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Ahmad B, Mukarram M, Choudhary S, Petrík P, Dar TA, Khan MMA. Adaptive responses of nitric oxide (NO) and its intricate dialogue with phytohormones during salinity stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108504. [PMID: 38507841 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that acts as a messenger for various plant phenomena corresponding to photomorphogenesis, fertilisation, flowering, germination, growth, and productivity. Recent developments have suggested the critical role of NO in inducing adaptive responses in plants during salinity. NO minimises salinity-induced photosynthetic damage and improves plant-water relation, nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, electron transport, and ROS and antioxidant metabolism. NO contributes active participation in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation. Similar crosstalk of NO with other phytohormones such as auxins (IAAs), gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), strigolactones (SLs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) were also observed. Additionally, we discuss NO interaction with other gaseous signalling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive sulphur species (RSS). Conclusively, the present review traces critical events in NO-induced morpho-physiological adjustments under salt stress and discusses how such modulations upgrade plant resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India; Department of Botany, Govt Degree College for Women, Pulwama, University of Kashmir, 192301, India
| | - Mohammad Mukarram
- Department of Phytology, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia; Food and Plant Biology Group, Department of Plant Biology, School of Agriculture, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sadaf Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Govt Degree College for Women, Pulwama, University of Kashmir, 192301, India
| | - Peter Petrík
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Tariq Ahmad Dar
- Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, 190001, India
| | - M Masroor A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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2
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Houmani H, Corpas FJ. Can nutrients act as signals under abiotic stress? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108313. [PMID: 38171136 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are in constant communication to coordinate development processes and environmental reactions. Under stressful conditions, such communication allows the plant cells to adjust their activities and development. This is due to intercellular signaling events which involve several components. In plant development, cell-to-cell signaling is ensured by mobile signals hormones, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), or hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as well as several transcription factors and small RNAs. Mineral nutrients, including macro and microelements, are determinant factors for plant growth and development and are, currently, recognized as potential signal molecules. This review aims to highlight the role of nutrients, particularly calcium, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron as signaling components with special attention to the mechanism of response against stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayet Houmani
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain; Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, PO Box 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Zayed O, Hewedy OA, Abdelmoteleb A, Ali M, Youssef MS, Roumia AF, Seymour D, Yuan ZC. Nitrogen Journey in Plants: From Uptake to Metabolism, Stress Response, and Microbe Interaction. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1443. [PMID: 37892125 PMCID: PMC10605003 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants uptake and assimilate nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium ions, and available amino acids from organic sources. Plant nitrate and ammonium transporters are responsible for nitrate and ammonium translocation from the soil into the roots. The unique structure of these transporters determines the specificity of each transporter, and structural analyses reveal the mechanisms by which these transporters function. Following absorption, the nitrogen metabolism pathway incorporates the nitrogen into organic compounds via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase that convert ammonium ions into glutamine and glutamate. Different isoforms of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase exist, enabling plants to fine-tune nitrogen metabolism based on environmental cues. Under stressful conditions, nitric oxide has been found to enhance plant survival under drought stress. Furthermore, the interaction between salinity stress and nitrogen availability in plants has been studied, with nitric oxide identified as a potential mediator of responses to salt stress. Conversely, excessive use of nitrate fertilizers can lead to health and environmental issues. Therefore, alternative strategies, such as establishing nitrogen fixation in plants through diazotrophic microbiota, have been explored to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Ultimately, genomics can identify new genes related to nitrogen fixation, which could be harnessed to improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Zayed
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 9250, USA;
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ali Abdelmoteleb
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Maryout Research Station, Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, 1 Mathaf El-Matarya St., El-Matareya, Cairo 11753, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Youssef
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ahmed F. Roumia
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt;
| | - Danelle Seymour
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 9250, USA;
| | - Ze-Chun Yuan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Umnajkitikorn K, Fukudome M, Uchiumi T, Teaumroong N. Elevated Nitrogen Priming Induced Oxinitro-Responses and Water Deficit Tolerance in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10020381. [PMID: 33671261 PMCID: PMC7922565 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under water deficit conditions, the essential macronutrient nitrogen becomes limited as a result of reduced dissolved nitrogen and root nitrogen uptake. An elevated nitrogen level might be able to mitigate these effects, integrated with the idea of using nitric oxide as abiotic stress tolerant inducers. In this study, we evaluated the potential of using elevated nitrogen priming prior to water shortage to mitigate plant stress through nitric oxide accumulation. We grew rice plants in 300 mg L-1 nitrogen for 10 weeks, then we primed plants with four different nitrogen concentrations: 100, 300 (control), 500 and 1000 mg L-1 nitrogen prior to inducing water deficit conditions. Plants primed with 500 mg L-1 nitrogen possessed a higher photosynthetic rate, relative water content, electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation under water deficit conditions, compared to control plants. The induction of water deficit tolerance was supported with the activation of antioxidant defense system, induced by the accumulation of nitric oxide in leaves and roots of rice plants. We originally demonstrated the accumulation of nitric oxide in leaves of rice plants. The elevated nitrogen priming can be used to enhance water deficit tolerance in irrigated paddy fields, instead of nitric oxide donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolchanok Umnajkitikorn
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Mitsutaka Fukudome
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.F.); (T.U.)
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.F.); (T.U.)
| | - Neung Teaumroong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
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Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Oliveira HC, Kolbert Z, Freschi L. The light and dark sides of nitric oxide: multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in plant responses to light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:885-903. [PMID: 33245760 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light drives photosynthesis and informs plants about their surroundings. Regarded as a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, nitric oxide (NO) has been repeatedly demonstrated to interact with light signaling cascades to control plant growth, development and metabolism. During early plant development, light-triggered NO accumulation counteracts negative regulators of photomorphogenesis and modulates the abundance of, and sensitivity to, plant hormones to promote seed germination and de-etiolation. In photosynthetically active tissues, NO is generated at distinct rates under light or dark conditions and acts at multiple target sites within chloroplasts to regulate photosynthetic reactions. Moreover, changes in NO concentrations in response to light stress promote plant defenses against oxidative stress under high light or ultraviolet-B radiation. Here we review the literature on the interaction of NO with the complicated light and hormonal signaling cascades controlling plant photomorphogenesis and light stress responses, focusing on the recently identified molecular partners and action mechanisms of NO in these events. We also discuss the versatile role of NO in regulating both photosynthesis and light-dependent stomatal movements, two key determinants of plant carbon gain. The regulation of nitrate reductase (NR) by light is highlighted as vital to adjust NO production in plants living under natural light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. Crosstalk among hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) in root-system development and its rhizosphere interactions: A gaseous interactome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:800-814. [PMID: 32882618 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root development in higher plants is achieved by a precise intercellular communication which determines cell fate in the primary embryonic meristem where the gasotransmitters H2S, NO and CO participate dynamically. Furthermore, the rhizosphere interaction of these molecules with microbial and soil metabolism also affects root development. NO regulates root growth and architecture in association with several other biomolecules like auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), strigolactones, alkamides and melatonin. The CO-mediated signal transduction pathway in roots is closely linked to the NO-mediated signal cascades. Interestingly, H2S acts also as an upstream component in IAA and NO-mediated crosstalk during root development. Heme oxygenase (HO) 1 generates CO and functions as a downstream component in H2S-mediated adventitious rooting and H2S-CO crosstalk. Likewise, reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2S and NO crosstalk are important components in the regulation of root architecture. Deciphering these interactions will be a potential biotechnological tool which could provide benefits in crop management in soils, especially under adverse environmental conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update of the complex networks of these gasotransmitters during the development of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India.
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080, Granada, Spain
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7
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Zhang J, Ghirardo A, Gori A, Albert A, Buegger F, Pace R, Georgii E, Grote R, Schnitzler JP, Durner J, Lindermayr C. Improving Air Quality by Nitric Oxide Consumption of Climate-Resilient Trees Suitable for Urban Greening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:549913. [PMID: 33117411 PMCID: PMC7550725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.549913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), mainly a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in the air as a result of combustion processes and traffic. Both deposit into leaves via stomata, which on the one hand benefits air quality and on the other hand provides an additional source of nitrogen for plants. In this study, we first determined the NO and NO2 specific deposition velocities based on projected leaf area (sV d) using a branch enclosure system. We studied four tree species that are regarded as suitable to be planted under predicted future urban climate conditions: Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Ostrya carpinifolia. The NO and NO2 sVd were found similar in all tree species. Second, in order to confirm NO metabolization, we fumigated plants with 15NO and quantified the incorporation of 15N in leaf materials of these trees and four additional urban tree species (Celtis australis, Alnus spaethii, Alnus glutinosa, and Tilia henryana) under controlled environmental conditions. Based on these 15N-labeling experiments, A. glutinosa showed the most effective incorporation of 15NO. Third, we tried to elucidate the mechanism of metabolization. Therefore, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana phytoglobin 1 or 2. Phytoglobins are known to metabolize NO to nitrate in the presence of oxygen. The 15N uptake in phytoglobin-overexpressing poplars was significantly increased compared to wild-type trees, demonstrating that the NO uptake is enzymatically controlled besides stomatal dependence. In order to upscale the results and to investigate if a trade-off exists between air pollution removal and survival probability under future climate conditions, we have additionally carried out a modeling exercise of NO and NO2 deposition for the area of central Berlin. If the actually dominant deciduous tree species (Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur) would be replaced by the species suggested for future conditions, the total annual NO and NO2 deposition in the modeled urban area would hardly change, indicating that the service of air pollution removal would not be degraded. These results may help selecting urban tree species in future greening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment, and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rocco Pace
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research — Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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Takahashi M, Morikawa H. Nitrogen Dioxide at Ambient Concentrations Induces Nitration and Degradation of PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors to Stimulate Plant Growth: A Hypothetical Model. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:plants8070198. [PMID: 31262027 PMCID: PMC6681506 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposing Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings fed with soil nitrogen to 10-50 ppb nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for several weeks stimulated the uptake of major elements, photosynthesis, and cellular metabolisms to more than double the biomass of shoot, total leaf area and contents of N, C P, K, S, Ca and Mg per shoot relative to non-exposed control seedlings. The 15N/14N ratio analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that N derived from NO2 (NO2-N) comprised < 5% of the total plant N, showing that the contribution of NO2-N as N source was minor. Moreover, histological analysis showed that leaf size and biomass were increased upon NO2 treatment, and that these increases were attributable to leaf age-dependent enhancement of cell proliferation and enlargement. Thus, NO2 may act as a plant growth signal rather than an N source. Exposure of Arabidopsis leaves to 40 ppm NO2 induced virtually exclusive nitration of PsbO and PsbP proteins (a high concentration of NO2 was used). The PMF analysis identified the ninth tyrosine residue of PsbO1 (9Tyr) as a nitration site. 9Tyr of PsbO1 was exclusively nitrated after incubation of the thylakoid membranes with a buffer containing NO2 and NO2- or a buffer containing NO2- alone. Nitration was catalyzed by illumination and repressed by photosystem II (PSII) electron transport inhibitors, and decreased oxygen evolution. Thus, protein tyrosine nitration altered (downregulated) the physiological function of cellular proteins of Arabidopsis leaves. This indicates that NO2-induced protein tyrosine nitration may stimulate plant growth. We hypothesized that atmospheric NO2 at ambient concentrations may induce tyrosine nitration of PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors in Arabidopsis leaves, followed by degradation of PYR/PYL/RCAR, upregulation of target of rapamycin (TOR) regulatory complexes, and stimulation of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Singh N, Bhatla SC. Hemoglobin as a probe for estimation of nitric oxide emission from plant tissues. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:39. [PMID: 31043999 PMCID: PMC6480594 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant roots contribute significant amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the rhizosphere as a component of NO in the ecosystem. Various pharmacological investigations on NO research in plants seek to quench endogenous NO by using externally applied NO quenchers, mainly 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO) and its more soluble form-carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO). Owing to serious limitations in its application cPTIO is no more a desired compound for such applications. RESULT Present work highlights the significance of using hemoglobin in the bathing solution to not only release endogenous NO from plant tissue but also to quench it in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The protocol further demonstrates the diffusibility of NO from intracellular locations in presence of externally provided hemoglobin. The proposed method can have widespread applications as a substitute to debatable and currently used cPTIO as a NO scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Satish C. Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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10
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Dai L, Hayes F, Sharps K, Harmens H, Mills G. Nitrogen availability does not affect ozone flux-effect relationships for biomass in birch (Betula pendula) saplings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1038-1046. [PMID: 30743901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether nitrogen (N) load affects the ozone (O3) stomatal flux-effect relationship for birch biomass, three-year old birch saplings were exposed to seven different O3 profiles (24 h mean of 35-66 ppb) and four different N loads (10, 30, 50 and 70 kg ha-1 yr-1) in precision-controlled hemispherical glasshouses (solardomes) in 2012 and 2013. Stomatal conductance (gs) under optimal growth conditions was stimulated by enhanced N supply but was not significantly affected by enhanced O3 exposure. Birch root, woody (stem + branches) and total biomass (root + woody) were not affected by the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD1SPEC) after two seasons of O3 exposure, and enhanced N supply stimulated biomass production independent of POD1SPEC (i.e. there were no POD1SPEC × N interactions). There was a strong linear relationship between the stem cross-sectional area and tree biomass at the end of the experiment, which was not affected by O3 exposure or N load. Enhanced N supply stimulated the stem cross-sectional area at the end of season 2, but not at the end of season 1, which suggests a time lag before tree biomass responded to enhanced N supply. There was no significant effect of POD1SPEC on stem cross-sectional area after either the first or second growing season of the experiment. Contrasting results reported in the literature on the interactive impacts of O3 and N load on tree physiology and growth are likely due to species-specific responses, different duration of the experiments and/or a limitation of the number of O3 and N levels tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Dai
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
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Li Q, Gabay M, Rubin Y, Raveh-Rubin S, Rohatyn S, Tatarinov F, Rotenberg E, Ramati E, Dicken U, Preisler Y, Fredj E, Yakir D, Tas E. Investigation of ozone deposition to vegetation under warm and dry conditions near the Eastern Mediterranean coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1316-1333. [PMID: 30677993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to vegetation is an important removal pathway for tropospheric O3, while O3 uptake through plant stomata negatively affects vegetation and leads to climate change. Both processes are controlled by vegetation characteristics and ambient conditions via complex mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that these processes can be fundamentally impacted by coastal effects, and by dry and warm conditions in ways that have not been fully characterized, largely due to lack of measurements under such conditions. Hence, we hypothesized that measuring dry deposition of O3 to vegetation along a sharp spatial climate gradient, and at different distances from the coast, can offer new insights into the characterization of these effects on O3 deposition to vegetation and stomatal uptake, providing important information for afforestation management and for climate and air-quality model improvement. To address these hypotheses, several measurement campaigns were performed at different sites, including pine, oak, and mixed Mediterranean forests, at distances of 20-59 km from the Eastern Mediterranean coast, under semiarid, Mediterranean and humid Mediterranean climate conditions. The eddy covariance technique was used to quantify vertical O3 flux (Ftot) and its partitioning to stomatal flux (Fst) and non-stomatal flux (Fns). Whereas Fst tended to peak around noon under humid Mediterranean and Mediterranean conditions in summer, it was strongly limited by drought under semiarid conditions from spring to early winter, with minimum average Fst/Ftot of 8-11% during the summer. Fns in the area was predominantly controlled by relative humidity (RH), whereas increasing Fns with RH for RH < 70% indicated enhancement of Fns by aerosols, via surface wetness stimulation. At night, efficient turbulence due to sea and land breezes, together with increased RH, resulted in strong enhancement of Ftot. Extreme dry surface events, some induced by dry intrusion from the upper troposphere, resulted in positive Fns events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Raveh-Rubin
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Rohatyn
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fyodor Tatarinov
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Ramati
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Dicken
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Yakir
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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12
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Isoform-Specific NO Synthesis by Arabidopsis thaliana Nitrate Reductase. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030067. [PMID: 30884848 PMCID: PMC6473903 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) is important for higher land plants, as it catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the nitrate assimilation pathway, the two-electron reduction of nitrate to nitrite. Furthermore, it is considered to be a major enzymatic source of the important signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO), that is produced in a one-electron reduction of nitrite. Like many other plants, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana expresses two isoforms of NR (NIA1 and NIA2). Up to now, only NIA2 has been the focus of detailed biochemical studies, while NIA1 awaits biochemical characterization. In this study, we have expressed and purified functional fragments of NIA1 and subjected them to various biochemical assays for comparison with the corresponding NIA2-fragments. We analyzed the kinetic parameters in multiple steady-state assays using nitrate or nitrite as substrate and measured either substrate consumption (nitrate or nitrite) or product formation (NO). Our results show that NIA1 is the more efficient nitrite reductase while NIA2 exhibits higher nitrate reductase activity, which supports the hypothesis that the isoforms have special functions in the plant. Furthermore, we successfully restored the physiological electron transfer pathway of NR using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nitrate or nitrite as substrates by mixing the N-and C-terminal fragments of NR, thus, opening up new possibilities to study NR activity, regulation and structure.
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13
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Tejada-Jimenez M, Llamas A, Galván A, Fernández E. Role of Nitrate Reductase in NO Production in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8030056. [PMID: 30845759 PMCID: PMC6473468 DOI: 10.3390/plants8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a gaseous secondary messenger that is critical for proper cell signaling and plant survival when exposed to stress. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in plants, under standard phototrophic oxygenic conditions, has long been a very controversial issue. A few algal strains contain NO synthase (NOS), which appears to be absent in all other algae and land plants. The experimental data have led to the hypothesis that molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase (NR) is the main enzyme responsible for NO production in most plants. Recently, NR was found to be a necessary partner in a dual system that also includes another molybdoenzyme, which was renamed NO-forming nitrite reductase (NOFNiR). This enzyme produces NO independently of the molybdenum center of NR and depends on the NR electron transport chain from NAD(P)H to heme. Under the circumstances in which NR is not present or active, the existence of another NO-forming system that is similar to the NOS system would account for NO production and NO effects. PII protein, which senses and integrates the signals of the C–N balance in the cell, likely has an important role in organizing cell responses. Here, we critically analyze these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tejada-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Angel Llamas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Aurora Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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14
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Li Q, Gabay M, Rubin Y, Fredj E, Tas E. Measurement-based investigation of ozone deposition to vegetation under the effects of coastal and photochemical air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1579-1597. [PMID: 30248876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to vegetation is an important pathway for its removal from the troposphere, and it can lead to adverse effects in plants and changes in climate. However, our mechanistic understanding of O3 dry deposition is insufficient to adequately account for it in global and regional models, primarily because this process is highly complicated by feedback mechanisms and sensitivity to specific characteristics of vegetative environment and atmospheric dynamics and composition. We hypothesized that measuring dry deposition of O3 to vegetation near the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) coast, where large variations in meteorological conditions and photochemical air pollution frequently occur, would enable identifying the mechanisms controlling O3 deposition to vegetation. Moreover, we have only limited knowledge of O3 deposition to vegetation occurring near a coastline, under air pollution, or in the EM. This study investigated O3 deposition to mixed Mediterranean vegetation between the summers of 2015 and 2017, 3.6 km away from the EM coast, using the eddy covariance technique to quantify vertical flux of O3 and its partitioning to stomatal and non-stomatal flux, concurrent with nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Surprisingly, nighttime O3-deposition velocity (Vd) was smaller than daytime Vd by only ~20-37% on average for all measurement periods, primarily related to moderate nighttime atmospheric stability due to proximity to the seashore. We provide evidence for the role of sea-salt aerosols in enhancing O3 deposition via surface-wetness buildup at low relative humidity near the coast, and for daytime enhancement of O3 deposition by the combined effects of biogenic volatile organic compound emission and surface-wetness buildup. We further show that NOx emitted from elevated emission sources can reduce O3 deposition, and even lead to a positive O3 flux, demonstrating the importance of adequately taking into account the impact of air pollution on O3 deposition to vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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15
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Bender D, Schwarz G. Nitrite-dependent nitric oxide synthesis by molybdenum enzymes. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2126-2139. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bender
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Biochemistry; University of Cologne; Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University of Cologne; Germany
| | - Guenter Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Biochemistry; University of Cologne; Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University of Cologne; Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne; Germany
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16
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Fusaro L, Palma A, Salvatori E, Basile A, Maresca V, Asadi Karam E, Manes F. Functional indicators of response mechanisms to nitrogen deposition, ozone, and their interaction in two Mediterranean tree species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185836. [PMID: 28973038 PMCID: PMC5626521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen (N) deposition, tropospheric ozone (O3) and their interaction were investigated in two Mediterranean tree species, Fraxinus ornus L. (deciduous) and Quercus ilex L. (evergreen), having different leaf habits and resource use strategies. An experiment was conducted under controlled condition to analyse how nitrogen deposition affects the ecophysiological and biochemical traits, and to explore how the nitrogen-induced changes influence the response to O3. For both factors we selected realistic exposures (20 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 80 ppb h for nitrogen and O3, respectively), in order to elucidate the mechanisms implemented by the plants. Nitrogen addition resulted in higher nitrogen concentration at the leaf level in F. ornus, whereas a slight increase was detected in Q. ilex. Nitrogen enhanced the maximum rate of assimilation and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration in both species, whereas it influenced the light harvesting complex only in the deciduous F. ornus that was also affected by O3 (reduced assimilation rate and accelerated senescence-related processes). Conversely, Q. ilex developed an avoidance mechanism to cope with O3, confirming a substantial O3 tolerance of this species. Nitrogen seemed to ameliorate the harmful effects of O3 in F. ornus: the hypothesized mechanism of action involved the production of nitrogen oxide as the first antioxidant barrier, followed by enzymatic antioxidant response. In Q. ilex, the interaction was not detected on gas exchange and photosystem functionality; however, in this species, nitrogen might stimulate an alternative antioxidant response such as the emission of volatile organic compounds. Antioxidant enzyme activity was lower in plants treated with both O3 and nitrogen even though reactive oxygen species production did not differ between the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fusaro
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Palma
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Basile
- University of Naples “Federico II”, Biology Department, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Maresca
- University of Naples “Federico II”, Biology Department, Naples, Italy
| | - Elham Asadi Karam
- Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Biology Department, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fausto Manes
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Environmental Biology, Rome, Italy
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17
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Nitric oxide synthase in plants: Where do we stand? Nitric Oxide 2016; 63:30-38. [PMID: 27658319 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important player in various plant physiological processes. Although many advances in the understanding of NO functions have been made, the question of how NO is produced in plants is still challenging. It is now generally accepted that the endogenous production of NO is mainly accomplished through the reduction of nitrite via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms which remain to be fully characterized. Furthermore, experimental arguments in favour of the existence of plant nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like enzymes have been reported. However, recent investigations revealed that land plants do not possess animal NOS-like enzymes while few algal species do. Phylogenetic and structural analyses reveals interesting features specific to algal NOS-like proteins.
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18
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Ye C, Gao H, Zhang N, Zhou X. Photolysis of Nitric Acid and Nitrate on Natural and Artificial Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3530-6. [PMID: 26936001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of nitric acid and nitrate (HNO3/nitrate) was investigated on the surfaces of natural and artificial materials, including plant leaves, metal sheets, and construction materials. The surfaces were conditioned in the outdoor air prior to experiments to receive natural depositions of ambient HNO3/nitrate and other atmospheric constituents. The photolysis rate constant (JHNO3(s)) of the surface HNO3/nitrate was measured based on the production rates of nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The JHNO3(s) values, from 6.0 × 10(-6) s(-1) to 3.7 × 10(-4) s(-1), are 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of gaseous HNO3. The HONO was the major product from photolysis of HNO3/nitrate on most plant leaves, whereas NOx was the major product on most artificial surfaces. The JHNO3(s) values decreased with HNO3/nitrate surface density and could be described by a simple analytical equation. Within a typical range of HNO3/nitrate surface density in the low-NOx forested areas, photolysis of HNO3/nitrate on the forest canopy can be a significant source for HONO and NOx for the overlying atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Honglian Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12201, United States
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19
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Sewelam N, Kazan K, Schenk PM. Global Plant Stress Signaling: Reactive Oxygen Species at the Cross-Road. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 26941757 PMCID: PMC4763064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. However, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. Considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signaling networks. In this regard, growing evidence shows that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most common plant responses to different stresses, representing a point at which various signaling pathways come together. In this review, the complex nature of plant stress signaling networks will be discussed. An emphasis on different signaling players with a specific attention to ROS as the primary source of the signaling battery in plants will be presented. The interactions between ROS and other signaling components, e.g., calcium, redox homeostasis, membranes, G-proteins, MAPKs, plant hormones, and transcription factors will be assessed. A better understanding of the vital roles ROS are playing in plant signaling would help innovate new strategies to improve plant productivity under the circumstances of the increasing severity of environmental conditions and the high demand of food and energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Sewelam
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta UniversityTanta, Egypt
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St LuciaQLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
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20
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21
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Niederbacher B, Winkler JB, Schnitzler JP. Volatile organic compounds as non-invasive markers for plant phenotyping. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5403-16. [PMID: 25969554 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a great variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can actively participate in plant growth and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. VOC emissions are strongly dependent on environmental conditions; the greatest ambiguity is whether or not the predicted change in climate will influence and modify plant-pest interactions that are mediated by VOCs. The constitutive and induced emission patterns between plant genotypes, species, and taxa are highly variable and can be used as pheno(chemo)typic markers to distinguish between different origins and provenances. In recent years significant progress has been made in molecular and genetic plant breeding. However, there is actually a lack of knowledge in functionally linking genotypes and phenotypes, particularly in analyses of plant-environment interactions. Plant phenotyping, the assessment of complex plant traits such as growth, development, tolerance, resistance, etc., has become a major bottleneck, and quantitative information on genotype-environment relationships is the key to addressing major future challenges. With increasing demand to support and accelerate progress in breeding for novel traits, the plant research community faces the need to measure accurately increasingly large numbers of plants and plant traits. In this review article, we focus on the promising outlook of VOC phenotyping as a fast and non-invasive measure of phenotypic dynamics. The basic principle is to define plant phenotypes according to their disease resistance and stress tolerance, which in turn will help in improving the performance and yield of economically relevant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J B Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J P Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Nitric oxide from a "green" perspective. Nitric Oxide 2015; 45:15-9. [PMID: 25638488 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecule nitric oxide (NO) which is involved in practically all biochemical and physiological plant processes has become a subject for plant research. However, there remain many unanswered questions concerning how, where and when this molecule is enzymatically generated in higher plants. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of NO in plants for those readers unfamiliar with this field of research. The review will therefore discuss the importance of NO in higher plants at the physiological and biochemical levels, its involvement in designated nitro-oxidative stresses in response to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental conditions, NO emission/uptake from plants, beneficial plant-microbial interactions, and its potential application in the biotechnological fields of agriculture and food nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, Granada E-18080, Spain.
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", Jaén E-23071, Spain
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23
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Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes: a new class of nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:403-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Blande JD, Holopainen JK, Niinemets Ü. Plant volatiles in polluted atmospheres: stress responses and signal degradation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1892-904. [PMID: 24738697 PMCID: PMC4289706 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a plethora of volatile organic compounds, which provide detailed information on the physiological condition of emitters. Volatiles induced by herbivore feeding are among the best studied plant responses to stress and may constitute an informative message to the surrounding community and further function in plant defence processes. However, under natural conditions, plants are potentially exposed to multiple concurrent stresses with complex effects on the volatile emissions. Atmospheric pollutants are an important facet of the abiotic environment and can impinge on a plant's volatile-mediated defences in multiple ways at multiple temporal scales. They can exert changes in volatile emissions through oxidative stress, as is the case with ozone pollution. The pollutants, in particular, ozone, nitrogen oxides and hydroxyl radicals, also react with volatiles in the atmosphere. These reactions result in volatile breakdown products, which may themselves be perceived by community members as informative signals. In this review, we demonstrate the complex interplay among stresses, emitted signals, and modification in signal strength and composition by the atmosphere, collectively determining the responses of the biotic community to elicited signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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25
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Misra AN, Vladkova R, Singh R, Misra M, Dobrikova AG, Apostolova EL. Action and target sites of nitric oxide in chloroplasts. Nitric Oxide 2014; 39:35-45. [PMID: 24731839 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in plants under physiological and stress conditions. Here we review the influence of NO on chloroplasts which can be directly induced by interaction with the photosynthetic apparatus by influencing photophosphorylation, electron transport activity and oxido-reduction state of the Mn clusters of the oxygen-evolving complex or by changes in gene expression. The influence of NO-induced changes in the photosynthetic apparatus on its functions and sensitivity to stress factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra N Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India.
| | - Radka Vladkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ranjeet Singh
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India
| | - Meena Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India
| | - Anelia G Dobrikova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia L Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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27
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Hebelstrup KH, Shah JK, Igamberdiev AU. The role of nitric oxide and hemoglobin in plant development and morphogenesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:457-69. [PMID: 23600702 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis is regulated endogenously through phytohormones and other chemical signals, which may act either locally or distant from their place of synthesis. Nitric oxide (NO) is formed by a number of controlled processes in plant cells. It is a central signaling molecule with several effects on control of plant growth and development, such as shoot and root architecture. All plants are able to express non-symbiotic hemoglobins at low concentration. Their function is generally not related to oxygen transport or storage; instead they effectively oxidize NO to NO(3)(-) and thereby control the local cellular NO concentration. In this review, we analyze available data on the role of NO and plant hemoglobins in morphogenetic processes in plants. The comparison of the data suggests that hemoglobin gene expression in plants modulates development and morphogenesis of organs, such as roots and shoots, through the localized control of NO, and that hemoglobin gene expression should always be considered a modulating factor in processes controlled directly or indirectly by NO in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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28
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van der Linde C, Höckendorf RF, Balaj OP, Beyer MK. Reactions of Hydrated Singly Charged First-Row Transition-Metal Ions M+(H2O)n(M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) toward Nitric Oxide in the Gas Phase. Chemistry 2013; 19:3741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Verma K, Mehta SK, Shekhawat GS. Nitric oxide (NO) counteracts cadmium induced cytotoxic processes mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Brassica juncea: cross-talk between ROS, NO and antioxidant responses. Biometals 2013; 26:255-69. [PMID: 23322177 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on NO in plants has achieved huge attention in recent years mainly due to its function in plant growth and development under biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, we investigated Cd induced NO generation and its relationship to ROS and antioxidant regulation in Brassica juncea. Cd accumulated rapidly in roots and caused oxidative stress as indicated by increased level of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 thus, inhibiting the overall plant growth. It significantly decreased the root length, leaf water content and photosynthetic pigments. A rapid induction in intracellular NO was observed at initial exposures and low concentrations of Cd. A 2.74-fold increase in intracellular NO was recorded in roots treated with 25 μM Cd than control. NO effects on Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and on antioxidant system was investigated by using sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor and a scavenger, [2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylinidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide] (cPTIO). Roots pretreated with 5 mM SNP for 6 h when exposed to 25 μM Cd for 24 h reduced the level of proline, non-protein thiols, SOD, APX and CAT in comparison to only Cd treatments. However, this effect was almost blocked by 100 μM cPTIO pretreatment to roots for 1 h. This ameliorating effect of NO was specific because cPTIO completely reversed the effect in the presence of Cd. Thus, the present study report that NO strongly counteracts Cd induced ROS mediated cytotoxicity in B. juncea by controlling antioxidant metabolism as the related studies are not well reported in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Verma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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30
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Simontacchi M, Buet A, Lamattina L, Puntarulo S. Exposure to nitric oxide increases the nitrosyl-iron complexes content in sorghum embryonic axes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 183:159-66. [PMID: 22195589 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed to investigate nitrosyl-Fe complexes formation by reaction of endogenous ligands and Fe, in sorghum embryonic axes exposed to NO-donors. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was employed to detect the presence of nitrosyl-Fe complexes in plant embryos, as well as changes in labile iron pool (LIP). Nitrosyl-Fe complexes formation was detected in sorghum embryonic axes homogenates incubated in vitro in the presence of 1 mM of NO donors: diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In axes isolated from seeds incubated in vivo in the presence of 1 mM SNP for 24 h, the content of NO was increased by 2-fold, and the EPR spectrum from mononitrosyl-Fe complexes (MNIC) was observed with a concomitant increase in the fresh weight of sorghum axes. The simultaneous exposure to deferoxamine and the NO donor precluded the increase in fresh weight observed in the presence of excess NO. While total Fe content in the axes isolated from seeds exposed to 1mM SNP was not significantly affected as compared to control axes, the LIP was increased by over 2-fold.The data reported suggest a critical role for the generation of complexes between Fe and NO when cells faced a situation leading to a significant increase in NO content. Moreover, demonstrate the presence of MNICs as one of the important components of the LIP, which could actively participate in Fe cellular mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Simontacchi
- Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires (1113), Argentina
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31
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Chen J, Wu FH, Liu TW, Chen L, Xiao Q, Dong XJ, He JX, Pei ZM, Zheng HL. Emissions of nitric oxide from 79 plant species in response to simulated nitrogen deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:192-200. [PMID: 22035944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential contribution of nitric oxide (NO) emission from the plants grown under the increasing nitrogen (N) deposition to atmospheric NO budget, the effects of simulated N deposition on NO emission and various leaf traits (e.g., specific leaf area, leaf N concentration, net photosynthetic rate, etc.) were investigated in 79 plant species classified by 13 plant functional groups. Simulated N deposition induced the significant increase of NO emission from most functional groups, especially from conifer, gymnosperm and C(3) herb. Moreover, the change rate of NO emission was significantly correlated with the change rate of various leaf traits. We conclude that the plants grown under atmospheric N deposition, especially in conifer, gymnosperm and C(3) herb, should be taken into account as an important biological source of NO and potentially contribute to atmospheric NO budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 PR China
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32
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Glyan’ko AK, Mitanova NB, Stepanov AV. Influence of environmental factors on the generation of nitric oxide in the roots of etiolated pea seedlings. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683812010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Trevisan S, Manoli A, Begheldo M, Nonis A, Enna M, Vaccaro S, Caporale G, Ruperti B, Quaggiotti S. Transcriptome analysis reveals coordinated spatiotemporal regulation of hemoglobin and nitrate reductase in response to nitrate in maize roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:338-52. [PMID: 21762167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of nitrogen for plant growth and the environmental costs of intense fertilization, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the root adaptation to nitrogen fluctuations is a primary goal for the development of biotechnological tools for sustainable agriculture. This research aimed to identify the molecular factors involved in the response of maize roots to nitrate. cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism was exploited for comprehensive transcript profiling of maize (Zea mays) seedling roots grown with varied nitrate availabilities; 336 primer combinations were tested and 661 differentially regulated transcripts were identified. The expression of selected genes was studied in depth through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Over 50% of the genes identified responded to prolonged nitrate starvation and a few were identified as putatively involved in the early nitrate signaling mechanisms. Real-time results and in situ localization analyses demonstrated co-regulated transcriptional patterns in root epidermal cells for genes putatively involved in nitric oxide synthesis/scavenging. Our findings, in addition to strengthening already known mechanisms, revealed the existence of a new complex signaling framework in which brassinosteroids (BRI1), the module MKK2-MAPK6 and the fine regulation of nitric oxide homeostasis via the co-expression of synthetic (nitrate reductase) and scavenging (hemoglobin) components may play key functions in maize responses to nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trevisan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Department, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, Italy
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34
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Glyan’ko AK, Vasil’eva GG. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in legume-rhizobial symbiosis: A review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Abat JK, Deswal R. Differential modulation of S-nitrosoproteome of Brassica juncea by low temperature: change in S-nitrosylation of Rubisco is responsible for the inactivation of its carboxylase activity. Proteomics 2009; 9:4368-80. [PMID: 19655309 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a new addition to plant hormones, affects numerous processes in planta. It is produced as a part of stress response, but its signaling is poorly understood. S-nitrosylation, a PTM, is currently the most investigated modification of NO. Recent studies indicate significant modulation of metabolome by S-nitrosylation, as the identified targets span major metabolic pathways and regulatory proteins. Identification of S-nitrosylation targets is necessary to understand NO signaling. By combining biotin switch technique and MS, 20 S-nitrosylated proteins including four novel ones were identified from Brassica juncea. Further, to know if the abiotic stress-induced NO evolution contributes to S-nitrosothiols (SNO), the cellular NO reservoirs, SNO content was measured by Saville method. Low temperature (LT)-stress resulted in highest (1.4-fold) SNO formation followed by drought, high temperature and salinity. LT induced differentially nitrosylated proteins were identified as photosynthetic, plant defense related, glycolytic and signaling associated. Interestingly, both the subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed an increase as well as a decrease in nitrosylation by LT. Inactivation of Rubisco carboxylase by LT is well documented but the mechanism is not known. Here, we show that LT-induced S-nitrosylation is responsible for significant ( approximately 40%) inactivation of Rubisco. This in turn could explain cold stress-induced photosynthetic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur Abat
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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36
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Behnke K, Kleist E, Uerlings R, Wildt J, Rennenberg H, Schnitzler JP. RNAi-mediated suppression of isoprene biosynthesis in hybrid poplar impacts ozone tolerance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:725-36. [PMID: 19324699 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant volatile compound emitted by vegetation. It influences air chemistry and is thought to take part in plant defense reactions against abiotic stress such as high temperature or ozone. However, whether or not isoprene emission impacts ozone tolerance of plants is still in discussion. In this study, we exploited the transgenic non-isoprene emitting grey poplar (Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm.) in a biochemical and physiological model study to investigate the effect of acute ozone stress on the elicitation of defense-related emissions of plant volatiles, on photosynthesis and on the antioxidative system. We recorded that non-isoprene emitting poplars were more resistant to ozone as indicated by less damaged leaf area and higher assimilation rates compared to ozone-exposed wild-type (WT) plants. The integral of green leaf volatile emissions was different between the two poplar phenotypes and was a reliable early marker for subsequent leaf damage. For other stress-induced volatiles, such as mono-, homo- and sesquiterpenes and methyl salicylate, similar time profiles, pattern and emission intensities were observed in both transgenic and WT plants. However, unstressed non-isoprene emitting poplars are characterized by elevated levels of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol as well as by a more effective de-epoxidation ratio of xanthophylls than the WT. Since ozone quenching properties of ascorbate are much higher than those of isoprene and furthermore alpha-tocopherol is also an essential antioxidant, non-isoprene emitting poplars might benefit from changes within the antioxidative system by providing them with enhanced ozone tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Behnke
- Research Centre Karlsruhe GmbH, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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37
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Ederli L, Reale L, Madeo L, Ferranti F, Gehring C, Fornaciari M, Romano B, Pasqualini S. NO release by nitric oxide donors in vitro and in planta. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:42-8. [PMID: 18990582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Artificial nitric oxide (NO) donors are widely used as tools to study the role of NO in plants. However, reliable and reproducible characterisation of metabolic responses induced by different NO donors is complicated by the variability of their NO release characteristics. The latter are affected by different physical and biological factors including temperature and light. Here we critically evaluate NO release characteristics of the donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), both in vitro and in planta (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. BelW3) and assess their effects on NO dependent processes such as the transcriptional regulation of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase gene (AOX1a), accumulation of H(2)O(2) and induction of cell death. We demonstrate that, contrary to NOS and SNP, GSNO is not an efficient NO generator in leaf tissue. Furthermore, spectrophotometric measurement of NO with a haemoglobin assay, rather than diaminofluorescein (DAF-FM) based detection, is best suited for the quantification of tissue NO. In spite of the different NO release signatures by SNP and NOS in tissue, the NO dependent responses examined were similar, suggesting that there is a critical threshold for the NO response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ederli
- Department of Applied Biology, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
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38
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Velikova V, Fares S, Loreto F. Isoprene and nitric oxide reduce damages in leaves exposed to oxidative stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1882-1894. [PMID: 18811730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and nitric oxide (NO) are two volatile molecules that are produced in leaves. Both compounds were suggested to have an important protective role against stresses. We tested, in two isoprene-emitting species, Populus nigra and Phragmites australis, whether: (1) NO emission outside leaves is measurable and is affected by oxidative stresses; and (2) isoprene and NO protect leaves against oxidative stresses, both singularly and in combination. The emission of NO was undetectable, and the compensation point was very low in control poplar leaves. Both emission and compensation point increased dramatically in stressed leaves. NO emission was inversely associated with stomatal conductance. More NO was emitted in leaves that were isoprene-inhibited, and more isoprene was emitted when NO was reduced by NO scavenger c-PTIO. Both isoprene and NO reduced oxidative damages. Isoprene-emitting leaves which were also fumigated with NO, or treated with NO donor, showed low damage to photosynthesis, a reduced accumulation of H(2)O(2) and a reduced membrane denaturation. We conclude that measurable amounts of NO are only produced and emitted by stressed leaves, that both isoprene and NO are effective antioxidant molecules and that an additional protection is achieved when both molecules are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Institute of Plant Physiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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39
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Jasid S, Simontacchi M, Puntarulo S. Exposure to nitric oxide protects against oxidative damage but increases the labile iron pool in sorghum embryonic axes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3953-62. [PMID: 18832188 PMCID: PMC2576640 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine NONOate (DETA NONOate), were used as the source of exogenous NO to study the effect of NO upon germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) seeds through its possible interaction with iron. Modulation of cellular Fe status could be an important factor for the establishment of oxidative stress and the regulation of plant physiology. Fresh and dry weights of the embryonic axes were significantly increased in the presence of 0.1 mM SNP, as compared to control. Spin trapping EPR was used to assess the NO content in axes from control seeds after 24 h of imbibition (2.4+/-0.2 nmol NO g(-1) FW) and seeds exposed to 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM SNP (3.1+/-0.3, 4.6+/-0.2, and 6.0+/-0.9 nmol NO g(-1) FW, respectively) and 1 mM DETA NONOate (6.2+/-0.6 nmol NO g(-1) FW). Incubation of seeds with 1 mM SNP protected against oxidative damage to lipids and maintained membrane integrity. The content of the deferoxamine-Fe (III) complex significantly increased in homogenates of axes excised from seeds incubated in the presence of 1 mM SNP or 1 mM DETA NONOate as compared to the control (19+/-2 nmol Fe g(-1) FW, 15.2+/-0.5 nmol Fe g(-1) FW, and 8+/-1 nmol Fe g(-1) FW, respectively), whereas total Fe content in the axes was not affected by the NO donor exposure. Data presented here provide experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that increased availability of NO drives not only protective effects to biomacromolecules, but to increasing the Fe availability for promoting cellular development as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susana Puntarulo
- Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
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40
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Sang J, Jiang M, Lin F, Xu S, Zhang A, Tan M. Nitric oxide reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation involved in water stress-induced subcellular anti-oxidant defense in maize plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:231-43. [PMID: 18713446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule involved in many biological events, and has been reported as pro-oxidant as well as anti-oxidant in plants. In the present study, the sources of NO production under water stress, the role of NO in water stress-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and subcellular activities of anti-oxidant enzymes in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) plants were investigated. Water stress induced defense increases in the generation of NO in maize mesphyll cells and the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions of maize leaves. Water stress-induced defense increases in the production of NO were blocked by pretreatments with inhibitors of NOS and nitrate reductase (NR), suggesting that NO is produced from NOS and NR in leaves of maize plants exposed to water stress. Water stress also induced increases in the activities of the chloroplastic and cytosolic anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the increases in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes were reduced by pretreatments with inhibitors of NOS and NR. Exogenous NO increases the activities of water stress-induced subcellular anti-oxidant enzymes, which decreases accumulation of H2O2. Our results suggest that NOS and NR are involved in water stress-induced NO production and NOS is the major source of NO. The potential ability of NO to scavenge H2O2 is, at least in part, due to the induction of a subcellular anti-oxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Sang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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41
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Folkers A, Hüve K, Ammann C, Dindorf T, Kesselmeier J, Kleist E, Kuhn U, Uerlings R, Wildt J. Methanol emissions from deciduous tree species: dependence on temperature and light intensity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:65-75. [PMID: 18211548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2007.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Methanol emissions from several deciduous tree species with predominantly mature leaves were measured under laboratory and field conditions. The emissions were modulated by temperature and light. Under constant light conditions in the laboratory, methanol emissions increased with leaf temperature, by up to 12% per degree. At constant temperatures, emissions doubled when light intensity (PAR) increased from darkness to 800 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1). A phenomenological description of light and temperature dependencies was derived from the laboratory measurements. This description was successfully applied to reproduce the diel cycle of methanol emissions from an English oak measured in the field. Labelling experiments with (13)CO(2) provided evidence that less than 10% of the emitted methanol was produced de novo by photosynthesis directly prior to emission. Hence, the light dependence of the emissions cannot be explained by instantaneous production from CO(2) fixation. Additional experiments with selective cooling of plant roots indicated that a substantial fraction of the emitted methanol may be produced in the roots or stem and transported to stomata by the transpiration stream. However, the transpiration stream cannot be considered as the main factor that determines methanol emissions by the investigated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Folkers
- Institute Phytosphere, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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42
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Fares S, Loreto F, Kleist E, Wildt J. Stomatal uptake and stomatal deposition of ozone in isoprene and monoterpene emitting plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:44-54. [PMID: 17538866 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile isoprenoids were reported to protect plants against ozone. To understand whether this could be the result of a direct scavenging of ozone by these molecules, the stomatal and non-stomatal uptake of ozone was estimated in plants emitting isoprene or monoterpenes. Ozone uptake by holm oak (Quercus ilex, a monoterpene emitter) and black poplar (Populus nigra, an isoprene emitter) was studied in whole plant enclosures (continuously stirred tank reactors, CSTR). The ozone uptake by plants was estimated measuring ozone concentration at the inlet and outlet of the reactors, after correcting for the uptake of the enclosure materials. Destruction of ozone at the cuticle or at the plant stems was found to be negligible compared to the ozone uptake through the stomata. For both plant species, a relationship between stomatal conductance and ozone uptake was found. For the poplar, the measured ozone losses were explained by the uptake of ozone through the stomata only, and ozone destruction by gas phase reactions with isoprene was negligible. For the oak, gas phase reactions of ozone with the monoterpenes emitted by the plants contributed significantly to ozone destruction. This was confirmed by two different experiments showing a) that in cases of high stomatal conductance but under low CO(2) concentration, a reduction of monoterpene emission was still associated with reduced O(3) uptake; and b) that ozone losses due to the gas phase reactions only can be measured when using the exhaust from a plant chamber to determine the gas phase reactivity in an empty reaction chamber. Monoterpenes can therefore relevantly scavenge ozone at leaf level contributing to protection against ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fares
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
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43
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Tischner R, Galli M, Heimer YM, Bielefeld S, Okamoto M, Mack A, Crawford NM. Interference with the citrulline-based nitric oxide synthase assay by argininosuccinate lyase activity inArabidopsisextracts. FEBS J 2007; 274:4238-45. [PMID: 17651442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are many reports of an arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase activity in plants; however, the gene(s) or protein(s) responsible for this activity have yet to be convincingly identified. To measure nitric oxide synthase activity, many studies have relied on a citrulline-based assay that measures the formation of L-citrulline from L-arginine using ion exchange chromatography. In this article, we report that when such assays are used with protein extracts from Arabidopsis, an arginine-dependent activity was observed, but it produced a product other than citrulline. TLC analysis identified the product as argininosuccinate. The reaction was stimulated by fumarate (> 500 microM), implicating the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), which reversibly converts arginine and fumarate to argininosuccinate. These results indicate that caution is needed when using standard citrulline-based assays to measure nitric oxide synthase activity in plant extracts, and highlight the importance of verifying the identity of the product as citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Tischner
- Albrecht von Haller Institut fur Pflanzenwissenschaften, University of Gottingen, Germany
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44
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Planchet E, Kaiser WM. Nitric oxide production in plants: facts and fictions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2006; 1:46-51. [PMID: 19521475 PMCID: PMC2633878 DOI: 10.4161/psb.1.2.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is now general agreement that nitric oxide (NO) is an important and almost universal signal in plants. Nevertheless, there are still many controversial observations and opinions on the importance and function of NO in plants. Partly, this may be due to the difficulties in detecting and even more in quantifying NO. Here, we summarize major pathways of NO production in plants, and briefly discuss some methodical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Planchet
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg, Germany
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45
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Grün S, Lindermayr C, Sell S, Durner J. Nitric oxide and gene regulation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:507-16. [PMID: 16396997 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide (NO), which was first identified as a unique diffusible molecular messenger in animals, plays an important role in diverse physiological processes in plants. Recent progress that has deepened our understanding of NO signalling functions in plants, with special emphasis on defence signalling, is discussed here. Several studies, based on plants with altered NO-levels, have recently provided genetic evidence for the importance of NO in gene induction. For a general overview of which gene expression levels are altered by NO, two studies, involving large-scale transcriptional analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana using custom-made or commercial DNA-microarrays, were performed. Furthermore, a comprehensive transcript profiling by cDNA-amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) revealed a number of Arabidopsis thaliana genes that are involved in signal transduction, disease resistance and stress response, photosynthesis, cellular transport, and basic metabolism. In addition, NO affects the expression of numerous genes in other plant species such as tobacco or soybean. The NO-dependent intracellular signalling pathway(s) that lead to the activation or suppression of these genes have not yet been defined. Several lines of evidence point to an interrelationship between NO and salicylic acid (SA) in plant defence. Recent evidence suggests that NO also plays a role in the wounding/jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. NO donors affect both wounding-induced H2O2 synthesis and wounding- or JA-induced expression of defence genes. One of the major challenges ahead is to determine how the correct specific response is evoked, despite shared use of the NO signal and, in some cases, its downstream second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grün
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, GSF-Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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Stöhr C, Stremlau S. Formation and possible roles of nitric oxide in plant roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 57:463-70. [PMID: 16356940 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has been reported to act as a signalling molecule in different plant tissues and to participate in a variety of physiological processes. It is produced by different enzymes and sources. The root-specific plasma membrane-bound enzymes forming NO from the substrates nitrate and nitrite are of particular interest because roots serve as interfaces between plants and the soil. The co-ordinated activity of the root-specific plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase (PM-NR) and nitrite:NO reductase (NI-NOR) suggests that NO might also be involved in root signalling and development. The rate of enzymatic production of this NO depends largely on the environmental conditions, mainly the availability of nitrate and oxygen and it is proposed that this NO plays a role during anoxia as an indicator of the external nitrate availability and in regulating symbiotic interactions at the root surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Stöhr
- Institut für Botanik, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Grimmer Strasse 88, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Takahashi M, Nakagawa M, Sakamoto A, Ohsumi C, Matsubara T, Morikawa H. Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide gas is a plant vitalization signal to increase plant size and the contents of cell constituents. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 168:149-54. [PMID: 16159329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the unexpected novel finding that exogenously supplied atmospheric NO2 at an ambient concentration is a plant vitalization signal to double shoot size and the contents of cell constituents. When seedlings of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia were grown for 10 wk under natural light and irrigation with 10 mm KNO3 in air containing (+NO2 plants) or not containing (-NO2 plants) 15NO2 (150 +/- 50 ppb), shoot biomass, total leaf area, and contents per shoot of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), free amino acids and crude proteins were all approximately 2 times greater in +NO2 plants than in -NO2 plants. In mass spectrometric analysis of the 15N/14N ratio, it was found that NO2-derived N (NO2-N) comprised < 3% of total plant N, indicating that the contribution of NO2-N to total N was very minor. It thus seems very likely that the primary role of NO2 is as a multifunctional signal to stimulate plant growth, nutrient uptake and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Palitzsch K, Göllner S, Lupa K, Matschullat J, Messal C, Pleßow K, Schipek M, Schnabel I, Weller C, Zimmermann F. Ozon in Waldökosystemen aus atmosphärenchemischer und pflanzenphysiologischer Sicht. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1065/uwsf2004.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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An L, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen T, Wang X. Effects of nitric oxide on growth of maize seedling leaves in the presence or absence of ultraviolet-B radiation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:317-326. [PMID: 15832684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of maize seedlings were used to measure leaf biomass including leaf length, width and weight, and to examine the relationship between nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity in microsomes and cytosol to the exo- and endo-beta-glucanase activity during growth. It was found that ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B radiation) strongly induced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity but caused both a decrease of leaf biomass and exo- or endo-beta-glucanase activity. In contrast, the NOS inhibitor and NO donor largely decreased the activity of NOS in non-irradiated seedlings. The inhibitor also reduced exo- and endo-beta-glucanase activity and leaf biomass while the donor increased the enzyme activity and leaf biomass under normal conditions. Alternatively, under ultraviolet-B, the additional inhibitor of NOS and NO donor appeared to compromise the effects of ultraviolet-B on glucanase activity and leaf biomass, making the relationship between NOS activity and glucanase activity negatively correlated. This suggests that the changes of NOS activity showed a positive correlation to glucanase activity and leaf biomass in the absence of ultraviolet-B, but a negative correlation to ultraviolet-B irradiation and NO donor treatment alone. It is assumed that exo- and endogenous NO is responsible for the up-regulation of regular growth and development without ultraviolet-B. Under UV-B radiation, however, it might function as a signaling molecule of ultraviolet-B inhibiting leaf growth of maize seedlings to carry out stress-signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe An
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Plants have four nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. NOS1 appears mitochondrial, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) chloroplastic. Distinct peroxisomal and apoplastic NOS enzymes are predicted. Nitrite-dependent NO synthesis is catalyzed by cytoplasmic nitrate reductase or a root plasma membrane enzyme, or occurs nonenzymatically. Nitric oxide undergoes both catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation. However, there is no evidence of reaction with superoxide, and S-nitrosylation reactions are unlikely except during hypoxia. The only proven direct targets of NO in plants are metalloenzymes and one metal complex. Nitric oxide inhibits apoplastic catalases/ascorbate peroxidases in some species but may stimulate these enzymes in others. Plants also have the NO response pathway involving cGMP, cADPR, and release of calcium from internal stores. Other known targets include chloroplast and mitochondrial electron transport. Nitric oxide suppresses Fenton chemistry by interacting with ferryl ion, preventing generation of hydroxyl radicals. Functions of NO in plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stressors, iron homeostasis, and regulation of respiration and photosynthesis may all be ascribed to interaction with one of these targets. Nitric oxide function in drought/abscisic acid (ABA)-induction of stomatal closure requires nitrate reductase and NOS1. Nitric oxide synthasel likely functions to produce sufficient NO to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport, allowing nitrite accumulation. Nitric oxide is produced during the hypersensitive response outside cells undergoing programmed cell death immediately prior to loss of plasma membrane integrity. A plasma membrane lipid-derived signal likely activates apoplastic NOS. Nitric oxide diffuses within the apoplast and signals neighboring cells via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent induction of salicylic acid biosynthesis. Response to wounding appears to involve the same NOS and direct targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan D Shapiro
- Biotechnology Program, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers Florida 33965-6565, USA
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