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Shi L, Nadjar-Boger E, Jafarinia H, Carlier A, Wolfenson H. YAP mediates apoptosis through failed integrin adhesion reinforcement. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113811. [PMID: 38393944 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity is a major effector of cell fate decisions. Whereas cell proliferation on stiff matrices, wherein Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays a pivotal role, is well documented, activation of apoptosis in response to soft matrices is poorly understood. Here, we show that YAP drives the apoptotic decision as well. We find that in cells on soft matrices, YAP is recruited to small adhesions, phosphorylated at the Y357 residue, and translocated into the nucleus, ultimately leading to apoptosis. In contrast, Y357 phosphorylation levels are dramatically low in large adhesions on stiff matrices. Furthermore, mild attenuation of actomyosin contractility allows adhesion growth on soft matrices, leading to reduced Y357 phosphorylation levels and resulting in cell growth. These findings indicate that failed adhesion reinforcement drives rigidity-dependent apoptosis through YAP and that this decision is not determined solely by ECM rigidity but rather by the balance between cellular forces and ECM rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Shi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Elisabeth Nadjar-Boger
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Hamidreza Jafarinia
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Commentary on and reprint of Pluznik DH, Sachs L, The cloning of normal “mast” cells in tissue culture, in Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology (1965) 66:319–324. Hematology 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012448510-5.50180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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3
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Brugarolas J, Bronson RT, Jacks T. p21 is a critical CDK2 regulator essential for proliferation control in Rb-deficient cells. J Cell Biol 1998; 141:503-14. [PMID: 9548727 PMCID: PMC2148461 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.141.2.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation in mammalian cells is controlled primarily in the G1-phase of the cell cycle through the action of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinases, CDK4 and CDK2. To explore the mechanism of cellular response to extrinsic factors, specific loss of function mutations were generated in two negative regulators of G1 progression, p21 and pRB. Individually, these mutations were shown to have significant effects in G1 regulation, and when combined, Rb and p21 mutations caused more profound defects in G1. Moreover, cells deficient for pRB and p21 were uniquely capable of anchorage-independent growth. In contrast, combined absence of pRB and p21 function was not sufficient to overcome contact inhibition of growth nor for tumor formation in nude mice. Finally, animals with the genotype Rb+/-;p21(-/-) succumbed to tumors more rapidly than Rb+/- mice, suggesting that in certain contexts mutations in these two cell cycle regulators can cooperate in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brugarolas
- Department of Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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STOKER M, MACPHERSON I. SYRIAN HAMSTER FIBROBLAST CELL LINE BHK21 AND ITS DERIVATIVES. Nature 1996; 203:1355-7. [PMID: 14207308 DOI: 10.1038/2031355a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Yoakum GH, Lechner JF, Gabrielson EW, Korba BE, Malan-Shibley L, Willey JC, Valerio MG, Shamsuddin AM, Trump BF, Harris CC. Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells transfected by Harvey ras oncogene. Science 1985; 227:1174-9. [PMID: 3975607 DOI: 10.1126/science.3975607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfection of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells with a plasmid carrying the ras oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus (v-Ha ras) changed the growth requirements, terminal differentiation, and tumorigenicity of the recipient cells. One of the cell lines isolated after transfection (TBE-1) was studied extensively and shown to contain v-Ha ras DNA. Total cellular RNA from TBE-1 cells hybridized to v-Ha ras structural gene fragment probes five to eight times more than RNA from parental NHBE cells. The TBE-1 cells expressed phosphorylated v-Ha ras polypeptide p21, showed a reduced requirement for growth-factor supplements, and became aneuploid as an early cellular response to v-Ha ras expression. As the transfectants acquire an indefinite life-span and anchorage independence they became transplantable tumor cells and showed many phenotypic changes suggesting a pleiotropic mechanism for the role of Ha ras in human carcinogenesis.
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Carlsson J, Nilsson K, Westermark B, Pontén J, Sundström C, Larsson E, Bergh J, Påhlman S, Busch C, Collins VP. Formation and growth of multicellular spheroids of human origin. Int J Cancer 1983; 31:523-33. [PMID: 6852971 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910310502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Different types of human cells which normally grow as monolayers or suspension cultures were tested for their capacity to form and grow as spheroids. Sixteen out of the 27 tested tumour cell lines formed spheroids. Nearly all of these spheroids also grew. With only two exceptions the doubling times were longer when the tumour cells grew as spheroids than when they grew in conventional mass culture. Eleven out of 13 tested human non-tumour cells formed small spheroids but of these only the spheroids of lymphoid origin could grow. These lymphoid cells grew faster when aggregated to spheroids than when in single-cell suspension culture. None of the other non-tumour cells, which normally grew as monolayers, could grow as spheroids. The normally monolayer-cultured tumour cells formed symmetrical spheroids with smooth surfaces while the normally suspension-cultured cells formed irregular spheroids with rough surfaces. All large spheroids had a necrotic centre surrounded by a shell of viable cells. The thickness of the viable cell layer varied depending on cell type. The shape and organization of cells within the spheroids also varied largely. The results show that many types of human cells can be cultured as spheroids and that a wide spectrum of morphological appearances and growth rates can be obtained.
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Lotan R, Lotan D, Kadouri A. Comparison of retinoic acid effects on anchorage-dependent growth, anchorage-independent growth and fibrinolytic activity of neoplastic cells. Exp Cell Res 1982; 141:79-86. [PMID: 6956516 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Cristofalo VJ, Stanulis-Praeger BM. Cellular Senescence in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007902-5.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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9
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Bellett AJ, Younghusband HB. Spontaneous, mutagen-induced and adenovirus-induced anchorage independent tumorigenic variants of mouse cells. J Cell Physiol 1979; 101:33-47. [PMID: 541352 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal C57 Black mouse embryo cells did not form colonies in agarose, but rare variant (ar+) cells able to grow in agarose were detected. Fluctuation analysis showed that ar+ variants arose by spontaneous mutation in the cultured cells. The frequency of ar+ variants was increased by treating cells with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ethyl methane sulphonate, or by abortive infection by human adenovirus type 5. Induced ar+ cells were fibroblastic; most grew slowly and had slightly reduced saturation density and increased serum requirement, but formed colonies in agarose. Fourteen of twenty ar+ clones induced by Ad5 were T antigen negative and two of these were also negative when tested for viral DNA. Six clones contained a few cells that were T antigen positive when first tested, but were negative when retested later. The ar+ variants were tumorigenic in athymic and in normal syngeneic mice. The results suggest that the ar+ phenotype can arise by spontaneous or chemically-induced mutation, and can be induced by adenovirus by a process different from classical transformation.
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Neugut AI, Weinstein IB. The use of agarose in the determination of anchorage-independent growth. IN VITRO 1979; 15:351-5. [PMID: 478564 DOI: 10.1007/bf02616141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
At the present time, growth in agar suspension is one of the best in vitro correlates of tumorigenicity. Growth in agarose, however, has not been evaluated extensively as an in vitro criterion for tumorigenicity. In the present study we have tested 19 cell lines, including six mouse-human hybrids, for growth in agarose and agar in the presence and absence of exogenous hypoxanthine. None of the six nontumorigenic cell lines grew in agar or agarose. Ten of the 13 tumorigenic cell lines grew in both agar and agarose with about equal efficiency. The remaining three tumorigenic cell lines grew well in agarose but poorly or not at all in agar. Hypoxanthine did not stimulate the growth in agar or agarose of any of the cell lines except BHK. We conclude that growth in agarose may be a more sensitive marker for tumorigenicity than growth in agar and that BHK is exceptional in its sensitivity to supplemental purines.
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11
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Sheridan JW, Finlay-Jones JJ. Studies on a fractionated murine fibrosarcoma: proliferative potential of the separated cells. J Cell Physiol 1979; 99:247-59. [PMID: 457789 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040990212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma of female BALB/c mice (the MC-2 fibrosarcoma) was dissociated by combined mechanical and enzymatic means, then fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation in linear albumin gradients. In some experiments recovered cells were both cultured in soft nutrietn agar and inoculated subcutaneously into syngeneic recipients. In these experiments a highly significant correlation was observed between subsequtnt colony number and rapid growth phase tumor size suggesting identity of clonigenic and tumorigenic cells. It was consistently found that clonigenic cells were markedly depleted from the low density extremes of the cell density distribution profiles suggesting that the low density neoplastic cells had irreversibly left the growth fraction. With increasing tumor age, sequential studies showed that both total and clonigenic cell density distribution profiles were variable, showing no obvious trend, suggesting that in the age (13-35 days) and size (2-8 g) range studied growth fraction changes had little selective effect on cells of any specific density. These results imply that a marked selective depletion of low density clonigenic cells (or selective accumulation of low density non-proliferative cells) must mainly occur during an earlier phase of tumor growth. Studies on several other murine solid tumors also showed maximal depletion of clonigenic cells from the least dense fractions, suggesting that this situation may be common.
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12
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Carlsson J. Physical and nutritional factors in gel culture of mammalian cells. IN VITRO 1978; 14:860-7. [PMID: 569121 DOI: 10.1007/bf02616156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The growth of human glioma cells, cultured as spherical colonies in agarose gel, stopped after about 10 days for both large and small colonies apparently due to an increased osmolality in the gel. When osmolality was kept under control by addition of distilled water, growth continued. However, a continuous increase in the population-doubling period, similar for both large and small colonies, then was observed. The increase persisted although excess amounts of nutrition were added. When the cells were cultured in liquid suspension above a thin layer of agarose gel and most of the medium was repeatedly changed, the colonies continued to grow beyond the limits in gel cultured. HeLa and hamster embryonic lung cell colonies showed a growth pattern in agarose gel similar to the glioma cells. The results imply that the osmolality must be kept under precise control to prevent growth inhibition. However, it seems difficult to ascertain optimal growth in gel culture for more than about 2 weeks probably because of the accumulation of toxic products.
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Carlsson J, Collins P, Brunk U. Plasma membrane motility and proliferation of human glioma cells in agarose and monolayer cultures. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1978; 86:45-55. [PMID: 636888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1978.tb02011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human glioma cells, growing as spherical colonies in agarose gel, or as monolayers on glass or plastic, were studied with time-lapse cinematography and electron microscopy. The cells in the agarose cultured colonies often had ruffling-like membrane structures which were similar in for, although smaller in size, than those observed on monolayer cultured cells. The ruffling-like structures were more frequent at the periphery than in the central regions of the colonies which was in parallel to the proliferative pattern. In time-lapse cinematography it was seen that pinocytotic vacuoles were formed from ruffling membranes in the monolayer cultures. In the transmission electron microscope, such vacuoles were also found near the ruffling-like structures in the agarose cultured cells. In dense monolayer cultures, ruffling and associated pinocytosis were to a large extent transferred from the margin to the upper surface of the cells. This capacity may be an important property for the ability of the malignant cells to attain extreme high cell densities in monolayer cultures and to grow as colonies in agarose cultures. As has been previously shown, the normal counterpart of the gliomas, the glia cells, cannot grow to high densities; they do not ruffle on their upper cell surface and are unable to grow in suspension or agarose culture.
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14
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Nishi Y, Taketomi M, Inui N. Neoplastic transformation induced by furylfuramide and nitromethylfuran of embryonic hamster cells in tissue culture. Int J Cancer 1977; 20:607-15. [PMID: 914398 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryonic fibroblasts were tested for transformation and neoplastic properties after exposure in vitro to furylfuramine (AF-2) and other nitrofurans. Typical morphological transformation was seen in five of six cultures between 30 and 186 days following treatment with 5-10X10(6) M AF-2 for 24 h. Transformation was seen in only one of four cultures 145 days after treatment for 6 h with AF-2. Treatment with 5-10X10(6) M NMF (5-nitro-2-methylfuran) for 24 h also induced transformation after 50 and 118 days in two cultures. In contrast, untreated cultures and cultures treated with 5-10X10(-6) M NFT [4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole] for 24 h were not transformed within 200 days. Three of the six lines transformed by AF-2 and both lines transformed by NMF also became tumorigenic 7-24 days after morphologic transformation. The other three transformed lines produced nodules which regressed within a few weeks of transplantation. Untreated and treated non-transformed lines did not produce tumors during an observation period of 6 months. The tumors were classified as fibrosarcomas. The ability to form colonies in soft agar was acquired by only one tumorigenic line.
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15
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Sato M, Maeda N, Yoshida H, Urade M, Saito S. Plaque formation of herpes virus hominis type 2 and rubella virus in variants isolated from the colonies of BHK21/WI-2 cells formed in soft agar. Arch Virol 1977; 53:269-73. [PMID: 193466 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Carlsson J, Malmqvist M. Effects of bacterial agarase on agarose gel in cell culture. IN VITRO 1977; 13:417-22. [PMID: 885561 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial agarase, concentrated and purified from culture filtrate of agar-degrading bacteria, has been used to clean cells cultured in soft agarose from gel residues. The enzyme also has been used to liquefy the gel directly in the dishes to facilitate the removal of cells. The sufaces of glioma cells from agarase-treated colonies could not be distinguished in the scanning electron microscope from surfaces of cells which had never been in contact with agarose or agarase. This implies that most agarose residues had been removed, and also that the treatment did not seriously alter the cell surfaces. The influence of the agarase treatment also was tested by comparison of the mitotic index and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in agarase-treated and untreated cells. No effects of the treatment could be seen in these tests.
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Paranjpe MS, Boone CW, del Ande Eaton S. Selective growth of malignant cells by in vitro incubation on Teflon. Exp Cell Res 1975; 93:508-12. [PMID: 1157834 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(75)90484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Parodi S, Cavanna M, Finollo R, Brambilla G, Furlani A, Scarcia V. An Effective Immunodepressive Treatment for Demonstrating in Allogeneic Mice the Tumorigenic Properties of Cells Grown in Vitro. TUMORI JOURNAL 1975; 61:223-36. [PMID: 808886 DOI: 10.1177/030089167506100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Short intensive treatment with N-diazoacetylglycine amide (DGA) before the inoculum, followed by prolonged daily administration of L-aspàraginase (Asnase), was tested for its ability to elicit tumorigenic properties of fibroblast-like cells cultured in vitro. With this treatment progressive tumor growth was obtained in allogeneic mice injected with cells of a transformed subline. Results show that combined use of DGA and Asnase affords a higher probability of proving in vivo the tumorigenic properties of injected cells than in newborn or X-irradiated recipients. Experimental data indicate that L-asparagine depletion does not inhibit the in vitro growth of fibroblast-like cells.
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Chapter 11 Agar Plate Culture and Lederberg-Style Replica Plating of Mammalian Cells. Methods Cell Biol 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Cohen LA, Tsuang J, Chan PC. Characteristics of rat normal mammary epithelial cells and dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary adenocarcinoma cells grown in monolayer culture. IN VITRO 1974; 10:51-62. [PMID: 4220124 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Borland R, Hard GC. Early appearance of "transformed" cells from the kidneys of rats treated with a "single" carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) detected by culture in vitro. Eur J Cancer 1974; 10:177-84. [PMID: 4426328 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(74)90151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Strassman RJ, Letourneau PC, Wessells NK. Elongation of axons in an agar matrix that does not support cell locomotion. Exp Cell Res 1973; 81:482-7. [PMID: 4796638 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Kuroki T. Colony formation of mammalian cells on agar plates and its application to Lederberg's replica plating. Exp Cell Res 1973; 80:55-62. [PMID: 4361348 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Martin GM, Sprague CA. Symposium on in vitro studies related to atherogenesis. Life histories of hyperplastoid cell lines from aorta and skin. Exp Mol Pathol 1973; 18:125-41. [PMID: 4634042 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(73)90012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Sato C, Kojima K, Onozawa M, Matsuzawa T. Relationship between recovery of cell surface charge and colony-forming ability following radiation damage in three cell-lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1972; 22:479-88. [PMID: 4538738 DOI: 10.1080/09553007214551361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Borek C. Neoplastic transformation in vitro of a clone of adult liver epithelial cells into differentiated hepatoma-like cells under conditions of nutritional stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:956-9. [PMID: 4337248 PMCID: PMC426603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.4.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells in contact-inhibited monolayers derived from adult rat liver have been transformed in vitro into epithelioid neoplastic cells under conditions of nutritional stress. The transformed cells maintain their differentiated quality and manufacture serum proteins. They differ from control cultures in the following properties: They are aneuploid, can be agglutinated by wheat-germ agglutinin and concanavalin A, can grow in suspension, and are able to form colonies in semisoft agar. There is no intercellular communication at permeable junctions between the cells; this is demonstrable by electrical measurement or by injection of fluorescein. The cells show invasiveness in culture, and are not inhibited by contact with normal cells. The characteristics of the hepatocytes after transformation in vitro resemble those of epithelioid cells derived from a transplantable hepatoma.
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Clarke GD, Stoker MG, Ludlow A, Thornton M. Requirement of serum for DNA synthesis in BHK 21 cells: effects of density, suspension and virus transformation. Nature 1970; 227:798-801. [PMID: 4317353 DOI: 10.1038/227798a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Sanders FK, Smith JD. Effect of collagen and acid polysaccharides on the growth of BHK-21 cells in semi-solid media. Nature 1970; 227:513-5. [PMID: 4316960 DOI: 10.1038/227513a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Castagna M. A Microdetermination of cyclic AMP based upon activation of a liver protein kinase. FEBS Lett 1970; 8:289-292. [PMID: 11947596 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(70)80289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Castagna
- Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur le Cancer, Boite Postale No. 8, 94-, Villejuif, France
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Yamaguchi N, Takeuchi M, Yamamoto T. Rous sarcoma virus production in mixed cultures of mammalian Rous sarcoma cells and chick embryo cells. Int J Cancer 1969; 4:678-89. [PMID: 4310641 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Temin HM. Control of cell multiplication in uninfected chicken cells and chicken cells converted by avian sarcoma viruses. J Cell Physiol 1969; 74:9-16. [PMID: 4308050 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040740103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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37
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Stoker M, O'Neill C, Berryman S, Waxman V. Anchorage and growth regulation in normal and virus-transformed cells. Int J Cancer 1968; 3:683-93. [PMID: 5749478 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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38
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Hinuma Y, Konn M, Yamaguchi J, Grace JT. Replication of herpes-type virus in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. J Virol 1967; 1:1203-6. [PMID: 4912245 PMCID: PMC375410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.6.1203-1206.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of the herpes-type virus in the P3HR-1 Burkitt lymphoma cell line was studied. The cell cultures with 10(6) viable cells/ml were incubated at 33 C for 15 days. The amount of virus in both the cell and fluid portions of the cultures was determined by the loop-drop particle-counting procedure with electron microscopy. An apparent growth curve of the virus was constructed. The maximal cell-associated virus, 10(10) virus particles in an 80-ml culture, was observed after 9 days of incubation. The maximal extracellular virus, 2.5 x 10(9) particles per culture, was observed at the 12th day. About 10% of the released virus particles were enveloped. Under these conditions, there was little or no cell multiplication, but the percentage of immunofluorescent cells reactive to a selected human serum (probably indicating the presence of virus in the cells) increased to a maximum of 50% at the 9th day.
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Hinuma Y, Konn M, Yamaguchi J, Wudarski DJ, Blakeslee JR, Grace JT. Immunofluorescence and herpes-type virus particles in the P3HR-1 Burkitt lymphoma cell line. J Virol 1967; 1:1045-51. [PMID: 4912237 PMCID: PMC375384 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.5.1045-1051.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A subline of the P3 (Jijoye) Burkitt lymphoma cell line, designated P3HR-1, initially contained 1 to 5% of cells which were positive by indirect immunofluorescence with selected human sera. After 4 months of propagation, this cell line regularly showed 15 to 40% reactive cells. Antigen(s) in the cell line which was reactive by immunofluorescence was similar or identical to that found in several other Burkitt tumor cell lines in previous studies. When the cells were incubated at 35 or 32 C for 9 to 15 days without refeeding, more than 50% of the cells became immunofluorescence-positive. Thirteen different cultures of P3HR-1 cells, which contained up to 75% immunofluorescence-positive cells, were thin-sectioned and examined by electron microscopy. The percentage of cells containing herpes-type virus particles in the cultures varied from <3 to 78%. There was generally a good correlation between the number of immunofluorescent cells and the number of cells containing virus particles. The number of virus particles per cell section ranged from 1 to more than 100. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the immunofluorescent antigen is related to the presence of the herpes-type virus particle in the cells.
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SANDERS FK, BURFORD BARBARAO. Morphological Conversion of Cells in vitro by N-Nitrosomethylurea. Nature 1967. [DOI: 10.1038/2131171a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Transformation Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4832-3219-5.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Borenfreund E, Krim M, Sanders FK, Sternberg SS, Bendich A. Malignant conversion of cells in vitro by carcinogens and viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 56:672-9. [PMID: 4291012 PMCID: PMC224425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.2.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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SUBAK-SHARPE H. Biochemically marked variants of the syrian hamster fibroblast cell line BHK21 and its derivatives. Exp Cell Res 1965; 38:106-19. [PMID: 14281190 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MACPHERSON I, MONTAGNIER L. Agar suspension culture for the selective assay of cells transformed by polyoma virus. Virology 1964; 23:291-4. [PMID: 14187925 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 856] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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