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Hughes EP, Syage AR, Mehrabad EM, Lane TE, Spike BT, Tantin D. OCA-B promotes autoimmune demyelination through control of stem-like CD4 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.29.569210. [PMID: 38076925 PMCID: PMC10705450 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stem-like T cell populations can selectively contribute to autoimmunity, but the activities that promote and sustain these populations are incompletely understood. Here, we show that T cell-intrinsic loss of the transcription cofactor OCA-B protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) while preserving responses to CNS infection. In adoptive transfer EAE models driven by multiple antigen encounters, OCA-B deletion nearly eliminates CNS infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production and clinical disease. OCA-B-expressing CD4 + T cells within the CNS of mice with EAE comprise a minority of the population but display a memory phenotype and preferentially confer disease. In a relapsing-remitting EAE model, OCA-B T cell deficiency specifically protects mice from relapse. During remission, OCA-B promotes the expression of Tcf7 , Slamf6 , and Sell in proliferating T cell populations. At relapse, OCA-B loss results in both the accumulation of an immunomodulatory CD4 + T cell population expressing Ccr9 and Bach2 , and the loss of pro-inflammatory gene expression from Th17 cells. These results identify OCA-B as a driver of pathogenic stem-like T cells.
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Wang R, Li G, Gao F, Xu F, Li X, Zhang J, Li J, Guan X. Ultrasound-responsive spherical nucleic acid against c-Myc/PD-L1 to enhance anti-tumoral macrophages in triple-negative breast cancer progression. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:698-710. [PMID: 38151609 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most challenging breast cancer subtype because of its aggressive behavior and limited therapeutic targets. c-Myc is hyperactivated in the majority of TNBC tissues, however, it has been considered an "undruggable" target due to its disordered structure. Herein, we developed an ultrasound-responsive spherical nucleic acid (SNA) against c-Myc and PD-L1 in TNBC. It is a self-assembled and carrier-free system composed of a hydrophilic small-interfering RNA (siRNA) shell and a hydrophobic core made of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and a sonosensitizer. We accomplished significant enrichment in the tumor by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, the controllable release of effective elements by ultrasound activation, and the combination of targeted therapy, immunotherapy and physiotherapy. Our study demonstrated significant anti-tumoral effects in vitro and in vivo. Mass cytometry showed an invigorated tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by a significant alteration in the composition of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and decreased proportion of PD-1-positive (PD-1+) T effector cells after appropriate treatment of the ultrasound-responsive SNA (USNA). Further experiments verified that tumor-conditioned macrophages residing in the TME were transformed into the anti-tumoral population. Our finding offers a novel therapeutic strategy against the "undruggable" c-Myc, develops a new targeted therapy for c-Myc/PD-L1 and provides a treatment option for the TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtian Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Gaigai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fangyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Khorramdelazad H, Rajaei S, Hashemi SM. Therapeutic and immunomodulatory potentials of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and immune checkpoints related molecules. Biomark Res 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38515166 PMCID: PMC10958918 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are used in many studies due to their therapeutic potential, including their differentiative ability and immunomodulatory properties. These cells perform their therapeutic functions by using various mechanisms, such as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, direct cell-to-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (EVs) production, and mitochondrial transfer. However, mechanisms related to immune checkpoints (ICPs) and their effect on the immunomodulatory ability of MSCs are less discussed. The main function of ICPs is to prevent the initiation of unwanted responses and to regulate the immune system responses to maintain the homeostasis of these responses. ICPs are produced by various types of immune system regulatory cells, and defects in their expression and function may be associated with excessive responses that can ultimately lead to autoimmunity. Also, by expressing different types of ICPs and their ligands (ICPLs), tumor cells prevent the formation and durability of immune responses, which leads to tumors' immune escape. ICPs and ICPLs can be produced by MSCs and affect immune cell responses both through their secretion into the microenvironment or direct cell-to-cell interaction. Pre-treatment of MSCs in inflammatory conditions leads to an increase in their therapeutic potential. In addition to the effect that inflammatory environments have on the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by MSCs, they can increase the expression of various types of ICPLs. In this review, we discuss different types of ICPLs and ICPs expressed by MSCs and their effect on their immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Samira Rajaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Raineri D, Abreu H, Vilardo B, Kustrimovic N, Venegoni C, Cappellano G, Chiocchetti A. Deep Flow Cytometry Unveils Distinct Immune Cell Subsets in Inducible T Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand (ICOSL)- and ICOS-Knockout Mice during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2509. [PMID: 38473756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The inducible T cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOSL), expressed by antigen presenting cells, binds to the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) on activated T cells. Improper function of the ICOS/ICOSL pathway has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies showed that ICOS-knockout (KO) mice exhibit severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, but data on ICOSL deficiency are not available. In our study, we explored the impact of both ICOS and ICOSL deficiencies on MOG35-55 -induced EAE and its associated immune cell dynamics by employing ICOSL-KO and ICOS-KO mice with a C57BL/6J background. During EAE resolution, MOG-driven cytokine levels and the immunophenotype of splenocytes were evaluated by ELISA and multiparametric flow cytometry, respectively. We found that both KO mice exhibited an overlapping and more severe EAE compared to C57BL/6J mice, corroborated by a reduction in memory/regulatory T cell subsets and interleukin (IL-)17 levels. It is noteworthy that an unsupervised analysis showed that ICOSL deficiency modifies the immune response in an original way, by affecting T central and effector memory (TCM, TEM), long-lived CD4+ TEM cells, and macrophages, compared to ICOS-KO and C57BL/6J mice, suggesting a role for other binding partners to ICOSL in EAE development, which deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Raineri
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Hugo Abreu
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vilardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Natasa Kustrimovic
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Johann L, Soldati S, Müller K, Lampe J, Marini F, Klein M, Schramm E, Ries N, Schelmbauer C, Palagi I, Karram K, Assmann JC, Khan MA, Wenzel J, Schmidt MH, Körbelin J, Schlüter D, van Loo G, Bopp T, Engelhardt B, Schwaninger M, Waisman A. A20 regulates lymphocyte adhesion in murine neuroinflammation by restricting endothelial ICOSL expression in the CNS. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e168314. [PMID: 37856217 PMCID: PMC10721159 DOI: 10.1172/jci168314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A20 is a ubiquitin-modifying protein that negatively regulates NF-κB signaling. Mutations in A20/TNFAIP3 are associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We found that deletion of A20 in central nervous system (CNS) endothelial cells (ECs) enhances experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. A20ΔCNS-EC mice showed increased numbers of CNS-infiltrating immune cells during neuroinflammation and in the steady state. While the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was not impaired, we observed a strong activation of CNS-ECs in these mice, with dramatically increased levels of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. We discovered ICOSL to be expressed by A20-deficient CNS-ECs, which we found to function as adhesion molecules. Silencing of ICOSL in CNS microvascular ECs partly reversed the phenotype of A20ΔCNS-EC mice without reaching statistical significance and delayed the onset of EAE symptoms in WT mice. In addition, blocking of ICOSL on primary mouse brain microvascular ECs impaired the adhesion of T cells in vitro. Taken together, we propose that CNS EC-ICOSL contributes to the firm adhesion of T cells to the BBB, promoting their entry into the CNS and eventually driving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Johann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josephine Lampe
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg-Lübeck-Kiel, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI)
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), and
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Schramm
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nathalie Ries
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Schelmbauer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilaria Palagi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Khalad Karram
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian C. Assmann
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mahtab A. Khan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg-Lübeck-Kiel, Germany
| | - Mirko H.H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Geert van Loo
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), and
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg-Lübeck-Kiel, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), and
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Yang L, Ma J, Niu P, Zhang B, Wang Z. Synovial inducible costimulator is correlated with severity in knee osteoarthritis. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13315. [PMID: 38441341 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by articular cartilage loss, which afflicts many people worldwide. Knowing the disease severity can improve the recovery rate of OA. Antibody array technology was utilized for protein expression profiling of synovial fluid from eight mild knee OA patients, eight severe knee OA patients and 16 healthy persons. Subsequently, 48 mild OA patients, 56 severe OA patients and 24 healthy controls were utilized for validation by ELISA. In the protein expression profiling, inducible costimulator (ICOS) levels were markedly higher in OA patients compared with those in the healthy population, and were significantly higher in severe OA than those in mild OA. Furthermore, ICOS levels were shown to be significantly correlated with WOMAC, MRI-MOAKS and MRI-UTE-T2* scores. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of ICOS could significantly increase the risk of severe OA. Synovial ICOS levels were positively correlated with the radiographic severity of OA. ICOS may represent a biomarker for predicting the OA severity and may be involved in the development and progression of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvlin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Pengying Niu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- Department of Emergency, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, China
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Barra G, Gallo C, Carbone D, Ziaco M, Dell'Isola M, Affuso M, Manzo E, Nuzzo G, Fioretto L, D'Ippolito G, De Palma R, Fontana A. The immunoregulatory effect of the TREM2-agonist Sulfavant A in human allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1050113. [PMID: 36865548 PMCID: PMC9972971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sulfavant A (SULF A) is a synthetic derivative of naturally occurring sulfolipids. The molecule triggers TREM2-related maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and has shown promising adjuvant activity in a cancer vaccine model. Methods the immunomodulatory activity of SULF A is tested in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay based on monocyte-derived dendritic cells and naïve T lymphocytes from human donors. Flow cytometry multiparametric analyses and ELISA assays were performed to characterize the immune populations, T cell proliferation, and to quantify key cytokines. Results Supplementation of 10 µg/mL SULF A to the co-cultures induced DCs to expose the costimulatory molecules ICOSL and OX40L and to reduce release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12. After 7 days of SULF A treatment, T lymphocytes proliferated more and showed increased IL-4 synthesis along with downregulation of Th1 signals such as IFNγ, T-bet and CXCR3. Consistent with these findings, naïve T cells polarized toward a regulatory phenotype with up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and IL-10 synthesis. Flow cytometry analysis also supported the priming of a CD127-/CD4+/CD25+ subpopulation positive for ICOS, the inhibitory molecule CTLA-4, and the activation marker CD69. Discussion These results prove that SULF A can modulate DC-T cell synapse and stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and activation. In the hyperresponsive and uncontrolled context of the allogeneic MLR, the effect is associated to differentiation of regulatory T cell subsets and dampening of inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Barra
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Dalila Carbone
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mario Dell'Isola
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Affuso
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Laura Fioretto
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Giuliana D'Ippolito
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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8
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Kanannejad Z, Soleimanian S, Ghahramani Z, Sepahi N, Mohkam M, Alyasin S, Kheshtchin N. Immune checkpoint molecules in prevention and development of asthma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1070779. [PMID: 36865540 PMCID: PMC9972681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a respiratory disease initiated by type-2 immune responses characterized by secretion of alarmins, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Immune checkpoints (ICPs) are inhibitory or stimulatory molecules expressed on different immune cells, tumor cells, or other cell types that regulate immune system activation and maintain immune homeostasis. Compelling evidence indicates a key role for ICPs in both the progression and prevention of asthma. There is also evidence of asthma development or exacerbation in some cancer patients receiving ICP therapy. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of ICPs and their roles in asthma pathogenesis, and to assess their implications as therapeutic targets in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kanannejad
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeede Soleimanian
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghahramani
- Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sepahi
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Mohkam
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheila Alyasin
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasim Kheshtchin
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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9
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Hodgson R, Christiansen D, Ierino F, Sandrin M. Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS) in transplantation: A review. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2022; 36:100713. [PMID: 35878486 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2022.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of T cell activation is one of the goals of successful organ and tissue transplantation. Blockade of T cell co-stimulation, particularly of the CD28:B7 interaction, has been shown to prolong graft survival. Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS) is the third member of the B7 family and here we review the literature on ICOS, its receptor (B7RP-1), and blockade of this pathway in transplant models. ICOS:B7RP-1 are a single receptor:ligand pair with a loss of function of either being implicated in some autoimmune diseases. ICOS has multiple functions, related to its constitutive expression on B cells and activated T cells. In in vitro transplant models, ICOS:B7RP-1 blockade has produced mixed results as to its ability to modulate lymphocyte proliferation. Several in vivo transplant models demonstrate varying degrees of success in prolonging graft survival. Timing and dose of treatment appear important, and combination with other immunosuppressive treatments may also be of benefit. As ICOS has multiple functions, it may be that the observed variable results are due to inadvertent inactivation of graft protective functions. If these barriers can be overcome, ICOS:B7RP-1 blockade could provide an important target for future immunosuppression regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Hodgson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Division of Surgery, Northern Health, Epping, Australia.
| | - Dale Christiansen
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Francesco Ierino
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Department of Nephrology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Mauro Sandrin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
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10
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Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells, Follicular Regulatory CD4 + T Cells, and Inducible Costimulator and Their Roles in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2058964. [PMID: 34552387 PMCID: PMC8452443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2058964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of effector T cells that play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immunity. TFH cells mainly promote germinal center (GC) formation, provide help to B cells for immunoglobulin affinity maturation and class-switch recombination of B cells, and facilitate production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. TFH cells express the nuclear transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5), the CD28 family members programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) and are also responsible for the secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-4. Follicular regulatory CD4+ T (TFR) cells, as a regulatory counterpart of TFH cells, participate in the regulation of GC reactions. TFR cells not only express markers of TFH cells but also express markers of regulatory T (Treg) cells containing FOXP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and IL-10, hence owing to the dual characteristic of TFH cells and Treg cells. ICOS, expressed on activated CD4+ effector T cells, participates in T cell activation, differentiation, and effector process. The expression of ICOS is highest on TFH and TFR cells, indicating it as a key regulator of humoral immunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and results in disability, mediated by autoreactive T cells with evolving evidence of a remarkable contribution from humoral responses. This review summarizes recent advances regarding TFH cells, TFR cells, and ICOS, as well as their functional characteristics in relation to MS.
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Zhan J, Kipp M, Han W, Kaddatz H. Ectopic lymphoid follicles in progressive multiple sclerosis: From patients to animal models. Immunology 2021; 164:450-466. [PMID: 34293193 PMCID: PMC8517596 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid follicles (ELFs), resembling germinal centre‐like structures, emerge in a variety of infectious and autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. ELFs can be found in the meninges of around 40% of the investigated progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) post‐mortem brain tissues and are associated with the severity of cortical degeneration and clinical disease progression. Of predominant importance for progressive neuronal damage during the progressive MS phase appears to be meningeal inflammation, comprising diffuse meningeal infiltrates, B‐cell aggregates and compartmentalized ELFs. However, the absence of a uniform definition of ELFs impedes reproducible and comparable neuropathological research in this field. In this review article, we will first highlight historical aspects and milestones around the discovery of ELFs in the meninges of progressive MS patients. In the next step, we discuss how animal models may contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying ELF formation. Finally, we summarize challenges in investigating ELFs and propose potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wenling Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University Health Science Cente, Beijing, China.,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints has garnered significant attention in the area of cancer immunotherapy, in which efforts have focused in particular on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and PD1, both of which are members of the CD28 family. In autoimmunity, these same pathways can be targeted to opposite effect: to curb the over-exuberant immune response. The CTLA4 checkpoint serves as an exemplar, whereby CTLA4 activity is blocked by antibodies in cancer immunotherapy and augmented by the provision of soluble CTLA4 in autoimmunity. Here, we review the targeting of co-stimulatory molecules in autoimmune diseases, focusing in particular on agents directed at members of the CD28 or tumour necrosis factor receptor families. We present the state of the art in co-stimulatory blockade approaches, including rational combinations of immune inhibitory agents, and discuss the future opportunities and challenges in this field.
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13
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Stark AK, Davenport ECM, Patton DT, Scudamore CL, Vanhaesebroeck B, Veldhoen M, Garden OA, Okkenhaug K. Loss of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity in Regulatory T Cells Leads to Neuronal Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:78-89. [PMID: 32414808 PMCID: PMC7311201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Class I PI3K enzymes are critical for the maintenance of effective immunity. In T cells, PI3Kα and PI3Kδ are activated by the TCR and costimulatory receptors, whereas PI3Kγ is activated by G protein-coupled chemokine receptors. PI3Kδ is a key regulator of regulatory T (Treg) cell function. PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors are in development for the treatment of diseases associated with immune dysregulation, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Idelalisib (PI3Kδ), alpelisib (PI3Kα), duvelisib (PI3Kδ/γ), and copanlisib (pan-PI3K) have recently been approved for use in cancer treatment. Although effective, these therapies often have severe side effects associated with immune dysregulation and, in particular, loss of Treg cells. Therefore, it is important to gain a better understanding of the relative contribution of different PI3K isoforms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Experimental autoimmune encephalitis is a mouse model of T cell-driven CNS inflammation, in which Treg cells play a key protective role. In this study, we show that PI3Kδ is required to maintain normal Treg cell development and phenotype under homeostatic conditions but that loss of PI3Kδ alone in Treg cells does not lead to autoimmunity. However, combined loss of PI3Kα and PI3Kδ signaling resulted in increased experimental autoimmune encephalitis disease severity. Moreover, mice lacking PI3Kα and PI3Kδ in Treg cells developed spontaneous peripheral nerve inflammation. These results show a key role for PI3K signaling in Treg cell-mediated protection against CNS inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/genetics
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnosis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peripheral Nerves/immunology
- Peripheral Nerves/pathology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrien Stark
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C M Davenport
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T Patton
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
- Exepathology, Exmouth EX8 5LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6AG, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Joâo Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; and
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom;
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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Role of Co-stimulatory Molecules in T Helper Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:153-177. [PMID: 31758534 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response to a variety of pathogens but also regulate autoimmune responses, asthma, allergic responses, as well as tumor immunity. To cover this broad spectrum of responses, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper cells, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and TFH, as defined by their cytokine pattern and function. The fate decision of T helper cell differentiation integrates signals delivered through the T cell receptor, cytokine receptors, and the pattern of co-stimulatory signals received. In this review, we summarize the contribution of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors to the differentiation and maintenance of T helper cell responses.
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Chapoval AI, Chapoval SP, Shcherbakova NS, Shcherbakov DN. Immune Checkpoints of the B7 Family. Part 1. General Characteristics and First Representatives: B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1, B7-H2, and B7-DC. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Kim H, Dickey L, Stone C, Jafek JL, Lane TE, Tantin D. T cell-selective deletion of Oct1 protects animals from autoimmune neuroinflammation while maintaining neurotropic pathogen response. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:133. [PMID: 31266507 PMCID: PMC6607600 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments for autoimmune diseases aim to dampen autoreactivity while preserving normal immune function. In CD4+ T cells, the transcription factor Oct1/Pou2f1 is a dispensable transcription factor for T cell development and response to primary infection, but promotes expression of target genes, including Il2 and Ifng, under conditions of antigen reencounter. As a result, they are more strongly expressed upon secondary stimulation. Such repeated antigen encounters occur in memory recall responses, in autoimmunity where self-antigen can be recognized multiple times, and in chronic infection where foreign antigen is persistent. Based on these previous findings, we hypothesized that Oct1 loss would protect animals from autoimmunity but maintain normal responses to pathogens in the CNS. OBJECTIVE We used a conditional mouse Oct1 (Pou2f1) allele and a CD4-Cre driver to determine the effect of T cell-specific Oct1 loss on autoimmune- and viral-induced neuroinflammation using an autoantigen-driven EAE model of autoimmunity and a JHMV model of viral infection. RESULTS Oct1 conditional deletion mitigated clinical scores and reduced infiltrating T cells and cytokine production in the EAE model. Consistently, Oct1-deficient CD4+ T cells stimulated in vitro showed increased expression of markers associated with T cell anergy, particularly in the absence of co-stimulatory signals. In contrast, anti-viral T cell effector functions are intact in the absence of Oct1, with no changes in neuroinflammation, infiltrating T cells or cytokine production. CONCLUSION Our findings uncover a significant difference between the effect of Oct1 loss on autoimmune and anti-pathogen responses, which potentially could be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejoo Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Laura Dickey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Jillian L. Jafek
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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17
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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:233-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Quinn JL, Axtell RC. Emerging Role of Follicular T Helper Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103233. [PMID: 30347676 PMCID: PMC6214126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder where both T cells and B cells are implicated in pathology. However, it remains unclear how these two distinct populations cooperate to drive disease. There is ample evidence from studies in both MS patients and mouse models that Th17, B cells, and follicular T helper (TFH) cells contribute to disease. This review article describes the literature that identifies mechanisms by which Th17, TFH, and B cells cooperatively drive disease activity in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The curation of this literature has identified that central nervous system (CNS) infiltrating TFH cells act with TH17 cell to contribute to an inflammatory B cell response in neuroinflammation. This demonstrates that TFH cells and their products are promising targets for therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Robert C Axtell
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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19
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Jogdand GM, Sengupta S, Bhattacharya G, Singh SK, Barik PK, Devadas S. Inducible Costimulator Expressing T Cells Promote Parasitic Growth During Blood Stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1041. [PMID: 29892278 PMCID: PMC5985291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethality of blood stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection is associated with the expression of T-bet and production of cytokine IFN-γ. Expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its downstream signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the T-bet expression and IFN-γ production. Although earlier studies have examined the role of ICOS in the control of acute blood-stage infection of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (a non-lethal model of malaria infection), its significance in the lethal blood-stage of PbA infection remains unclear. Thus, to address the seminal role of ICOS in lethal blood-stage of PbA infection, we treated PbA-infected mice with anti-ICOS antibody and observed that these mice survived longer than their infected counterparts with significantly lower parasitemia. Anti-ICOS treatment notably depleted ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a concurrent reduction in plasma IFN-γ, which strongly indicated that ICOS expressing T cells are major IFN-γ producers. Interestingly, we observed that while ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IFN-γ, ICOS-CD8+ T cells were also found to be producers of IFN-γ. However, we report that ICOS+CD8+ T cells were higher producers of IFN-γ than ICOS-CD8+ T cells. Moreover, correlation of ICOS expression with IFN-γ production in ICOS+IFN-γ+ T cell population (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) suggested that ICOS and IFN-γ could positively regulate each other. Further, master transcription factor T-bet importantly involved in regulating IFN-γ production was also found to be expressed by ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during PbA infection. As noted above with IFN-γ and ICOS, a positive correlation of expression of ICOS with the transcription factor T-bet suggested that both of them could regulate each other. Taken together, our results depicted the importance of ICOS expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in malaria parasite growth and lethality through IFN-γ production and T-bet expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra M Jogdand
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumya Sengupta
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | - Satish Devadas
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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20
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Shamsdin SA, Karimi MH, Hosseini SV, Geramizadeh B, Fattahi MR, Mehrabani D, Moravej A. Associations of ICOS and PD.1 Gene Variants with Colon Cancer Risk in The Iranian Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:693-698. [PMID: 29580042 PMCID: PMC5980843 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Positive and negative co-stimulatory molecules are important factors determining the outcome of immune responses to the presence of tumors. Since co-stimulatory molecule expression may be affected by gene polymorphisms, we aimed to investigate associations between variants of PD.1 and ICOS and susceptibility to colon cancer. Material and methods: ICOS (-693A/G), ICOS (+1720C/T) and PD.1 (-538G/A) gene polymorphisms were evaluated by the PCR-RFLP method in 76 colon cancer patients and 73 healthy controls. Results: The frequencies of the GG genotype and the G allele at position -693 of the ICOS gene were significantly higher in the patient group (P=0.014 and p=0.0002), while the AA genotype was significantly more common in controls (P=0.0016). At position -538 of PD.1, GG genotype and G allele frequencies were higher in the patient group (P<0.0001and P<0.0001). Again, AA and also AG genotypes significantly predominated in controls (P<0.0001 and P=0.012). Regarding genotypes and alleles of ICOS at position +1720. Frequencies of GCG and GTG haplotypes were higher in patients compared to those of controls (P=0.016 and P<0.0001), while, frequencies of GTA, ATA and ATG haplotypes were higher in controls (P=0.0017, P<0.0001 and P=0.015). GTG/GTG and GTG/GCG double haplotypes were more frequent in patients compared to controls (P=0.0147 and P=0.0071). Conclusion: Our study clarified that PD.1 (-538G/A) and ICOS (-693A/G) gene polymorphisms can be considered as genetic risk factors for the development of colon cancer among Iranian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Azra Shamsdin
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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21
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Ozen M, Novak C, Burd I. Placenta immune infiltrates and perinatal outcomes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12850. [PMID: 29577494 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a state of immunotolerance and loss of this immunotolerance may lead to fetal rejection, pregnancy complications, and neonatal complications. Immunobiology of pregnancy is complex and involves unique immune cell populations specific to pregnancy, changes in mucosal immune cells and peripheral immune system, and reciprocal adaptations between the mother and the fetus. The mechanisms required for sustaining a healthy feto-placental barrier and a healthy pregnancy such as activation of regulatory immune responses with a predominance of regulatory T cells lead to immune evasion and propagation of cancer. It is intriguing to note that the immune pathways which are effective in limiting or eliminating cancer form the very basis for loss of feto-maternal tolerance. In this article, we aim to compare and contrast immunobiology of healthy and pathological pregnancies mirroring with cancer immunobiology with a focus on immune checkpoint receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maide Ozen
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Novak
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Chihara
- Division of Neurology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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23
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Pilot Study of Delayed ICOS/ICOS-L Blockade With αCD40 to Modulate Pathogenic Alloimmunity in a Primate Cardiac Allograft Model. Transplant Direct 2018; 4:e344. [PMID: 29464205 PMCID: PMC5811273 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is rapidly upregulated with T-cell stimulation and may represent an escape pathway for T-cell costimulation in the setting of CD40/CD154 costimulation blockade. Induction treatment exhibited no efficacy in a primate renal allograft model, but rodent transplant models suggest that the addition of delayed ICOS/ICOS-L blockade may prolong allograft survival and prevent chronic rejection. Here, we ask whether ICOS-Ig treatment, timed to anticipate ICOS upregulation, prolongs NHP cardiac allograft survival or attenuates pathogenic alloimmunity. Methods Cynomolgus monkey heterotopic cardiac allograft recipients were treated with αCD40 (2C10R4, d0-90) either alone or with the addition of delayed ICOS-Ig (d63-110). Results Median allograft survival was similar between ICOS-Ig + αCD40 (120 days, 120-125 days) and αCD40 (124 days, 89-178 days) treated animals, and delayed ICOS-Ig treatment did not prevent allograft rejection in animals with complete CD40 receptor coverage. Although CD4+ TEM cells were decreased in peripheral blood (115 ± 24) and mLNs (49 ± 1.9%) during ICOS-Ig treatment compared with monotherapy (214 ± 27%, P = 0.01; 72 ± 9.9%, P = 0.01, respectively), acute and chronic rejection scores and kinetics of alloAb elaboration were similar between groups. Conclusions Delayed ICOS-Ig treatment with the reagent tested is probably ineffective in modulating pathogenic primate alloimmunity in this model.
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Lee HJ, Kim SN, Jeon MS, Yi T, Song SU. ICOSL expression in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes induction of regulatory T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44486. [PMID: 28290526 PMCID: PMC5349520 DOI: 10.1038/srep44486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can modulate lymphocyte proliferation and function. One of the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs involves CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which negatively regulate inflammatory responses. MSC-mediated Treg induction is supposed to be regulated by mechanisms requiring both soluble and cell contact-dependent factors. Although the involvement of soluble factors has been revealed, the contact-dependent mechanisms in MSC-mediated Treg induction remain unclear. We attempted to identify molecule(s) other than secreted factors that are responsible for MSC-mediated Treg induction and to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Under in vitro Treg-inducing conditions, ICOSL expression in MSCs coincided with Treg induction in co-cultures of MSCs with CD4+ T cells. When cultured in a transwell plate, MSCs failed to induce Tregs. Neutralization or knockdown of ICOSL significantly reduced Tregs and their IL-10 release. ICOSL overexpression in MSCs promoted induction of functional Tregs. ICOSL-ICOS signaling promoted Treg differentiation from CD4+ T cells through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway. MSCs primed with Interleukin-1β significantly induced Tregs through ICOSL upregulation. We demonstrated that the Treg-inducing activity of MSCs is proportionate to their basal ICOSL expression. This study provides evidence that ICOSL expression in human MSCs plays an important role in contact-dependent regulation of MSC-mediated Treg induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Lee
- Translational Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Drug Development Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Na Kim
- Translational Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Drug Development Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,SCM Lifesciences Co. Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Jeon
- Translational Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - TacGhee Yi
- Translational Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,SunCreate Co. Ltd., Yangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun U Song
- Translational Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,SCM Lifesciences Co. Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S. Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, and Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Ansari AW, Khan MA, Schmidt RE, Broering DC. Harnessing the immunotherapeutic potential of T-lymphocyte co-signaling molecules in transplantation. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:8-16. [PMID: 28119073 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alloantigen-specific T-cell triggered immunopathological events are responsible for rapid allograft rejection. The co-signaling pathways orchestrated by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are critical for optimal T-cell effector function. Therefore, selective blockade of pathways that control T-cell immunity may offer an attractive therapeutic strategy to manipulate cell mediated allogenic responses. For example, CD28, CTLA-4 and CD154 receptor blockade have proven beneficial in maintaining T-cell tolerance against transplanted organs in experimental animal models as well as in clinical trials. Conversely, induction of co-inhibitory molecules may result in suppressed effector function. There are several other potential molecules that are known to induce immune tolerance are currently under consideration for clinical studies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and updated analysis of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, their therapeutic potential to prevent graft rejection, and to further improve their long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul W Ansari
- Organ Transplant Research Section, Department of Comparative Medicine, MBC03, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A Khan
- Organ Transplant Research Section, Department of Comparative Medicine, MBC03, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str.1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter C Broering
- Organ Transplant Research Section, Department of Comparative Medicine, MBC03, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Chevalier N, Macia L, Tan JK, Mason LJ, Robert R, Thorburn AN, Wong CHY, Tsai LM, Bourne K, Brink R, Yu D, Mackay CR. The Role of Follicular Helper T Cell Molecules and Environmental Influences in Autoantibody Production and Progression to Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:1026-38. [PMID: 26501485 DOI: 10.1002/art.39481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibody-mediated autoimmunity involves cognate interactions between self-reactive T cells and B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. The aim of this study was to determine the role of essential follicular helper T (Tfh) cell molecules (CXCR5, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein) on autoreactive CD4+ cells and the role of certain environmental influences that may determine GC-driven autoantibody production and arthritis development. METHODS We transferred self-reactive CD4+ cells from KRN-Tg mice into recipient mice, which induced autoantibodies and autoinflammatory arthritis. This model allowed manipulation of environmental effects, such as inflammation, and use of transferred cells that were genetically deficient in important Tfh cell-associated molecules. RESULTS A deficiency of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) in CD4+ cells from KRN-Tg mice completely protected against arthritis, indicating that stable T cell-B cell interactions are required for GC formation, autoantibody production, and arthritis induction. In contrast, a CXCR5 deficiency in CD4+ cells from KRN-Tg mice still induced disease when these cells were transferred into wild-type mice, suggesting that T cell help for B cells could rely on other migration mechanisms. However, various manipulations influenced this system, including elimination of bystander effects through use of CD28(-/-) recipient mice (reduced disease) or use of inflammation-inducing Freund's complete adjuvant (progression to arthritis). We also examined the capacity of preexisting GCs with a nonautoimmune specificity to co-opt autoimmune T cells and observed no evidence for any influence. CONCLUSION In addition to the quality and quantity of cognate CD4+ cell help, external factors such as inflammation and noncognate CD4+ cell bystander activation trigger autoimmunity by shaping events within autoimmune GC responses. SAP is an essential molecule for autoimmune antibody production, whereas the importance of CXCR5 varies depending on the circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Chevalier
- University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jian K Tan
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J Mason
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Remy Robert
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Connie H Y Wong
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis M Tsai
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Bourne
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kok LF, Marsh-Wakefield F, Marshall JE, Gillis C, Halliday GM, Byrne SN. B cells are required for sunlight protection of mice from a CNS-targeted autoimmune attack. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:10-23. [PMID: 27289166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful immune suppressant. While exposure to UV is associated with protection from the development of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, the precise mechanism by which UV achieves this protection is not currently well understood. Regulatory B cells play an important role in preventing autoimmunity and activation of B cells is a major way in which UV suppresses adaptive immune responses. Whether UV-protection from autoimmunity is mediated by the activation of regulatory B cells has never been considered before. When C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low, physiologically relevant doses of UV, a unique population of B cells was activated in the skin draining lymph nodes. As determined by flow cytometry, CD1d(low)CD5(-)MHC-II(hi)B220(hi) UV-activated B cells expressed significantly higher levels of CD19, CD21/35, CD25, CD210 and CD268 as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD274 and CD275. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice immunized with MOG/CFA was reduced by exposure to UV. UV significantly inhibited demyelination and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord. Consequently, UV-exposed groups showed elevated IL-10 levels in secondary lymphoid organs, delayed EAE onset, reduced peak EAE score and significantly suppressed overall disease incidence and burden. Importantly, protection from EAE could be adoptively transferred using B cells isolated from UV-exposed, but not unirradiated hosts. Indeed, UV-protection from EAE was dependent on UV activation of lymph node B cells because UV could not protect mice from EAE who were pharmacologically depleted of B cells using antibodies. Thus, UV maintenance of a pool of unique regulatory B cells in peripheral lymph nodes appears to be essential to prevent an autoimmune attack on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Fong Kok
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Caitlin Gillis
- Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology at the Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia.
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Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Are Microglial Cells the Regulators of Lymphocyte Responses in the CNS? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:440. [PMID: 26635525 PMCID: PMC4644801 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells in the central nervous system is a common hallmark in different neuroinflammatory conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that resident glial cells can establish a cross-talk with infiltrated immune cells, including T-cells, regulating their recruitment, activation and function within the CNS. Although the healthy CNS has been thought to be devoid of professional dendritic cells (DCs), numerous studies have reported the presence of a population of DCs in specific locations such as the meninges, choroid plexuses and the perivascular space. Moreover, the infiltration of DC precursors during neuroinflammatory situations has been proposed, suggesting a putative role of these cells in the regulation of lymphocyte activity within the CNS. On the other hand, under specific circumstances, microglial cells are able to acquire a phenotype of DC expressing a wide range of molecules that equip these cells with all the necessary machinery for communication with T-cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the expression of molecules involved in the cross-talk with T-cells in both microglial cells and DCs and discuss the potential contribution of each of these cell populations on the control of lymphocyte function within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
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Lara-Rodríguez C, Alvarado-Vásquez N, Bernal D, Gorocica P, Zenteno E, Lascuraín R. CD3+ICOS+ T cells show differences in the synthesis of nitric oxide, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis or in healthy household contacts. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:481-491. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lo DJ, Anderson DJ, Song M, Leopardi F, Farris AB, Strobert E, Chapin S, Devens B, Karrer E, Kirk AD. A pilot trial targeting the ICOS-ICOS-L pathway in nonhuman primate kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:984-92. [PMID: 25703015 PMCID: PMC4628789 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation blockade with the B7-CD28 pathway-specific agent belatacept is now used in clinical kidney transplantation, but its efficacy remains imperfect. Numerous alternate costimulatory pathways have been proposed as targets to synergize with belatacept, one of which being the inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOS ligand (ICOS-L) pathway. Combined ICOS-ICOS-L and CD28-B7 blockade has been shown to prevent rejection in mice, but has not been studied in primates. We therefore tested a novel ICOS-Ig human Fc-fusion protein in a nonhuman primate (NHP) kidney transplant model alone and in combination with belatacept. ICOS-Ig did not prolong rejection-free survival as a monotherapy or in combination with belatacept. In ICOS-Ig alone treated animals, most graft-infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressed ICOS, and ICOS(+) T cells were present in peripheral blood to a lesser degree. Adding belatacept reduced the proportion of graft-infiltrating ICOS(+) T cells and virtually eliminated their presence in peripheral blood. Graft-infiltrating T cells in belatacept-resistant rejection were primarily CD8(+) CD28(-) , but importantly, very few CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells expressed ICOS. We conclude that ICOS-Ig, alone or combined with belatacept, does not prolong renal allograft survival in NHPs. This may relate to selective loss of ICOS with CD28 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J. Lo
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Douglas J. Anderson
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mingqing Song
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - A. Brad Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Wang B, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhu XQ, Gong W, Zhang HQ, Li Y, Xia CM. Th17 down-regulation is involved in reduced progression of schistosomiasis fibrosis in ICOSL KO mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003434. [PMID: 25590646 PMCID: PMC4295877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulomatous and fibrosing inflammation in response to parasite eggs is the main pathology that occurs during infection with Schistosoma spp. CD4+ T cells play critical roles in both host immune responses against parasitic infection and immunopathology in schistosomiasis,and coordinate many types of immune cells that contribute to fibrosis. ICOSL plays an important role in controlling specific aspects of T cell activation, differentiation, and function. Previous work has suggested that ICOS is essential for Th17 cell development. However, the immunopathogenesis of this pathway in schistosomiasis fibrosisis still unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Using models of schistosomiasis in ICOSL KO and the C57BL/6 WT mice, we studied the role of the ICOSL/ICOS interaction in the mediation of the Th17 response in host granulomatous inflammation, particularly in liver fibrosis during S. japonicum infection, and investigated the immune responses and pathology of ICOSL KO mice in these models. The results showed that ICOSL KO mice exhibited improved survival, reduced liver granulomatous inflammation around parasite eggs, markedly inhibited hepatic fibrosis development, lower levels of Th17-related cytokines (IL-17/IL-21), Th2-related cytokines (IL-4/IL-6/IL-10), a pro-fibrotic cytokine (IL-13), and TGF-β1, but higher level of Th1-related cytokine (IFN-γ) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The reduced progression of fibrogenesis was correlated with the down-regulation of Th17 and Th2 and the elimination of ICOSL/ICOS interactions. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that IL-17-producing cells contribute to the hepatic granulomatous inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. Importantly, there was a clearly positive correlation between the presence of IL-17-producing cells and ICOS expression in ICOSL KO mice, and additional results indicated that Th17 was involved in the pathological tissue remodeling in liver fibrosis induced by schistosomiasis. The full activation and differentiation of T cells into Th1, Th2 or Th17 cells requires costimulatory molecules and cytokines. ICOS has also been implicated in chronic inflammation and is critical for Th17 cell development. CD4+ IL-17-secreting T cells have been shown to contribute to pathology in some models of liver fibrosis. However, neither the significance nor the immunopathogenesis of this pathway have been elucidated in schistosomiasis fibrosis. The present study used the ICOSL KO mice to assess the role of the ICOSL/ICOS interaction in the mediation of the Th17 response in host granulomatous inflammation, particularly in liver fibrosis during S.japonicum infection. This study further clarifies the immune regulatory mechanism of fibrosis and sheds light on the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of Schistosoma-induced fibrosis. It might reveal new therapeutic targets that interfere with Th17 cell migration or differentiation in granulomas and the subsequent fibrosis following infection with S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gansu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qin Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ming Xia
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, The Peoples Republic of China
- * E-mail: ;
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Waschbisch A, Sanderson N, Krumbholz M, Vlad G, Theil D, Schwab S, Mäurer M, Derfuss T. Interferon beta and vitamin D synergize to induce immunoregulatory receptors on peripheral blood monocytes of multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115488. [PMID: 25551576 PMCID: PMC4281069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 3 and 4 are inhibitory receptors that modulate immune responses. Their expression has been reported to be affected by interferon, offering a possible mechanism by which this cytokine exerts its therapeutic effect in multiple sclerosis, a condition thought to involve excessive immune activity. To investigate this possibility, we measured expression of ILT3 and ILT4 on immune cells from multiple sclerosis patients, and in post-mortem brain tissue. We also studied the ability of interferon beta, alone or in combination with vitamin D, to induce upregulation of these receptors in vitro, and compared expression levels between interferon-treated and untreated multiple sclerosis patients. In vitro interferon beta treatment led to a robust upregulation of ILT3 and ILT4 on monocytes, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased expression of ILT3 but not ILT4. ILT3 was abundant in demyelinating lesions in postmortem brain, and expression on monocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid was higher than in peripheral blood, suggesting that the central nervous system milieu induces ILT3, or that ILT3 positive monocytes preferentially enter the brain. Our data are consistent with involvement of ILT3 and ILT4 in the modulation of immune responsiveness in multiple sclerosis by both interferon and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Waschbisch
- Dept. of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicholas Sanderson
- Dept. of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - George Vlad
- Dept. of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Diethilde Theil
- Dept. of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Dept. of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Mäurer
- Dept. of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Dept. of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Papotto PH, Marengo EB, Sardinha LR, Goldberg AC, Rizzo LV. Immunotherapeutic strategies in autoimmune uveitis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:909-16. [PMID: 24833504 PMCID: PMC4181827 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is an organ-specific disorder characterized by irreversible lesions to the eye that predominantly affect people in their most productive years and is among the leading causes of visual deficit and blindness. Currently available therapies are effective in the treatment of a wide spectrum of uveitis, but are often associated with severe side effects. Here, we review ongoing research with promising immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies, describing their specific features, interactions and the responses triggered by the targeted immune molecules that aim to minimize clinical complications and the likelihood of disease relapse. We first review the main features of the disease, diagnostic tools, and traditional forms of therapy, as well as the animal models predominantly used to understand the pathogenesis and test the novel intervention approaches aiming to control the acute immune and inflammatory responses and to dampen chronic responses. Both exploratory research and clinical trials have targeted either the blockade of effector pathways or of their companion co-stimulatory molecules. Examples of targets are T cell receptors (CD3), their co-stimulatory receptors (CD28, CTLA-4) and corresponding ligands (B7-1 and B7-2, also known as CD80 and CD86), and cytokines like IL-2 and their receptors. Here, we summarize the available evidence on effectiveness of these treatments in human and experimental uveitis and highlight a novel CD28 antagonist monovalent Fab′ antibody, FR104, which has shown preclinical efficacy suppressing effector T cells while enhancing regulatory T cell function and immune tolerance in a humanized graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) mice model and is currently being tested in a mouse autoimmune uveitis model with encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Papotto
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein 627-701, 2-SS Bloco A, 05651-901 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Blini Marengo
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein 627-701, 2-SS Bloco A, 05651-901 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Sardinha
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein 627-701, 2-SS Bloco A, 05651-901 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Carla Goldberg
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein 627-701, 2-SS Bloco A, 05651-901 São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT), Brazil
| | - Luiz Vicente Rizzo
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein 627-701, 2-SS Bloco A, 05651-901 São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT), Brazil.
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Hamel KM, Cao Y, Olalekan SA, Finnegan A. B cell-specific expression of inducible costimulator ligand is necessary for the induction of arthritis in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:60-7. [PMID: 24449576 DOI: 10.1002/art.38207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOSL interactions are necessary for activation of Teff cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. ICOSL is expressed on B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and can be induced on nonhematopoietic cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether expression of ICOSL on B cells is necessary for the development of proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis (PGIA). METHODS PGIA was initiated by immunizing wild-type and ICOSL-deficient (ICOSL(-/-) ) or B cell-specific ICOSL(-/-) chimeric BALB/c mice with human PG in adjuvant. The onset and severity of arthritis were monitored over time. CD4+ T cell proliferation and CD4+ T cell cytokine production were measured in vitro after the cells were restimulated with PG. Germinal center (GC) B cells, plasma cells, Tfh cells, and Treg cells were identified by staining with specific antibodies. RESULTS Arthritis progression was completely inhibited in both ICOSL(-/-) mice and B cell-specific ICOSL(-/-) chimeric mice. Production of the Teff cell-produced cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-17 (IL-17) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-4 was suppressed. The reduced percentages of GCs and Tfh cells and the decreased production of IL-21 correlated with a decrease in the anti-mouse PG antibody response. However, the percentage of plasma cells was not reduced despite a reduction in IgG responses. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the signals provided by ICOSL-expressing B cells to Teff cells and Tfh cells are necessary for the development of arthritis. Thus, therapeutic blockade of ICOSL-ICOS interactions may be an effective strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Ritter T, Pleyer U. Novel gene therapeutic strategies for the induction of tolerance in cornea transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:749-64. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Maltzman JS, Turka LA. T-cell costimulatory blockade in organ transplantation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a015537. [PMID: 24296352 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Before it became possible to derive T-cell lines and clones, initial experimentation on the activation requirements of T lymphocytes was performed on transformed cell lines, such as Jurkat. These studies, although technically correct, proved misleading as most transformed T cells can be activated by stimulation of the clonotypic T-cell receptor (TCR) alone. In contrast, once it became possible to study nontransformed T cells, it quickly became clear that TCR stimulation by itself is insufficient for optimal activation of naïve T cells, but in fact, induces a state of anergy. It then became clear that functional activation of T cells requires not only recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and peptide by the TCR, but also requires ligation of costimulatory receptors expressed on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Gao X, Zhao L, Wang S, Yang J, Yang X. Enhanced inducible costimulator ligand (ICOS-L) expression on dendritic cells in interleukin-10 deficiency and its impact on T-cell subsets in respiratory tract infection. Mol Med 2013; 19:346-56. [PMID: 24100657 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between inducible costimulator ligand (ICOS-L) expression and interleukin (IL)-10 production by dendritic cells (DCs) has been commonly found in infectious disease. DCs with higher ICOS-L expression and IL-10 production are reportedly more efficient in inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we use the Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection model in IL-10 knockout (KO) mice to test the relationship between IL-10 production and ICOS-L expression by DCs. We examined ICOS-L expression, the development of T-cell subsets, including Treg, Th17 and Th1 cell, in the background of IL-10 deficiency and its relationship with ICOS-L/ICOS signaling after infection. Surprisingly, we found that the IL-10 KO mice exhibited significantly higher ICOS-L expression by DCs. Moreover, IL-10 KO mice showed lower Tregs but higher Th17 and Th1 responses, but only the Th17 response depended on ICOS signaling. Consistently, most of the Th17 cells were ICOS⁺, whereas most of the Th1 cells were ICOS⁻ in the infected mice. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-17 in IL-10 KO mice significantly exacerbated lung infection. The data suggest that ICOS-L expression on DC may be negatively regulated by IL-10 and that ICOS-L expression on DC in the presence or absence of IL-10 costimulation may promote Treg or Th17 response, without significant impact on Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gao
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lei Zhao
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Hubo M, Trinschek B, Kryczanowsky F, Tuettenberg A, Steinbrink K, Jonuleit H. Costimulatory molecules on immunogenic versus tolerogenic human dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:82. [PMID: 23565116 PMCID: PMC3615188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are sentinels of immunity, essential for homeostasis of T cell-dependent immune responses. Both functions of DC, initiation of antigen-specific T cell immunity and maintenance of tissue-specific tolerance originate from distinct stages of differentiation, immunogenic versus tolerogenic. Dependent on local micro milieu and inflammatory stimuli, tissue resident immature DC with functional plasticity differentiate into tolerogenic or immunogenic DC with stable phenotypes. They efficiently link innate and adaptive immunity and are ideally positioned to modify T cell-mediated immune responses. Since the T cell stimulatory properties of DC are significantly influenced by their expression of signal II ligands, it is critical to understand the impact of distinct costimulatory pathways on DC function. This review gives an overview of functional different human DC subsets with unique profiles of costimulatory molecules and outlines how different costimulatory pathways together with the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 bias immunogenic versus tolerogenic DC functions. Furthermore, we exemplarily describe protocols for the generation of two well-defined monocyte-derived DC subsets for their clinical use, immunogenic versus tolerogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hubo
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
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Bakdash G, Sittig SP, van Dijk T, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. The nature of activatory and tolerogenic dendritic cell-derived signal II. Front Immunol 2013; 4:53. [PMID: 23450201 PMCID: PMC3584294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in maintaining the intricate balance between immunity and tolerance by orchestrating adaptive immune responses. Being the most potent antigen presenting cells, DCs are capable of educating naïve T cells into a wide variety of effector cells ranging from immunogenic CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to tolerogenic regulatory T cells. This education is based on three fundamental signals. Signal I, which is mediated by antigen/major histocompatibility complexes binding to antigen-specific T cell receptors, guarantees antigen specificity. The co-stimulatory signal II, mediated by B7 family molecules, is crucial for the expansion of the antigen-specific T cells. The final step is T cell polarization by signal III, which is conveyed by DC-derived cytokines and determines the effector functions of the emerging T cell. Although co-stimulation is widely recognized to result from the engagement of T cell-derived CD28 with DC-expressed B7 molecules (CD80/CD86), other co-stimulatory pathways have been identified. These pathways can be divided into two groups based on their impact on primed T cells. Whereas pathways delivering activatory signals to T cells are termed co-stimulatory pathways, pathways delivering tolerogenic signals to T cells are termed co-inhibitory pathways. In this review, we discuss how the nature of DC-derived signal II determines the quality of ensuing T cell responses and eventually promoting either immunity or tolerance. A thorough understanding of this process is instrumental in determining the underlying mechanism of disorders demonstrating distorted immunity/tolerance balance, and would help innovating new therapeutic approaches for such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Greaves P, Gribben JG. The role of B7 family molecules in hematologic malignancy. Blood 2013; 121:734-44. [PMID: 23223433 PMCID: PMC3563361 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-385591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7 family consists of structurally related, cell-surface proteins that regulate immune responses by delivering costimulatory or coinhibitory signals through their ligands. Eight family members have been identified to date including CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), CD274 (programmed cell death-1 ligand [PD-L1]), CD273 (programmed cell death-2 ligand [PD-L2]), CD275 (inducible costimulator ligand [ICOS-L]), CD276 (B7-H3), B7-H4, and B7-H6. B7 ligands are expressed on both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. The importance of the B7 family in regulating immune responses is clear from their demonstrated role in the development of immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Manipulation of the signals delivered by B7 ligands shows great potential in the treatment of cancers including leukemias and lymphomas and in regulating allogeneic T-cell responses after stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Ritter T, Wilk M, Nosov M. Gene Therapy Approaches to Prevent Corneal Graft Rejection: Where Do We Stand? Ophthalmic Res 2013; 50:135-40. [DOI: 10.1159/000350547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gao X, Gigoux M, Yang J, Leconte J, Yang X, Suh WK. Anti-chlamydial Th17 responses are controlled by the inducible costimulator partially through phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52657. [PMID: 23285133 PMCID: PMC3527575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that mice deficient in the Inducible Costimulator ligand (ICOSL-KO) develop more severe disease and lung pathology with delayed bacterial clearance upon respiratory infection of Chlamydia muridarum. Importantly, the exacerbation of disease in ICOSL-KO mice was seen despite heightened IFN-γ/Th1 responses, the major defense mechanisms against Chlamydia. To gain insight into the mechanism of ICOS function in this model, we presently analyzed anti-Chlamydia immune responses in mice lacking the entire ICOS (ICOS-KO) versus knock-in mice expressing a mutant ICOS (ICOS-Y181F) that has selectively lost the ability to activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Like ICOSL-KO mice, ICOS-KO mice showed worse disease with elevated IFN-γ/Th1 responses compared to wild-type (WT) mice. ICOS-Y181F mice developed much milder disease compared to ICOS-KO mice, yet they were still not fully protected to the WT level. This partial protection in ICOS-Y181F mice could not be explained by the magnitude of IFN-γ/Th1 responses since these mice developed a similar level of IFN-γ response compared to WT mice. It was rather IL-17/Th17 responses that reflected disease severity: IL-17/Th17 response was partially impaired in ICOS-Y181F mice compared to WT, but was substantially stronger than that of ICOS-KO mice. Consistently, we found that both polarization and expansion of Th17 cells were partially impaired in ICOS-Y181F CD4 T cells, and was further reduced in ICOS-KO CD4 T cells in vitro. Our results indicate that once the IFN-γ/Th1 response is above a threshold level, the IL-17/Th17 response becomes a limiting factor in controlling Chlamydia lung infection, and that ICOS plays an important role in promoting Th17 responses in part through the activation of PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gigoux
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Julien Leconte
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail: (W-KS); (XY)
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (W-KS); (XY)
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Selection of Single Chain Variable Fragments Specific for the Human-Inducible Costimulator Using Ribosome Display. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:967-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ji YR, Kim HJ, Yu DH, Bae KB, Park SJ, Yi JK, Kim N, Park SJ, Oh KB, Hwang SS, Lee S, Kim SH, Kim MO, Lee JW, Ryoo ZY. Enforced expression of roquin protein in T cells exacerbates the incidence and severity of experimental arthritis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42269-77. [PMID: 23066015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.374835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of Roquin, a RING-type ubiquitin ligase family member, we used transgenic mice with enforced Roquin expression in T cells, with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Wild-type (WT) and Roquin transgenic (Tg) mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII). Arthritis severity was evaluated by clinical score; histopathologic CIA severity; proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels; anti-CII antibody levels; and populations of Th1, Th2, germinal center B cells, and follicular helper T cells in CIA. T cell proliferation in vitro and cytokine levels were determined to assess the response to CII. Roquin Tg mice developed more severe CIA and joint destruction compared with WT mice. Production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and pathogenic anti-collagen CII-specific IgG and IgG2a antibodies was increased in Roquin Tg mice. In addition, in vitro T cell assays showed increased proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to CII as a result of enforced Roquin expression in T cells. Furthermore, the Th1/Th2 balance was altered by an increased Th1 and decreased Th2 population. These findings suggest that overexpression of Roquin exacerbates the development of CIA and that enforced expression of Roquin in T cells may promote autoimmune diseases such as CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Rae Ji
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Takehara K. Augmented ICOS expression in patients with early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 52:242-51. [PMID: 23024058 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inducible costimulator (ICOS), expressed on activated T cells, and its ligand, ICOS ligand (ICOSL), expressed on antigen-presenting cells, have been considered a single receptor-ligand pair. Here we investigated the expression of ICOS and ICOSL in patients with SSc. METHODS ICOS expression on peripheral blood T cells, and ICOSL expression on B cells and macrophages was determined by flow cytometry. Expression of ICOS and ICOSL was assessed by immunohistological staining and real-time PCR of lesional skin. RESULTS ICOS expression levels were specifically increased on both peripheral blood memory T cells and Tregs from early dcSSc patients compared with those from healthy controls. Mean ICOSL expression on B cells or macrophages was comparable between SSc patients and healthy controls. ICOS-expressing T cells, ICOSL-expressing macrophages and mRNA levels of ICOS and ICOSL were increased in the lesional skin of patients with early dcSSc. In vitro ICOS costimulation enhanced production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A from T cells in SSc patients vs normal controls. Soluble ICOS levels were significantly increased in SSc patients and were negatively associated with the presence of ACAs and positively associated with CRP values. Serum levels of soluble ICOS were more closely associated with clinical features compared with levels of soluble IL-2 receptor. CONCLUSION Augmented ICOS signalling may contribute to the pathogenesis of SSc during early progressive disease. Soluble ICOS levels may be used as a serum marker for the activity and severity of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
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Caccamo N, Todaro M, La Manna MP, Sireci G, Stassi G, Dieli F. IL-21 regulates the differentiation of a human γδ T cell subset equipped with B cell helper activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41940. [PMID: 22848667 PMCID: PMC3405033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens without presentation by MHC molecules and display pleiotropic features. Here we report that coculture of Vγ9Vδ2 cells with phosphoantigen and IL-21 leads to selective expression of the transcription repressor Bcl-6 and polarization toward a lymphocyte subset displaying features of follicular B-helper T (TFH) cells. TFH-like Vγ9Vδ2 cells have a predominant central memory (CD27+CD45RA−) phenotype and express ICOS, CD40L and CXCR5. Upon antigen activation, they secrete IL-4, IL-10 and CXCL13, and provide B-cell help for antibody production in vitro. Our findings delineate a subset of human Vγ9Vδ2 lymphocytes, which, upon interaction with IL-21-producing CD4 TFH cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs, is implicated in the production of high affinity antibodies against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco P. La Manna
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Sireci
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Immunoregulatory molecules are master regulators of inflammation during the immune response. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2897-2905. [PMID: 22819828 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling is critical to maintain the immune homeostasis under physiological conditions as well as for the control of inflammation in different pathological settings. Recent progress in the signalling pathways that control this balance has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents for diseases characterized by alterations in the activation/suppression of the immune response. Different molecules have a key role in the regulation of the immune system, including the receptors PD-1 (Programmed cell Death 1), CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4) and galectins; or the intracellular enzyme IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase). In addition, other molecules as CD69, AhR (Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor), and GADD45 (Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45) family members, have emerged as potential targets for the regulation of the activation/suppression balance of immune cells. This review offers a perspective on well-characterized as well as emergent negative immune regulatory molecules in the context of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Busse M, Krech M, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Hennig C, Hansen G. ICOS Mediates the Generation and Function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Conveying Respiratory Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1975-82. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Larimore K, Liang L, Bakkour S, Sha WC. B7h-expressing dendritic cells and plasma B cells mediate distinct outcomes of ICOS costimulation in T cell-dependent antibody responses. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:29. [PMID: 22686515 PMCID: PMC3477010 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ICOS-B7h costimulatory receptor-ligand pair is required for germinal center formation, the production of isotype-switched antibodies, and antibody affinity maturation in response to T cell-dependent antigens. However, the potentially distinct roles of regulated B7h expression on B cells and dendritic cells in T cell-dependent antibody responses have not been defined. Results We generated transgenic mice with lineage-restricted B7h expression to assess the cell-type specific roles of B7h expression on B cells and dendritic cells in regulating T cell-dependent antibody responses. Our results show that endogenous B7h expression is reduced on B cells after activation in vitro and is also reduced in vivo on antibody-secreting plasma B cells in comparison to both naïve and germinal center B cells from which they are derived. Increasing the level of B7h expression on activated and plasma B cells in B-B7hTg mice led to an increase in the number of antibody-secreting plasma cells generated after immunization and a corresponding increase in the concentration of antigen-specific high affinity serum IgG antibodies of all isotypes, without affecting the number of responding germinal center B cells. In contrast, ICOS costimulation mediated by dendritic cells in DC-B7hTg mice contributed to germinal center formation and selectively increased IgG2a production without affecting the overall magnitude of antibody responses. Conclusions Using transgenic mice with lineage-restricted B7h expression, we have revealed distinct roles of ICOS costimulation mediated by dendritic cells and B cells in the regulation of T cell-dependent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Larimore
- Immunology Division, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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