1
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Teague S, Yao L, Heemskerk I. The many dimensions of germline competence. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102259. [PMID: 37852152 PMCID: PMC11123554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cell (PGC) specification is the first step in the development of the germline. Recent work has elucidated human-mouse differences in PGC differentiation and identified cell states with enhanced competency for PGC-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation in vitro in both species. However, it remains a subject of debate how different PGC competent states in vitro relate to each other, to embryonic development, and to the origin of PGCs in vivo. Here we review recent literature on human PGCLC differentiation in the context of mouse and non-human primate models. In contrast to what was previously thought, recent work suggests human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are highly germline competent. We argue that paradoxical observations regarding the origin and signaling requirements of hPGCLCs may be due to local cell interactions. These confound assays of competence by generating endogenous signaling gradients and spatially modulating the ability to receive exogenous inductive signals. Furthermore, combinatorial signaling suggests that there is no unique germline competent state: rather than a one-dimensional spectrum of developmental progression, competence should be considered in a higher dimensional landscape of cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Teague
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - LiAng Yao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Ye L, Liu X, Jin K, Niu Y, Zuo Q, Song J, Han W, Chen G, Li B. Effects of Insulin on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Ferroptosis in Primordial Germ Cells via PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1975. [PMID: 37895324 PMCID: PMC10606282 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are essential for the genetic modification, resource conservation, and recovery of endangered breeds in chickens and need to remain viable and proliferative in vitro. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the functions of the influencing factors and their regulatory mechanisms. In this study, PGCs collected from Rugao yellow chicken embryonic eggs at Day 5.5 were cultured in media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μg/mL insulin. The results showed that insulin regulates cell proliferation in PGCs in a dose-dependent way, with an optimal dose of 10 μg/mL. Insulin mediates the mRNA expression of cell cycle-, apoptosis-, and ferroptosis-related genes. Insulin at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL slowed down the proliferation with elevated ion content and GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in PGCs compared to 10 μg/mL. In addition, insulin activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway dose dependently. Collectively, this study demonstrates that insulin reduces apoptosis and ferroptosis and enhances cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in PGCs, providing a new addition to the theory of the regulatory role of the growth and proliferation of PGC in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingjie Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA;
| | - Wei Han
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Poultry Institute of Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225003, China;
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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3
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Irie N, Lee SM, Lorenzi V, Xu H, Chen J, Inoue M, Kobayashi T, Sancho-Serra C, Drousioti E, Dietmann S, Vento-Tormo R, Song CX, Surani MA. DMRT1 regulates human germline commitment. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1439-1452. [PMID: 37709822 PMCID: PMC10567552 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Germline commitment following primordial germ cell (PGC) specification during early human development establishes an epigenetic programme and competence for gametogenesis. Here we follow the progression of nascent PGC-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. We show that switching from BMP signalling for PGC specification to Activin A and retinoic acid resulted in DMRT1 and CDH5 expression, the indicators of migratory PGCs in vivo. Moreover, the induction of DMRT1 and SOX17 in PGC-like cells promoted epigenetic resetting with striking global enrichment of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and locus-specific loss of 5-methylcytosine at DMRT1 binding sites and the expression of DAZL representing DNA methylation-sensitive genes, a hallmark of the germline commitment programme. We provide insight into the unique role of DMRT1 in germline development for advances in human germ cell biology and in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Irie
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Metabolic Systems Laboratory, Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Sun-Min Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Haiqi Xu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masato Inoue
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Elena Drousioti
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Department of Developmental Biology and Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Chun-Xiao Song
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Golkar-Narenji A, Dziegiel P, Kempisty B, Petitte J, Mozdziak PE, Bryja A. In vitro culture of reptile PGCS to preserve endangered species. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1314-1326. [PMID: 37178380 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), are the source of gametes in vertebrates. There are similarities in the development of PGCs of reptiles with avian and mammalian species PGCs development. PGCs culture has been performed for avian and mammalian species but there is no report for reptilian PGCs culture. In vitro culture of PGCs is needed to produce transgenic animals, preservation of endangered animals and for studies on cell behaviour and research on fertility. Reptiles are traded as exotic pets and a source of food and they are valuable for their skin and they are useful as model for medical research. Transgenic reptile has been suggested to be useful for pet industry and medical research. In this research different aspects of PGCs development was compared in three main classes of vertebrates including mammalian, avian and reptilian species. It is proposed that a discussion on similarities between reptilian PGCs development with avian and mammalian species helps to find clues for studies of reptilian PGCs development details and finding an efficient protocol for in vitro culture of reptilian PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Golkar-Narenji
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
- Graduate Physiology Program NC State University North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
| | - James Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Edward Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Graduate Physiology Program NC State University North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
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5
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Roelen BAJ, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Stay on the road: from germ cell specification to gonadal colonization in mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210259. [PMID: 36252219 PMCID: PMC9574628 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The founder cells of the gametes are primordial germ cells (PGCs). In mammals, PGCs are specified early during embryonic development, at the boundary between embryonic and extraembryonic tissue, long before their later residences, the gonads, have developed. Despite the differences in form and behaviour when differentiated into oocytes or sperm cells, in the period between specification and gonadal colonization, male and female PGCs are morphologically indistinct and largely regulated by similar mechanisms. Here, we compare different modes and mechanisms that lead to the formation of PGCs, putting in context protocols that are in place to differentiate both human and mouse pluripotent stem cells into PGC-like cells. In addition, we review important aspects of the migration of PGCs to the gonadal ridges, where they undergo further sex-specific differentiation. Defects in migration need to be effectively corrected, as misplaced PGCs can become tumorigenic. Concluding, a combination of in vivo studies and the development of adequate innovative in vitro models, ensuring both robustness and standardization, are providing us with the tools for a greater understanding of the first steps of gametogenesis and to develop disease models to study the origin of germ cell tumours. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A J Roelen
- Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies & Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies & Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Ishikura Y, Ohta H, Nagano M, Saitou M. Optimized protocol to derive germline stem-cell-like cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101544. [PMID: 35842863 PMCID: PMC9294266 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ-cell development comprises primordial germ-cell (PGC) development, spermatogonium differentiation, and ensuing spermatogenesis. We present a step-by-step protocol for differentiation of mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into germline stem-cell-like cells (GSCLCs) via PGC-like cell and spermatogonium-like cell intermediates. The differentiation protocol has higher fidelity than our previous protocol. Upon transplantation into testes in vivo or culture for testis transplants, GSCLCs robustly contribute to spermatogenesis, providing a paradigm for PSC-based reconstitution of mammalian male germ-cell development. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ishikura et al. (2021). Protocol for generating germline stem-cell-like cells (GSCLC) from mouse PSCs GSCLCs bear robust spermatogenic potential In vitro reconstitution of whole male germ-cell development in mammals
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ishikura
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagano
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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7
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Severino J, Bauer M, Mattimoe T, Arecco N, Cozzuto L, Lorden P, Hamada N, Nosaka Y, Nagaoka SI, Audergon P, Tarruell A, Heyn H, Hayashi K, Saitou M, Payer B. Controlled X-chromosome dynamics defines meiotic potential of female mouse in vitro germ cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109457. [PMID: 35603814 PMCID: PMC9194795 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian germline is characterized by extensive epigenetic reprogramming during its development into functional eggs and sperm. Specifically, the epigenome requires resetting before parental marks can be established and transmitted to the next generation. In the female germline, X‐chromosome inactivation and reactivation are among the most prominent epigenetic reprogramming events, yet very little is known about their kinetics and biological function. Here, we investigate X‐inactivation and reactivation dynamics using a tailor‐made in vitro system of primordial germ cell‐like cell (PGCLC) differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. We find that X‐inactivation in PGCLCs in vitro and in germ cell‐competent epiblast cells in vivo is moderate compared to somatic cells, and frequently characterized by escaping genes. X‐inactivation is followed by step‐wise X‐reactivation, which is mostly completed during meiotic prophase I. Furthermore, we find that PGCLCs which fail to undergo X‐inactivation or reactivate too rapidly display impaired meiotic potential. Thus, our data reveal fine‐tuned X‐chromosome remodelling as a critical feature of female germ cell development towards meiosis and oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Severino
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz Bauer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom Mattimoe
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niccolò Arecco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Lorden
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nosaka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - So I Nagaoka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pauline Audergon
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Tarruell
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Holger Heyn
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bernhard Payer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Guida E, Tassinari V, Colopi A, Todaro F, Cesarini V, Jannini B, Pellegrini M, Botti F, Rossi G, Rossi P, Jannini EA, Dolci S. Mapk activation drives male and female mouse teratocarcinomas from late PGCs. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274751. [PMID: 35297490 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare tumors that can develop in both sexes, peaking in adolescents. To understand the mechanisms that underlie germ cell transformation, we established a GCT mouse model carrying germ cell-specific BRafV600E mutation with or without heterozygous Pten deletion. Both male and female mice developed monolateral teratocarcinomas containing embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells that showed an aggressive phenotype and metastatic ability. Germ cell transformation started in fetal gonads and progressed after birth leading to gonadal invasion. Early postnatal testes showed foci of tumor transformation, while ovaries showed increased number of follicles, multi-ovular follicles (MOFs) and scattered metaphase I oocytes containing follicles. Our results indicate that Mapk over-activation in fetal germ cells of both sexes can expand their proliferative window leading to neoplastic transformation and metastatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Guida
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tassinari
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ambra Colopi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Todaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeriana Cesarini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Jannini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Botti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Pathology Department, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Dolci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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9
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Hofmann MC, McBeath E. Sertoli Cell-Germ Cell Interactions Within the Niche: Paracrine and Juxtacrine Molecular Communications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:897062. [PMID: 35757413 PMCID: PMC9226676 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.897062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cell development depends on multiple biological events that combine epigenetic reprogramming, cell cycle regulation, and cell migration in a spatio-temporal manner. Sertoli cells are a crucial component of the spermatogonial stem cell niche and provide essential growth factors and chemokines to developing germ cells. This review focuses mainly on the activation of master regulators of the niche in Sertoli cells and their targets, as well as on novel molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of growth and differentiation factors such as GDNF and retinoic acid by NOTCH signaling and other pathways.
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10
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Xie X, Tichopád T, Kislik G, Langerová L, Abaffy P, Šindelka R, Franěk R, Fučíková M, Steinbach C, Shah MA, Šauman I, Chen F, Pšenička M. Isolation and Characterization of Highly Pure Type A Spermatogonia From Sterlet ( Acipenser ruthenus) Using Flow-Cytometric Cell Sorting. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:772625. [PMID: 34957105 PMCID: PMC8708567 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.772625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sturgeons are among the most ancient linages of actinopterygians. At present, many sturgeon species are critically endangered. Surrogate production could be used as an affordable and a time-efficient method for endangered sturgeons. Our study established a method for identifying and isolating type A spermatogonia from different developmental stages of testes using flow cytometric cell sorting (FCM). Flow cytometric analysis of a whole testicular cell suspension showed several well-distinguished cell populations formed according to different values of light scatter parameters. FCM of these different cell populations was performed directly on glass slides for further immunocytochemistry to identify germ cells. Results showed that the cell population in gate P1 on a flow cytometry plot (with high forward scatter and high side scatter parameter values) contains the highest amount of type A spermatogonia. The sorted cell populations were characterized by expression profiles of 10 germ cell specific genes. The result confirmed that setting up for the P1 gate could precisely sort type A spermatogonia in all tested testicular developmental stages. The P2 gate, which was with lower forward scatter and side scatter values mostly, contained type B spermatogonia at a later maturing stage. Moreover, expressions of plzf, dnd, boule, and kitr were significantly higher in type A spermatogonia than in later developed germ cells. In addition, plzf was firstly found as a reliable marker to identify type A spermatogonia, which filled the gap of identification of spermatogonial stem cells in sterlet. It is expected to increase the efficiency of germ stem cell culture and transplantation with plzf identification. Our study thus first addressed a phenotypic characterization of a pure type A spermatogonia population in sterlet. FCM strategy can improve the production of sturgeons with surrogate broodstock and further the analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sturgeon germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xie
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Tichopád
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Galina Kislik
- Imaging Methods Core Facility at BIOCEV, Operated by Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Lucie Langerová
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Radek Šindelka
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Roman Franěk
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Michaela Fučíková
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Mujahid Ali Shah
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Ivo Šauman
- Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Pšenička
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
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11
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Burton JJN, Luke AJ, Pepling ME. Regulation of mouse primordial follicle formation by signaling through the PI3K pathway. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:515-525. [PMID: 34725674 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling mediated by the KIT receptor is critical for many aspects of oogenesis including the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells, as well as the survival, growth, and maturation of ovarian follicles. We previously showed that KIT regulates cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation, and in this study, have investigated the mechanisms downstream of the receptor by modulating the activity of two downstream signaling cascades: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. E17.5 ovaries were cultured for five days with a daily dose of media supplemented with either the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the MEK inhibitor U0126, or a DMSO vehicle control. Our histological observations aligned with the established role of PI3K in oocyte growth and primordial follicle activation but also revealed that LY294002 treatment delayed the processes of cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation. U0126 treatment also led to a reduction in oocyte growth and follicle development but did not appear to affect cyst breakdown. The delay in cyst breakdown was mitigated when ovaries were dually dosed with LY294002 and KITL, suggesting that while KIT may signal through PI3K to promote cyst breakdown, other signaling networks downstream of the receptor could compensate. These observations unearth a role for PI3K signaling in the establishment of the ovarian reserve and suggest that PI3K might be the primary mediator of KIT-induced cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation in the mouse ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Luke
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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12
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PI3K/PTEN/AKT Signaling Pathways in Germ Cell Development and Their Involvement in Germ Cell Tumors and Ovarian Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189838. [PMID: 34575999 PMCID: PMC8467417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate that the PI3K/PTEN/AKT signaling pathways are critical regulators of ovarian function including the formation of the germ cell precursors, termed primordial germ cells, and the follicular pool maintenance. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of the functional role of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathways during primordial germ cell development and the dynamics of the ovarian primordial follicle reserve and how dysregulation of these signaling pathways may contribute to the development of some types of germ cell tumors and ovarian dysfunctions.
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13
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de Souza AF, Pieri NCG, Martins DDS. Step by Step about Germ Cells Development in Canine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030598. [PMID: 33668687 PMCID: PMC7996183 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The progression of germ cells is a remarkable event that allows biological discovery in the differ-entiation process during in vivo and in vitro development. This is crucial for understanding one toward making oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Companion animals, such as canine, could offer new animal models for experimental and clinical testing for translation to human models. In this review, we describe the latest and more relevant findings on germ cell development. In addition, we showed the methods available for obtaining germ cells in vitro and the characterization of pri-mordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells. However, it is necessary to further conduct basic research in canine to clarify the beginning of germ cell development. Abstract Primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been described as precursors of gametes and provide a connection within generations, passing on the genome to the next generation. Failures in the formation of gametes/germ cells can compromise the maintenance and conservation of species. Most of the studies with PGCs have been carried out in mice, but this species is not always the best study model when transposing this knowledge to humans. Domestic animals, such as canines (canine), have become a valuable translational research model for stem cells and therapy. Furthermore, the study of canine germ cells opens new avenues for veterinary reproduction. In this review, the objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on canine germ cells. The aspects of canine development and germ cells have been discussed since the origin, specifications, and development of spermatogonial canine were first discussed. Additionally, we discussed and explored some in vitro aspects of canine reproduction with germ cells, such as embryonic germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells.
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14
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Murase Y, Yabuta Y, Ohta H, Yamashiro C, Nakamura T, Yamamoto T, Saitou M. Long-term expansion with germline potential of human primordial germ cell-like cells in vitro. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104929. [PMID: 32954504 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human germ cells perpetuate human genetic and epigenetic information. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive, due to a lack of appropriate experimental systems. Here, we show that human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be propagated to at least ~106 -fold over a period of 4 months under a defined condition in vitro. During expansion, hPGCLCs maintain an early hPGC-like transcriptome and preserve their genome-wide DNA methylation profiles, most likely due to retention of maintenance DNA methyltransferase activity. These characteristics contrast starkly with those of mouse PGCLCs, which, under an analogous condition, show a limited propagation (up to ~50-fold) and persist only around 1 week, yet undergo cell-autonomous genome-wide DNA demethylation. Importantly, upon aggregation culture with mouse embryonic ovarian somatic cells in xenogeneic-reconstituted ovaries, expanded hPGCLCs initiate genome-wide DNA demethylation and differentiate into oogonia/gonocyte-like cells, demonstrating their germline potential. By creating a paradigm for hPGCLC expansion, our study uncovers critical divergences in expansion potential and the mechanism for epigenetic reprogramming between the human and mouse germ cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murase
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yabuta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chika Yamashiro
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Ghezelayagh Z, Abtahi NS, Rezazadeh Valojerdi M, Mehdizadeh A, Ebrahimi B. The combination of basic fibroblast growth factor and kit ligand promotes the proliferation, activity and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells during human ovarian cortical culture. Cryobiology 2020; 96:30-36. [PMID: 32871128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and kit ligand (KL), are used in ovarian cortical culture to promote activation of primordial follicles. In the present study, the effects of bFGF and KL, alone and in combination, were evaluated on human follicular activation and growth during in-situ cortical culture. Slow frozen-thawed human ovarian cortical tissues (n = 6) were cultured in 4 different groups: 1) control (base medium), 2) KL (base medium; BM + 100 ng/ml KL), 3) bFGF (BM + 100 ng/ml bFGF) and 4) bFGF + KL (BM + 100 ng/ml KL + 100 ng/ml bFGF) for a week. The proportion of morphologically normal and degenerated follicles at different developmental stages, secreted hormonal levels and specific gene expressions were compared. Although the proportion of growing follicles was higher than primordial counterpart in all cultured groups, no significant differences were observed among the cultured groups. In all cultured groups, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), progesterone and estradiol hormones levels increased after 7 days of culture; however, this increase was only significant for estradiol in the bFGF + KL group. The expression of Ki67 gene indicated an increase in ovarian cell proliferation in the three experimental groups compared to the control group, however this increment was only significant for the bFGF + KL group. It can be concluded that KL and bFGF factors individually have no beneficial effects on in-situ follicular growth, but their combination positively influences steroidogenesis of granulosa cells without significantly increasing the number of growing follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ghezelayagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naeimeh Sadat Abtahi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Rezazadeh Valojerdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aboulfazl Mehdizadeh
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Ebrahimi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Cocorocchio E, Pala L, Conforti F, Guerini-Rocco E, De Pas T, Ferrucci PF. Successful treatment with avapritinib in patient with mucosal metastatic melanoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920946158. [PMID: 32821296 PMCID: PMC7406922 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920946158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic vulvar melanoma is a rare and aggressive disease and survival is usually poor. Vulvar melanomas harbor BRAF V600 mutations only infrequently; consequently, target therapy is a rare therapeutic option and immunotherapy usually has only a weak effect. On the other hand, KIT mutations are rare in cutaneous melanomas, but relatively frequent in mucosal melanomas, particularly in vulvar-vaginal melanomas, and can be a therapeutic target. Herein, we report a clinical case of a patient with metastatic vulvar melanoma, harboring an exon 17 c-KIT mutation, treated with avapritinib (BLU-285) – a highly potent and selective oral kinase inhibitor designed to treat imatinib-resistant gastro-intestinal stromal tumors (GIST) by targeting KIT/PDGFRα activation loop mutants (exons 17/18). After failure of the combination of ipilimumab + nivolumab first and then nivolumab alone, the patient received avapritinib 300 mg/daily for central nervous system (CNS), lymph-nodal, right adrenal gland, lung, and subcutaneous metastases. Best response was partial remission, according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. Time to treatment progression was 11 months. Main toxicities were grade 2 cutaneous vasculitis that required avapritinib discontinuation, and grade 2 uveitis of unknown origin, treated by vitrectomy and empiric antibiotic and antiviral therapy due to negative cultural tests. Uveitis was detected at the time of progression and therapy was definitively discontinued. In conclusion, avapritinib proved to be effective even in the presence of a pretreated disease, a high tumor burden, and brain metastases. In our experience, treatment was feasible and toxicity manageable. Considering the lack of effective therapies and the poor outcome of the disease, determination of c-KIT mutations should be performed routinely in cases of metastatic mucosal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Cocorocchio
- Division of Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, Milano, 20141, Italy
| | - Laura Pala
- Division of Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Division of Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso De Pas
- Division of Medical Oncology of Melanoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Rare Tumors, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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17
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Idrees M, Oh SH, Muhammad T, El-Sheikh M, Song SH, Lee KL, Kong IK. Growth Factors, and Cytokines; Understanding the Role of Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 in Gametogenesis and Early Embryo Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081798. [PMID: 32751109 PMCID: PMC7465981 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors and cytokines have vital roles in germ cell development, gamete maturation, and early embryo development. Cell surface receptors are present for growth factors and cytokines to integrate with and trigger protein signaling in the germ and embryo intracellular milieu. Src-homology-2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the signaling pathways involved in growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, integrins, and G protein-coupled receptors. Over recent decades, researchers have recapitulated the protein signaling networks that influence gamete progenitor specification as well as gamete differentiation and maturation. SHP2 plays an indispensable role in cellular growth, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as the basic events in gametogenesis and early embryo development. SHP2, a classic cytosolic protein and a key regulator of signal transduction, displays unconventional nuclear expression in the genital organs. Several observations provided shreds of evidence that this behavior is essential for fertility. The growth factor and cytokine-dependent roles of SHP2 and its nuclear/cytoplasmic presence during gamete maturation, early embryonic development and embryo implantation are fascinating and complex subjects. This review is intended to summarize the previous and recent knowledge about the SHP2 functions in gametogenesis and early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Seon-Hwa Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Marwa El-Sheikh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Seok-Hwan Song
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1942
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18
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Zuo Q, Jin J, Jin K, Zhou J, Sun C, Song J, Chen G, Zhang Y, Li B. P53 and H3K4me2 activate N6-methylated LncPGCAT-1 to regulate primordial germ cell formation via MAPK signaling. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9895-9909. [PMID: 32458486 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the formation of primordial germ cells (PGCs); however, the identity of the key lncRNAs and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of PGCs remain unknown. Here, we identify a key candidate lncRNA (lncRNA PGC transcript-1, LncPGCAT-1) via RNA sequencing of embryonic stem cells, PGCs, and Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Functional experiments confirmed that LncPGCAT-1 positively regulated the formation of PGCs by elevating the expression of Cvh and C-kit while downregulating the pluripotency(Nanog) in vitro and in vivo; PAS staining of genital ridges in vivo also showed that interference with LncPGCAT-1 can significantly reduce the number of PGCs in genital ridges, while overexpression of LncPGCAT-1 had the opposite result. The result of luciferase reporter assay combined with CHIP-qPCR showed that the expression of LncPGCAT-1 was promoted by the transcription factor P53 and high levels of H3K4me2. Mechanistically, the luciferase reporter assay confirmed that mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was the target gene of LncPGCAT-1 and gga-mir-1591. In the ceRNA system, high levels of N6 methylation of LncPGCAT-1 enhanced the adsorption capacity of LncPGCAT-1 for gga-mir-1591. Adsorption of gga-mir-1591 activated the MAPK1/ERK signaling cascade by relieving the gga-mir-1591-dependent inhibition of MAPK1 expression. Moreover, LncPGCAT-1 interacted with interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF3) to regulate the ubiquitination of P53 and phosphorylation of JNK. Interaction with ILF3 resulted in positive self-feedback regulation of LncPGCAT-1 and activation of JNK signaling, ultimately promoting PGC formation. Altogether, the study expands our knowledge of the function and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in PGC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changhua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Nagaoka SI, Nakaki F, Miyauchi H, Nosaka Y, Ohta H, Yabuta Y, Kurimoto K, Hayashi K, Nakamura T, Yamamoto T, Saitou M. ZGLP1 is a determinant for the oogenic fate in mice. Science 2020; 367:science.aaw4115. [PMID: 32054698 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination of germ cells is vital to creating the sexual dichotomy of germ cell development, thereby ensuring sexual reproduction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that ZGLP1, a conserved transcriptional regulator with GATA-like zinc fingers, determines the oogenic fate in mice. ZGLP1 acts downstream of bone morphogenetic protein, but not retinoic acid (RA), and is essential for the oogenic program and meiotic entry. ZGLP1 overexpression induces differentiation of in vitro primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) into fetal oocytes by activating the oogenic programs repressed by Polycomb activities, whereas RA signaling contributes to oogenic program maturation and PGC program repression. Our findings elucidate the mechanism for mammalian oogenic fate determination, providing a foundation for promoting in vitro gametogenesis and reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- So I Nagaoka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Miyauchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nosaka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yabuta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Germ cells undergo epigenome reprogramming for proper development of the next generation. The achievement of in vitro germ cell derivation from human and mouse pluripotent stem cells and further differentiation in a plane culture and in aggregation with gonadal somatic cells offers unprecedented opportunities for investigation of the germ cell development. Moreover, advances in low-input/single-cell genomics have enabled detailed investigation of epigenome dynamics during germ cell development. These technologies have advanced our knowledge of epigenome reprogramming during the specification and development of primordial germ cells, their sex differentiation, and gametogenesis. Key findings include details of chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation, progressive and comprehensive DNA demethylation, and tight links between DNA demethylation and histone marks during the development of primordial germ cells, acquisition of unique totipotent epigenome during oogenesis (e.g., broad H3K4me3 domains and low-level three-dimensional genomic organization), and unexpected organization of the sperm genome. Moreover, these studies suggest the importance of epigenome analyses for in-depth evaluations of in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Singh RP, Escobar E, Wildt D, Patel S, Costa GMJ, Pukazhenthi B. Effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on cryopreserved sheep testicular explants cultured in vitro. Theriogenology 2019; 128:184-192. [PMID: 30772662 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Complete spermatogenesis has been achieved in vitro in mouse testicular explants with resulting sperm used to produce pups after Intra Cytoplasm Sperm Injection and Embryo Transfer. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) on spermatogenesis of frozen-thawed lamb testis explants in vitro. Thawed testicular pieces were cultured for 12 d on agarose blocks in serum-free growth medium containing 0, 2, 5 or 10 μM S1P. At the end of D6 and D12, some pieces were fixed and processed for histology. Other pieces were processed for RNA isolation and quantitation of proliferation (PCNA, Ki67) and differentiation (PLZF) markers and genes involved in S1P signaling (S1PR1, SGPL1, SGPP1, AKT1 and NFKBIA) by qPCR. Histology revealed an increase (P < 0.05) in seminiferous cord (SC) diameter under all culture conditions, except 5 and 10 μM S1P by D6. In the presence of 5 μM S1P, percentage of gonocytes decreased (P < 0.05) by D6 (control, 24.9% vs. S1P, 10.3%) with a concomitant increase (P < 0.05) in spermatogonia formation (control, 74.4% vs. S1P, 88.1%). S1P induced PCNA or Ki67 expression by D6, whereas PLZF was up-regulated (P < 0.05) by D6 in 2 μM S1P and D12 in 5 & 10 μM S1P. Expression of SGPL1 and SGPP1 increased 4-12-fold in tissues cultured in 10 μM S1P by D12 compared to D12 control. AKT1 and NFKBIA mRNA expression was low (P < 0.05) in 5 and or 10 μM S1P treatments on D6. These results demonstrate that S1P promotes germ cell proliferation during first week of culture and may exert an anti-apoptotic influence on the seminiferous cord in sheep testicular explants in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Pratap Singh
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA; Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Enrique Escobar
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, School of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - David Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Seema Patel
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Guilherme M J Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Budhan Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
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22
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Todaro F, Campolo F, Barrios F, Pellegrini M, Di Cesare S, Tessarollo L, Rossi P, Jannini EA, Dolci S. Regulation of Kit Expression in Early Mouse Embryos and ES Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:332-344. [PMID: 30566254 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Kit is a growth factor receptor that regulates proliferation and/or survival of many embryonic and postnatal stem cell types. When mutated, it can induce malignant transformation of the host cells. To dissect the Kit role in the control of ESC pluripotency, we studied its expression during early mouse embryogenesis and during the process of ESC derivation from inner cell mass (ICM) cells. We followed the in vitro development of early mouse embryos obtained from transgenic mice carrying Kit promoter regions fused to EGFP (Kit-EGFP) and found that they initiate EGFP expression at morula stage. EGFP expression is then maintained in the blastocyst, within the ICM, and its levels increase when cultured in the presence of MAPK and GSK3β inhibitors (2i) plus LIF compared with the LIF-only condition. Kit-EGFP ESCs showed nonhomogeneous EGFP expression pattern when cultured in LIF condition, but they upregulated EGFP expression, as well as that of Sox2, Nanog, Prdm14, when shifted to 2i-LIF culture. Similarly, primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the process of embryonic germ cell (EGC) conversion showed enhanced EGFP expression in 2i-LIF. Kit expression was affected by manipulating Sox2 levels in ESCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that Sox2 binds Kit regulatory regions containing Sox2 consensus sequences. Finally, Kit constitutive activation induced by the D814Y mutation increased ESC proliferation and cloning efficiency in vitro and in teratoma assays in vivo. Our results identify Kit as a pluripotency-responsive gene and suggest a role for Kit in the regulation of ESC proliferation. Stem Cells 2019;37:332-344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Todaro
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Florencia Barrios
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Pellegrino Rossi
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Dolci
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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23
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Maouche A, Curran E, Goupil AS, Sambroni E, Bellaiche J, Le Gac F, Lareyre JJ. New insights into the evolution, hormonal regulation, and spatiotemporal expression profiles of genes involved in the Gfra1/Gdnf and Kit/Kitlg regulatory pathways in rainbow trout testis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:1599-1616. [PMID: 30121735 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the Gfra1/Gdnf and/or Kit/Kitlg regulatory pathways could be involved in the regulation of spermatogonial cell proliferation and/or differentiation in fish. Homologs of the mammalian gfra1, gdnf, kitr, and kitlg genes were identified in gnathostomes and reliable orthologous relationships were established using phylogenetic reconstructions and analyses of syntenic chromosomal fragments. Gene duplications and losses occurred specifically in teleost fish and members of the Salmoninae family including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Some duplicated genes exhibited distinct spatiotemporal expression profiles and were differently regulated by hormones in rainbow trout. Undifferentiated type A spermatogonia expressed higher levels of kitrb and kitra2 making them possible target cells for the gonadal kitlgb and somatic kitlga before the onset of spermatogenesis. Interestingly, gdnfa and gdnfb ohnologous genes were poorly expressed before the onset of spermatogenesis. The expression level of gdnfb was correlated with that of the vasa gene suggesting that the late increased abundance of gdnfb during spermatogenesis onset was due to the increased number of spermatogonial cells. gfra1a2 was expressed in undifferentiated type A spermatogonia whereas gfra1a1 was mainly detected in somatic cells. These observations indicate that the germinal gdnfb ligand could exert autocrine and paracrine functions on spermatogonia and on testicular somatic cells, respectively. Fsh and androgens inhibited gfra1a2 and gdnfb whereas gfra1a1 was stimulated by Fsh, androgens, and 17α, 20β progesterone. Finally, our data provide evidences that the molecular identity of the male germ stem cells changes during ontogenesis prior to spermatogenesis onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Maouche
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Edouard Curran
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Goupil
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Elisabeth Sambroni
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Johanna Bellaiche
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Florence Le Gac
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lareyre
- INRA, UPR 1037 Laboratory of Fish Physiology and Genomics (LPGP), BIOSIT, OUEST-genopole, Bât. 16, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes CEDEX, France.
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24
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Klug LR, Kent JD, Heinrich MC. Structural and clinical consequences of activation loop mutations in class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:123-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Choi KH, Lee DK, Oh JN, Son HY, Lee CK. FGF2 Signaling Plays an Important Role in Maintaining Pluripotent State of Pig Embryonic Germ Cells. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:301-311. [PMID: 30204498 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells are alternative sources for deriving pluripotent stem cells. Because embryonic germ cells (EGCs) possess physiological and developmental features similar to those of embryonic stem cells, pig EGCs are considered a potential tool for generating transgenic animals for agricultural usage. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to establish and characterize pig EGCs from fetal gonads. EGC lines were derived from the genital ridges of porcine fetuses in media containing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and stem cell factor. After establishment, these cells were cultured and stabilized in LIF- or FGF2-containing media. The cell lines were maintained under both conditions over an extended time period and spontaneously differentiated into the three germ layers in vitro. Interestingly, expression of pluripotency markers showed different patterns between cell lines cultured in LIF or FGF2. SSEA4 was only expressed in FGF2-treated pig EGCs (FGF2-pEGCs), not LIF-treated pig EGCs (LIF-pEGCs). Pluripotency genes were upregulated in FGF2-pEGCs, and germline markers were highly expressed, indicating that FGF2 supplements are more efficient in supporting the pluripotency of pEGCs. In conclusion, we verified that FGF2 signaling plays an important role in reprogramming and maintaining pEGCs from fetal gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Nam Oh
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Son
- 2 Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- 1 Animal Biotechnology Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University , Pyeong Chang, Kangwon do, Korea
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26
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Induction of fetal primary oocytes and the meiotic prophase from mouse pluripotent stem cells. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:409-429. [PMID: 29804680 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a key mechanism that ensures sexual reproduction and creates genetic diversity. Here we describe a method that induces fetal oocytes and the prophase of the first meiotic division from mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) under defined conditions. PSCs are induced into epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs), which are in turn induced into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs). PGCLCs are expanded robustly in the presence of forskolin and rolipram, which elevate intracellular cyclic AMP levels. The expanded PGCLCs comprehensively erase their DNA methylome in a manner that recapitulates genome-wide DNA demethylation in germ cells in vivo, and are in turn induced efficiently into the oogenic pathway and the prophase of the first meiotic division up to the pachytene stage in response to bone morphogenetic protein and retinoic acid. This in vitro strategy provides a powerful foundation for exploring the mechanisms of initiation and progression of mammalian oogenesis and meiosis.
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27
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Selfe J, Goddard NC, McIntyre A, Taylor KR, Renshaw J, Popov SD, Thway K, Summersgill B, Huddart RA, Gilbert DC, Shipley JM. IGF1R signalling in testicular germ cell tumour cells impacts on cell survival and acquired cisplatin resistance. J Pathol 2018; 244:242-253. [PMID: 29160922 PMCID: PMC5817239 DOI: 10.1002/path.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most frequent malignancy and cause of death from solid tumours in the 20‐ to 40‐year age group. Although most cases show sensitivity to cis‐platinum‐based chemotherapy, this is associated with long‐term toxicities and chemo‐resistance. Roles for receptor tyrosine kinases other than KIT are largely unknown in TGCT. We therefore conducted a phosphoproteomic screen and identified the insulin growth factor receptor‐1 (IGF1R) as both highly expressed and activated in TGCT cell lines representing the nonseminomatous subtype. IGF1R was also frequently expressed in tumour samples from patients with nonseminomas. Functional analysis of cell line models showed that long‐term shRNA‐mediated IGF1R silencing leads to apoptosis and complete ablation of nonseminoma cells with active IGF1R signalling. Cell lines with high levels of IGF1R activity also showed reduced AKT signalling in response to decreased IGF1R expression as well as sensitivity to the small‐molecule IGF1R inhibitor NVP‐AEW541. These results were in contrast to those in the seminoma cell line TCAM2 that lacked IGF1R signalling via AKT and was one of the two cell lines least sensitive to the IGF1R inhibitor. The dependence on IGF1R activity in the majority of nonseminomas parallels the known role of IGF signalling in the proliferation, migration, and survival of primordial germ cells, the putative cell of origin for TGCT. Upregulation of IGF1R expression and signalling was also found to contribute to acquired cisplatin resistance in an in vitro nonseminoma model, providing a rationale for targeting IGF1R in cisplatin‐resistant disease. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Neil C Goddard
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kathryn R Taylor
- Glioma Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jane Renshaw
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sergey D Popov
- Glioma Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Unit, Department of Histopathology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brenda Summersgill
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert A Huddart
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Duncan C Gilbert
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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28
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Abstract
In mammalian development, primordial germ cells (PGCs) represent the initial population of cells that are committed to the germ cell lineage. PGCs segregate early in development, triggered by signals from the extra-embryonic ectoderm. They are distinguished from surrounding cells by their unique gene expression patterns. Some of the more common genes used to identify them are Blimp1, Oct3/4, Fragilis, Stella, c-Kit, Mvh, Dazl and Gcna1. These genes are involved in regulating their migration and differentiation, and in maintaining the pluripotency of these cells. Recent research has demonstrated the possibility of obtaining PGCs, and subsequently, mature germ cells from a starting population of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in culture. This phenomenon has been investigated using a variety of methods, and ESC lines of both mouse and human origin. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into germ cells of both the male and female phenotype and in one case has resulted in the birth of live pups from the fertilization of oocytes with ESC derived sperm. This finding leads to the prospect of using ESC derived germ cells as a treatment for sterility. This review outlines the evolvement of germ cells from ESCs in vitro in relation to in vivo events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshira Saiti
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Level 3, STRIP 1 – Buildings 75, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, Australia, 3800
| | - Orly Lacham-Kaplan
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Level 3, STRIP 1 – Buildings 75, Monash University, Wellington Rd., Clayton, Australia, 3800
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29
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Overactive type 2 cannabinoid receptor induces meiosis in fetal gonads and impairs ovarian reserve. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3085. [PMID: 28981118 PMCID: PMC5682662 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) has been proposed to promote in vitro meiotic entry of postnatal male germ cells and to maintain the temporal progression of spermatogenesis in vivo. However, no information is presently available on the role played by CB2R in male and female fetal gonads. Here we show that in vitro pharmacological stimulation with JWH133, a CB2R agonist, induced activation of the meiotic program in both male and female fetal gonads. Upon stimulation, gonocytes initiated the meiotic program but became arrested at early stages of prophase I, while oocytes showed an increased rate of meiotic entry and progression toward more advanced stage of meiosis. Acceleration of meiosis in oocytes was accompanied by a strong increase in the percentage of γ-H2AX-positive pachytene and diplotene cells, paralleled by an increase of TUNEL-positive cells, suggesting that DNA double-strand breaks were not correctly repaired during meiosis, leading to oocyte apoptosis. Interestingly, in vivo pharmacological stimulation of CB2R in fetal germ cells through JWH133 administration to pregnant females caused a significant reduction of primordial and primary follicles in the ovaries of newborns with a consequent depletion of ovarian reserve and reduced fertility in adult life, while no alterations of spermatogenesis in the testis of the offspring were detected. Altogether our findings highlight a pro-meiotic role of CB2R in male and female germ cells and suggest that the use of cannabis in pregnant female might represent a risk for fertility and reproductive lifespan in female offspring.
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30
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Embryonic stem cell derived germ cells induce spermatogenesis after transplantation into the testes of an adult mouse azoospermia model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2381-2395. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to: (i) identify the exogenous factors that allow in vitro differentiation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from embryonic stem cells (ESCs); (ii) evaluate the effects of Sertoli cells in SSC enrichment; and (iii) assess the success of transplantation using in vitro differentiated SSCs in a mouse busulfan-treated azoospermia model. A 1-day-old embryoid body (EB) received 5 ng/ml of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) for 4 days, 3 µM retinoic acid (RA) in a SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine and ouabain resistant (STO) co-culture system for 7 days, and was subsequently co-cultured for 2 days with Sertoli cells in the presence or absence of a leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and RA composition, and in the presence of these factors in simple culture medium. Higher viability, proliferation and germ cell gene expression were seen in the presence of the LIF, bFGF and RA composition, on top of Sertoli cells. Immunocytochemistry results showed higher CDH1 expression in this group. Sertoli co-culture had no effects on SSC proliferation. Eight weeks after transplantation, injected cells were observed at the base of the seminiferous tubules and in the recipient testes. The number of spermatogonia and the mass of the testes were higher in transplanted testes relative to the control group. It seems that transplantation of these cells can be useful in infertility treatment.
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31
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Jeong W, Jung S, Bazer FW, Kim J. Stem cell factor-induced AKT cell signaling pathway: Effects on porcine trophectoderm and uterine luminal epithelial cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:113-121. [PMID: 28551414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a multipotent growth factor that elicits diverse biological actions in various aspects of embryogenesis and animal development. The aim of the present study was to assess SCF-induced intracellular signaling and cellular activities in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) and uterine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells which are well known as useful to elucidate developmental events. SCF induced abundances of p-AKT, p-P70RSK and RPS6 proteins in pTr cells reached to their maximum, and then returned to basal levels by 120min. In pLE cells, SCF induced protracted effect to increase AKT phosphorylation which was well correlated with the time course for P70RSK and RPS6 phosphorylation. LY294002 (an inhibitor of AKT) decreased SCF-induced p-AKT, p-P70RSK and p-RPS6 proteins. Also, immunofluorescence analyses revealed that p-RPS6 was abundant within the cytoplasm of SCF-treated cells, but p-RPS6 was present only at basal levels in cells treated with LY294002. In the presence of LY294002, both SCF-stimulated transient and sustained AKT phosphorylation were inhibited in pLE cells. Furthermore, SCF increased migration of pTr and pLE cells, but LY294002 significantly reduced this effect of SCF. In conclusion, results of the present study suggest that SCF secreted by the endometrium induces autocrine/paracrine signaling responses that stimulate migration of pTr and pLE cells through activation of the AKT cell signaling pathway. Those results support the hypothesis that SCF is a critical regulatory factor for conceptus development and implantation during pregnancy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoungo Jung
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2471, TX, USA
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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32
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A pilgrim's progress: Seeking meaning in primordial germ cell migration. Stem Cell Res 2017; 24:181-187. [PMID: 28754603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies of primordial germ cell (PGC) development across organisms in many phyla reveal surprising diversity in the route of migration, timing and underlying molecular mechanisms, suggesting that the process of migration itself is conserved. However, beyond the perfunctory transport of cellular precursors to their later arising home of the gonads, does PGC migration serve a function? Here we propose that the process of migration plays an additional role in quality control, by eliminating PGCs incapable of completing migration as well as through mechanisms that favor PGCs capable of responding appropriately to migration cues. Focusing on PGCs in mice, we explore evidence for a selective capacity of migration, considering the tandem regulation of proliferation and migration, cell-intrinsic and extrinsic control, the potential for tumors derived from failed PGC migrants, the potential mechanisms by which migratory PGCs vary in their cellular behaviors, and corresponding effects on development. We discuss the implications of a selective role of PGC migration for in vitro gametogenesis.
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33
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Precious SV, Zietlow R, Dunnett SB, Kelly CM, Rosser AE. Is there a place for human fetal-derived stem cells for cell replacement therapy in Huntington's disease? Neurochem Int 2017; 106:114-121. [PMID: 28137534 PMCID: PMC5582194 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that offers an excellent paradigm for cell replacement therapy because of the associated relatively focal cell loss in the striatum. The predominant cells lost in this condition are striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Transplantation of developing MSNs taken from the fetal brain has provided proof of concept that donor MSNs can survive, integrate and bring about a degree of functional recovery in both pre-clinical studies and in a limited number of clinical trials. The scarcity of human fetal tissue, and the logistics of coordinating collection and dissection of tissue with neurosurgical procedures makes the use of fetal tissue for this purpose both complex and limiting. Alternative donor cell sources which are expandable in culture prior to transplantation are currently being sought. Two potential donor cell sources which have received most attention recently are embryonic stem (ES) cells and adult induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, both of which can be directed to MSN-like fates, although achieving a genuine MSN fate has proven to be difficult. All potential donor sources have challenges in terms of their clinical application for regenerative medicine, and thus it is important to continue exploring a wide variety of expandable cells. In this review we discuss two less well-reported potential donor cell sources; embryonic germ (EG) cells and fetal neural precursors (FNPs), both are which are fetal-derived and have some properties that could make them useful for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie V Precious
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Rike Zietlow
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Stephen B Dunnett
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Wales Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit (B.R.A.I.N), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Claire M Kelly
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Wales Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics Unit (B.R.A.I.N), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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34
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Ohta H, Kurimoto K, Okamoto I, Nakamura T, Yabuta Y, Miyauchi H, Yamamoto T, Okuno Y, Hagiwara M, Shirane K, Sasaki H, Saitou M. In vitro expansion of mouse primordial germ cell-like cells recapitulates an epigenetic blank slate. EMBO J 2017; 36:1888-1907. [PMID: 28559416 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors for the oocytes and spermatozoa, is a key challenge in reproductive biology/medicine. Using a chemical screening exploiting PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) induced from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we here identify key signaling pathways critical for PGCLC proliferation. We show that the combinatorial application of Forskolin and Rolipram, which stimulate cAMP signaling via different mechanisms, expands PGCLCs up to ~50-fold in culture. The expanded PGCLCs maintain robust capacity for spermatogenesis, rescuing the fertility of infertile mice. Strikingly, during expansion, PGCLCs comprehensively erase their DNA methylome, including parental imprints, in a manner that precisely recapitulates genome-wide DNA demethylation in gonadal germ cells, while essentially maintaining their identity as sexually uncommitted PGCs, apparently through appropriate histone modifications. By establishing a paradigm for PGCLC expansion, our system reconstitutes the epigenetic "blank slate" of the germ line, an immediate precursory state for sexually dimorphic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan .,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yabuta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Miyauchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okuno
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Shirane
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Epigenome Network Research Center, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Epigenome Network Research Center, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan .,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Wang C, Deng Y, Chen F, Zhu P, Wei J, Luo C, Lu F, Yang S, Shi D. Basic fibroblast growth factor is critical to reprogramming buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) primordial germ cells into embryonic germ stem cell-like cells. Theriogenology 2016; 91:112-120. [PMID: 28215675 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are destined to form gametes in vivo, and they can be reprogrammed into pluripotent embryonic germ (EG) cells in vitro. Buffalo PGC have been reported to be reprogrammed into EG-like cells, but the identities of the major signaling pathways and culture media involved in this derivation remain unclear. Here, the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and downstream signaling pathways on the reprogramming of buffalo PGCs into EG-like cells were investigated. Results showed bFGF to be critical to buffalo PGCs to dedifferentiate into EG-like cells (20 ng/mL is optimal) with many characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, expression of pluripotency marker genes such as OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA-1, CDH1, and TRA-1-81, and the capacity to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers. After chemically inhibiting pathways or components downstream of bFGF, data showed that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway led to significantly lower EG cell derivation, while inhibition of P53 activity resulted in an efficiency of EG cell derivation comparable to that in the presence of bFGF. These results suggest that the role of bFGF in PGC-derived EG-like cell generation is mainly due to the activation of the PI3K/AKT/P53 pathway, in particular, the inhibition of P53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhu Wang
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Reproductive Medicine Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Deng
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingwei Wei
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chan Luo
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Fenghua Lu
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sufang Yang
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
| | - Deshun Shi
- Animal Reproduction Institute, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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36
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Makoolati Z, Movahedin M, Forouzandeh-Moghadam M. Proliferation in culture of primordial germ cells derived from embryonic stem cell: induction by retinoic acid. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00428. [PMID: 27834666 PMCID: PMC5180254 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro system that supports primordial germ cells (PGCs) survival and proliferation is useful for enhancement of these cells and efficient transplantation in infertility disorders. One approach is cultivation of PGCs under proper conditions that allow self-renewal and proliferation of PGCs. For this purpose, we compared the effects of different concentrations of retinoic acid (RA), and the effect of PGCs co-culture (Co-C) with SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant (STO) cells on the proliferation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived PGCs. One-day-old embryoid body (EB) was cultured for 4 days in simple culture system in the presence of 5 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) (SCB group) for PGC induction. For PGC enrichment, ESCs-derived germ cells were cultured for 7 days in the presence of different doses (0-5 μM) of RA, both in the simple and STO Co-C systems. At the end of the culture period, viability and proliferation rates were assessed and expression of mouse vasa homologue (Mvh), α6 integrin, β1 integrin, stimulated by retinoic acid 8 (Stra8) and piwi (Drosophila)-like 2 (Piwil2) was evaluated using quantitative PCR. Also, the inductive effects were investigated immunocytochemically with Mvh and cadherin1 (CDH1) on the selected groups. Immunocytochemistry/PCR results showed higher expression of Mvh, the PGC-specific marker, in 3 μM RA concentrations on the top of the STO feeder layer. Meanwhile, assessment of the Stra8 mRNA and CDH1 protein, the specific makers for spermatogonia, showed no significant differences between groups. Based on the results, it seems that in the presence of 3 μM RA on top of the STO feeder layer cells, the majority of the cells transdifferentiated into germ cells were PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Makoolati
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| | - Mehdi Forouzandeh-Moghadam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
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37
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Sun YX, Zhang YX, Zhang D, Xu CM, Chen SC, Zhang JY, Ruan YC, Chen F, Zhang RJ, Qian YQ, Liu YF, Jin LY, Yu TT, Xu HY, Luo YQ, Liu XM, Sun F, Sheng JZ, Huang HF. XCI-escaping gene KDM5C contributes to ovarian development via downregulating miR-320a. Hum Genet 2016; 136:227-239. [PMID: 27896428 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying female gonadal dysgenesis remain unclarified and relatively unstudied. Whether X-chromosome inactivation (XCI)-escaping genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to this condition is currently unknown. We compared 45,X Turner Syndrome women with 46,XX normal women, and investigated differentially expressed miRNAs in Turner Syndrome through plasma miRNA sequencing. We found that miR-320a was consistently upregulated not only in 45,X plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but also in 45,X fetal gonadal tissues. The levels of miR-320a in PBMCs from 45,X, 46,XX, 46,XY, and 47,XXY human subjects were inversely related to the expression levels of XCI-escaping gene KDM5C in PBMCs. In vitro models indicated that KDM5C suppressed miR-320a transcription by directly binding to the promoter of miR-320a to prevent histone methylation. In addition, we demonstrated that KITLG, an essential gene for ovarian development and primordial germ cell survival, was a direct target of miR-320a and that it was downregulated in 45,X fetal gonadal tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrated that downregulation of miR-320a by the XCI-escaping gene KDM5C contributed to ovarian development by targeting KITLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Song-Chang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhang
- International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ye-Chun Ruan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Run-Ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye-Qing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu-Yang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Qin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fei Sun
- International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
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38
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Khodadi E, Shahrabi S, Shahjahani M, Azandeh S, Saki N. Role of stem cell factor in the placental niche. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:523-531. [PMID: 27234501 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a cytokine found in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and causes proliferation and differentiation of cells by binding to its receptor (c-kit). It is produced in the yolk sac, fetal liver and bone marrow during the development of the fetus and, together with its signaling pathway, plays an important role in the development of these cells. The placenta, an important hematopoiesis site before the entry of cells into the liver, is rich in HSCs, with definitive hematopoiesis in a variety of HSC types and embryonic stem cells. Chorionic-plate-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CP-MSCs) isolated from the placenta show stem cell markers such as CD41 and cause the self-renewal of cells under hypoxic conditions. In contrast, hypoxia can result in apoptosis and autophagy via oxidative stress in stem cells. As a hypoxia-induced factor, SCF causes a balance between cell survival and death by autophagy in CP-MSCs. Stromal cells and MSCs have a crucial function in the development of HSCs in the placenta via SCF expression in the placental vascular niche. Defects in hematopoietic growth factors (such as SCF and its signaling pathways) lead to impaired hematopoiesis, resulting in fetal death and abortion. Therefore, an awareness of the role of the SCF/c-kit pathway in the survival, apoptosis and development of stem cells can significantly contribute to the exploration of stem cell production pathways during the embryonic period and in malignancies and in the further generation of these cells to facilitate therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss the role of SCF in the placental niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Khodadi
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Azandeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomical Science, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Abstract
The majority of poultry genetic resources are maintained in situ in living populations. However, in situ conservation of poultry genetic resources always carries the risk of loss owing to pathogen outbreaks, genetic problems, breeding cessation, or natural disasters. Cryobanking of germplasm in birds has been limited to the use of semen, preventing conservation of the W chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. A further challenge is posed by the structure of avian eggs, which restricts the cryopreservation of ova and fertilized embryos, a technique widely used for mammalian species. By using a unique biological property and accessibility of avian primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursor cells for gametes, which temporally circulate in the vasculature during early development, an avian PGC transplantation technique has been established. To date, several techniques for PGC manipulation including purification, cryopreservation, depletion, and long-term culture have been developed in chickens. PGC transplantation combined with recent advanced PGC manipulation techniques have enabled ex situ conservation of poultry genetic resources in their complete form. Here, the updated technologies for avian PGC manipulation are introduced, and then the concept of a poultry PGC-bank is proposed by considering the biological properties of avian PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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40
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Park E, Lee B, Clurman BE, Lee K. NUP50 is necessary for the survival of primordial germ cells in mouse embryos. Reproduction 2016; 151:51-8. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoporin 50 kDa (NUP50), a component of the nuclear pore complex, is highly expressed in male germ cells, but its role in germ cells is largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression and function of NUP50 during the embryonic development of germ cells using NUP50-deficient mice. NUP50 was expressed in germ cells of both sexes at embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5), E13.5, and E12.5. In addition, NUP50 expression was also detected in primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrating into the genital ridges at E9.5. The gonads of Nup50−/− embryos of both sexes contained few PGCs at both E11.5 and E12.5 and no developing germ cells at E15.5. The migratory PGCs in Nup50−/− embryos at E9.5 showed increased apoptosis but a normal rate of proliferation, resulting in the progressive loss of germ cells at later stages. Taken together, these results suggest that NUP50 plays an essential role in the survival of PGCs during embryonic development.
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41
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Miyahara D, Oishi I, Makino R, Kurumisawa N, Nakaya R, Ono T, Kagami H, Tagami T. Chicken stem cell factor enhances primordial germ cell proliferation cooperatively with fibroblast growth factor 2. J Reprod Dev 2015; 62:143-9. [PMID: 26727404 PMCID: PMC4848571 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro culture system of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) has been recently
developed, but the growth factor involved in the proliferation of PGCs is largely unknown. In the present
study, we investigated the growth effects of chicken stem cell factor (chSCF) on the in vitro
proliferation of chicken PGCs. We established two feeder cell lines (buffalo rat liver cells; BRL cells) that
stably express the putative secreted form of chSCF (chSCF1-BRL) and membrane bound form of chSCF (chSCF2-BRL).
Cultured PGC lines were incubated on chSCF1 or chSCF2-BRL feeder cells with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2),
and growth effects of each chSCF isoform were investigated. The in vitro proliferation rate
of the PGCs cultured on chSCF2-BRL at 20 days of culture was more than threefold higher than those cultured on
chSCF1-BRL cells and more than fivefold higher than those cultured on normal BRL cells. Thus, use of
chSCF2-BRL feeder layer was effective for in vitro proliferation of chicken PGCs. However,
the acceleration of PGC proliferation on chSCF2-BRL was not observed without FGF2, suggesting that chSCF2
would act as a proliferation co-factor of FGF2. We transferred the PGCs cultured on chSCF2-BRL cells to
recipient embryos, generated germline chimeric chickens and assessed the germline competency of cultured PGCs
by progeny test. Donor-derived progenies were obtained, and the frequency of germline transmission was 3.39%.
The results of this study demonstrate that chSCF2 induces hyperproliferation of chicken PGCs retaining
germline competency in vitro in cooperation with FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Miyahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Whyte J, Glover JD, Woodcock M, Brzeszczynska J, Taylor L, Sherman A, Kaiser P, McGrew MJ. FGF, Insulin, and SMAD Signaling Cooperate for Avian Primordial Germ Cell Self-Renewal. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1171-1182. [PMID: 26677769 PMCID: PMC4682126 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise self-renewal of the germ cell lineage is fundamental to fertility and reproductive success. The early precursors for the germ lineage, primordial germ cells (PGCs), survive and proliferate in several embryonic locations during their migration to the embryonic gonad. By elucidating the active signaling pathways in migratory PGCs in vivo, we were able to create culture conditions that recapitulate this embryonic germ cell environment. In defined medium conditions without feeder cells, the growth factors FGF2, insulin, and Activin A, signaling through their cognate-signaling pathways, were sufficient for self-renewal of germline-competent PGCs. Forced expression of constitutively active MEK1, AKT, and SMAD3 proteins could replace their respective upstream growth factors. Unexpectedly, we found that BMP4 could replace Activin A in non-clonal growth conditions. These defined medium conditions identify the key molecular pathways required for PGC self-renewal and will facilitate efforts in biobanking of chicken genetic resources and genome editing. Avian primordial germ cell self-renewal is dependent on FGF2, insulin, and Activin A molecules BMP4 can replace Activin A in non-clonal growth conditions Defined culture medium conditions will facilitate studies of germ cell self-renewal in other vertebrate species
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Whyte
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James D Glover
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark Woodcock
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joanna Brzeszczynska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lorna Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Cortés-Trujillo L, Chávez-Saldaña M, Vázquez FG, Carrasco-Daza D, Cuevas-Alpuche O, Rojas-Castañeda JC. Analysis of POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4 in gonocytes of patients with cryptorchidism. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:752-61. [PMID: 26315991 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). The most common type of TGCT in cryptorchidism is seminoma. The intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (ITGCNU) is a histological pattern preceding the development of seminomas and non-seminomas. It was suggested that in patients with cryptorchidism, the gonocytes remained undifferentiated with pluripotent abilities expressing proteins like POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1 (POU5F1), tyrosine kinase receptor c-Kit, placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), the transcription factor AP2γ and sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) that confer to the gonocytes this ability and therefore make them susceptible to develop ITGCNU. The aim of the present study was to determine if the gonocytes of patients with cryptorchidism express POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4 proteins after their differentiation period. Based on this, we evaluated samples of testicular tissue from newborns to 16-year old subjects with or without cryptorchidism in search of POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4 using immunocytochemical method, the results of which were validated by RT-PCR. The results showed that control subjects witnessed a down-regulation in the expression of these five proteins in the first year of life, which eventually disappeared. On the other hand, it was determined that 21.6% (8/37) of the patients with cryptorchidism continued to express, at least, one of the proteins analyzed in this study after the second year of life. And only 5.4% (2/37) of the patients were positive to the five markers. These data sustain the proposed hypothesis that in cryptorchid patients, ITGCNU arises from gonocytes that fail in their differentiation process to spermatogonia with conservation of the proteins (POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4) that maintain pluripotency and undifferentiated characteristics and which are responsible for making the gonocytes susceptible to malignancy. However, we cannot guarantee that these patients present neoplastic transformation.
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family. All members of this family activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a transcription factor that influences stem and progenitor cell identity, proliferation and cytoprotection. The role of LIF in development was first identified when LIF was demonstrated to support the propagation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Subsequent studies of mice deficient for components of the LIF pathway have revealed important roles for LIF signaling during development and homeostasis. Here and in the accompanying poster, we provide a broad overview of JAK-STAT signaling during development, with a specific focus on LIF-mediated JAK-STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Onishi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5 The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1 McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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Perumal D, Pillai S, Nguyen J, Schaal C, Coppola D, Chellappan SP. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors induce c-Kit ligand/Stem Cell Factor and promote stemness in an ARRB1/ β-arrestin-1 dependent manner in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10486-502. [PMID: 25401222 PMCID: PMC4279388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. β-arrestin-1 (ARRB1), a scaffolding protein involved in the desensitization of signals arising from activated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has been shown to play a role in invasion and proliferation of cancer cells, including nicotine-induced proliferation of human non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). In this study, we identified genes that are differentially regulated by nicotine in an ARRB1/β-arrestin-1 dependent manner in NSCLC cells by microarray analysis. Among the identified genes, SCF (Stem cell factor) strongly differentiated smokers from non-smokers in the Director's Challenge Set expression data and its high expression correlated with poor prognosis. SCF, a major cytokine is the ligand for the c-Kit proto-oncogene and was found to be over expressed in human lung adenocarcinomas, but not squamous cell carcinomas. Data presented here show that transcription factor E2F1 can induce SCF expression at the transcriptional level and depletion of E2F1 or ARRB1/β-arrestin-1 could not promote self-renewal of SP cells. These studies suggest that nicotine might be promoting NSCLC growth and metastasis by inducing the secretion of SCF, and raise the possibility that targeting signalling cascades that activate E2F1 might be an effective way to combat NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Perumal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA. Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Nguyen
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in pediatric pathology, chapter 1. Normal development of testicular structures: from the bipotential gonad to the fetal testis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2015; 18:88-102. [PMID: 25119266 DOI: 10.2350/12-04-1184-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo #2, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Campolo F, Gori M, Favaro R, Nicolis S, Pellegrini M, Botti F, Rossi P, Jannini EA, Dolci S. Essential role of Sox2 for the establishment and maintenance of the germ cell line. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1408-21. [PMID: 23553930 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sox2 is a pluripotency-conferring gene expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and postnatal oocytes, but the role it plays during germ cell development and early embryogenesis is unknown. Since Sox2 ablation causes early embryonic lethality shortly after blastocyst implantation, we generated mice bearing Sox2-conditional deletion in germ cells at different stages of their development through the Cre/loxP recombination system. Embryos lacking Sox2 in PGCs show a dramatic decrease of germ cell numbers at the time of their specification. At later stages, we found that Sox2 is strictly required for PGC proliferation. On the contrary, Sox2 deletion in meiotic oocytes does not impair postnatal oogenesis and early embryogenesis, indicating that it is not essential for oocyte maturation or for zygotic development. We also show that Sox2 regulates Kit expression in PGCs and binds to discrete transcriptional regulatory sequences of this gene, which is known to be important for PGCs survival and proliferation. Sox2 also stimulates the expression of Zfp148, which is required for normal development of fetal germ cells, and Rif1, a potential regulator of PGC pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Campolo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Università di Roma Torvergata, Roma, Italy
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Leitch HG, Tang WWC, Surani MA. Primordial germ-cell development and epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 104:149-87. [PMID: 23587241 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416027-9.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic precursors of the gametes and represent the founder cells of the germline. Specification of PGCs is a critical divergent point during embryogenesis. Whereas the somatic lineages will ultimately perish, cells of the germline have the potential to form a new individual and hence progress to the next generation. It is therefore critical that the genome emerges intact and carrying the appropriate epigenetic information during its passage through the germline. To ensure this fidelity of transmission, PGC development encompasses extensive epigenetic reprogramming. The low cell numbers and relative inaccessibility of PGCs present a challenge to those seeking mechanistic understanding of the crucial developmental and epigenetic processes in this most fascinating of lineages. Here, we present an overview of PGC development in the mouse and compare this with the limited information available for other mammalian species. We believe that a comparative approach will be increasingly important to uncover the extent to which mechanisms are conserved and reveal the critical steps during PGC development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Leitch
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Stem Cell Epigenetics: Insights from Studies on Embryonic, Induced Pluripotent, and Germline Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Li Y, Wang X, Feng X, Liao S, Zhang D, Cui X, Gao F, Han C. Generation of male germ cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:517-30. [PMID: 24463497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells are the only cell type that passes genetic information to the next generation. In most metazoan species, primordial germ cells (PGCs) were induced from epiblasts by signals from the neighboring tissues. In vitro derivation of germ cells from the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSCs) are of great values for the treatment of infertility, for animal breeding, and for studying the mechanism of germ cell development. Although the derivations of male germ cells from PSCs have been previously reported, most of the studies failed to conduct the induction in a well-controlled and highly efficient manner. Here, we report the derivation of induced PGC-like cells (iPGCLCs) from mouse iPSCs via induced epiblast-like cells (iEpiLCs) as being monitored by the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the promoter of stimulated by retinoic acid 8 (Stra8-EGFP). The identity of iPGCLCs was characterized by examining the expression of multiple marker genes as well as by the recovery of spermatogenesis after they were transplanted to the testis of infertile W/W(v) mice. Furthermore, iPGCLCs were either induced to germline stem cell-like cells (iGSCLCs) or reverted back to embryonic germ cell-like cells (iEGCLCs). In conclusion, we have established an efficient procedure for inducing iPSCs into iPGCLCs that can be further expanded and induced to more developed germ cells. This work indicates that the technology of in vitro germ cell induction is becoming more sophisticated and can be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Neurophamacology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shangying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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