1
|
Xia Q, Zheng H, Li Y, Xu W, Wu C, Xu J, Li S, Zhang L, Dong L. SMURF1 controls the PPP3/calcineurin complex and TFEB at a regulatory node for lysosomal biogenesis. Autophagy 2024; 20:735-751. [PMID: 37909662 PMCID: PMC11062382 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2267413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a homeostatic process in response to multiple signaling, such as the lysosome-dependent recycling process of cellular components. Starvation-induced MTOR inactivation and PPP3/calcineurin activation were shown to promote the nuclear translocation of TFEB. However, the mechanisms via which signals from endomembrane damage are transmitted to activate PPP3/calcineurin and orchestrate autophagic responses remain unknown. This study aimed to show that autophagy regulator SMURF1 controlled TFEB nuclear import for transcriptional activation of the lysosomal biogenesis. We showed that blocking SMURF1 affected lysosomal biogenesis in response to lysosomal damage by preventing TFEB nuclear translocation. It revealed galectins recognized endolysosomal damage, and led to recruitment of SMURF1 and the PPP3/calcineurin apparatus on lysosomes. SMURF1 interacts with both LGALS3 and PPP3CB to form the LGALS3-SMURF1-PPP3/calcineurin complex. Importantly, this complex further stabilizes TFEB, thereby activating TFEB for lysosomal biogenesis. We determined that LLOMe-mediated TFEB nuclear import is dependent on SMURF1 under the condition of MTORC1 inhibition. In addition, SMURF1 is required for PPP3/calcineurin activity as a positive regulator of TFEB. SMURF1 controlled the phosphatase activity of the PPP3CB by promoting the dissociation of its autoinhibitory domain (AID) from its catalytic domain (CD). Overexpression of SMURF1 showed similar effects as the constitutive activation of PPP3CB. Thus, SMURF1, which bridges environmental stress with the core autophagosomal and autolysosomal machinery, interacted with endomembrane sensor LGALS3 and phosphatase PPP3CB to control TFEB activation.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; LLOMe: L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester; ML-SA1: mucolipin synthetic agonist 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PPP3CB: protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit beta; RPS6KB1/p70S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SMURF1: SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hanfei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wanting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanhu Li
- Department of Cell Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holguin-Cruz JA, Bui JM, Jha A, Na D, Gsponer J. Widespread alteration of protein autoinhibition in human cancers. Cell Syst 2024; 15:246-263.e7. [PMID: 38366601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Autoinhibition is a prevalent allosteric regulatory mechanism in signaling proteins. Reduced autoinhibition underlies the tumorigenic effect of some known cancer drivers, but whether autoinhibition is altered generally in cancer remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that cancer-associated missense mutations, in-frame insertions/deletions, and fusion breakpoints are enriched within inhibitory allosteric switches (IASs) across all cancer types. Selection for IASs that are recurrently mutated in cancers identifies established and unknown cancer drivers. Recurrent missense mutations in IASs of these drivers are associated with distinct, cancer-specific changes in molecular signaling. For the specific case of PPP3CA, the catalytic subunit of calcineurin, we provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of altered autoinhibition by cancer mutations using biomolecular simulations, and demonstrate that such mutations are associated with transcriptome changes consistent with increased calcineurin signaling. Our integrative study shows that autoinhibition-modulating genetic alterations are positively selected for by cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Holguin-Cruz
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Bui
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ashwani Jha
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luft FC. Calcineurin inhibition, cardiovascular consequences, vascular resistance, and potential responses. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14084. [PMID: 38214031 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM To place the consequences of calcineurin inhibition in a cardiovascular context. METHODS Literature review coupled with personal encounters. RESULTS Calcineurin is a calcium-binding and calmodulin-binding protein that is conserved across evolution from yeast to mammals. The enzyme functions as a calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. Its role in regulating physiology has largely been elucidated by observing calcineurin inhibition. Calcineurin inhibition transformed organ transplantation from an experiment into a therapy and made much of general immunotherapy possible. The function of this phosphatase and how its inhibition leads to toxicity concern us to this date. Initial research from patients and animal models implicated a panoply of factors contributing to hypertension and vasculopathy. Subsequently, the role of calcineurin in regulating the effective fluid volume, sodium reabsorption, and potassium and hydrogen ion excretion was elucidated by investigating calcineurin inhibition. Understanding the regulatory effects of calcineurin on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function has also made substantial progress. However, precisely how the increase in systemic vascular resistance arises requires further mechanistic research. CONCLUSION Calcineurin inhibition continues to save lives; however, options to counteract the negative effects of calcineurin inhibition should be vigorously pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Buntin K, Mrak P, Pivk Lukančič P, Wollbrett S, Drčar T, Krastel P, Thibaut C, Salcius M, Gao X, Wang S, Weber E, Koplan E, Regenass H. Generation of Bioactivity-Tailored FK506/FK520 Analogs by CRISPR Editing in Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302350. [PMID: 37855054 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
For a potential application of FK506 in the treatment of acute kidney failure only the FKBP12 binding capability of the compound is required, while the immunosuppressive activity via calcineurin binding is considered as a likely risk to the patients. The methoxy groups at C13 and C15 are thought to have significant influence on the immunosuppressive activity of the molecule. Consequently, FK506 analogs with different functionalities at C13 and C15 were generated by targeted CRISPR editing of the AT domains in module 7 and 8 of the biosynthetic assembly line in Streptomyces tsukubaensis. In addition, the corresponding FK520 (C21 ethyl derivative of FK506) analogs could be obtained by media adjustments. The compounds were tested for their bioactivity in regards to FKBP12 binding, BMP potentiation and calcineurin sparing. 15-desmethoxy FK506 was superior to the other tested analogs as it did not inhibit calcineurin but retained high potency towards FKBP12 binding and BMP potentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Buntin
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Mrak
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Petra Pivk Lukančič
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Séverine Wollbrett
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tjasa Drčar
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Thibaut
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Salcius
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Inc. 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Inc. 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Inc. 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Weber
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Koplan
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Hugo Regenass
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Claes Z, Bollen M. A split-luciferase lysate-based approach to identify small-molecule modulators of phosphatase subunit interactions. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1666-1679.e6. [PMID: 37625414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
An emerging strategy for the therapeutic targeting of protein phosphatases involves the use of compounds that interfere with the binding of regulatory subunits or substrates. However, high-throughput screening strategies for such interfering molecules are scarce. Here, we report on the conversion of the NanoBiT split-luciferase system into a robust assay for the quantification of phosphatase subunit and substrate interactions in cell lysates. The assay is suitable to screen small-molecule libraries for interfering compounds. We designed and validated split-luciferase sensors for a broad range of PP1 and PP2A holoenzymes, including sensors that selectively report on weak interaction sites. To facilitate efficient hit triaging in large-scale screening campaigns, deselection procedures were developed to eliminate assay-interfering molecules with high fidelity. As a proof-of-principle, we successfully applied the split-luciferase screening tool to identify small-molecule disruptors of the interaction between the C-terminus of PP1β and the ankyrin-repeat domain of the myosin-phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zander Claes
- Laboratory of Biosignaling and Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling and Therapeutics, KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hasani S, Fathabadi F, Saeidi S, Mohajernoei P, Hesari Z. The role of NFATc1 in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer: A review on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1895-1904. [PMID: 37814550 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A common type of cancer among men is the prostate cancer that kills many people every year. The multistage of this disease and the involvement of the vital organs of the body have reduced the life span and quality of life of the people involved and turned the treatment process into a complex one. NFATc1 biomarker contributes significantly in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease by increasing its expression in prostate cancer and helping the proliferation, differentiation, and invasion of cancer cells through different signaling pathways. NFATc1 is also able to target the metabolism of cancer cells by inserting specific oncogene molecules such as c-myc that it causes cell growth and proliferation. Bone is a common tissue where prostate cancer cells metastasize. In this regard, the activity of NFATc1, through the regulation of different signaling cascades, including the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway, in turn, increases the activity of osteoclasts, and as a result, bone tissue is gradually ruined. Using Silibinin as a medicinal plant extract can inhibit the activity of osteoclasts related to prostate cancer by targeting NFATc. Undoubtedly, NFATc1 is one of the effective oncogenes related to prostate cancer, which has the potential to put this cancer on the path of progression and metastasis. In this review, we will highlight the role of NFATc1 in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Furthermore, we will summarize signaling pathways and molecular mechanism, through which NFATc1 regulates the process of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Hasani
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Farshid Fathabadi
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saman Saeidi
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Pouya Mohajernoei
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Zahra Hesari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kolbe MR, Hohmann T, Hohmann U, Maronde E, Golbik R, Prell J, Illert J, Strauss C, Dehghani F. Elucidation of GPR55-Associated Signaling behind THC and LPI Reducing Effects on Ki67-Immunoreactive Nuclei in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2646. [PMID: 37998380 PMCID: PMC10670585 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR55 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, GPR55 has been described to show accelerating and decelerating effects in tumor progression resulting from distinct intracellular signaling pathways. GPR55 becomes activated by LPI and various plant-derived, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids such as THC exerted antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation or inducing apoptosis. Besides its effects through CB1 and CB2 receptors, THC modulates cellular responses among others via GPR55. Previously, we reported a reduction in Ki67-immunoreactive nuclei of human glioblastoma cells after GPR55 activation in general by THC and in particular by LPI. In the present study, we investigated intracellular mechanisms leading to an altered number of Ki67+ nuclei after stimulation of GPR55 by LPI and THC. Pharmacological analyses revealed a strongly involved PLC-IP3 signaling and cell-type-specific differences in Gα-, Gβγ-, RhoA-ROCK, and calcineurin signaling. Furthermore, immunochemical visualization of the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT revealed an unchanged subcellular localization after THC or LPI treatment. The data underline the cell-type-specific diversity of GPR55-associated signaling pathways in coupling to intracellular G proteins. Furthermore, this diversity might determine the outcome and the individual responsiveness of tumor cells to GPR55 stimulation by cannabin oids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Richard Kolbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.R.K.); (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.R.K.); (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.R.K.); (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Erik Maronde
- Department of Anatomy II, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Ralph Golbik
- Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Julian Prell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (J.P.); (J.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Jörg Illert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (J.P.); (J.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (J.P.); (J.I.); (C.S.)
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.R.K.); (T.H.); (U.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nolze A, Matern S, Grossmann C. Calcineurin Is a Universal Regulator of Vessel Function-Focus on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2269. [PMID: 37759492 PMCID: PMC10528183 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase regulating transcription factors like NFaT and CREB, is well known for its immune modulatory effects and role in cardiac hypertrophy. Results from experiments with calcineurin knockout animals and calcineurin inhibitors indicate that calcineurin also plays a crucial role in vascular function, especially in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the aorta, calcineurin stimulates the proliferation and migration of VSMCs in response to vascular injury or angiotensin II administration, leading to pathological vessel wall thickening. In the heart, calcineurin mediates coronary artery formation and VSMC differentiation, which are crucial for proper heart development. In pulmonary VSMCs, calcineurin/NFaT signaling regulates the release of Ca2+, resulting in increased vascular tone followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension. In renal VSMCs, calcineurin regulates extracellular matrix secretion promoting fibrosis development. In the mesenteric and cerebral arteries, calcineurin mediates a phenotypic switch of VSMCs leading to altered cell function. Gaining deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of calcineurin signaling will help researchers to understand developmental and pathogenetical aspects of the vasculature. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiological function and pathophysiology of calcineurin in the vascular system with a focus on vascular smooth muscle cells in different organs. Overall, there are indications that under certain pathological settings reduced calcineurin activity seems to be beneficial for cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh S, Tian W, Severance ZC, Chaudhary SK, Anokhina V, Mondal B, Pergu R, Singh P, Dhawa U, Singha S, Choudhary A. Proximity-inducing modalities: the past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5485-5515. [PMID: 37477631 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Living systems use proximity to regulate biochemical processes. Inspired by this phenomenon, bifunctional modalities that induce proximity have been developed to redirect cellular processes. An emerging example of this class is molecules that induce ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of a protein of interest, and their initial development sparked a flurry of discovery for other bifunctional modalities. Recent advances in this area include modalities that can change protein phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation states, modulate gene expression, and recruit components of the immune system. In this review, we highlight bifunctional modalities that perform functions other than degradation and have great potential to revolutionize disease treatment, while also serving as important tools in basic research to explore new aspects of biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameek Singh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Wenzhi Tian
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Zachary C Severance
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Santosh K Chaudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Viktoriya Anokhina
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Basudeb Mondal
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Rajaiah Pergu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Prashant Singh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Santanu Singha
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen H, Kettenbach AN. Substrate and phosphorylation site selection by phosphoprotein phosphatases. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:713-725. [PMID: 37173206 PMCID: PMC10523993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are essential regulatory mechanisms that ensure proper cellular signaling and biological functions. Deregulation of either reaction has been implicated in several human diseases. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that govern the specificity of the dephosphorylation reaction. Most cellular serine/threonine dephosphorylation is catalyzed by 13 highly conserved phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) catalytic subunits, which form hundreds of holoenzymes by binding to regulatory and scaffolding subunits. PPP holoenzymes recognize phosphorylation site consensus motifs and interact with short linear motifs (SLiMs) or structural elements distal to the phosphorylation site. We review recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of PPP site-specific dephosphorylation preference and substrate recruitment and highlight examples of their interplay in the regulation of cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Nguyen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Williams RB, Alam Afsar MN, Tikunova S, Kou Y, Fang X, Somarathne RP, Gyawu RF, Knotts GM, Agee TA, Garcia SA, Losordo LD, Fitzkee NC, Kekenes-Huskey PM, Davis JP, Johnson CN. Human disease-associated calmodulin mutations alter calcineurin function through multiple mechanisms. Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102752. [PMID: 37245392 PMCID: PMC10330910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous, calcium-sensing protein that regulates a multitude of processes throughout the body. In response to changes in [Ca2+], CaM modifies, activates, and deactivates enzymes and ion channels, as well as many other cellular processes. The importance of CaM is highlighted by the conservation of an identical amino acid sequence in all mammals. Alterations to CaM amino acid sequence were once thought to be incompatible with life. During the last decade modifications to the CaM protein sequence have been observed in patients suffering from life-threatening heart disease (calmodulinopathy). Thus far, inadequate or untimely interaction between mutant CaM and several proteins (LTCC, RyR2, and CaMKII) have been identified as mechanisms underlying calmodulinopathy. Given the extensive number of CaM interactions in the body, there are likely many consequences for altering CaM protein sequence. Here, we demonstrate that disease-associated CaM mutations alter the sensitivity and activity of the Ca2+-CaM-enhanced serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin (CaN). Biophysical characterization by circular dichroism, solution NMR spectroscopy, stopped-flow kinetic measurements, and MD simulations provide mechanistic insight into mutation dysfunction as well as highlight important aspects of CaM Ca2+ signal transduction. We find that individual CaM point mutations (N53I, F89L, D129G, and F141L) impair CaN function, however, the mechanisms are not the same. Specifically, individual point mutations can influence or modify the following properties: CaM binding, Ca2+ binding, and/or Ca2+kinetics. Moreover, structural aspects of the CaNCaM complex can be altered in manners that indicate changes to allosteric transmission of CaM binding to the enzyme active site. Given that loss of CaN function can be fatal, as well as evidence that CaN modifies ion channels already associated with calmodulinopathy, our results raise the possibility that altered CaN function contributes to calmodulinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Md Nure Alam Afsar
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Svetlana Tikunova
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Yongjun Kou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Xuan Fang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood Illinois 60153, U.S.A
| | - Radha P Somarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Rita F Gyawu
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Garrett M Knotts
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Taylor A Agee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Sara A Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Luke D Losordo
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas C Fitzkee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A
| | - Peter M Kekenes-Huskey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood Illinois 60153, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan P Davis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, U.S.A.
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville MS 39759, U.S.A; Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Nashville TN 37232, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Geng CA, Chen FY, Zheng JB, Liao P, Li TZ, Zhang XM, Chen X, Chen JJ. Rubiginosin B selectively inhibits Treg cell differentiation and enhances anti-tumor immune responses by targeting calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154898. [PMID: 37247590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) dampens anti-tumor immune responses and promotes tumor progression. Therefore, the elimination of Tregs has become a strategy to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy, although it is still a daunting challenge. Rhododendron brachypodum (R. brachypodum) is a perennial shrub mainly distributed in Southwestern China, whereas the chemical constituents in this plant remain elusive. PURPOSE To identify small-molecule inhibitors of Tregs from R. brachypodum. METHODS Meroterpenoids in R. brachypodum were isolated by column chromatography under the guidance of LCMS analyses. The structures of isolates were identified by spectroscopic data and quantum calculations. The activities of compounds were first evaluated on CD4+ T cell differentiation by flow cytometry in Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg polarizing conditions, and then on CT26 and MC38 murine colorectal carcinoma cells-allografted mice models. The mechanism of action was first investigated by determining Foxp3 degradation in Jurkat T cells transfected with pLVX-TetOne-Puro-Foxp3-tGFP, and then through analyses of Foxp3 expression on several pre-transcriptional signaling molecules. RESULTS Two new prenylated phenolic acids (1 and 2) and a chromane meroterpenoid, rubiginosin B (RGB, 3) were obtained from R. brachypodum. The structure of S-anthopogochromene C (1) was rectified according to the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiment, and rhodobrachypodic acid (2) was proposed as the precursor of RGB by photochemical transformation. In this investigation, we first found that RGB (3) selectively suppressed the de novo differentiation of TGFβ-induced CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (iTregs), overcome the immunosuppressive TME, and consequently inhibited the growth of tumor in mouse models. The mechanistic study revealed that RGB could target calcineurin, inhibited the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) dephosphorylation, and down-regulated Foxp3 expression. The hypothetical binding modes of RGB with calcineurin were predicted by molecular docking, and the interactions were mainly hydrophobic effects and hydrogen bonds. CONCLUSION These results suggest that RGB enhances anti-tumor immune responses by inhibiting Treg cell differentiation through calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway, and therefore RGB or its analogs may be used as adjuvant agents meriting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feng-Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jing-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Ping Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Tian-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, China.
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin JY, Liu HJ, Wu Y, Jin JM, Zhou YD, Zhang H, Nagle DG, Chen HZ, Zhang WD, Luan X. Targeted Protein Degradation Technology and Nanomedicine: Powerful Allies against Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207778. [PMID: 36693784 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is an emerging therapeutic strategy with the potential of targeting undruggable pathogenic proteins. After the first proof-of-concept proteolysis-targeting chimeric (PROTAC) molecule was reported, the TPD field has entered a new era. In addition to PROTAC, numerous novel TPD strategies have emerged to expand the degradation landscape. However, their physicochemical properties and uncontrolled off-target side effects have limited their therapeutic efficacy, raising concerns regarding TPD delivery system. The combination of TPD and nanotechnology offers great promise in improving safety and therapeutic efficacy. This review provides an overview of novel TPD technologies, discusses their clinical applications, and highlights the trends and perspectives in TPD nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hai-Jun Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ye Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin-Mei Jin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts, University of Mississippi, University-1848, Boston, MA, 38677, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dale G Nagle
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University-1848, Boston, MA, 38677, USA
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrat M, Wongdee K, Chankamngoen W, Teerapornpuntakit J, Thongbunchoo J, Tanramluk D, Charoenphandhu N. Modulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 expression and transepithelial calcium absorption in Caco-2 monolayer by calcium-sensing receptor and calcineurin under calcium hyperabsorptive state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 659:105-112. [PMID: 37060830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) have previously been postulated to be parts of a negative feedback regulation of the intestinal calcium absorption to prevent excessive calcium uptake and its toxicity. However, the underlying mechanism of this feedback regulation remained elusive, especially whether it required transcription of FGF-23. Herein, we induced calcium hyperabsorptive state (CHS) by exposing intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer to 30 mM CaCl2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] after which FGF-23 mRNA levels and transepithelial calcium flux were determined. We found that CHS upregulated FGF-23 transcription, which was reverted by CaSR inhibitors (Calhex-231 and NPS2143) but without effect on CaSR transcription. Although 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 was capable of enhancing transepithelial calcium flux, the higher-than-normal calcium inundation as in CHS led to a decrease in calcium flux, consistent with an increase in FGF-23 protein expression. Administration of inhibitors (≤10 μM CN585 and cyclosporin A) of calcineurin, a mediator of CaSR action to control transcription and production of its target proteins, was found to partially prevent FGF-23 protein production and the negative effect of CHS on calcium transport, while having no effect on FGF-23 mRNA expression. Direct exposure to FGF-23, but not FGF-23 + PD173074 (FGFR1/3 inhibitor), also completely abolished the 1,25(OH)2D3-enhanced calcium transport in Caco-2 monolayer. Nevertheless, CHS and CaSR inhibitors had no effect on the mRNA levels of calcineurin (PPP3CB) or its targets (i.e., NFATc1-4). In conclusion, exposure to CHS induced by high apical calcium and 1,25(OH)2D3 triggered a negative feedback mechanism to prevent further calcium uptake. CaSR and its downstream mediator, calcineurin, possibly contributed to the regulatory process, in part by enhancing FGF-23 production to inhibit calcium transport. Our study, therefore, corroborated the physiological significance of CaSR-autocrine FGF-23 axis as a local feedback loop for prevention of excessive calcium uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuree Rodrat
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Research and Development for Biomedical Instrumentation, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wasutorn Chankamngoen
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jirawan Thongbunchoo
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangrudee Tanramluk
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Integrative Computational BioScience (ICBS) Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Inhibition of NHE1 transport activity and gene transcription in DRG neurons in oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3991. [PMID: 36894669 PMCID: PMC9998445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OHP)-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN), one of the major dose-limiting side effects of colorectal cancer treatment, is characterized by both acute and chronic syndromes. Acute exposure to low dose OHP on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is able to induce an increase in intracellular calcium and proton concentration, thus influencing ion channels activity and neuronal excitability. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-1 (NHE1) is a plasma membrane protein that plays a pivotal role in intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis in many cell types, including nociceptors. Here we show that OHP has early effects on NHE1 activity in cultured mouse DRG neurons: the mean rate of pHi recovery was strongly reduced compared to vehicle-treated controls, reaching levels similar to those obtained in the presence of cariporide (Car), a specific NHE1 antagonist. The effect of OHP on NHE1 activity was sensitive to FK506, a specific calcineurin (CaN) inhibitor. Lastly, molecular analyses revealed transcriptional downregulation of NHE1 both in vitro, in mouse primary DRG neurons, and in vivo, in an OIPN rat model. Altogether, these data suggest that OHP-induced intracellular acidification of DRG neurons largely depends on CaN-mediated NHE1 inhibition, revealing new mechanisms that OHP could exert to alter neuronal excitability, and providing novel druggable targets.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ulengin-Talkish I, Cyert MS. A cellular atlas of calcineurin signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119366. [PMID: 36191737 PMCID: PMC9948804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signals are temporally controlled and spatially restricted. Signaling occurs adjacent to sites of Ca2+ entry and/or release, where Ca2+-dependent effectors and their substrates co-localize to form signaling microdomains. Here we review signaling by calcineurin, the Ca2+/calmodulin regulated protein phosphatase and target of immunosuppressant drugs, Cyclosporin A and FK506. Although well known for its activation of the adaptive immune response via NFAT dephosphorylation, systematic mapping of human calcineurin substrates and regulators reveals unexpected roles for this versatile phosphatase throughout the cell. We discuss calcineurin function, with an emphasis on where signaling occurs and mechanisms that target calcineurin and its substrates to signaling microdomains, especially binding of cognate short linear peptide motifs (SLiMs). Calcineurin is ubiquitously expressed and regulates events at the plasma membrane, other intracellular membranes, mitochondria, the nuclear pore complex and centrosomes/cilia. Based on our expanding knowledge of localized CN actions, we describe a cellular atlas of Ca2+/calcineurin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rivera A, Heitman J. Natural product ligands of FKBP12: Immunosuppressive antifungal agents FK506, rapamycin, and beyond. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011056. [PMID: 36634035 PMCID: PMC9836287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ferreira AF, Santiago J, Silva JV, Oliveira PF, Fardilha M. PP1, PP2A and PP2B Interplay in the Regulation of Sperm Motility: Lessons from Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315235. [PMID: 36499559 PMCID: PMC9737803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Male fertility relies on the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize the egg in the female reproductive tract (FRT). Spermatozoa acquire activated motility during epididymal maturation; however, to be capable of fertilization, they must achieve hyperactivated motility in the FRT. Extensive research found that three protein phosphatases (PPs) are crucial to sperm motility regulation, the sperm-specific protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) isoform gamma 2 (PP1γ2), protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase type 2B (PP2B). Studies have reported that PP activity decreases during epididymal maturation, whereas protein kinase activity increases, which appears to be a requirement for motility acquisition. An interplay between these PPs has been extensively investigated; however, many specific interactions and some inconsistencies remain to be elucidated. The study of PPs significantly advanced following the identification of naturally occurring toxins, including calyculin A, okadaic acid, cyclosporin, endothall and deltamethrin, which are powerful and specific PP inhibitors. This review aims to overview the protein phosphorylation-dependent biochemical pathways underlying sperm motility acquisition and hyperactivation, followed by a discussion of the PP inhibitors that allowed advances in the current knowledge of these pathways. Since male infertility cases still attain alarming numbers, additional research on the topic is required, particularly using other PP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Santiago
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana V. Silva
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-918-143-947
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gupta S, Kumar A, Tamuli R. CRZ1 transcription factor is involved in cell survival, stress tolerance, and virulence in fungi. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Mukherjee A, Cuanalo-Contreras K, Sood A, Soto C. Development of a novel pharmacophore model to screen specific inhibitors for the serine-threonine protein phosphatase calcineurin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 31:101311. [PMID: 36032402 PMCID: PMC9398911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase with a crucial role in cellular homeostasis. It is also the target of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and cyclosporine A. Recent work from our group and others indicated that an uncontrolled increase in CaN activity causes synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death in various models of neurodegenerative diseases associated with calcium dysregulation. Furthermore, pharmacological normalization of CaN activity can prevent disease progression in animal models. However, none of the FDA-approved CaN inhibitors bind CaN directly, leading to adverse side effects. The development of direct CaN inhibitors is required to reduce off-target effects, but its highly conserved active site and similar mechanism of action with other protein serine/threonine phosphatases impose a significant challenge. In this work, we developed a novel pharmacophore model to screen for CaN-specific inhibitors. Then, we performed a virtual screen for molecules having the pharmacophore model. We also show that the molecules identified in this screen can inhibit CaN with a low micromolar IC50. Interestingly, the inhibitors identified from the screen do not inhibit phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A, a member of the serine/threonine phosphatase family that shares 43% sequence identity with the CaN active site. The pharmacophore model that we developed and validated in this work may help to accelerate the development of specific CaN inhibitors. In this work, we developed a novel pharmacophore model to screen for CaN-specific inhibitors. We show that the molecules identified in this screen can inhibit CaN with a low micromolar IC50. Importantly, the inhibitors identified from the screen do not inhibit phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A, a member of the serine/threonine phosphatase family that shares 43% sequence identity with the CaN active site.
Collapse
|
21
|
Low-Dose Tacrolimus Promotes the Migration and Invasion and Nitric Oxide Production in the Human-Derived First Trimester Extravillous Trophoblast Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158426. [PMID: 35955565 PMCID: PMC9369346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Placentation is one of the most important determinants for a successful pregnancy, and this is dependent on the process of trophoblast migration and invasion. Progesterone receptors (PGR) are critical effectors of progesterone (P4) signaling that is required for trophoblast migration and invasion conducive to a successful gestation. In immune complicated pregnancies, evidence has shown that abnormal placentation occurs because of aberrant expression of PGR. Therapeutic intervention with tacrolimus (FK506) was able to restore PGR expression and improve pregnancy outcomes in immune-complicated gestations; however, the exact mode of action of tacrolimus in assisting placentation is not clear. Here, we attempt to uncover the mode of action of tacrolimus by examining its effects on trophoblast invasion and migration in the human-derived extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell line, the HTR-8/SVneo cells. Using a variety of functional assays, we demonstrated that low-dose tacrolimus (10 ng/mL) was sufficient to significantly (p < 0.001) stimulate the migration and invasion of the HTR-8/SVneo cells, inducing their cytosolic/nuclear progesterone receptor expression and activation, and modulating their Nitric Oxide (NO) production. Moreover, tacrolimus abrogated the suppressive effect of the NOS inhibitor Nω- Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) on these vital processes critically involved in the establishment of human pregnancy. Collectively, our data suggest an immune-independent mode of action of tacrolimus in positively influencing placentation in complicated gestations, at least in part, through promoting the migration and invasion of the first trimester extravillous trophoblast cells by modulating their NO production and activating their cytosolic/nuclear progesterone-receptors. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that the mode of action of tacrolimus as a monotherapy for implantation failure is plausibly PGR-dependent.
Collapse
|
22
|
Reyes-García SE, Gutiérrez-Vera B, Escobar ML. Calcineurin requirement for in vivo insular cortex LTD and CTA-extinction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 193:107647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Sánchez-Morales A, Biçer A, Panagiotopoulos V, Crecente-Garcia S, Benaiges C, Bayod S, Luís Hernández J, Busqué F, Matsoukas MT, Pérez-Riba M, Alibés R. Design and synthesis of a novel non peptide CN-NFATc signaling inhibitor for tumor suppression in triple negative breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
24
|
Attwaters M, Hughes SM. Cellular and molecular pathways controlling muscle size in response to exercise. FEBS J 2022; 289:1428-1456. [PMID: 33755332 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From the discovery of ATP and motor proteins to synaptic neurotransmitters and growth factor control of cell differentiation, skeletal muscle has provided an extreme model system in which to understand aspects of tissue function. Muscle is one of the few tissues that can undergo both increase and decrease in size during everyday life. Muscle size depends on its contractile activity, but the precise cellular and molecular pathway(s) by which the activity stimulus influences muscle size and strength remain unclear. Four correlates of muscle contraction could, in theory, regulate muscle growth: nerve-derived signals, cytoplasmic calcium dynamics, the rate of ATP consumption and physical force. Here, we summarise the evidence for and against each stimulus and what is known or remains unclear concerning their molecular signal transduction pathways and cellular effects. Skeletal muscle can grow in three ways, by generation of new syncytial fibres, addition of nuclei from muscle stem cells to existing fibres or increase in cytoplasmic volume/nucleus. Evidence suggests the latter two processes contribute to exercise-induced growth. Fibre growth requires increase in sarcolemmal surface area and cytoplasmic volume at different rates. It has long been known that high-force exercise is a particularly effective growth stimulus, but how this stimulus is sensed and drives coordinated growth that is appropriately scaled across organelles remains a mystery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Attwaters
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang J, Zhang L, Nie J, Lin Y, Li Y, Xu W, Zhao JY, Zhao SM, Wang C. Calcineurin inactivation inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity and induces the Warburg effect. Oncogene 2021; 40:6692-6702. [PMID: 34667275 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that connects the Ca2+-dependent signalling to multiple cellular responses. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have been widely used to suppress immune response in allograft patients. However, CNIs significantly increase cancer incidence in transplant recipients compared with the general population. Accumulating evidence suggests that CNIs may promote the malignant transformation of cancer cells in addition to its role in immunosuppression, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that calcineurin interacts with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), a mitochondrial gatekeeper enzyme that connects two key metabolic pathways of cells, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mitochondrial-localized calcineurin dephosphorylates PDHA1 at Ser232, Ser293 and Ser300, and thus enhances PDC enzymatic activity, remodels cellular glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and suppresses cancer cell proliferation. Hypoxia attenuates mitochondrial translocation of calcineurin to promote PDC inactivation. Moreover, CNIs promote metabolic remodelling and the Warburg effect by blocking calcineurin-mediated PDC activation in cancer cells. Our findings indicate that calcineurin is a critical regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and suggest that CNIs may promote tumorigenesis through inhibition of the calcineurin-PDC pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianong Zhang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ji Nie
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yao Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Chenji Wang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC (SIPPR, IRD), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chaklader M, Rothermel BA. Calcineurin in the heart: New horizons for an old friend. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110134. [PMID: 34454008 PMCID: PMC8908812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin, also known as PP2B or PPP3, is a member of the PPP family of protein phosphatases that also includes PP1 and PP2A. Together these three phosphatases carryout the majority of dephosphorylation events in the heart. Calcineurin is distinct in that it is activated by the binding of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) and therefore acts as a node for integrating Ca2+ signals with changes in phosphorylation, two fundamental intracellular signaling cascades. In the heart, calcineurin is primarily thought of in the context of pathological cardiac remodeling, acting through the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cell (NFAT) family of transcription factors. However, calcineurin activity is also essential for normal heart development and homeostasis in the adult heart. Furthermore, it is clear that NFAT-driven changes in transcription are not the only relevant processes initiated by calcineurin in the setting of pathological remodeling. There is a growing appreciation for the diversity of calcineurin substrates that can impact cardiac function as well as the diversity of mechanisms for targeting calcineurin to specific sub-cellular domains in cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types. Here, we will review the basics of calcineurin structure, regulation, and function in the context of cardiac biology. Particular attention will be given to: the development of improved tools to identify and validate new calcineurin substrates; recent studies identifying new calcineurin isoforms with unique properties and targeting mechanisms; and the role of calcineurin in cardiac development and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malay Chaklader
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Williams RB, Johnson CN. A Review of Calcineurin Biophysics with Implications for Cardiac Physiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111565. [PMID: 34768996 PMCID: PMC8583826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, also known as protein phosphatase 2B, is a heterodimeric serine threonine phosphatase involved in numerous signaling pathways. During the past 50 years, calcineurin has been the subject of extensive investigation. Many of its cellular and physiological functions have been described, and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are the subject of active investigation. With the abundance of techniques and experimental designs utilized to study calcineurin and its numerous substrates, it is difficult to reconcile the available information. There have been a plethora of reports describing the role of calcineurin in cardiac disease. However, a physiological role of calcineurin in healthy cardiomyocyte function requires clarification. Here, we review the seminal biophysical and structural details that are responsible for the molecular function and inhibition of calcineurin. We then focus on literature describing the roles of calcineurin in cardiomyocyte physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA;
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA;
- Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Uversky VN, Kulkarni P. Intrinsically disordered proteins: Chronology of a discovery. Biophys Chem 2021; 279:106694. [PMID: 34607199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic disorder is a new reality that appears to penetrate every corner of modern protein science. It is difficult to imagine that only 20 years ago the situation was completely different, and almost nobody had heard about 'structure-less' but functional proteins. As a matter of fact, for many at that time, this idea was completely heretical when viewed in light of the then dominating lock-and-key model describing the protein structure-function relationship, where a unique amino acid sequence defines a unique crystal-like 3D structure that serves as a prerequisite for a unique function of a protein. It seems like the entire field of protein intrinsic disorder has magically emerged at the turn of the century due to a revelation to a small group of researchers. Although this may very well be true, literature shows that the first observations contradicting the lock-and-key view of protein functionality started to appear almost immediately after this model was proposed. The goal of this article is to provide a brief chronology (though admittedly a subjective one) of the events in the field of protein science that eventually culminated in the discovery of the protein intrinsic disorder phenomenon. The entire process represents a good example of the "dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants" (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes) metaphor, where the truth is discovered by building on previous discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States; Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region, Russia.
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Structural Insights into Protein Regulation by Phosphorylation and Substrate Recognition of Protein Kinases/Phosphatases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090957. [PMID: 34575106 PMCID: PMC8467178 DOI: 10.3390/life11090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most widely observed and important post-translational modification (PTM) processes. Protein phosphorylation is regulated by protein kinases, each of which covalently attaches a phosphate group to an amino acid side chain on a serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), or tyrosine (Tyr) residue of a protein, and by protein phosphatases, each of which, conversely, removes a phosphate group from a phosphoprotein. These reversible enzyme activities provide a regulatory mechanism by activating or deactivating many diverse functions of proteins in various cellular processes. In this review, their structures and substrate recognition are described and summarized, focusing on Ser/Thr protein kinases and protein Ser/Thr phosphatases, and the regulation of protein structures by phosphorylation. The studies reviewed here and the resulting information could contribute to further structural, biochemical, and combined studies on the mechanisms of protein phosphorylation and to drug discovery approaches targeting protein kinases or protein phosphatases.
Collapse
|
30
|
Orrego PR, Serrano-Rodríguez M, Cortez M, Araya JE. In Silico Characterization of Calcineurin from Pathogenic Obligate Intracellular Trypanosomatids: Potential New Biological Roles. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091322. [PMID: 34572535 PMCID: PMC8470620 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is present in all eukaryotic cells, including intracellular trypanosomatid parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) and Leishmania spp. (Lspp). In this study, we performed an in silico analysis of the CaN subunits, comparing them with the human (Hs) and looking their structure, post-translational mechanisms, subcellular distribution, interactors, and secretion potential. The differences in the structure of the domains suggest the existence of regulatory mechanisms and differential activity between these protozoa. Regulatory subunits are partially conserved, showing differences in their Ca2+-binding domains and myristoylation potential compared with human CaN. The subcellular distribution reveals that the catalytic subunits TcCaNA1, TcCaNA2, LsppCaNA1, LsppCaNA1_var, and LsppCaNA2 associate preferentially with the plasma membrane compared with the cytoplasmic location of HsCaNAα. For regulatory subunits, HsCaNB-1 and LsppCaNB associate preferentially with the nucleus and cytoplasm, and TcCaNB with chloroplast and cytoplasm. Calpain cleavage sites on CaNA suggest differential processing. CaNA and CaNB of these trypanosomatids have the potential to be secreted and could play a role in remote communication. Therefore, this background can be used to develop new drugs for protozoan pathogens that cause neglected disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio R. Orrego
- Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
- Correspondence: (P.R.O.); (J.E.A.); Tel.: +56-55-2637664 (J.E.A.)
| | - Mayela Serrano-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile;
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Jorge E. Araya
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile;
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, CeBIB, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
- Correspondence: (P.R.O.); (J.E.A.); Tel.: +56-55-2637664 (J.E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Peng H, Guo Z, Ullman BR, Yamamoto K, Hong SY, Liu JO. Influence of stereochemistry on the activity of rapadocin, an isoform-specific inhibitor of the nucleoside transporter ENT1. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11484-11489. [PMID: 34667552 PMCID: PMC8447900 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapadocin is a novel rapamycin-inspired polyketide–tetrapeptide hybrid macrocycle that possesses highly potent and isoform-specific inhibitory activity against the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1). Rapadocin contains an epimerizable chiral center in phenylglycine and an olefin group, and can thus exist as a mixture of four stereoisomers. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the four stereoisomers of rapadocin using two different synthetic strategies and the assignment of their structures. The inhibitory activity of each of the four synthetic isomers on both hENT1 and hENT2 was determined. It was found that the stereochemistry of phenylglycine played a more dominant role than the configuration of the olefin in the activity of rapadocin. These findings will guide the future design and development of rapadocin analogs as new modulators of adenosine signaling. Rapadocin is a novel rapamycin-inspired polyketide–tetrapeptide hybrid macrocycle that possesses highly potent and isoform-specific inhibitory activity against the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA.,Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | | | - Kana Yamamoto
- Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Sam Y Hong
- Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Varicella-zoster virus: molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2415-2435. [PMID: 33259590 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). Although considered benign diseases, both varicella and zoster can cause complications. Zoster is painful and can lead to post herpetic neuralgia. VZV has also been linked to stroke, related to giant cell arteritis in some cases. Vaccines are available but the attenuated vaccine is not recommended in immunocompromised individuals and the efficacy of the glycoprotein E (gE) based subunit vaccine has not been evaluated for the prevention of varicella. A hallmark of VZV pathology is the formation of multinucleated cells termed polykaryocytes in skin lesions. This cell-cell fusion (abbreviated as cell fusion) is mediated by the VZV glycoproteins gB, gH and gL, which constitute the fusion complex of VZV, also needed for virion entry. Expression of gB, gH and gL during VZV infection and trafficking to the cell surface enables cell fusion. Recent evidence supports the concept that cellular processes are required for regulating cell fusion induced by gB/gH-gL. Mutations within the carboxyl domains of either gB or gH have profound effects on fusion regulation and dramatically restrict the ability of VZV to replicate in human skin. This loss of regulation modifies the transcriptome of VZV infected cells. Furthermore, cellular proteins have significant effects on the regulation of gB/gH-gL-mediated cell fusion and the replication of VZV, exemplified by the cellular phosphatase, calcineurin. This review provides the current state-of-the-art knowledge about the molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis caused by VZV.
Collapse
|
33
|
Dong G, Ding Y, He S, Sheng C. Molecular Glues for Targeted Protein Degradation: From Serendipity to Rational Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10606-10620. [PMID: 34319094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is a promising area in the discovery and development of innovative therapeutics. Molecular glues mediate proximity-induced protein degradation and have intrinsic advantages over heterobifunctional proteolysis-targeting chimeras, including unprecedented mechanisms, distinct biological activities, and favorable physicochemical properties. Classical molecular glue degraders have been identified serendipitously, but rational discovery and design strategies are emerging rapidly. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent advances in molecular glues for targeted protein degradation and discuss the challenges in developing molecular glues into therapeutic agents. In particular, discovery strategies, action mechanisms, and representative case studies will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang Q, Fan Z, Zhang L, You Q, Wang L. Strategies for Targeting Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases with Small Molecules in Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8916-8938. [PMID: 34156850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among numerous posttranslational regulation patterns, phosphorylation is reversibly controlled by the balance of kinases and phosphatases. The major form of cellular signaling involves the reversible phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues. However, altered phosphorylation levels are found in diverse diseases, including cancer, making kinases and phosphatases ideal drug targets. In contrast to the success of prosperous kinase inhibitors, design of small molecules targeting phosphatase is struggling due to past bias and difficulty. This is especially true for serine/threonine phosphatases, one of the largest phosphatase families. From this perspective, we aim to provide insights into serine/threonine phosphatases and the small molecules targeting these proteins for drug development, especially in cancer. Through highlighting the modulation strategies, we aim to provide basic principles for the design of small molecules and future perspectives for the application of drugs targeting serine/threonine phosphatases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhongjiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lianshan Zhang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Serine/Threonine Phosphatases in LTP: Two B or Not to Be the Protein Synthesis Blocker-Induced Impairment of Early Phase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094857. [PMID: 34064311 PMCID: PMC8125358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dephosphorylation of target proteins at serine/threonine residues is one of the most crucial mechanisms regulating their activity and, consequently, the cellular functions. The role of phosphatases in synaptic plasticity, especially in long-term depression or depotentiation, has been reported. We studied serine/threonine phosphatase activity during the protein synthesis blocker (PSB)-induced impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP). Established protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B, calcineurin) inhibitor cyclosporin A prevented the LTP early phase (E-LTP) decline produced by pretreatment of hippocampal slices with cycloheximide or anisomycin. For the first time, we directly measured serine/threonine phosphatase activity during E-LTP, and its significant increase in PSB-treated slices was demonstrated. Nitric oxide (NO) donor SNAP also heightened phosphatase activity in the same manner as PSB, and simultaneous application of anisomycin + SNAP had no synergistic effect. Direct measurement of the NO production in hippocampal slices by the NO-specific fluorescent probe DAF-FM revealed that PSBs strongly stimulate the NO concentration in all studied brain areas: CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG). Cyclosporin A fully abolished the PSB-induced NO production in the hippocampus, suggesting a close relationship between nNOS and PP2B activity. Surprisingly, cyclosporin A alone impaired short-term plasticity in CA1 by decreasing paired-pulse facilitation, which suggests bi-directionality of the influences of PP2B in the hippocampus. In conclusion, we proposed a minimal model of signaling events that occur during LTP induction in normal conditions and the PSB-treated slices.
Collapse
|
36
|
Jung JA, Lee HJ, Song MC, Hwangbo A, Beom JY, Lee SJ, Park DJ, Oh JH, Ha SJ, Cheong E, Yoon YJ. Biosynthesis of Nonimmunosuppressive ProlylFK506 Analogues with Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptogenic Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:195-203. [PMID: 33534559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Separating the immunosuppressive activity of FK506 (1) from its neurotrophic activity is required to develop FK506 analogues as drugs for the treatment of neuronal diseases. Two new FK506 analogues, 9-deoxo-36,37-dihydro-prolylFK506 (2) and 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-36,37-dihydro-prolylFK506 (3) containing a proline moiety instead of the pipecolate ring at C-1 and modifications at the C-9/C-31 and C-36-C-37 positions, respectively, were biosynthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated. The proline substitution in 9-deoxo-36,37-dihydroFK506 and 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-36,37-dihydroFK506 reduced immunosuppressive activity by more than 120-fold, as previously observed. Compared with FK506 (1), 2 and 3 exhibited ∼1.2 × 105- and 2.2 × 105-fold reductions in immunosuppressive activity, respectively, whereas they retained almost identical neurite outgrowth activity. Furthermore, these compounds significantly increased the strength of synaptic transmission, confirming that replacement of the pipecolate ring with a proline is critical to reduce the strong immunosuppressive activity of FK506 (1) while enhancing its neurotrophic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Joo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Hwangbo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Beom
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Duque Escobar J, Kutschenko A, Schröder S, Blume R, Köster KA, Painer C, Lemcke T, Maison W, Oetjen E. Regulation of dual leucine zipper kinase activity through its interaction with calcineurin. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109953. [PMID: 33600948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia enhancing the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to dysfunction and progressive loss of beta cells and thereby to diabetes mellitus. The oxidation sensitive calcium/calmodulin dependent phosphatase calcineurin promotes pancreatic beta cell function and survival whereas the dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) induces apoptosis. Therefore, it was studied whether calcineurin interferes with DLK action. In a beta cell line similar concentrations of H2O2 decreased calcineurin activity and activated DLK. DLK interacted via its φLxVP motif (aa 362-365) with the interface of the calcineurin subunits A and B. Mutation of the Val prevented this protein protein interaction, hinting at a distinct φLxVP motif. Indeed, mutational analysis revealed an ordered structure of DLK's φLxVP motif whereby Val mediates the interaction with calcineurin and Leu maintains an enzymatically active conformation. Overexpression of DLK wild-type but not the DLK mutant unable to bind calcineurin diminished calcineurin-induced nuclear localisation of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), suggesting that both, DLK and NFAT compete for the substrate binding site of calcineurin. The calcineurin binding-deficient DLK mutant exhibited increased DLK activity measured as phosphorylation of the downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase, inhibition of CRE-dependent gene transcription and induction of apoptosis. These findings show that calcineurin interacts with DLK; and inhibition of calcineurin increases DLK activity. Hence, this study demonstrates a novel mechanism regulating DLK action. These findings suggest that ROS through inhibition of calcineurin enhance DLK activity and thereby lead to beta cell dysfunction and loss and ultimately diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Duque Escobar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schröder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Blume
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kyra-Alexandra Köster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Painer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lemcke
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK Standort Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37099 Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shimoyama H, Yonezawa Y. Atomistic detailed free-energy landscape of intrinsically disordered protein studied by multi-scale divide-and-conquer molecular dynamics simulation. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:19-26. [PMID: 33030249 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase activated by both Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM), including intrinsically disordered region (IDR). The region undergoes folding into an α-helix form in the presence Ca2+ -loaded CaM. To sample the ordered structure of the IDR by conventional all atom model (AAM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the IDR and Ca2+ -loaded CaM must be simultaneously treated. However, it is time-consuming task because the coupled folding and binding should include repeated binding and dissociation. Then, in this study, we propose novel multi-scale divide-and-conquer MD (MSDC-MD), which combines AAM-MD and coarse-grained model MD (CGM-MD). To speed up the conformation sampling, MSDC-MD simulation first treats the IDR by CGM to sample conformations from wide conformation space; then, multiple AAM-MD in a limited area is initiated using the resultant CGM conformation, which is reconstructed by homology modeling method. To investigate performance, we sampled the ordered conformation of the IDR using MSDC-MD; the root-mean-square distance (RMSD) with respect to the experimental structure was 2.23 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasushige Yonezawa
- High Pressure Protein Research Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou M, Kamarshi V, Arvin AM, Oliver SL. Calcineurin phosphatase activity regulates Varicella-Zoster Virus induced cell-cell fusion. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009022. [PMID: 33216797 PMCID: PMC7717522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion (abbreviated as cell fusion) is a characteristic pathology of medically important viruses, including varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. Cell fusion is mediated by a complex of VZV glycoproteins, gB and gH-gL, and must be tightly regulated to enable skin pathogenesis based on studies with gB and gH hyperfusogenic VZV mutants. Although the function of gB and gH-gL in the regulation of cell fusion has been explored, whether host factors are directly involved in this regulation process is unknown. Here, we discovered host factors that modulated VZV gB/gH-gL mediated cell fusion via high-throughput screening of bioactive compounds with known cellular targets. Two structurally related non-antibiotic macrolides, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, both significantly increased VZV gB/gH-gL mediated cell fusion. These compounds form a drug-protein complex with FKBP1A, which binds to calcineurin and specifically inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity. Inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity also enhanced both herpes simplex virus-1 fusion complex and syncytin-1 mediated cell fusion, indicating a broad role of calcineurin in modulating this process. To characterize the role of calcineurin phosphatase activity in VZV gB/gH-gL mediated fusion, a series of biochemical, biological and infectivity assays was performed. Pimecrolimus-induced, enhanced cell fusion was significantly reduced by shRNA knockdown of FKBP1A, further supporting the role of calcineurin phosphatase activity in fusion regulation. Importantly, inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity during VZV infection caused exaggerated syncytia formation and suppressed virus propagation, which was consistent with the previously reported phenotypes of gB and gH hyperfusogenic VZV mutants. Seven host cell proteins that remained uniquely phosphorylated when calcineurin phosphatase activity was inhibited were identified as potential downstream factors involved in fusion regulation. These findings demonstrate that calcineurin is a critical host cell factor pivotal in the regulation of VZV induced cell fusion, which is essential for VZV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Vivek Kamarshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Arvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stefan L. Oliver
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shi W, Huang Y, Zhao X, Xie Z, Dong W, Li R, Chen Y, Li Z, Wang W, Ye Z, Liu S, Zhang L, Liang X. Histone deacetylase 4 mediates high glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis via upregulation of calcineurin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1061-1068. [PMID: 33019979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia promotes podocyte apoptosis and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Calcium/calcineurin (CaN) signaling is critical for podocyte apoptosis. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of CaN signaling. Recent studies reported that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is involved in podocyte apoptosis in DN. The aim of this study was to determine whether HDAC4 mediates the regulation of CaN and to elucidate the function of HDAC4 in high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte apoptosis. First, we identified the expression of HDAC4 was upregulated in podocytes of patients with DN. In vitro, the results also indicate that the mRNA and protein expression levels of HDAC4 were increased in HG-cultured podocytes. Silencing and overexpression of HDAC4 markedly decreased and increased CaN expression, respectively. Meanwhile, HG-induced podocyte apoptosis was abrogated by HDAC4-knockdown with subsequent decreased Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, overexpression of HDAC4 increased podocyte apoptosis and Bax expression, as well as decreased Bcl-2 expression. In addition, podocyte apoptosis induced by HDAC4 overexpression was effectively rescued by FK506, a pharmacological inhibitor of CaN, which was accompanied by decreased Bax and increased Bcl-2 expression. As a novel finding, HG-induced podocyte apoptosis is mediated by the HDAC4/CaN signaling pathway, which presents a promising target for therapeutic intervention in DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Shi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuanhan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xinling Liang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin acts as a crucial connection between calcium signaling the phosphorylation states of numerous important substrates. These substrates include, but are not limited to, transcription factors, receptors and channels, proteins associated with mitochondria, and proteins associated with microtubules. Calcineurin is activated by increases in intracellular calcium concentrations, a process that requires the calcium sensing protein calmodulin binding to an intrinsically disordered regulatory domain in the phosphatase. Despite having been studied for around four decades, the activation of calcineurin is not fully understood. This review largely focuses on what is known about the activation process and highlights aspects that are currently not understood. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Creamer
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cook EC, Creamer TP. Influence of electrostatic forces on the association kinetics and conformational ensemble of an intrinsically disordered protein. Proteins 2020; 88:1607-1619. [PMID: 32654182 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has revealed that the association of a disordered region of a protein with a folded binding partner can occur as rapidly as association between two folded proteins. This is the case for the phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) and its association with its activator calmodulin. Calmodulin binds to the intrinsically disordered regulatory domain of CaN. Previous studies have shown that electrostatic steering can accelerate the binding of folded proteins with disordered ligands. Given that electrostatic forces are strong determinants of disordered protein ensembles, the relationship between electrostatics, conformational ensembles, and quaternary interactions is unclear. Here, we employ experimental approaches to explore the impact of electrostatic interactions on the association of calmodulin with the disordered regulatory region of CaN. We find that estimated association rate constants of calmodulin with our chosen calmodulin-substrates are within the diffusion-limited regime. The association rates are dependent on the ionic strength, indicating that favorable electrostatic forces increase the rate of association. Further, we show that charged amino acids outside the calmodulin-binding site modulate the binding rate. Conformational ensembles obtained from computer simulations suggest that electrostatic interactions within the regulatory domain might bias the conformational ensemble such that the calmodulin binding region is readily accessible. Given the prevalence of charged residues in disordered protein chains, our findings are likely relevant to many protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Cook
- Center for Structural Biology and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Trevor P Creamer
- Center for Structural Biology and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
LeBlanc EV, Polvi EJ, Veri AO, Privé GG, Cowen LE. Structure-guided approaches to targeting stress responses in human fungal pathogens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14458-14472. [PMID: 32796038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi inhabit extraordinarily diverse ecological niches, including the human body. Invasive fungal infections have a devastating impact on human health worldwide, killing ∼1.5 million individuals annually. The majority of these deaths are attributable to species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Treating fungal infections is challenging, in part due to the emergence of resistance to our limited arsenal of antifungal agents, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic options. Whereas conventional antifungal strategies target proteins or cellular components essential for fungal growth, an attractive alternative strategy involves targeting proteins that regulate fungal virulence or antifungal drug resistance, such as regulators of fungal stress responses. Stress response networks enable fungi to adapt, grow, and cause disease in humans and include regulators that are highly conserved across eukaryotes as well as those that are fungal-specific. This review highlights recent developments in elucidating crystal structures of fungal stress response regulators and emphasizes how this knowledge can guide the design of fungal-selective inhibitors. We focus on the progress that has been made with highly conserved regulators, including the molecular chaperone Hsp90, the protein phosphatase calcineurin, and the small GTPase Ras1, as well as with divergent stress response regulators, including the cell wall kinase Yck2 and trehalose synthases. Exploring structures of these important fungal stress regulators will accelerate the design of selective antifungals that can be deployed to combat life-threatening fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle V LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Polvi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda O Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Beghi S, Cavaliere F, Buschini A. Gene polymorphisms in calcium-calmodulin pathway: Focus on cardiovascular disease. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108325. [PMID: 33339582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and affects an increasing number of people. Several risk factors play an important role in the etiology of this disease, such as an unhealthy lifestyle. It is increasingly clear that genetic factors influencing the molecular basis of excitation-contraction mechanisms in the heart could contribute to modify the individual's risk. Thanks to the progress that has been made in understanding calcium signaling in the heart, it is assumed that calmodulin can play a crucial role in the excitation-contraction coupling. In fact, calmodulin (CaM) binds calcium and consequently regulates calcium channels. Several works show how some polymorphic variants can be considered predisposing factors to complex pathologies. Therefore, we hypothesize that the identification of polymorphic variants of proteins involved in the CaM pathway could be important for understanding how genetic traits can influence predisposition to myocardial infarction. This review considers each pathway of the three different isoforms of calmodulin (CaM1; CaM2; CaM3) and focuses on some common proteins involved in the three pathways, with the aim of analyzing the polymorphisms studied in the literature and understanding if they are associated with cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Beghi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Cavaliere
- University of Parma, Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Annamaria Buschini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 11A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li Y, Sheftic SR, Grigoriu S, Schwieters CD, Page R, Peti W. The structure of the RCAN1:CN complex explains the inhibition of and substrate recruitment by calcineurin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/27/eaba3681. [PMID: 32936779 PMCID: PMC7458460 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) is an endogenous inhibitor of the Ser/Thr phosphatase calcineurin (CN). It has been shown that excessive inhibition of CN is a critical factor for Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we determined RCAN1's mode of action. Using a combination of structural, biophysical, and biochemical studies, we show that RCAN1 inhibits CN via multiple routes: first, by blocking essential substrate recruitment sites and, second, by blocking the CN active site using two distinct mechanisms. We also show that phosphorylation either inhibits RCAN1-CN assembly or converts RCAN1 into a weak inhibitor, which can be reversed by CN via dephosphorylation. This highlights the interplay between posttranslational modifications in regulating CN activity. Last, this work advances our understanding of how active site inhibition of CN can be achieved in a highly specific manner. Together, these data provide the necessary road map for targeting multiple neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sarah R Sheftic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simina Grigoriu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Charles D Schwieters
- Imaging Sciences Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shoda W, Nomura N, Ando F, Tagashira H, Iwamoto T, Ohta A, Isobe K, Mori T, Susa K, Sohara E, Rai T, Uchida S. Sodium-calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235360. [PMID: 32603346 PMCID: PMC7326190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na+)-chloride cotransporter (NCC) expressed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a key molecule regulating urinary Na+ and potassium (K+) excretion. We previously reported that high-K+ load rapidly dephosphorylated NCC and promoted urinary K+ excretion in mouse kidneys. This effect was inhibited by calcineurin (CaN) and calmodulin inhibitors. However, the detailed mechanism through which high-K+ signal results in CaN activation remains unknown. We used Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells and mice to evaluate NCC phosphorylation. We analyzed intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]in) using live cell Ca2+ imaging in HEK293 cells. We confirmed that high-K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not observed without CaN using Flp-In NCC HEK29 cells. Extracellular Ca2+ reduction with a Ca2+ chelator inhibited high-K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation. We focused on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) 1, a bidirectional regulator of cytosolic Ca2+ expressed in DCT. We identified that NCX1 suppression with a specific inhibitor (SEA0400) or siRNA knockdown inhibited K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation. In a mouse study, SEA0400 treatment inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. SEA0400 reduced urinary K+ excretion and induced hyperkalemia. Here, we identified NCX1 as a key molecule in urinary K+ excretion promoted by CaN activation and NCC dephosphorylation in response to K+ load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Shoda
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nomura
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tagashira
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwamoto
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihito Ohta
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Isobe
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tang RJ, Wang C, Li K, Luan S. The CBL-CIPK Calcium Signaling Network: Unified Paradigm from 20 Years of Discoveries. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:604-617. [PMID: 32407699 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) serves as an essential nutrient as well as a signaling agent in all eukaryotes. In plants, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) are a unique group of Ca2+ sensors that decode Ca2+ signals by activating a family of plant-specific protein kinases known as CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). Interactions between CBLs and CIPKs constitute a signaling network that enables information integration and physiological coordination in response to a variety of extracellular cues such as nutrient deprivation and abiotic stresses. Studies in the past two decades have established a unified paradigm that illustrates the functions of CBL-CIPK complexes in controlling membrane transport through targeting transporters and channels in the plasma membrane and tonoplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kunlun Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Beaumont VA, Reiss K, Qu Z, Allen B, Batista VS, Loria JP. Allosteric Impact of the Variable Insert Loop in Vaccinia H1-Related (VHR) Phosphatase. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1896-1908. [PMID: 32348128 PMCID: PMC7364816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics and conformational motions are important to the activity of enzymes, including protein tyrosine phosphatases. These motions often extend to regions outside the active site, called allosteric regions. In the tyrosine phosphatase Vaccinia H1-related (VHR) enzyme, we demonstrate the importance of the allosteric interaction between the variable insert region and the active-site loops in VHR. These studies include solution nuclear magnetic resonance, computation, steady-state, and rapid kinetic measurements. Overall, the data indicate concerted millisecond motions exist between the variable insert and the catalytic acid loop in wild-type (WT) VHR. The 150 ns computation studies show a flexible acid loop in WT VHR that opens during the simulation from its initial closed structure. Mutation of the variable insert residue, asparagine 74, to alanine results in a rigidification of the acid loop as observed by molecular dynamics simulations and a disruption of crucial active-site hydrogen bonds. Moreover, enzyme kinetic analysis shows a weakening of substrate affinity in the N74A mutant and a >2-fold decrease in substrate cleavage and hydrolysis rates. These data show that despite being nearly 20 Å from the active site, the variable insert region is linked to the acid loop by coupled millisecond motions, and that disruption of the communication between the variable insert and active site alters the normal catalytic function of VHR and perturbs the active-site environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Krystle Reiss
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zexing Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Brandon Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - J Patrick Loria
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Uehara T, Owa T. Discovery of Molecular Glues to Induce Selective Protein Degradation, Leading to Development of New Modalities with Targeted Protein Knockdown Function. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
50
|
Rein T. Peptidylprolylisomerases, Protein Folders, or Scaffolders? The Example of FKBP51 and FKBP52. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900250. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rein
- Department of Translational Science in Psychiatry, MunichMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich 80804 Germany
| |
Collapse
|