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Balogun O, Nejak-Bowen K. Understanding Hepatic Porphyrias: Symptoms, Treatments, and Unmet Needs. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 38772406 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by overproduction and accumulation of porphyrin precursors in the liver. These porphyrins cause neurologic symptoms as well as cutaneous photosensitivity, and in some cases patients can experience life-threatening acute neurovisceral attacks. This review describes the acute hepatic porphyrias in detail, including acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and variegate porphyria, as well as the hepatic porphyrias with cutaneous manifestations such as porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Each section will cover disease prevalence, clinical manifestations, and current therapies, including strategies to manage symptoms. Finally, we review new and emerging treatment modalities, including gene therapy through use of adeno-associated vectors and chaperone therapies such as lipid nanoparticle and small interfering RNA-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwashanu Balogun
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Liver Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2
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Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of rare diseases, each resulting from a defect in a different enzymatic step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. They can be broadly divided into two categories, hepatic and erythropoietic porphyrias, depending on the primary site of accumulation of heme intermediates. These disorders are multisystemic with variable symptoms that can be encountered by physicians in any specialty. Here, we review the porphyrias and describe their clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. We discuss novel therapies that are approved or in development. Early diagnosis is key for the appropriate management and prevention of long-term complications in these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Dickey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Karp Leaf
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA;
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3
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Lissing M, Vassiliou D, Floderus Y, Harper P, Yan J, Hagström H, Sardh E, Wahlin S. Risk for incident comorbidities, nonhepatic cancer and mortality in acute hepatic porphyria: A matched cohort study in 1244 individuals. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:286-299. [PMID: 36546345 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP) are associated with long-term complications such as primary liver cancer, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Data on other related comorbidities are scarce. In this register-based, matched cohort study, we assessed the risks of nonhepatic cancers, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, psychiatric disorders, and mortality in relation to porphyria type, sex, and biochemical disease activity. All patients in the Swedish porphyria register with a verified AHP diagnosis during 1987-2015 were included. The biochemical activity of acute intermittent porphyria was assessed using recorded maximal urinary porphobilinogen (U-PBG). Data on incident comorbidities and mortality were collected from national health registries. Cumulative incidences, rates, and hazards were compared to reference individuals from the general population, matched 1:10 by age, sex, and county. We identified 1244 patients with AHP with a median follow-up of 19 years. Health registries identified 149 AHP-subjects (12.0%) with nonhepatic cancer, similar to 1601 (13.0%) in the matched reference population (n = 12 362). Patients with AHP had a higher risk of kidney cancer (0.8% vs. 0.2%, p < 0.001), hypertension, and chronic kidney disease but no increase in risk for cardiovascular disease, except for cerebrovascular disease in patients with elevated U-PBG, (aHR = 1.40 [95% CI:1.06-1.85]). Mortality risk during follow-up was higher among patients with AHP (21% vs. 18%, p = 0.001), and associated with primary liver cancer, female sex, and biochemical activity. In conclusion, AHP is associated with an increased risk of kidney cancer, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and mortality but not with cardiovascular disease or other nonhepatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Lissing
- Hepatology Division, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daphne Vassiliou
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ylva Floderus
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pauline Harper
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacinth Yan
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Hagström
- Hepatology Division, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Sardh
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Wahlin
- Hepatology Division, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lissing M, Vassiliou D, Harper P, Sardh E, Wahlin S. Comment on Ramai et al. Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Porphyria: A Systematic Review. Cancers 2022, 14, 2947. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030795. [PMID: 36765753 PMCID: PMC9913564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We read with interest this review by Ramai et al. [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Lissing
- Hepatology Division, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Daphne Vassiliou
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pauline Harper
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Sardh
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Wahlin
- Hepatology Division, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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Christie MS, Laitaoja M, Aarsand AK, Kallio JP, Bustad HJ. Characterisation of a common hotspot variant in acute intermittent porphyria sheds light on the mechanism of hydroxymethylbilane synthase function. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:2136-2146. [PMID: 36115019 PMCID: PMC9714363 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) is the third enzyme involved in haem biosynthesis, in which it catalyses the formation of tetrapyrrole 1-hydroxymethylbilane (HMB). In this process, HMBS binds four consecutive substrate molecules, creating the enzyme-intermediate complexes ES, ES2 , ES3 and ES4 . Pathogenic variants in the HMBS gene are associated with the dominantly inherited disorder acute intermittent porphyria. In this study, we have characterised the p.R26H variant to shed light on the role of Arg26 in the elongation mechanism of HMBS and to provide insights into its effect on the enzyme. With selected biophysical methods, we have been able to show that p.R26H forms a single enzyme-intermediate complex in the ES2 -state. We were also able to demonstrate that the p.R26H variant results in an inactive enzyme, which is unable to produce the HMB product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe S. Christie
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenNorway,Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and PharmacologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Mikko Laitaoja
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | - Aasne K. Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and PharmacologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway,Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory ExaminationsHaraldsplass Deaconess HospitalBergenNorway
| | | | - Helene J. Bustad
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and PharmacologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
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Storjord E, Airila-Månsson S, Karlsen K, Madsen M, Dahl JA, Landsem A, Fure H, Ludviksen JK, Fjøse JØ, Dickey AK, Karlsen BO, Waage Nielsen E, Mollnes TE, Brekke OL. Dental and Periodontal Health in Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Life (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36013449 DOI: 10.3390/life12081270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the inherited metabolic disorder acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), high sugar intake prevents porphyric attacks due to the glucose effect and the following high insulin levels that may lower AIP disease activity. Insulin resistance is a known risk factor for periodontitis and sugar changes diabetogenic hormones and affects dental health. We hypothesized differences in homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores for insulin resistance in AIP cases vs. controls and in those with periodontitis. Our aim was to systematically study dental health in AIP as poor dental health was previously only described in case reports. Further, we aimed to examine if poor dental health and kidney failure might worsen AIP as chronic inflammation and kidney failure might increase disease activity. In 47 AIP cases and 47 matched controls, X-rays and physical examination of clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) were performed. Dietary intake was evaluated through a diet logbook. Plasma cytokines and diabetogenic hormones were measured using multiplex technology and urine porphobilinogen and kidney and liver function by routine methods. An excel spreadsheet from the University of Oxford was used to estimate HOMA scores; beta cell function, HOMA%B (%B), insulin sensitivity, HOMA%S (%S), and insulin resistance HOMA-IR (IR), based on glucose and plasma (P) C-peptide. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, the Mann−Whitney U-test, and Spearman’s non-parametric correlation were used. Insulin (p = 0.007) and C-peptide (p = 0.006) were higher in the AIP cases with periodontitis versus those without. In AIP patients, the liver fibrosis index 4 correlated with DMFT (p < 0.001) and CAL ≥4 mm (p = 0.006); the estimated glomerular filtration rate correlated with DMFT (p < 0.001) and CAL ≥4 mm (p = 0.02). CAL ≥4 mm was correlated with chemokine ligand 11 and interleukin (IL)-13 (p = 0.04 for both), and PPD >5 mm was correlated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (p = 0.003) and complement component 3 (p = 0.02). In conclusion, dental health in AIP cases was correlated with insulin resistance, inflammatory markers, and biomarkers of kidney and liver function, demonstrating that organ damage in the kidney and liver are associated with poorer dental health.
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Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) is a group of inherited metabolic disorders that affect hepatic heme biosynthesis. They are associated with attacks of neurovisceral manifestations that can be life threatening and constitute what is considered an acute porphyria attack. Until recently, the sole specific treatment for acute porphyria attacks consisted of the intravenous administration of hemin. Although attacks are often sporadic, some patients develop recurrent acute attacks, with devastating effects on quality of life. Liver transplantation has historically been the sole curative treatment option. The clinical manifestations of AHP are attributed to the accumulation of the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). Advances in molecular engineering have provided new therapeutic possibilities for modifying the heme synthetic pathway. We reviewed the background and current status of AHP treatment using liver-directed small interfering RNA targeting ALAS1. The therapeutic aim was to normalize the levels of ALAS1, which is highly upregulated during acute porphyria attacks. Givosiran is now an approved drug for use in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older. The results of clinical trials have shown that givosiran treatment leads to a rapid and sustained reduction of ALAS1 mRNA, decreased heme precursor levels, and a decreased rate of acute attacks compared with placebo. The clinical trials (phases I, II, and III) were all randomized and placebo controlled. Many patients enrolled in the initial clinical trials have continued treatment in open label extension and extended/compassionate-use programs in countries where givosiran is not yet commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Sardh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Centre Sweden, Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pauline Harper
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Centre Sweden., Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy in women with acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) has historically been associated with significant morbidity. Clinical outcomes have been the focus of previous reports on porphyria and maternal health, with little data available on the levels of heme precursors during pregnancy. We present the results of a follow-up program for women with AHP in the Swedish cohort who were pregnant between 2001 and 2020. METHODS Thirty-three women with AHP were monitored during 44 pregnancies resulting in 44 single births. Seven of 33 women had a clinical history of acute attacks that required hospitalization. RESULTS Four women experienced acute porphyria attacks during pregnancy and one during the puerperium. Seven women developed hypertension and four pregnancies ended with pre-eclampsia. There were no maternal or fetal pre- or postnatal deaths. One infant had a congenital cardiac anomaly. In 32 of the 38 pregnancies in which we measured heme precursors in the urine during pregnancy, the levels increased. CONCLUSION Our observations align with contemporary reports that pregnancy in patients with AHP is frequently uncomplicated. Excretion of heme precursors increased during pregnancy, but this did not manifest as a higher frequency of clinical porphyria manifestations. The involvement of porphyria specialists in the patients' maternal care is recommended for reducing risk and improving the probability of good pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Vassiliou
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Sardh
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hu Y, Li W, Kang N, Ma L, Teng Q, Mo G, Wu J, Wang X, Bi R, Zhang S. Identification and molecular analysis of 17 novel variants of hydroxymethylbilane synthase in Chinese patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Clin Genet 2021; 101:116-121. [PMID: 34523126 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A partial deficiency of the heme biosynthetic enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) leads to acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a severe neurovisceral, autosomal dominant disorder with low penetrance. Even though in-depth investigations of the HMBS variants have been carried out by researchers in Britain, France, Russia, and Sweden, this area remains uninvestigated in China owing to the rarity and lack of clinical understanding of the disease. In this study, 78 unrelated AIP patients revealed 48 different HMBS variants, of which 17 were novel. These included 22 missense variants, 9 splicings, 5 nonsense variants, 10 small deletions, 1 repeat insertion, and 1 complex deletion-insertion variant. The variant c.673C > T, found in 10 unrelated patients, was the most frequent variant, followed by the variant c.517C > T, found in 7 unrelated patients. We performed western blotting and immunofluorescence staining with four novel variants (c.653G > A, c.597dupC, c.726-727del, and c.1045_1046delAA) to detect the expression levels of mutant HMBSs. The results showed a variant-mediated decrease in the mutant-HMBS level, suggesting that the variant resulted in impaired gene product functions. Moreover, the in vitro functional verification in this study provided PS3_moderate evidence for American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) to grade the pathogenicity of novel variants in AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Department of Special Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ninglin Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Teng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guiling Mo
- Department of medical Laboratory Science, GuangZhou KingMed Center For Clinical Laboratory CO., LTD, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Renjie Bi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Songyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Di Pierro E, De Canio M, Mercadante R, Savino M, Granata F, Tavazzi D, Nicolli AM, Trevisan A, Marchini S, Fustinoni S. Laboratory Diagnosis of Porphyria. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081343. [PMID: 34441276 PMCID: PMC8391404 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of diseases that are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and originate mostly from inherited dysfunctions of specific enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis. Such dysfunctions result in the excessive production and excretion of the intermediates of the heme biosynthesis pathway in the blood, urine, or feces, and these intermediates are responsible for specific clinical presentations. Porphyrias continue to be underdiagnosed, although laboratory diagnosis based on the measurement of metabolites could be utilized to support clinical suspicion in all symptomatic patients. Moreover, the measurement of enzymatic activities along with a molecular analysis may confirm the diagnosis and are, therefore, crucial for identifying pre-symptomatic carriers. The present review provides an overview of the laboratory assays used most commonly for establishing the diagnosis of porphyria. This would assist the clinicians in prescribing appropriate diagnostic testing and interpreting the testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Pierro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0255036155
| | - Michele De Canio
- Porphyria and Rare Diseases Centre, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (D.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Savino
- Servizio di Medicina Trasfusionale e Laboratorio Analisi, Laboratorio di Immunogenetica, IRCCS Ospedale “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Granata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Dario Tavazzi
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (D.T.); (S.F.)
| | - Anna Maria Nicolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (A.M.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrea Trevisan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanità Pubblica, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (A.M.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Stefano Marchini
- Laboratorio Malattie Rare-Settore Porfirie, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Materno-Infantili e Dell’Adulto, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- EPIGET-Epidemiology, Epigenetics, and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.M.); (D.T.); (S.F.)
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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11
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Vassiliou D, Lindén Hirschberg A, Sardh E. Treatment with assisted reproduction technologies in women with acute hepatic porphyria. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100:1712-1721. [PMID: 34060066 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute porphyrias are rare disorders of the heme biosynthetic pathway and present with acute neurovisceral symptoms that can be induced by hormonal changes and medications. Women are far more likely to present with clinical symptoms than men, particularly during parts of their lifetime with changes in the level of female sex hormones such as ovulation, menstruation, and pregnancy. Treatment of ovulatory dysfunction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation require the administration of hormones, which are considered porphyrinogenic. Women with acute hepatic porphyria have therefore been considered unsuitable for such treatments in the past. MATERIAL AND METHODS We report on nine women with acute hepatic porphyria who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF), preceded by ovarian stimulation. Their mean age at the start of IVF was 33.2 years (range 27-38 years). Two women had been diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome, two were treated for hyperprolactinemia, two had hypothyroidism, of which one also had type 1 diabetes, one had a uterus malformation, one had anovulatory cycles, and one used a sperm donor. RESULTS All patients were able to undergo fertility treatment without experiencing severe porphyria attacks. CONCLUSIONS Women with acute hepatic porphyria considering fertility treatments should be assessed individually for potential risks, treatment should be planned in close collaboration with a porphyria specialist, and biochemical activity should be monitored regularly during ovarian stimulation. As we gather more knowledge, we hope that the porphyrinogenicity of the stimulation agents is re-assessed and that more studies will shed light on the reproductive health of women living with acute hepatic porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Vassiliou
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliane Sardh
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases (CMMS), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Stutterd CA, Kidd A, Florkowski C, Janus E, Fanjul M, Raizis A, Wu TY, Archer J, Leventer RJ, Amor DJ, Lukic V, Bahlo M, Gow P, Lockhart PJ, van der Knaap MS, Delatycki MB. Expanding the clinical and radiological phenotypes of leukoencephalopathy due to biallelic HMBS mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2941-2950. [PMID: 34089223 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic heterozygous variants in HMBS encoding the enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), also known as porphobilinogen deaminase, cause acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Biallelic variants in HMBS have been reported in a small number of children with severe progressive neurological disease and in three adult siblings with a more slowly, progressive neurological disease and distinct leukoencephalopathy. We report three further adult individuals who share a distinct pattern of white matter abnormality on brain MRI in association with biallelic variants in HMBS, two individuals with homozygous variants, and one with compound-heterozygous variants. We present their clinical and radiological features and compare these with the three adult siblings previously described with leukoencephalopathy and biallelic HMBS variants. All six affected individuals presented with slowly progressive spasticity, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, with or without mild cognitive impairment, and/or ocular disease with onset in childhood or adolescence. Their brain MRIs show mainly confluent signal abnormalities in the periventricular and deep white matter and bilateral thalami. This recognizable pattern of MRI abnormalities is seen in all six adults described here. Biallelic variants in HMBS cause a phenotype that is distinct from AIP. It is not known whether AIP treatments benefit individuals with HMBS-related leukoencephalopathy. One individual reported here had improved neurological function for 12 months following liver transplantation followed by decline and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Stutterd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alexa Kidd
- Genetics Department, Canterbury Health laboratory, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Florkowski
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Edward Janus
- Western Health General Internal Medicine Unit, St Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miriam Fanjul
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Raizis
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Teddy Y Wu
- Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Archer
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vesna Lukic
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Gow
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Australia
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13
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Bustad HJ, Kallio JP, Laitaoja M, Toska K, Kursula I, Martinez A, Jänis J. Characterization of porphobilinogen deaminase mutants reveals that arginine-173 is crucial for polypyrrole elongation mechanism. iScience 2021; 24:102152. [PMID: 33665570 PMCID: PMC7907807 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme in the heme biosynthesis, catalyzes the sequential coupling of four porphobilinogen (PBG) molecules into a heme precursor. Mutations in PBGD are associated with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a rare metabolic disorder. We used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to demonstrate that wild-type PBGD and AIP-associated mutant R167W both existed as holoenzymes (Eholo) covalently attached to the dipyrromethane cofactor, and three intermediate complexes, ES, ES2, and ES3, where S represents PBG. In contrast, only ES2 was detected in AIP-associated mutant R173W, indicating that the formation of ES3 is inhibited. The R173W crystal structure in the ES2-state revealed major rearrangements of the loops around the active site, compared to wild-type PBGD in the Eholo-state. These results contribute to elucidating the structural pathogenesis of two common AIP-associated mutations and reveal the important structural role of Arg173 in the polypyrrole elongation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene J Bustad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Juha P Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikko Laitaoja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Karen Toska
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inari Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
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14
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Sato H, Sugishima M, Tsukaguchi M, Masuko T, Iijima M, Takano M, Omata Y, Hirabayashi K, Wada K, Hisaeda Y, Yamamoto K. Crystal structures of hydroxymethylbilane synthase complexed with a substrate analog: a single substrate-binding site for four consecutive condensation steps. Biochem J 2021; 478:1023-1042. [PMID: 33600566 PMCID: PMC7959689 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), which is involved in the heme biosynthesis pathway, has a dipyrromethane cofactor and combines four porphobilinogen (PBG) molecules to form a linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane. Enzyme kinetic study of human HMBS using a PBG-derivative, 2-iodoporphobilinogen (2-I-PBG), exhibited noncompetitive inhibition with the inhibition constant being 5.4 ± 0.3 µM. To elucidate the reaction mechanism of HMBS in detail, crystal structure analysis of 2-I-PBG-bound holo-HMBS and its reaction intermediate possessing two PBG molecules (ES2), and inhibitor-free ES2 was performed at 2.40, 2.31, and 1.79 Å resolution, respectively. Their overall structures are similar to that of inhibitor-free holo-HMBS, and the differences are limited near the active site. In both 2-I-PBG-bound structures, 2-I-PBG is located near the terminus of the cofactor or the tetrapyrrole chain. The propionate group of 2-I-PBG interacts with the side chain of Arg173, and its acetate group is associated with the side chains of Arg26 and Ser28. Furthermore, the aminomethyl group and pyrrole nitrogen of 2-I-PBG form hydrogen bonds with the side chains of Gln34 and Asp99, respectively. These amino acid residues form a single substrate-binding site, where each of the four PBG molecules covalently binds to the cofactor (or oligopyrrole chain) consecutively, ultimately forming a hexapyrrole chain. Molecular dynamics simulation of the ES2 intermediate suggested that the thermal fluctuation of the lid and cofactor-binding loops causes substrate recruitment and oligopyrrole chain shift needed for consecutive condensation. Finally, the hexapyrrole chain is hydrolyzed self-catalytically to produce hydroxymethylbilane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Sato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mai Tsukaguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masuko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mikuru Iijima
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Takano
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Omata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Kei Hirabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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15
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Ma L, Tian Y, Peng C, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Recent advances in the epidemiology and genetics of acute intermittent porphyria. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2020; 9:196-204. [PMID: 33139978 PMCID: PMC7586877 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a dominant inherited disorder with a low penetrance that is caused by mutations in the gene coding for hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). Information about the epidemiology and molecular genetic features of this rare disorder is crucial to clinical research, and particularly to the evaluation of new treatments. Variations in the prevalence and penetrance of AIP in various studies may due to the different inclusion criteria and methods of assessment. Here, the prevalence and penetrance of AIP are analyzed systematically, and the genetic traits of different populations and findings regarding the genotype-phenotype correlation are summarized. In addition, quite a few studies have indicated that AIP susceptibility was affected by other factors, such as modifying genes. Findings regarding possible modifying genes are documented here, helping to reveal the pathogenesis of and treatments for AIP. The status of research on AIP in China reveals the lack of epidemiological and genetic studies of the Chinese population, a situation that needs to be promptly remedied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chenxing Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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16
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Morán-Jiménez MJ, Borrero-Corte MJ, Jara-Rubio F, García-Pastor I, Díaz-Díaz S, Castelbón-Fernandez FJ, Enríquez-de-Salamanca R, Méndez M. Molecular Analysis of 55 Spanish Patients with Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080924. [PMID: 32806544 PMCID: PMC7464722 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) results from a decreased activity of hepatic hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), the third enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. AIP is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance, characterized by acute neurovisceral attacks precipitated by several factors that induce the hepatic 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, the first enzyme in the heme biosynthesis. Thus, a deficiency in HMBS activity results in an overproduction of porphyrin precursors and the clinical manifestation of the disease. Early diagnosis and counselling are essential to prevent attacks, and mutation analysis is the most accurate method to identify asymptomatic carriers in AIP families. In the present study, we have investigated the molecular defects in 55 unrelated Spanish patients with AIP, identifying 32 HMBS gene mutations, of which six were novel and ten were found in more than one patient. The novel mutations included a missense, an insertion, two deletions, and two splice site variants. Prokaryotic expression studies demonstrated the detrimental effect for the missense mutation, whereas reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing showed aberrant splicing caused by each splice site mutation. These results will allow for an accurate diagnosis of carriers of the disease in these families. Furthermore, they increase the knowledge about the molecular heterogeneity of AIP in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Morán-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Centro de Investigación, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.-J.M.-J.); (M.-J.B.-C.); (F.J.-R.); (I.G.-P.); (R.E.-d.-S.)
| | - María-José Borrero-Corte
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Centro de Investigación, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.-J.M.-J.); (M.-J.B.-C.); (F.J.-R.); (I.G.-P.); (R.E.-d.-S.)
| | - Fátima Jara-Rubio
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Centro de Investigación, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.-J.M.-J.); (M.-J.B.-C.); (F.J.-R.); (I.G.-P.); (R.E.-d.-S.)
| | - Inmaculada García-Pastor
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Centro de Investigación, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.-J.M.-J.); (M.-J.B.-C.); (F.J.-R.); (I.G.-P.); (R.E.-d.-S.)
| | - Silvia Díaz-Díaz
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Rafael Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Centro de Investigación, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.-J.M.-J.); (M.-J.B.-C.); (F.J.-R.); (I.G.-P.); (R.E.-d.-S.)
| | - Manuel Méndez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital 12 de Octubre, Centro de Investigación, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.-J.M.-J.); (M.-J.B.-C.); (F.J.-R.); (I.G.-P.); (R.E.-d.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Teng Q, Ma L, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Kang N, Hu Y, Zhang S. The challenge of managing comorbidities: a case report of primary Sjogren's syndrome in a patient with acute intermittent porphyria. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2020; 9:137-140. [PMID: 32844069 PMCID: PMC7441034 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare inherited metabolic disease associated with heme metabolism. Primary Sjogren's syndrome (PSS) is a common autoimmune disease. The combined presence of AIP and PSS complicates treatment. A rare case of concomitant AIP and PSS is reported in this paper. A 30-year-old woman with AIP had recurrent acute abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, constipation, persistent chest, back, and waist pain, red urine, positivity for porphobilinogen (PBG) in urine and a pathogenic mutation of the HMBS gene. Two and a half years after she was diagnosed with AIP, she was diagnosed with PSS based on dryness of the eyes and mouth, the elevation of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) and positive results on an anti-SS-A antibody test, an anti-SS-B antibody test, Schirmer's test and a labial gland biopsy. A mutation in the HMBS gene was detected in the patient and her cousin, but the patient had more severe AIP and more severe symptoms (such as epilepsy and a limp), which may be related to the co-morbidity of PSS. According to her PSS activity score, the patient had an ESSDAI score of 9 and required systemic treatment. However, potential medications were limited by AIP, so mycophenolate mofetil was eventually added to delay the progression of the primary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Teng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Liyan Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuelin Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ninglin Kang
- Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanxiang Hu
- Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Songyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Address correspondence to:Songyun Zhang, Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China. E-mail:
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18
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Yang J, Han F, Chen Q, Zhu T, Zhao Y, Yu X, Zhu H, Cao J, Li X. Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) due to acute intermittent porphyria with a novel mutation in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:98. [PMID: 32306994 PMCID: PMC7168860 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) is a clinico-radiological syndrome characterized by the presence of reversible lesions specifically involving the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC). The cause of RESLES is unknown. However, infectious-related mild encephalitis/encephalopathy (MERS) with a reversible splenial lesion remains the most common cause of reversible splenial lesions. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a partial deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. It can affect the autonomic, peripheral, and central nervous system. Result In this study, we report a 20-year-old woman with AIP who presented with MRI manifestations suggestive of RESLES, she had a novel HMBS nonsense mutation, a G to A mutation in base 594, which changed tryptophan to a stop codon (W198*). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is only one published case of RELES associated with AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qianlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tienan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhong Yu
- Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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19
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de Paula Brandão PR, Titze-de-almeida SS, Titze-de-almeida R. Leading RNA Interference Therapeutics Part 2: Silencing Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase 1, with a Focus on Givosiran. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:61-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yasuda M, Chen B, Desnick RJ. Recent advances on porphyria genetics: Inheritance, penetrance & molecular heterogeneity, including new modifying/causative genes. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:320-331. [PMID: 30594473 PMCID: PMC6542720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The inborn errors of heme biosynthesis, the Porphyrias, include eight major disorders resulting from loss-of-function (LOF) or gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in eight of the nine heme biosynthetic genes. The major sites of heme biosynthesis are the liver and erythron, and the underlying pathophysiology of each of these disorders depends on the unique biochemistry, cell biology, and genetic mechanisms in these tissues. The porphyrias are classified into three major categories: 1) the acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs), including Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP), Variegate Porphyria (VP), and 5-Aminolevlulinic Acid Dehydratase Deficient Porphyria (ADP); 2) a hepatic cutaneous porphyria, Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT); and 3) the cutaneous erythropoietic porphyrias, Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP), Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP), and X-Linked Protoporphyria (XLP). Their modes of inheritance include autosomal dominant with markedly decreased penetrance (AIP, VP, and HCP), autosomal recessive (ADP, CEP, and EPP), or X-linked (XLP), as well as an acquired sporadic form (PCT). There are severe homozygous dominant forms of the three AHPs. For each porphyria, its phenotype, inheritance pattern, unique genetic principles, and molecular genetic heterogeneity are presented. To date, >1000 mutations in the heme biosynthetic genes causing their respective porphyrias have been reported, including low expression alleles and genotype/phenotype correlations that predict severity for certain porphyrias. The tissue-specific regulation of heme biosynthesis and the unique genetic mechanisms for each porphyria are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yasuda
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Brenden Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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21
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Chen B, Wang M, Gan L, Zhang B, Desnick RJ, Yasuda M. Characterization of the hepatic transcriptome following phenobarbital induction in mice with AIP. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:382-390. [PMID: 30777612 PMCID: PMC6612539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant hepatic disorder, results from hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) mutations that decrease the encoded enzymatic activity, thereby predisposing patients to life-threatening acute neurovisceral attacks. The ~1% penetrance of AIP suggests that other genetic factors modulate the onset and severity of the acute attacks. Here, we characterized the hepatic transcriptomic response to phenobarbital (PB) administration in AIP mice, which mimics the biochemical attacks of AIP. At baseline, the mRNA profiles of 14,138 hepatic genes prior to treatment were remarkably similar between AIP and the congenic wild-type (WT) mice. After PB treatment (~120 mg/kg x 3d), 1347 and 1120 genes in AIP mice and 422 and 404 genes in WT mice were uniquely up- and down-regulated, respectively, at a False Discovery Rate < 0.05. As expected, the ALAS1 expression increased 4.5-fold and 15.9-fold in the WT and AIP mice, respectively. ALA-dehydrogenase also was induced ~1.7-fold in PB-induced AIP mice, but was unchanged in PB-induced WT mice. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall expression of 155 hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, although Cyp2c40, Cyp2c68, Cyp2c69, Mgst3 were upregulated only in PB-induced AIP mice (>1.9-fold) and Cyp21a1 was upregulated only in PB-induced WT mice (>9-fold). Notably, the genes differentially expressed in induced AIP mice were enriched in circadian rhythm, mitochondria biogenesis and electron transport, suggesting these pathways were involved in AIP mice responding to PB treatment. These results advance our understanding of the hepatic metabolic changes in PB-induced AIP mice and have implications in the pathogenesis of AIP acute attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Makiko Yasuda
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiji Suh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Gandhi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Omar Seyam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | - Sardar Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Abstract
Physicians should be aware of porphyrias, which could be responsible for unexplained gastrointestinal, neurologic, or skin disorders. Despite their relative rarity and complexity, most porphyrias can be easily defined and diagnosed. They are caused by well-characterized enzyme defects in the complex heme biosynthetic pathway and are divided into categories of acute vs non-acute or hepatic vs erythropoietic porphyrias. Acute hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficient porphyria) manifest in attacks and are characterized by overproduction of porphyrin precursors, producing often serious abdominal, psychiatric, neurologic, or cardiovascular symptoms. Patients with variegate porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria can present with skin photosensitivity. Diagnosis relies on measurement of increased urinary 5-aminolevulinic acid (in patients with aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficient porphyria) or increased 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen (in patients with other acute porphyrias). Management of attacks requires intensive care, strict avoidance of porphyrinogenic drugs and other precipitating factors, caloric support, and often heme therapy. The non-acute porphyrias are porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria, X-linked protoporphyria, and the rare congenital erythropoietic porphyria. They lead to the accumulation of porphyrins that cause skin photosensitivity and occasionally severe liver damage. Secondary elevated urinary or blood porphyrins can occur in patients without porphyria, for example, in liver diseases, or iron deficiency. Increases in porphyrin precursors and porphyrins are also found in patients with lead intoxication. Patients with porphyria cutanea tarda benefit from iron depletion, hydroxychloroquine therapy, and, if applicable, elimination of the hepatitis C virus. An α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue can reduce sunlight sensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria or X-linked protoporphyria. Strategies to address dysregulated or dysfunctional steps within the heme biosynthetic pathway are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Stölzel
- Saxony Porphyria Center, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Manfred O Doss
- German Competence Center for Porphyria Diagnosis and Consultation, Marburg, Germany; Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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24
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Goncharova M, Pshenichnikova O, Luchinina Y, Pustovoit Y, Karpova I, Surin V. Molecular genetic study of acute intermittent porphyria in Russia: HMBS gene mutation spectrum and problem of penetrance. Clin Genet 2019; 96:91-97. [PMID: 31044425 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is the most common and severe form of porphyrias. This is a dominant inherited disorder with low penetrance, caused by mutations in gene coding hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). We present the results of our long-term genetic study of AIP patients and their relatives (N = 153 and 302, respectively). We detected 88 HMBS gene mutations, 24 of which never described before. To identify additional factors conditioning AIP manifestation, we carried out whole exome sequencing on the group of AIP patients (N = 6). Mutation spectra of different patients virtually did not overlap. In 5 out of 6 patients, we found defects in genes regulating nervous system (UNC13A, ALG8, FBXO38, AGRN, DOK7, SCN4A). As usually acute AIP attacks have various neurological symptoms, we proposed a hypothesis of possible contribution of mutations in such genes in AIP manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goncharova
- Laboratory of Gene Engineering, National Medical Research Center for Hematology of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olesya Pshenichnikova
- Laboratory of Gene Engineering, National Medical Research Center for Hematology of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Luchinina
- Laboratory of Gene Engineering, National Medical Research Center for Hematology of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Pustovoit
- Department of Chemotherapy of Hematological Diseases and Intensive Care, National Medical Research Center for Hematology of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Karpova
- Biochemical Group of Centralised Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, National Medical Research Center for Hematology of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Surin
- Laboratory of Gene Engineering, National Medical Research Center for Hematology of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Barreda-Sánchez M, Buendía-Martínez J, Glover-López G, Carazo-Díaz C, Ballesta-Martínez MJ, López-González V, Sánchez-Soler MJ, Rodriguez-Peña L, Serrano-Antón AT, Gil-Ferrer R, Martínez-Romero MDC, Carbonell-Meseguer P, Guillén-Navarro E. High penetrance of acute intermittent porphyria in a Spanish founder mutation population and CYP2D6 genotype as a susceptibility factor. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:59. [PMID: 30808393 PMCID: PMC6390611 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a low-penetrant genetic metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) in the haem biosynthesis. Manifest AIP (MAIP) is considered when carriers develop typical acute neurovisceral attacks with elevation of porphyrin precursors, while the absence of attacks is referred to as latent AIP (LAIP). Attacks are often triggered by drugs, endocrine factors, fasting or stress. Although AIP penetrance is traditionally considered to be around 10-20%, it has been estimated to be below 1% in general population studies and a higher figure has been found in specific AIP populations. Genetic susceptibility factors underlying penetrance are still unknown. Drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are polymorphic haem-dependent proteins which play a role in haem demand, so they might modulate the occurrence of AIP attacks. Our aim was to determine the prevalence and penetrance of AIP in our population and analyse the main hepatic CYP genes to assess their association with acute attacks. For this, CYP2C9*2, *3; CYP2C19*2; CYP2D6*4, *5; CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 defective alleles were genotyped in fifty AIP carriers from the Region of Murcia, a Spanish population with a high frequency of the HMBS founder mutation c.669_698del30. RESULTS AIP penetrance was 52%, and prevalence was estimated as 17.7 cases/million inhabitants. The frequency of defective CYP2D6 alleles was 3.5 times higher in LAIP than in MAIP. MAIP was less frequent among CYP2D6*4 and *5 carriers (p < 0.05). The urine porphobilinogen (PBG)-to-creatinine ratio was lower in these individuals, although it was associated with a lower prevalence of attacks (p < 0.05) rather than with the CYP2D6 genotype. CONCLUSIONS AIP prevalence in our region is almost 3 times higher than that estimated for the rest of Spain. The penetrance was high, and similar to other founder mutation AIP populations. This is very relevant for genetic counselling and effective health care. CYP2D6*4 and *5 alleles may be protective factors for acute attacks, and CYP2D6 may constitute a penetrance-modifying gene. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, which would allow a further progress in clinical risk profile assessment based on the CYP genotype, leading to predictive personalized medicine for each AIP carrier in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Barreda-Sánchez
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Guillermo Glover-López
- Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB- Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Carazo-Díaz
- Grupo Applied Statistical Methods in Medical Research, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Juliana Ballesta-Martínez
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vanesa López-González
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Sección Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez-Soler
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lidya Rodriguez-Peña
- Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Teresa Serrano-Antón
- Sección Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Remedios Gil-Ferrer
- Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Martínez-Romero
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.,Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB- Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Carbonell-Meseguer
- Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillén-Navarro
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain. .,Departamento de Cirugía, Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Lenglet H, Schmitt C, Grange T, Manceau H, Karboul N, Bouchet-Crivat F, Robreau AM, Nicolas G, Lamoril J, Simonin S, Mirmiran A, Karim Z, Casalino E, Deybach JC, Puy H, Peoc'h K, Gouya L. From a dominant to an oligogenic model of inheritance with environmental modifiers in acute intermittent porphyria. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1164-1173. [PMID: 29360981 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a disease affecting the heme biosynthesis pathway caused by mutations of the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene. AIP is thought to display autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. We evaluated the prevalence, penetrance and heritability of AIP, in families with the disease from the French reference center for porphyria (CFP) (602 overt patients; 1968 relatives) and the general population, using Exome Variant Server (EVS; 12 990 alleles) data. The pathogenicity of the 42 missense variants identified was assessed in silico, and in vitro, by measuring residual HMBS activity of the recombinant protein. The minimal estimated prevalence of AIP in the general population was 1/1299. Thus, 50 000 subjects would be expected to carry the AIP genetic trait in France. Penetrance was estimated at 22.9% in families with AIP, but at only 0.5-1% in the general population. Intrafamily correlation studies showed correlations to be strong overall and modulated by kinship and the area in which the person was living, demonstrating strong influences of genetic and environmental modifiers on inheritance. Null alleles were associated with a more severe phenotype and a higher penetrance than for other mutant alleles. In conclusion, the striking difference in the penetrance of HMBS mutations between the general population and the French AIP families suggests that AIP inheritance does not follow the classical autosomal dominant model, instead of being modulated by strong environmental and genetic factors independent from HMBS. An oligogenic inheritance model with environmental modifiers might better explain AIP penetrance and heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lenglet
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Département des Urgences, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France.,Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92701 Colombes, France
| | - Thomas Grange
- INSERM UMR_S1048 Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Hana Manceau
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Beaujon, 92110 Clichy, France and DHU Unity
| | - Narjesse Karboul
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Florian Bouchet-Crivat
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Robreau
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92701 Colombes, France
| | - Gael Nicolas
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jerôme Lamoril
- Département de Génétique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Simonin
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92701 Colombes, France
| | - Arienne Mirmiran
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Enrique Casalino
- Département des Urgences, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Deybach
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France.,Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92701 Colombes, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France.,Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92701 Colombes, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Katell Peoc'h
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Beaujon, 92110 Clichy, France and DHU Unity.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- UMRs 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75018 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, F-75018 Paris, France.,Centre Français des Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HUPNVS, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92701 Colombes, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France
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27
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Chen B, Solis-Villa C, Erwin AL, Balwani M, Nazrenko I, Phillips JD, Desnick RJ, Yasuda M. Identification and characterization of 40 novel hydroxymethylbilane synthase mutations that cause acute intermittent porphyria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:186-194. [PMID: 30740734 PMCID: PMC6162174 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant disorder due to the half-normal activity of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), is characterized by acute neurovisceral attacks that are precipitated by factors that induce heme biosynthesis. Molecular diagnosis is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test for AIP, and importantly, it permits the identification of asymptomatic family members for genetic counseling and avoidance of precipitating factors. Here, we report the identification of 40 novel HMBS mutations, including 11 missense, four nonsense, 16 small insertions or deletions, eight consensus splice site mutations, and a complex insertion-deletion mutation in unrelated individuals with AIP. Prokaryotic expression of the missense mutations demonstrated that all mutants had ≤5% of expressed wildtype activity, except for c.1039G>C (p.A347P), which had 51% residual HMBS activity but was markedly thermolabile. Of note, the mutation c.612G>T (p.Q204H) altered the last nucleotide of exon 10, which resulted in an alternative HMBS transcript with an in-frame nine base-pair deletion at the 3'-terminus of exon 10 (encoding protein Q204HΔ3). When expressed, Q204HΔ3 and an in-frame three base-pair deletion (c.639_641delTGC) had no detectable HMBS activity. Western blot analyses and mapping of the missense mutations on the human HMBS crystal structure revealed that mutations near the active site or at the dimerization interface resulted in stably expressed proteins, while most that altered surface residues resulted in unstable proteins, presumably due to improper protein folding. These studies identified novel pathogenic HMBS mutations and expanded the molecular heterogeneity of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Constanza Solis-Villa
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Angelika L. Erwin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Irina Nazrenko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John D. Phillips
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert J. Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Makiko Yasuda
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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28
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Babaei SA, Rondeau-Lutz M, Merdji H. Symptômes psychiatriques accompagnant une crise de porphyrie aiguë intermittente. Ann Fr Med Urgence 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/afmu-2018-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Chen B, Solis-Villa C, Hakenberg J, Qiao W, Srinivasan RR, Yasuda M, Balwani M, Doheny D, Peter I, Chen R, Desnick RJ. Acute Intermittent Porphyria: Predicted Pathogenicity of HMBS Variants Indicates Extremely Low Penetrance of the Autosomal Dominant Disease. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1215-1222. [PMID: 27539938 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria results from hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) mutations that markedly decrease HMBS enzymatic activity. This dominant disease is diagnosed when heterozygotes have life-threatening acute attacks, while most heterozygotes remain asymptomatic and undiagnosed. Although >400 HMBS mutations have been reported, the prevalence of pathogenic HMBS mutations in genomic/exomic databases, and the actual disease penetrance are unknown. Thus, we interrogated genomic/exomic databases, identified non-synonymous variants (NSVs) and consensus splice-site variants (CSSVs) in various demographic/racial groups, and determined the NSV's pathogenicity by prediction algorithms and in vitro expression assays. Caucasians had the most: 58 NSVs and two CSSVs among ∼92,000 alleles, a 0.00575 combined allele frequency. In silico algorithms predicted 14 out of 58 NSVs as "likely-pathogenic." In vitro expression identified 10 out of 58 NSVs as likely-pathogenic (seven predicted in silico), which together with two CSSVs had a combined allele frequency of 0.00056. Notably, six presumably pathogenic mutations/NSVs in the Human Gene Mutation Database were benign. Compared with the recent prevalence estimate of symptomatic European heterozygotes (∼0.000005), the prevalence of likely-pathogenic HMBS mutations among Caucasians was >100 times more frequent. Thus, the estimated penetrance of acute attacks was ∼1% of heterozygotes with likely-pathogenic mutations, highlighting the importance of predisposing/protective genes and environmental modifiers that precipitate/prevent the attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Constanza Solis-Villa
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Jörg Hakenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Wanqiong Qiao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Ramakrishnan R Srinivasan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Makiko Yasuda
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Manisha Balwani
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Dana Doheny
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.
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Abstract
Porphyria diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by abnormal functioning of heme biosynthesis enzymes and characterized by excessive accumulation and excretion of porphyrins and their precursors. Precisely which of these chemicals builds up depends on the type of porphyria. Porphyria is not a single disease but a group of nine disorders: acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), variegate porphyria (VP), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency porphyria (ADP), porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP), congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP). Each porphyria results from overproduction of heme precursors secondary to partial deficiency or, in XLP, increased activity of one of the enzymes of heme biosynthesis. Taken together, all forms of porphyria afflict fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. Based on European studies, the most common porphyria, PCT, has a prevalence of 1 in 10,000, the most common acute porphyria, AlP, has a prevalence of ∼1 in 20,000, and the most common erythropoietic porphyria, EPP, is estimated at 1 in 50,000 to 75,000. CEP is extremely rare, with prevalence estimates of 1 in 1,000,000 or less. Only six cases of ADP are documented. The current porphyria literature is very exhaustive and a brief overview of porphyria diseases is essential in order for the reader to better appreciate the relevance of this area of research prior to undertaking biochemical diagnostics procedures. This unit summarizes the current knowledge on the classification, clinical features, etiology, pathogenesis, and genetics of porphyria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Elmo Anderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1109
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Cerbino GN, Gerez EN, Varela LS, Melito VA, Parera VE, Batlle A, Rossetti MV. Acute intermittent porphyria in Argentina: an update. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:946387. [PMID: 26075277 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of metabolic diseases that arise from deficiencies in the heme biosynthetic pathway. A partial deficiency in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) produces a hepatic disorder named Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP); the acute porphyria is more frequent in Argentina. In this paper we review the results obtained for 101 Argentinean AIP families and 6 AIP families from foreign neighbour countries studied at molecular level at Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP). Thirty-five different mutations were found, of which 14 were described for the first time in our population. The most prevalent type of mutations was the missense mutations (43%) followed by splice defects (26%) and small deletions (20%). An odd case of a double heterozygous presentation of AIP in a foreign family from Paraguay is discussed. Moreover, it can be noted that 38 new families were found carrying the most frequent mutation in Argentina (p.G111R), increasing to 55.66% the prevalence of this genetic change in our population and adding further support to our previous hypothesis of a founder effect for this mutation in Argentina. Identification of patients with an overt AIP is important because treatment depends on an accurate diagnosis, but more critical is the identification of asymptomatic relatives to avoid acute attacks which may progress to death.
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Gonzaga ADG, de Amorim LMDF, Fonseca ABM, Nogueira TLS, Pereira OMD, Nagai MA, de Oliveira Barretto OC, Ribeiro GS. Hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene mutations and polymorphisms in Brazilian families with acute intermittent porphyria. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 79:162-72. [PMID: 25703257 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant disorder, is caused by a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). In the present study, we sought to establish a correlation between HMBS activity with the presence of mutations and polymorphisms. Enzyme activity was measured in red blood cells of four Brazilian unrelated AIP families (n = 124) and in blood donors (n = 80). The HMBS mutations in AIP family members were studied by PCR-SSCP followed by direct sequencing. Six intragenic SNPs (1345 G>A, 1500 T>C, 2377 C>A, 2478 A>G, 3581 A>G, and 7064 C>A) were determined by PCR-RFLP. Abnormal SSCP patterns in exons 7, 9, 12, and 15 were observed. DNA sequencing analysis revealed one nonsense mutation, R149X, two missense mutations, G111R and L338P, and one deletion, CT 730-731. All mutation carriers had lower enzyme activity. All polymorphisms, except 2377 C>A and 7064 C>A, showed no significant differences compared with previous reports. Mutation screening allowed the detection of the missense mutation, L338P, and the 730_731delCT deletion, two as yet unreported mutations in Brazilian AIP patients. Our findings also showed a high frequency of 2478 A>G and 3581 A>G polymorphism combinations suggesting that these polymorphisms contributed to enzymatic activity reduction in our study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Denise Gomes Gonzaga
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Besur S, Hou W, Schmeltzer P, Bonkovsky HL. Clinically important features of porphyrin and heme metabolism and the porphyrias. Metabolites 2014; 4:977-1006. [PMID: 25372274 PMCID: PMC4279155 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme, like chlorophyll, is a primordial molecule and is one of the fundamental pigments of life. Disorders of normal heme synthesis may cause human diseases, including certain anemias (X-linked sideroblastic anemias) and porphyrias. Porphyrias are classified as hepatic and erythropoietic porphyrias based on the organ system in which heme precursors (5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen and porphyrins) are chiefly overproduced. The hepatic porphyrias are further subdivided into acute porphyrias and chronic hepatic porphyrias. The acute porphyrias include acute intermittent, hereditary copro-, variegate and ALA dehydratase deficiency porphyria. Chronic hepatic porphyrias include porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. The erythropoietic porphyrias include congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Gűnther’s disease) and erythropoietic protoporphyria. In this review, we summarize the key features of normal heme synthesis and its differing regulation in liver versus bone marrow. In both organs, principal regulation is exerted at the level of the first and rate-controlling enzyme, but by different molecules (heme in the liver and iron in the bone marrow). We also describe salient clinical, laboratory and genetic features of the eight types of porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh Besur
- Department of Medicine and Center for Liver Disease, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA.
| | - Wehong Hou
- Department of Research and the Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Disorders Laboratory, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
| | - Paul Schmeltzer
- Department of Medicine and Center for Liver Disease, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA.
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Department of Medicine, Universities of CT, Farmington, CT 06030 and North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Dragneva S, Szyszka-Niagolov M, Ivanova A, Mateva L, Izumi R, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y. Seven Novel Mutations in Bulgarian Patients with Acute Hepatic Porphyrias (AHP). JIMD Rep 2014; 16:57-64. [PMID: 24997713 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), variegate porphyria (VP), and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) are caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX), and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX) genes, respectively. This study aimed to identify mutations in seven Bulgarian families with AIP, six with VP, and one with HCP. A total of 33 subjects, both symptomatic (n = 21) and asymptomatic (n = 12), were included in this study. The identification of mutations was performed by direct sequencing of all the coding exons of the corresponding enzymes in the probands. The available relatives were screened for the possible mutations. A total of six different mutations in HMBS were detected in all seven families with AIP, three of which were previously described: c.76C>T [p.R26C] in exon 3, c.287C>T [p.S96F] in exon 7, and c.445C>T [p.R149X] in exon 9. The following three novel HMBS mutations were found: c.345-2A>C in intron 7-8, c.279-280insAT in exon 7, and c.887delC in exon 15. A total of three different novel mutations were identified in the PPOX gene in the VP families: c.441-442delCA in exon 5, c.917T>C [p.L306P] in exon 9, and c.1252T>C [p.C418R] in exon 12. A novel nonsense mutation, c.364G>T [p.E122X], in exon 1 of the CPOX gene was identified in the HCP family. This study, which identified mutations in Bulgarian families with AHP for the first time, established seven novel mutation sites. Seven latent carriers were also diagnosed and, therefore, were able to receive crucial counseling to prevent attacks.
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Ventura P, Cappellini MD, Biolcati G, Guida CC, Rocchi E. A challenging diagnosis for potential fatal diseases: recommendations for diagnosing acute porphyrias. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:497-505. [PMID: 24809927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute porphyrias are a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders resulting from a variable catalytic defect of four enzymes out of the eight involved in the haem biosynthesis pathway; they are rare and mostly inherited diseases, but in some circumstances, the metabolic disturbance may be acquired. Many different environmental factors or pathological conditions (such as drugs, calorie restriction, hormones, infections, or alcohol abuse) often play a key role in triggering the clinical exacerbation (acute porphyric attack) of these diseases that may often mimic many other more common acute medical and neuropsychiatric conditions and whose delayed diagnosis and treatment may be fatal. In order to obtain an accurate diagnosis of acute porphyria, the knowledge and the use of appropriate diagnostic tools are mandatory, even in order to provide as soon as possible the more effective treatment and to prevent the use of potentially unsafe drugs, which can severely precipitate these diseases, especially in the presence of life-threatening symptoms. In this paper, we provide some recommendations for the diagnostic steps of acute porphyrias by reviewing literature and referring to clinical experience of the board members of the Gruppo Italiano Porfiria (GrIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ventura
- Centre for Porphyrias, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Science - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Cà Granda Foundation - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Biolcati
- Centre for Porphyrias, Istituto Dermatologico S. Gallicano - Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Carmine Guida
- Centro Interregionale di Riferimento per la prevenzione, la sorveglianza, la diagnosi e la terapia delle Porfirie - I.R.C.C.S. Casa Sollievo Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (Foggia), Italy
| | - Emilio Rocchi
- Centre for Porphyrias, Division of Internal Medicine II, Department of Medical and Surgical Science - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy
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Sardh E, Wahlin S, Björnstedt M, Harper P, Andersson DEH. High risk of primary liver cancer in a cohort of 179 patients with Acute Hepatic Porphyria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:1063-71. [PMID: 23344888 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous studies have indicated a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in acute hepatic porphyrias. In this retrospective study we present the incidence of primary liver cancer and clinical characteristics in a cohort of 179 acute porphyria patients above the age of 50 years. METHODS Twenty-three cases with primary liver cancer were found either by a surveillance program or due to clinical suspicion. Standardized rate ratio was used to estimate the relative risk of primary liver cancer after indirect standardization. Survival data were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis was 69 years. Hepatocellular carcinoma was found in 19 patients while four patients had cholangiocarcinoma or a combination of the two. Four patients had underlying cirrhosis. Mean tumour size was 4.3 cm in the surveillance group and 10.3 cm in the non-surveillance group (p = 0.01). The overall relative risk of primary liver cancer was 86 above the age of 50: 150 for women and 37 for men. Mean survival time was 5.7 years. CONCLUSION Acute hepatic porphyria carries a high risk of primary liver cancer above the age of 50 which warrants ultrasound surveillance. Sex distribution and frequency of cirrhosis differs from more common aetiologies of primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Sardh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm South Hospital, 11883, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Elder G, Harper P, Badminton M, Sandberg S, Deybach JC. The incidence of inherited porphyrias in Europe. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:849-57. [PMID: 23114748 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective estimates of the prevalence of porphyrias have been reported but there has been no large scale prospective study of their incidence. The European Porphyria Network collected information prospectively over a 3 year period about the number of newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with an inherited porphyria (335 patients from 11 countries). Prevalence was calculated from the incidence and mean disease duration. The incidence of hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) in acute hepatic porphyria and the prevalence of patients with recurrent acute attacks of porphyria were also investigated. The incidence of symptomatic acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) was similar in all countries (0.13 per million per year; 95 % CI: 0.10 - 0.14) except Sweden (0.51; 95 % CI: 0.28-0.86). The incidence ratio for symptomatic AIP: variegate porphyria: hereditary coproporphyria was 1.00:0.62: 0.15. The prevalence of AIP (5.4 per million; 95 % CI: 4.5-6.3) was about half that previously reported. The prevalence of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) was less uniform between countries and, in some countries, exceeded previous estimates. Fourteen new cases of HCC (11 from Sweden) were reported in patients with acute porphyria. Sixty seven patients (3 VP; 64 AIP: 53 females, 11 males) with recurrent attacks of acute porphyria were identified. The estimated percentage of patients with AIP that will develop recurrent acute attacks was 3-5 %. In conclusion, the prevalence of symptomatic acute porphyria may be decreasing, possibly due to improved management, whereas the prevalence of EPP may be increasing due to improved diagnosis and its greater recognition as a cause of photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Elder
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
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Bustad HJ, Vorland M, Rønneseth E, Sandberg S, Martinez A, Toska K. Conformational stability and activity analysis of two hydroxymethylbilane synthase mutants, K132N and V215E, with different phenotypic association with acute intermittent porphyria. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00056. [PMID: 23815679 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20130045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominantly inherited disease AIP (acute intermittent porphyria) is caused by mutations in HMBS [hydroxymethylbilane synthase; also known as PBG (porphobilinogen) deaminase], the third enzyme in the haem biosynthesis pathway. Enzyme-intermediates with increasing number of PBG molecules are formed during the catalysis of HMBS. In this work, we studied the two uncharacterized mutants K132N and V215E comparative with wt (wild-type) HMBS and to the previously reported AIP-associated mutants R116W, R167W and R173W. These mainly present defects in conformational stability (R116W), enzyme kinetics (R167W) or both (R173W). A combination of native PAGE, CD, DSF (differential scanning fluorimetry) and ion-exchange chromatography was used to study conformational stability and activity of the recombinant enzymes. We also investigated the distribution of intermediates corresponding to specific elongation stages. It is well known that the thermostability of HMBS increases when the DPM (dipyrromethane) cofactor binds to the apoenzyme and the holoenzyme is formed. Interestingly, a decrease in thermal stability was measured concomitant to elongation of the pyrrole chain, indicating a loosening of the structure prior to product release. No conformational or kinetic defect was observed for the K132N mutant, whereas V215E presented lower conformational stability and probably a perturbed elongation process. This is in accordance with the high association of V215E with AIP. Our results contribute to interpret the molecular mechanisms for dysfunction of HMBS mutants and to establish genotype–phenotype relations for AIP.
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Abstract
Porphyric neuropathy often poses a diagnostic dilemma; it is typically associated with the hepatic porphyrias, characterized by acute life-threatening attacks of neurovisceral symptoms that mimic a range of acute medical and psychiatric conditions. The development of acute neurovisceral attacks is responsive to environmental factors, including drugs, hormones, and diet. This chapter reviews the clinical manifestations, genetics, pathophysiology, and mechanisms of neurotoxicity of the acute hepatic porphyrias. While the etiology of the neurological manifestations in the acute porphyrias remains undefined, the main hypotheses include toxicity of porphyrin precursors and deficiency of heme synthesis. These hypotheses will be discussed with reference to novel experimental models of porphyric neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Shin-Yi Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Hift RJ, Thunell S, Brun A. Drugs in porphyria: From observation to a modern algorithm-based system for the prediction of porphyrogenicity. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:158-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lin CSY, Lee MJ, Park SB, Kiernan MC. Purple pigments: the pathophysiology of acute porphyric neuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:2336-44. [PMID: 21855406 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The porphyrias are inherited metabolic disorders arising from disturbance in the haem biosynthesis pathway. The neuropathy associated with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) occurs due to mutation involving the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) and is characterised by motor-predominant features. Definitive diagnosis often encompasses a combination of biochemical, enzyme analysis and genetic testing, with clinical neurophysiological findings of a predominantly motor axonal neuropathy. Symptomatic and supportive treatment are the mainstays during an acute attack. If administered early, intravenous haemin may prevent progression of neuropathy. While the pathophysiology of AIP neuropathy remains unclear, axonal dysfunction appears intrinsically linked to the effects of neural energy deficits acquired through haem deficiency coupled to the neurotoxic effects of porphyrin precursors. The present review will provide an overview of AIP neuropathy, including discussion of recent advances in understanding developed through neurophysiological approaches that have further delineated the pathophysiology of axonal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S-Y Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Lam CW, Lau KC, Mak CM, Tsang MW, Chan YW. Circulating fluorocytes at the first attack of acute intermittent porphyria: a missing link in the pathogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:208-12. [PMID: 20850424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disorder of the haem biosynthesis resulting from a partial deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) with incomplete penetrance. By conventional means, it is able to identify asymptomatic mutation carrier by molecular diagnosis, but one cannot reliably predict an acute porphyric attack. The presence of fluorescent red cells (fluorocytes) in AIP is probably under-recognized since AIP is a hepatic porphyria and not associated with photosensitivity. METHODS We used an automatic image acquisition platform to detect the circulating fluorocytes at 700 nm emission in a diabetic AIP patient during acute attack. We screened the patient and her family members for the mutation on HMBS, urine porphobilinogen and circulating fluorocytes. RESULTS The patient was heterozygous for a disease-causing mutation on HMBS and several bright circulating fluorocytes were detected. We showed evidence that protoporphyrin contributed to the erythrocyte auto-fluorescence. Interestingly, asymptomatic mutation carriers with increased urine porphobilinogen did not have circulating fluorocytes. All mutation-negative family members revealed no circulating fluorocytes. CONCLUSION Sudden decrease in plasma glucose concentration might invoke acute attack of AIP and appearance of circulatory fluorocytes. Potential of detecting fluorocytes as screening test or for predicting an acute attack of AIP in diabetes is worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Paradisi I, Arias S. Marked geographic aggregation of acute intermittent porphyria families carrying mutation Q180X in Venezuelan populations, with description of further mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S455-63. [PMID: 20978940 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS), has been reported in almost all human populations, with varying frequencies. A founder effect for a few specific mutations in geographic regions where prevalence is high (Sweden, The Netherlands, Switzerland) has been established through haplotype analyses, while some other mutations (R26H, R26C) have been repeatedly reported in many populations with different genetic backgrounds. Epidemiological, biochemical and molecular data on AIP in Venezuela were gathered during the last two decades; 24 independent families with AIP were ascertained, based on a deficient HMBS activity and increased porphobilinogen (PBG) urinary excretion. Molecular analyses of coding and splicing regions were performed in 23 families, to establish disease-causing changes, and haplotype analyses were used to assess ancestral kinships between them. Changes were detected in 16 out of 23 families, 9 of them being different: R26H, R26C, c.87+5G>A, c.267-54_61delgaaggggt, R116W, Q180X, c.825+1G>A, c.913-1delG, and 3' UTR *277G>A. Seven mutations were found, each one in a single family; one mutation was present in two unrelated families, whereas mutation Q180X was shared by 7 independent kindreds, all of which had the same haplotype (-);T;A;T;G;T;A;G (3167delG; 3530T>C; 3581A>G; 3982T>C; 6479G>T; 7052T>C; 7064A>C; 7779G>A). Six out of seven different Q180X carrier families came from the same geographic focus (Santa Lucía, Miranda State). Dense geographic aggregation with one identical haplotype strongly suggests a remote founder phenomenon for these Venezuelan AIP families, carrying an unreported but most frequent mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Paradisi
- Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Apartado 20632, Caracas, 1020-A Venezuela.
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Abstract
Porphyrias are a group of eight rare inherited metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis pathway. Porphyrias are still underdiagnosed, although examinations of urine and plasma are first-line tests for detecting excess of porphyrins or heme precursors in suspected patients. Diagnosis, particularly for the acute forms, is essential to avoid precipitating factors and the use of triggering drugs. Mutation screening of family members is recommended to identify presymptomatic carriers and to prevent acute attacks. The therapeutic approach should be appropriate regarding specific forms of porphyria and treatment should be started promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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Surin VL, Luchinina YA, Selivanova DS, Pustovoit YS, Karpova IV, Pivnik AV, Luk’ianenko AV, Kravchenko SK. Molecular genetic study of acute intermittent porphyria in Russia: Mutation analysis and functional polymorphism search in porphobilinogen deaminase gene. RUSS J GENET+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795410040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Hereditary porphyrias are a group of eight metabolic disorders of the haem biosynthesis pathway that are characterised by acute neurovisceral symptoms, skin lesions, or both. Every porphyria is caused by abnormal function of a separate enzymatic step, resulting in a specific accumulation of haem precursors. Seven porphyrias are the result of a partial enzyme deficiency, and a gain of function mechanism has been characterised in a new porphyria. Acute porphyrias present with acute attacks, typically consisting of severe abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, confusion, and seizure, and can be life-threatening. Cutaneous porphyrias present with either acute painful photosensitivity or skin fragility and blisters. Rare recessive porphyrias usually manifest in early childhood with either severe cutaneous photosensitivity and chronic haemolysis or chronic neurological symptoms with or without photosensitivity. Porphyrias are still underdiagnosed, but when they are suspected, and dependent on clinical presentation, simple first-line tests can be used to establish the diagnosis in all symptomatic patients. Diagnosis is essential to enable specific treatments to be started as soon as possible. Screening of families to identify presymptomatic carriers is crucial to decrease risk of overt disease of acute porphyrias through counselling about avoidance of potential precipitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Puy
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
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Bylesjö I, Wikberg A, Andersson C. Clinical aspects of acute intermittent porphyria in northern Sweden: a population-based study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009; 69:612-8. [PMID: 19401933 DOI: 10.1080/00365510902935979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to update the clinical issues of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), as they have not been in focus for years, and to be aware of potentially associated disorders and social consequences. A total of 356 gene carriers of AIP from northern Sweden participated in this retrospective population-based study. Eight mutations were found with a predominance of W198X (89%). Clinical manifestations of AIP (manifest AIP) were identified in 42%, 65% were women. Women were more severely stricken by AIP attacks concerning number and duration, hospital admission and early onset. Men reporting most attacks were > 40 years of age. In addition to traditional symptoms during attacks, fatigue was commonly described. Chronic AIP symptoms and disability pension due to AIP were reported in about 20% of subjects. Precipitating factors were reported with evident sex differences. Half of the gene carriers who were on medications used drugs considered not safe (in 1999), mainly antihypertensive drugs. Smoking was associated with high AIP attack frequency. Elevated levels of ALT, bile acids, creatinine, U-ALA and U-PBG and decreased levels of creatinine clearance were associated with manifest AIP. The same was true for hypertension and myalgia in the legs. Hepatoma was strikingly overrepresented. The high prevalence of manifest AIP in this study could be explained by a mutation-dependent penetrance. Our results emphasize the importance of early diagnosis, counselling and treatment of attacks, screening and treatment of associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar Bylesjö
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
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Sardh E, Harper P, Andersson DEH, Floderus Y. Plasma porphobilinogen as a sensitive biomarker to monitor the clinical and therapeutic course of acute intermittent porphyria attacks. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:201-7. [PMID: 19327613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a metabolic disease affecting hepatic heme biosynthesis. The clinical course in overt disease is characterized by acute attacks of neurovisceral symptoms. Treatment is based on symptomatic relief together with carbohydrate loading and in more severe attacks heme therapy. During an acute attack the heme precursors porphobilinogen (PBG) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) are produced in high amounts by the liver and are found in high concentrations in plasma and urine. These metabolites represent the acute phase reactants confirming an ongoing attack and are used to evaluate therapeutic measures. The aim of this study was to measure PBG and ALA in plasma and urine during an acute attack and to match the biochemical pattern with the clinical and therapeutical course. METHODS Three consecutive AIP patients were included during four acute attacks. Plasma PBG and ALA were measured by a LC-MS method and in urine by ion-exchange chromatography. The patients received symptomatic and glucose treatment at admission to hospital, and four days later, if necessary, heme therapy. RESULTS In the three attacks that required heme therapy, plasma PBG concentrations had further increased after admission (p=0.01). In the patient that did not require heme therapy, plasma PBG had decreased after admission. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical monitoring of an acute attack was more accurately reflected by plasma PBG than plasma ALA or urinary PBG and ALA. Glucose administration, in contrast to heme therapy, was not sufficient to achieve clinical and biochemical remission in the more serious attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Sardh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Söder Hospital, Sweden.
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