication. Gentamicin was then coated on the scaffolds afterwards, to achieve antimicrobial delivery ability to treat bone infection. The scaffolds examined by stereomicroscope, SEM, and μCT-scan showed a well-ordered pore structure with uniform pore distribution and pore interconnectivity. The physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated. It was shown that not only porosity but also scaffold structure played a critical role in governing the strength of scaffolds. A good scaffold design could create proper orientation of pores in a way to strengthen the scaffold structure. The drug delivery profile of the porous scaffolds was also analyzed using microbiological assay. The release rates of gentamicin from the scaffolds showed prolonged drug release at the levels higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations for S. aureus and E. coli over a 2-week period. It indicated a potential of the scaffolds to serve as local antibiotic delivery to prevent bacterial infection.
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Zheng P, Yao Q, Mao F, Liu N, Xu Y, Wei B, Wang L. Adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in 3D printed poly-ε-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds combined with bone marrow clots. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5078-5084. [PMID: 28849142 PMCID: PMC5647033 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a stem cell population capable of multi‑lineage differentiation, bound to porous biomaterial scaffolds, are widely used for bone tissue regeneration. However, there is evidence to suggest that MSC collection from bone marrow and expansion in vitro may result in phenotypic changes including a loss of differentiation potential and cell senescence. The aim of the present study was to find a facile and efficient approach to enable MSC adhesion and proliferation to scaffolds with osteogenic differentiation. Unprocessed bone marrow blood from the condyle of the distal femur in the rabbits were added to three‑dimensional (3D) printed porous poly-ε-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) scaffolds with bone marrow clots (MC) formed, using two different methods for Group A (MC enriched scaffolds) and Group B (MC combined scaffolds), and then were cultured in osteogenic medium for 4 weeks. The scaffolds were assessed macroscopically and microscopically. Scaffold bioactivity and the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of seeded MSCs were measured. Higher cellular viability and greater cell numbers in the scaffolds at later phases of culture were observed in Group B compared with Group A. In addition, Group B was associated with greater osteoinductivity, alkaline phosphatase activity and bony nodule formation, as assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that more osteogenic differentiation was present in Group B, compared with Group A. MC combined scaffolds proved to be a highly efficient, reliable and simple novel method for MSC adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The MC combined PCL‑HA multi‑scale porosity scaffold may represent a candidate for future bone regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Fengyong Mao
- Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Nancy Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
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