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Poynton E, Chernucha E, Day J, Prodger C, Hopkins D, Rakesh P, O’Neill T, Thakrar N, Akarca A, Jamal E, Ali A, Kirkwood AA, Pomplun S, Marafioti T, Calaminici M, Greaves P, Chaganti S, McKay P, Smith J, Eyre TA, Martinez-Calle N, Cwynarski K, Fox CP, Okosun J. Impact of MYC and BCL2 double expression on outcomes in primary CNS lymphoma: a UK multicenter analysis. Blood Adv 2024; 8:1772-1775. [PMID: 38039509 PMCID: PMC10985804 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Poynton
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Chernucha
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Day
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Prodger
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Hopkins
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pallav Rakesh
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tess O’Neill
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha Thakrar
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ayse Akarca
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esraa Jamal
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha Ali
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amy A. Kirkwood
- Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trial Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Pomplun
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Calaminici
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Greaves
- Department of Haematology, Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Romford, United Kingdom
| | - Sridhar Chaganti
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pam McKay
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffery Smith
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Liverpool University Hospitals, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Toby A. Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kate Cwynarski
- Department of Clinical Haematology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Rajapaksha C, Greaves P, Altaner CM. Economic potential of essential oil production from New Zealand-grown Eucalyptus bosistoana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14083. [PMID: 37640730 PMCID: PMC10462639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm foresters and other growers are establishing a ground-durable hardwood resource, including the emerging plantation species Eucalyptus bosistoana in New Zealand. The foliage of this species contains essential oils in quantity and quality suitable for commercial extraction. Essential oil production could improve the economic viability of E. bosistoana plantations, diversifying the grower's income and providing an early revenue stream. This study assessed the economic potential for essential oil production from New Zealand grown E. bosistoana plantations. A sensitivity analysis indicated that uncertainty of leaf biomass availability, genetic as well as seasonal changes in oil content, and fluctuations in essential oil price are equally important on the viability of an essential oil operation. Small-scale essential oil production could be sustainably supplied with foliage from thinning and pruning operations sourced from the envisaged regional planting programmes and commence in 3-5 years. A large-scale operation could be supplied when trees will be harvested. Lastly, based on the operational costs of a domestic small-scale essential oil producer, oil value from E. bosistoana would exceed the cost of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamira Rajapaksha
- School of Forestry | Kura Ngahere, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paul Greaves
- UNWUW Limited Trading as Estate Aromatics, PO Box 95, Riversdale, Southland, 9776, New Zealand
| | - Clemens M Altaner
- School of Forestry | Kura Ngahere, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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3
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El-Sharkawi D, Sud A, Prodger C, Khwaja J, Shotton R, Hanley B, Peacock V, Peng YY, Arasaretnam A, Sharma S, Aldridge F, Sharma B, Wotherspoon A, Cheung B, De Lord C, Johnston R, Kassam S, Pettengel R, Linton K, Greaves P, Cook L, Naresh KN, Cwynarski K, Eyre TA, Chau I, Cunningham D, Iyengar S. A retrospective study of MYC rearranged diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the context of the new WHO and ICC classifications. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:54. [PMID: 37072385 PMCID: PMC10113386 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dima El-Sharkawi
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Amit Sud
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Catherine Prodger
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rohan Shotton
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian Hanley
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ying Ying Peng
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Sarkhara Sharma
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frances Aldridge
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Bhupinder Sharma
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wotherspoon
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Corinne De Lord
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Shireen Kassam
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ruth Pettengel
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Linton
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Greaves
- Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Essex, UK
| | - Lucy Cook
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Kate Cwynarski
- University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Toby A Eyre
- Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Chau
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Cunningham
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sunil Iyengar
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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4
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Tsitsikas DA, Rowe S, Bosch A, Hui C, Sadasivam N, Palaskas NJ, Pancham S, Rizvi S, Taylor J, Greaves P, Glenthøj A, Hoffmann M, Drasar E, Eleftheriou P. Addition of plasma exchange to red cell exchange improves outcomes of fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2023; 200:e50-e52. [PMID: 36594271 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Rowe
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Caitlyn Hui
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nicolaos J Palaskas
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shivan Pancham
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Syed Rizvi
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Andreas Glenthøj
- Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Emma Drasar
- University College London hospital, London, UK
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5
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Cwynarski K, Cummin T, Osborne W, Lewis J, Chaganti S, Smith J, Linton K, Greaves P, McKay P, Fox CP. Management of secondary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2023; 200:160-169. [PMID: 36408800 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Cwynarski
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Cummin
- Department of Haematology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Wendy Osborne
- Department of Haematology, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanne Lewis
- Department of Haematology, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sridhar Chaganti
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeff Smith
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kim Linton
- Haematology and Transplant Unit, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Greaves
- Department of Haematology, Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Romford, UK
| | - Pam McKay
- Department of Haematology, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher P Fox
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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6
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Dennis M, Burnett A, Hills R, Thomas I, Ariti C, Severinsen MT, Hemmaway C, Greaves P, Clark RE, Copland M, Russell N. A randomised evaluation of low-dose cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) plus tosedostat versus low-dose ara-C in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: results of the LI-1 trial. Br J Haematol 2021; 194:298-308. [PMID: 33961292 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) account for nearly half of those with the disease. Because they are perceived to be unfit for, unwilling to receive, or unlikely to benefit from conventional chemotherapy they represent an important unmet need. Tosedostat is a selective oral aminopeptidase inhibitor, which in phase I/II trials showed acceptable toxicity and encouraging efficacy. We report the only randomised study of low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAC) combined with tosedostat (LDAC-T) versus LDAC in untreated older patients not suitable for intensive treatment. A total of 243 patients were randomised 1:1 as part of the 'Pick-a-Winner' LI-1 trial. There was a statistically non-significant increase in the complete remission (CR) rate with the addition of tosedostat, LDAC-T 19% versus LDAC 12% [odds ratio (OR) 0·61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·30-1·23; P = 0·17]. For overall response (CR+CR with incomplete recovery of counts), there was little evidence of a benefit to the addition of tosedostat (25% vs. 18%; OR 0·68, 95% CI 0·37-1·27; P = 0·22). However, overall survival (OS) showed no difference (2-year OS 16% vs. 12%, hazard ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·73-1·28; P = 0·8). Exploratory analyses failed to identify any subgroup benefitting from tosedostat. Despite promising pre-clinical, early non-randomised clinical data with acceptable toxicity and an improvement in response, we did not find evidence that the addition of tosedostat to LDAC produced a survival benefit in this group of patients with AML. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number: ISRCTN40571019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dennis
- Department of Haematology, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan Burnett
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Hills
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Thomas
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cono Ariti
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne T Severinsen
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Claire Hemmaway
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Greaves
- Department of Haematology, Queen's Hospital, Romford, UK
| | - Richard E Clark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nigel Russell
- Department of Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Nicolson P, Perry R, Fisher A, Scott G, Magill L, Chan-Lam D, Thorpe A, Macheta M, Carter-Brzezinski L, Ackroyd S, Katumba A, Bradbury C, Jen S, Camillieri M, Besser M, Bull T, Leighton K, Ayalew Y, Willan J, Watson E, Oshinyemi P, Upadhye Y, Pickard K, Swart-Rimmer I, Knott C, Chown S, Crolla F, Quinn D, McLeod-Kennedy L, Oun H, McDermott C, Walker M, Mullally R, Herlihy N, Shah G, Doyle A, Robinson S, Sayar Z, Pryor R, Peet C, Shenouda A, Venkatadasari I, Cartier J, Akay M, Tsitsikas D, Sivapalaratnam S, Cooper N, Lentaigne C, Bailey C, Xu DM, Janum S, Mohan A, Kimberger K, Kgologolo M, Sevillano B, Hanina S, Danga A, Mustafa C, Wilding C, Trikha R, Wang H, Crossette-Thambiah C, Hastings A, Sreedhara S, Wright D, Batey L, Atkin A, Davis S, Jaafar S, Ejaz A, Biss T, Swieton J, Noh MSM, Gibson H, Freeman T, Badaguma U, Kreze O, Kirkpatrick S, Suntharalingam S, Kmonicek M, Joffe M, Halperin D, Desborough M, Rampotas A, Dhillon E, Greaves P, Blacker E, Aiken L, Boot J, Prasannan N, Kerr J, Martin A, Wexler S, Burney C, Melly M, Nolan R, Hipkins R, Kaddam I, Elmoamly S, Darlow J, Plews D, Shrubsole C, Loizou E, Garth L, Peter H, Wolf J, Walia S, MacDonald V, Zaidi A, Dunk R, Miah H, Miah A, Tucker D, Skinner T, Cakmak S, Cakmak I, Hussein H, Buka R, Wilson L, Talbot G, Qureshi H, Wharin S, Dillon A, Bailiff B, McIlroy G, Murray D, Seymour F, Graham J, Harrison S, Salhan B, Sharpe D, Thomas W, McCulloch R, Crosbie N, Lowe G, Hill Q. A HaemSTAR-led, UK-wide ‘flash-mob’ audit of intravenous immunoglobulin use in immune thrombocytopenia. Clin Med (Lond) 2020. [DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3s-s82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Nicolson P, Perry R, Fisher A, Scott G, Magill L, Chan-Lam D, Thorpe A, Macheta M, Carter-Brzezinski L, Ackroyd S, Katumba A, Bradbury C, Jen S, Camillieri M, Besser M, Bull T, Leighton K, Ayalew Y, Willan J, Watson E, Oshinyemi P, Upadhye Y, Pickard K, Swart-Rimmer I, Knott C, Chown S, Crolla F, Quinn D, McLeod-Kennedy L, Oun H, McDermott C, Walker M, Mullally R, Herlihy N, Shah G, Doyle A, Robinson S, Sayar Z, Pryor R, Peet C, Shenouda A, Venkatadasari I, Cartier J, Akay M, Tsitsikas D, Sivapalaratnam S, Cooper N, Lentaigne C, Bailey C, Xu DM, Janum S, Mohan A, Kimberger K, Kgologolo M, Sevillano B, Hanina S, Danga A, Mustafa C, Wilding C, Trikha R, Wang H, Crossette-Thambiah C, Hastings A, Sreedhara S, Wright D, Batey L, Atkin A, Davis S, Jaafar S, Ejaz A, Biss T, Swieton J, Noh MSM, Gibson H, Freeman T, Badaguma U, Kreze O, Kirkpatrick S, Suntharalingam S, Kmonicek M, Joffe M, Halperin D, Desborough M, Rampotas A, Dhillon E, Greaves P, Blacker E, Aiken L, Boot J, Prasannan N, Kerr J, Martin A, Wexler S, Burney C, Melly M, Nolan R, Hipkins R, Kaddam I, Elmoamly S, Darlow J, Plews D, Shrubsole C, Loizou E, Garth L, Peter H, Wolf J, Walia S, MacDonald V, Zaidi A, Dunk R, Miah H, Miah A, Tucker D, Skinner T, Cakmak S, Cakmak I, Hussein H, Buka R, Wilson L, Talbot G, Qureshi H, Wharin S, Dillon A, Bailiff B, McIlroy G, Murray D, Seymour F, Graham J, Harrison S, Salhan B, Sharpe D, Thomas W, McCulloch R, Crosbie N, Lowe G, Hill Q. A HaemSTAR-led, UK-wide ‘flash-mob’ audit of intravenous immunoglobulin use in immune thrombocytopenia. Clin Med (Lond) 2019. [DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-s82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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El-Sharkawi D, Sharma S, Cook L, Hanley B, Johnston R, Arasaretnam A, Lazana I, Greaves P, Parkinson A, Peng Y, Kassam S, Peacock V, Kaczmarski R, Bower M, Cheung B, De Lord C, Cross M, Vroobel K, Wotherspoon A, Aldridge F, Khwaja J, Sharma B, Cwynarski K, Pettengell R, Chau I, Cunningham D, Naresh K, Iyengar S. COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH MYC
REARRANGED DLBCL AND DOUBLE/ TRIPLE HIT HIGH-GRADE B CELL LYMPHOMA: A PAN-LONDON RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.11_2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. El-Sharkawi
- Haematology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - S. Sharma
- Haematology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - L. Cook
- Haematology; Hammersmith Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - B. Hanley
- Haematology; Hammersmith Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - R. Johnston
- Haematology; Royal Sussex County Hospital; Brighton United Kingdom
| | - A. Arasaretnam
- Haematology; Royal Sussex County Hospital; Brighton United Kingdom
| | - I. Lazana
- Haematology; King's College Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - P. Greaves
- Haematology; Queen's Hospital; Romford United Kingdom
| | - A. Parkinson
- Haematology; Queen's Hospital; Romford United Kingdom
| | - Y. Peng
- Haematology; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - S. Kassam
- Haematology; King's College Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - V. Peacock
- Haematology; King's College Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - R. Kaczmarski
- Haematology; Hillingdon Hospital; Uxbridge United Kingdom
| | - M. Bower
- Haematology; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - B. Cheung
- Haematology; Croydon University Hospital; Croydon United Kingdom
| | - C. De Lord
- Haematology; St Helier Hospital; Carshalton United Kingdom
| | - M. Cross
- Haematology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - K. Vroobel
- Histopathology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - A. Wotherspoon
- Histopathology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - F. Aldridge
- Clinical Cytogenetics; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - J. Khwaja
- Haematology; University College Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - B. Sharma
- Radiology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - K. Cwynarski
- Haematology; University College Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - R. Pettengell
- Haematology; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - I. Chau
- Department of Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - D. Cunningham
- Department of Medicine; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
| | - K. Naresh
- Histopathology; Hammersmith Hospital; Hammersmith United Kingdom
| | - S. Iyengar
- Haematology; Royal Marsden Hospital; Sutton United Kingdom
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Greaves P, Mathew V, Peters C, Rowe S, Amos RJ, Tsitsikas DA. Successful outcome of three patients with sickle-cell disease and fat embolism syndrome treated with intensive exchange transfusion. Clin Case Rep 2016; 5:39-43. [PMID: 28096988 PMCID: PMC5224784 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare complication of sickle-cell disease (SCD) associated with extremely high mortality rates. It affects predominantly non-SS patients and those with previously mild disease. Rapid institution of exchange transfusion with an aim to reduce HbS to very low levels as soon as FES is suspected can be life-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Haemoglobinopathy Service Department of Haematology Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Vivek Mathew
- Haemoglobinopathy Service Department of Haematology Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Catherine Peters
- Intensive Care Unit Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Susan Rowe
- Department of Radiology Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Roger J Amos
- Haemoglobinopathy Service Department of Haematology Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Dimitris A Tsitsikas
- Haemoglobinopathy Service Department of Haematology Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK
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11
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Chatterjee B, Rqieh U, Greaves P, Piras D, Firth J, Saja K. Sweet syndrome as terminal event in ruxolitinib-treated myelofibrosis. Br J Haematol 2015; 169:307. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basabi Chatterjee
- Department of Haematology; Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Usama Rqieh
- Department of Haematology; Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Paul Greaves
- Department of Haematology; Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Daniela Piras
- Department of Dermatology; Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; London UK
| | - John Firth
- Department of Histopathology; Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Khalid Saja
- Department of Haematology; Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; London UK
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12
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Coutinho R, Clear AJ, Mazzola E, Owen A, Greaves P, Wilson A, Matthews J, Lee A, Alvarez R, da Silva MG, Cabeçadas J, Neuberg D, Calaminici M, Gribben JG. Revisiting the immune microenvironment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using a tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry: robust semi-automated analysis reveals CD3 and FoxP3 as potential predictors of response to R-CHOP. Haematologica 2014; 100:363-9. [PMID: 25425693 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression studies have identified the microenvironment as a prognostic player in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, there is a lack of simple immune biomarkers that can be applied in the clinical setting and could be helpful in stratifying patients. Immunohistochemistry has been used for this purpose but the results are inconsistent. We decided to reinvestigate the immune microenvironment and its impact using immunohistochemistry, with two systems of image analysis, in a large set of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Diagnostic tissue from 309 patients was arrayed onto tissue microarrays. Results from 161 chemoimmunotherapy-treated patients were used for outcome prediction. Positive cells, percentage stained area and numbers of pixels/area were quantified and results were compared with the purpose of inferring consistency between the two semi-automated systems. Measurement cutpoints were assessed using a recursive partitioning algorithm classifying results according to survival. Kaplan-Meier estimators and Fisher exact tests were evaluated to check for significant differences between measurement classes, and for dependence between pairs of measurements, respectively. Results were validated by multivariate analysis incorporating the International Prognostic Index. The concordance between the two systems of image analysis was surprisingly high, supporting their applicability for immunohistochemistry studies. Patients with a high density of CD3 and FoxP3 by both methods had a better outcome. Automated analysis should be the preferred method for immunohistochemistry studies. Following the use of two methods of semi-automated analysis we suggest that CD3 and FoxP3 play a role in predicting response to chemoimmunotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Coutinho
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Clear
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Emanuele Mazzola
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK Department of Histopathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, UK
| | - Paul Greaves
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Janet Matthews
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Abigail Lee
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK Department of Histopathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, UK
| | - Rute Alvarez
- Department of Hematology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - José Cabeçadas
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Histopathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, UK
| | - Maria Calaminici
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK Department of Histopathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, UK
| | - John G Gribben
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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Greaves P, Lister TA, Gribben JG. Parenthood in long-term survivors after CHOP with or without etoposide treatment for aggressive lymphoma - response to Meissner et al. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:615-6. [PMID: 24689447 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Korszun A, Sarker SJ, Chowdhury K, Clark C, Greaves P, Johnson R, Kingston J, Levitt G, Matthews J, White P, Lister A, Gribben J. Psychosocial factors associated with impact of cancer in longterm haematological cancer survivors. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:790-803. [PMID: 24372352 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impact of cancer (IOC) on subsequent quality of life (QOL), 718 long-term haematological cancer survivors completed validated psychosocial, functional and QOL scales, including IOC. Fifteen percent reported significant psychological distress, 18% high levels of fatigue and 10% moderate to severe functional impairment. These groups of participants also showed poorer QOL. There were no significant differences in psychological distress (P = 0·76), fatigue (P = 0·23) or functional impairment (P = 0·74) across different cancer subtypes. Two separate hierarchical regression analyses examined the combined association of disease-type, psychosocial and other factors on negative and positive IOC scores respectively. Higher negative IOC scores were significantly associated (P ≤ 0·001) with medical comorbidity, psychological distress, lower social support, high fatigue levels and functional impairment. Paediatric patients (diagnosed at <17 years) had significantly higher negative IOC scores than adult patients (P = 0·001); greater years since diagnosis was significantly (P < 0·001) associated with less negative IOC. Higher positive IOC was associated with acute leukaemia (P = 0·01); lower positive IOC with paediatric patients (P < 0·001), white ethnicity (P < 0·001), higher education (P = 0·003), no partner (P = 0·01) and lower social support (P = 0·01). Screening for medical comorbidity, psychological distress and fatigue identifies those needing most support and should allow earlier interventions to address negative and positive IOC to improve the well-being of cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Korszun
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Greaves P, Sarker SJ, Chowdhury K, Johnson R, Matthews J, Matthews R, Smith M, Korszun A, Gribben JG, Lister TA. Fertility and sexual function in long-term survivors of haematological malignancy: using patient-reported outcome measures to assess a neglected area of need in the late effects clinic. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:526-35. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Shah-Jalal Sarker
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Kashfia Chowdhury
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Janet Matthews
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Rebecca Matthews
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Ania Korszun
- Centre for Psychiatry; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - John G. Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - T. Andrew Lister
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Barts and The London Medical School; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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Abstract
The B7 family consists of structurally related, cell-surface proteins that regulate immune responses by delivering costimulatory or coinhibitory signals through their ligands. Eight family members have been identified to date including CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), CD274 (programmed cell death-1 ligand [PD-L1]), CD273 (programmed cell death-2 ligand [PD-L2]), CD275 (inducible costimulator ligand [ICOS-L]), CD276 (B7-H3), B7-H4, and B7-H6. B7 ligands are expressed on both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. The importance of the B7 family in regulating immune responses is clear from their demonstrated role in the development of immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Manipulation of the signals delivered by B7 ligands shows great potential in the treatment of cancers including leukemias and lymphomas and in regulating allogeneic T-cell responses after stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Montoto S, Matthews J, Greaves P, Lillington D, Anderson D, Gribben JG, Lister TA. Myeloablative chemotherapy for chemo-sensitive recurrent follicular lymphoma: potential benefit in second relapse. Haematologica 2012; 98:620-5. [PMID: 23144201 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.069583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining the role of high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell rescue in the therapeutic algorithm of follicular lymphoma remains a major challenge. In contrast to the acknowledged poor outcome associated with cyclophosphamide/total body irradiation conditioning in heavily pretreated patients, the prognostic impact of the number of previous therapy lines in patients treated with the chemotherapy-only containing regimen, BEAM, is unknown. From 1997 to 2008 80 patients (41 males, 39 females; median age, 51 years; range, 31-67) received high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell rescue with BEAM for relapsed follicular lymphoma at our center. Overall survival and time-to-progression were analyzed according to the number of prior treatment lines. The median number of previous treatment lines was three, with 61% of the patients having received more than three lines (including rituximab in 47%). After a median follow-up of 76 months (range, 14-160), three patients developed secondary myelodysplastic syndrome. The 5-year overall survival rate was 71% and 5-year time-to-progression was 44%. There were no differences in time-to-progression or overall survival according to the number of previous treatment lines or episodes of disease. In conclusion, high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell rescue with BEAM appears to be equally effective in second or third remission of follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montoto
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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18
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Greaves P, Clear A, Coutinho R, Wilson A, Matthews J, Owen A, Shanyinde M, Lister TA, Calaminici M, Gribben JG. Expression of FOXP3, CD68, and CD20 at diagnosis in the microenvironment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma is predictive of outcome. J Clin Oncol 2012; 31:256-62. [PMID: 23045593 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.39.9881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The immune microenvironment is key to the pathophysiology of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). Twenty percent of patients experience failure of their initial treatment, and others receive excessively toxic treatment. Prognostic scores and biomarkers have yet to influence outcomes significantly. Previous biomarker studies have been limited by the extent of tissue analyzed, statistical inconsistencies, and failure to validate findings. We aimed to overcome these limitations by validating recently identified microenvironment biomarkers (CD68, FOXP3, and CD20) in a new patient cohort with a greater extent of tissue and by using rigorous statistical methodology. PATIENTS AND METHODS Diagnostic tissue from 122 patients with CHL was microarrayed and stained, and positive cells were counted across 10 to 20 high-powered fields per patient by using an automated system. Two statistical analyses were performed: a categorical analysis with test/validation set-defined cut points and Kaplan-Meier estimated outcome measures of 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and freedom from first-line treatment failure (FFTF) and an independent multivariate analysis of absolute uncategorized counts. RESULTS Increased CD20 expression confers superior OS. Increased FOXP3 expression confers superior OS, and increased CD68 confers inferior FFTF and OS. FOXP3 varies independently of CD68 expression and retains significance when analyzed as a continuous variable in multivariate analysis. A simple score combining FOXP3 and CD68 discriminates three groups: FFTF 93%, 62%, and 47% (P < .001), DSS 93%, 82%, and 63% (P = .03), and OS 93%, 82%, and 59% (P = .002). CONCLUSION We have independently validated CD68, FOXP3, and CD20 as prognostic biomarkers in CHL, and we demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, that combining FOXP3 and CD68 may further improve prognostic stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom.
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19
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Greaves P, Wilson A, Matthews J, Brown DLP, Auer R, Montoto S, Lister TA, Gribben JG. Early relapse and refractory disease remain risk factors in the anthracycline and autologous transplant era for patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a single centre intention-to-treat analysis. Br J Haematol 2012; 157:201-4. [PMID: 22224653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed in 103 unselected patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) comparing early relapse (<12 months) or failure of first-line therapy (ER/FTF) with late relapses (LR). Seventy one percentage proceeded to high-dose therapy/autologous stem cell rescue (HDT/ASCR) following salvage treatment. By ITT, 5-year overall survival (OS) was 50% for ER/FTF compared to 73% for LR patients (P = 0·012). However OS was equivalent for both groups if salvage treatment response was adequate to proceed to HDT/ASCR. ER/FTF patients remain a high-risk group largely due to a failure of salvage therapy: a point at which novel interventions could impact survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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20
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Greaves P. Data selection for benchmark dose (BMD) modelling of substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic – Tumours relevance for humans and margin of exposure. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Department of Haematological Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital (Queen Mary, University of London), London.
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22
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Verschoyle RD, Greaves P, Cai H, Edwards RE, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Evaluation of the cancer chemopreventive efficacy of rice bran in genetic mouse models of breast, prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:248-54. [PMID: 17211473 PMCID: PMC2359993 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rice is a staple dietary constituent in Asia, whereas rice consumed in the Western world is generally white, obtained from brown rice by removal of the bran. We tested the hypothesis that rice bran interferes with development of tumours in TAg, TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) or Apc(Min) mice, genetic models of mammary, prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis, respectively. Mice received rice bran (30%) in AIN-93G diet throughout their post-weaning lifespan. In TAg and TRAMP mice, rice bran did not affect carcinoma development. In TRAMP or wild-type C57Bl6/J mice, dietary rice bran increased kidney weight by 18 and 20%, respectively. Consumption of rice bran reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas in Apc(Min) mice by 51% (P<0.01), compared to mice on control diet. In parallel, dietary rice bran decreased intestinal haemorrhage in these mice, as reflected by increased haematocrit. At 10% in the diet, rice bran did not significantly retard Apc(Min) adenoma development. Likewise, low-fibre rice bran (30% in the diet) did not affect intestinal carcinogenesis, suggesting that the fibrous constituents of the bran mediate chemopreventive efficacy. The results suggest that rice bran might be beneficially evaluated as a putative chemopreventive intervention in humans with intestinal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Verschoyle
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - P Greaves
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - H Cai
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - R E Edwards
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - W P Steward
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - A J Gescher
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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23
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Greaves P, Oakervee H, Kon SSC, Jones R, Farah N. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following anti-lymphocyte globulin treatment for severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2006; 134:251. [PMID: 16848767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Greaves
- Department of Haematological Oncology, Bart's and the London NHS Trust, London, UK.
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24
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Cai H, Hudson EA, Mann P, Verschoyle RD, Greaves P, Manson MM, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Growth-inhibitory and cell cycle-arresting properties of the rice bran constituent tricin in human-derived breast cancer cells in vitro and in nude mice in vivo. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1364-71. [PMID: 15316567 PMCID: PMC2410014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricin, a flavone found in rice bran, inhibits the growth of human-derived malignant MDA-MB-468 breast tumour cells at submicromolar concentrations. As part of the exploration of tricin as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent, we investigated the duration and cell cycle specificity of growth inhibition elicited by tricin in vitro and the effect of tricin on the development of MDA-MB-468 tumours grown in immune-compromised MF-1 mice in vivo. Preincubation of MDA-MB-468 cells with tricin (1–40 μM) for 72 h compromised cell growth after tricin removal, and such irreversibility was not observed in human breast-derived nonmalignant HBL-100 cells. Tricin (⩾5 μM) arrested MDA-MB-468 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis as adjudged by annexin V staining. In nude mice consumption of tricin with the diet (0.2%, w w−1) from 1 week prior to MDA-MB-468 cell implantation failed to impede tumour development. Steady-state levels of tricin in plasma, breast tumour tissue and intestinal mucosa, as measured by HPLC, were 0.13 μM and 0.11 and 63 nmol g−1, respectively. Cells were exposed to tricin (0.11, 1.1 or 11 μM) in vitro for 72 h and then implanted into mice. The volume of tumours in animals bearing cells pre-exposed to 11 μM tricin was less than a third of that in mice with control cells, while tumours from cells incubated with 0.1 or 1.1 μM tricin were indistinguishable from controls. These results suggest that the potent breast tumour cell growth-inhibitory activity of tricin in vitro does not directly translate into activity in the nude mouse bearing the MDA MB-468 tumour. While the results do not support the notion that tricin is a promising candidate for breast cancer chemoprevention, its high levels in the gastrointestinal tract after dietary intake render exploration of its ability to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis propitious.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cai
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - E A Hudson
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - P Mann
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - R D Verschoyle
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - P Greaves
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - M M Manson
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - W P Steward
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - A J Gescher
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK. E-mail:
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Green AR, Edwards RE, Greaves P, White INH. Comparison of the effect of oestradiol, tamoxifen and raloxifene on nerve growth factor-alpha expression in specific neonatal mouse uterine cell types using laser capture microdissection. J Mol Endocrinol 2003; 30:1-11. [PMID: 12580757 DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral dosing of CD-1 mice on days 2-5 after birth with tamoxifen but not raloxifene disrupts the development of the myometrium, resulting in adult uterine adenomyosis. Using laser capture microdissection and RT-PCR we have investigated nerve growth factor (NGF) and cognate receptor expression in uterine cells of 6-day-old pups that may be important in early developmental changes that give rise to adenomyosis. NGF down-regulation is known to occur during terminal myogenic differentiation. NGF was found exclusively in endometrial luminal epithelium of controls. It was up-regulated 18-fold in the luminal epithelium following dosing with tamoxifen but not raloxifene. Western blotting for NGF protein in the whole uterus showed a 25-fold increase after tamoxifen treatment. Expression of the low affinity p75 neutrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) was twofold higher in the myometrium compared with luminal epithelium or stroma. This was not altered following tamoxifen treatment. There was no detectable expression of high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (trkA(NGFR)). This study shows luminal epithelial cells of the endometrium primarily form NGF. This suggests that NGF normally regulates the differentiation of the mesenchyme into uterine myocytes through paracrine mechanisms and that an early disturbance of this process plays a key role in the subsequent development of adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Green
- MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robert Kilpatrick Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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26
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Greaves P. A dose of political medicine: Grenada. Assoc Med J 2002. [DOI: 10.1136/sbmj.0205154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Green AR, Parrott EL, Butterworth M, Jones PS, Greaves P, White IN. Comparisons of the effects of tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene on enzyme induction and gene expression in the ovariectomised rat uterus. J Endocrinol 2001; 170:555-64. [PMID: 11524235 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the actions of oestradiol, tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene on enzyme and gene expression in uterine tissues of ovariectomised rats over 72 h. The time-course for the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by the compounds showed a rapid biphasic response, while for creatine kinase brain type (BB) there was a continued increase over 72 h. The efficacy of induction showed that, with both markers, oestradiol gave the highest induction level, followed by tamoxifen or toremifene and then raloxifene. RT-PCR demonstrated that all compounds decreased oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ERbeta and ERbeta2 gene expression, 8-24 h after the first dose, suggesting that down-regulation of ER is not the primary cause of the difference in efficacy between these compounds. Using cDNA arrays, expression of 512 genes was examined in the uteri of oestradiol- or tamoxifen-treated rats. Both compounds resulted in the up-regulation of heat-shock protein 27, telomerase-associated protein 1 and secretin. However, most surprising was the marked down-regulation of Wilms' tumour and retinoblastoma genes. We speculate that this may result in a loss of regulation of the transition from the G1 to the S phase in the cell cycle and may make cells more vulnerable to the carcinogenic effects of tamoxifen in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Green
- MRC Centre for Mechanisms of Human Toxicity, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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28
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Abstract
Adenomyosis is a fairly frequent disorder in adult women characterized by the haphazard location of endometrial glands and stroma deep within the myometrium of the uterus. This study compared the effects on uterine development of the selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, toremifene, and raloxifene with estradiol when given orally to female mice on days 2 to 5 after birth. Uterine adenomyosis was found in all (14 of 14) mice dosed with tamoxifen and most mice (12 of 14) treated with toremifene, but in none of the vehicle-dosed controls, in only one animal treated with raloxifene at 42 and 90 days after dosing and in none of the mice treated with estradiol at 42 days. At 6 days, the uterus in the groups that developed a high incidence of adenomyosis showed histological evidence of disturbed differentiation of the myometrium. Gene-expression XY-scatterplots using Clontech mouse 1.2 Atlas mouse cDNA expression arrays analyzing total uterine RNA showed nerve growth factor-alpha, preadipocyte factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-2 were key genes differentially modified by tamoxifen or toremifene treatment, relative to the controls. As these genes may play an important role in regulating differentiation and development of the myometrium, these data suggest that adenomyosis may be caused primarily by defects in the formation of the myometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Parrott
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hidgkin Building, Lancaster Rd., Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
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Greaves P. Student soapbox: teenage pregnancies. Assoc Med J 2001. [DOI: 10.1136/sbmj.0107247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
One important cell death pathway involves binding of the cell surface receptor Fas, which recruits and activates specific initiator and effector caspases. In this study Balb/c mice were injected with monoclonal antibody to Fas either alone or followed by the tripeptide caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk. At four hours mice were killed along with concurrent controls and tissues processed for histological examination and immunocytochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3. The livers in all animals treated with Fas alone showed massive apoptosis and positive staining for cleaved caspase-3 whereas those treated with Fas and Z-VAD.fmk or controls showed little or no apoptosis or staining for cleaved caspase-3. These features suggest that massive apoptosis may be important in fulminant liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Greaves
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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Paradkar AS, Mosher RH, Anders C, Griffin A, Griffin J, Hughes C, Greaves P, Barton B, Jensen SE. Applications of gene replacement technology to Streptomyces clavuligerus strain development for clavulanic acid production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2292-7. [PMID: 11319114 PMCID: PMC92869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.5.2292-2297.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephamycin C production was blocked in wild-type cultures of the clavulanic acid-producing organism Streptomyces clavuligerus by targeted disruption of the gene (lat) encoding lysine epsilon-aminotransferase. Specific production of clavulanic acid increased in the lat mutants derived from the wild-type strain by 2- to 2.5-fold. Similar beneficial effects on clavulanic acid production were noted in previous studies when gene disruption was used to block the production of the non-clavulanic acid clavams produced by S. clavuligerus. Therefore, mutations in lat and in cvm1, a gene involved in clavam production, were introduced into a high-titer industrial strain of S. clavuligerus to create a double mutant with defects in production of both cephamycin C and clavams. Production of both cephamycin C and non-clavulanic acid clavams was eliminated in the double mutant, and clavulanic acid titers increased about 10% relative to those of the parental strain. This represents the first report of the successful use of genetic engineering to eliminate undesirable metabolic pathways in an industrial strain used for the production of an antibiotic important in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Paradkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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32
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Pyrah IT, Kalinowski A, Jackson D, Davies W, Davis S, Aldridge A, Greaves P. Toxicologic lesions associated with two related inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase in the dog and mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:174-9. [PMID: 11421484 DOI: 10.1080/019262301317052440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two novel hypolipidaemic agents, both members of the aminopyrimidine series, with a mode of action of inhibition of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), were administered orally to dogs and mice for 14 and 28 days. Both compounds produced a similar spectrum of pathologic changes. In dogs, the agents produced equatorial single cell necrosis and cataract in the lens (also observed clinically); atrophy, ulceration, and inflammation of the cornea; hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, hair papillary atrophy, and inflammation of the skin; and epithelial degeneration and sperm granuloma in the epididymides. One female dog showed signs of liver toxicity. In mice, severe cataract formation was seen with both compounds, and liver toxicity was produced by one of the compounds. The severity and speed of onset of the cataract formation were very marked. The changes seen were dissimilar to those reported with the most commonly used class of hypolipidaemic agents in the clinic, the hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase inhibitors but were reminiscent of those reported for the hypolipidaemic agent Triparanol. which was predictive of toxicity seen in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Pyrah
- Safety Assessment, Alderley, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
In the beagle dog, exaggerated hypotension and tachycardia following administration of high doses of vasodilating antihypertensive drugs are associated with vascular injury and characteristic patterns of myocardial necrosis and haemorrhage. Cardiac and vascular inflammation and necrosis also occur in dogs in association with different functional changes including severe hypertension and the effects that follow treatment with high doses of vasoconstrictor and pressor drugs. More recently, cardioactive drugs of novel classes such as the endothelin antagonists have also been shown to produce vascular damage in the beagle dog but in the absence of ischaemic myocardial damage or significant haemodynamic alterations that typically follow administration of high doses of vasodilating antihypertensive or pressor drugs. This underlines the importance of a careful analysis of the patterns of cardiovascular pathology, their dose, temporal and spatial relationships in the context of functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Greaves
- Safety of Medicines, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare in-hospital time uses by first-postgraduate-year (PGY1) residents during rotations in emergency medicine (EM), internal medicine (IM), and surgery (S). This article reports the clinical components of residency time use. METHODS A cross-sectional, observational study of the clinical activities of EM PGY1 residents was performed while the residents were on duty during the three specialty rotations. The activities were recorded by an observer using a log with predetermined categories for clinical activities. A time-blocked, convenience sample of resident shifts was observed for each service rotation. The sample was proportional to the total number of hours for which a PGY1 resident was expected to be in the hospital during a rotation on that service. No attempt was made to sample the same resident at all time periods or on all rotations. Proportions were compared by chi2; alpha = 0.0001. RESULTS Twelve PGY1 residents were observed for a total of 166 hours on S, 156 hours on IM, and 120 hours on EM. These hourly amounts were representative of a typical two-week span of service on each rotation for the residents. On average, the residents spent 57% of their time on clinical or service-oriented activities. During EM and IM rotations, the residents spent most of their time performing clinical information gathering and engaging in case management and data synthesis (52% of total clinical effort). Within this category, residents on EM were more involved with case discussion and review of ancillary test results than on IM (34% vs 20% of time in this category). Conversely, proportionately less time in this category was devoted to documentation on the EM vs IM rotation (56% vs 80%; p < 0.0001). The greatest opportunity to perform procedures was on the S rotation (31% of total clinical time vs 6% for other specialties; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Awareness of the clinical activities performed on PGY1 rotations can help residency directors anticipate educational needs to balance their residents' experience. Since 29% and 42% of total clinical time on PGY1 EM and IM rotations, respectively, is focused on documentation, efforts to enhance charting skills and efficiency are warranted. Also, efforts to enhance PGY1 procedural experience outside of the S rotation appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Magnusson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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Abstract
In toxicity studies, the examination of tissue sections for pathological changes is the principle method for the identification of organ toxicity and characterisation of the hazard of novel drugs for humans. Study of the patterns of pathological alterations also represents an important means of developing an understanding of the mechanism of toxicity. However as pathological change frequently represents a final common expression of diverse processes, additional functional information is often required for a clear understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. This is exemplified in the evaluation of the effects of drugs on the beagle dog cardiovascular system where an understanding of mechanisms is crucial in the assessment of human risk. Particular patterns of drug-induced structural change in the myocardium or blood vessels are frequently linked to specific mechanisms of toxicity. However, assessment based on the interpretation of patterns of cardiovascular pathology alone may be misleading. Quite different changes in cardiac and vascular function or direct cellular toxicity may also be manifest by pathological features in common. Therefore, a clear understanding of mechanism frequently requires additional in vivo or in vitro physiological, pharmacological, biochemical or other mechanistic information. The beagle dog remains an important model for the study of cardiovascular toxicity because in this species, haemodynamic changes and pathological alterations can be related in a way that provides the basis for the safe study in humans of novel drugs with cardiovascular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Greaves
- Safety of Medicines Group, ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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36
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Greaves P. A second chance. Nurs Times 1997; 93:25-27. [PMID: 9429492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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37
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Newbert RW, Barton B, Greaves P, Harper J, Turner G. Analysis of a commercially improved Penicillium chrysogenum strain series: involvement of recombinogenic regions in amplification and deletion of the penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1997; 19:18-27. [PMID: 9281849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jim.2900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several commercially improved strains of Penicillium chrysogenum have been shown to carry amplifications of the entire penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster. Analysis previously carried out using the strain BW 1890 has here been extended to the characterisation of other members of the SmithKline Beecham strain improvement series. We have determined the length of the amplicon to be 57.4 kb and shown a general increase in copy number and penicillin titre through the series. Sequence analyses of the promoter regions of the acvA, ipnA and aat genes in the high titre strain BW 1901, and comparisons with wild-type sequences have not identified any potentially titre-enhancing mutations. In addition, cDNA screening has failed to identify any further transcribed elements within the co-amplified region. The homogeneity of hybridisation patterns and the identification and analysis of a single copy revertant has shown that the amplification is of a direct tandem nature and we propose a model of chromatid misalignment and recombination as its mode of generation. Hybridisation analysis of penicillin non-producing mutants has indicated the loss, in all those investigated, of the entire penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster, similarities between the deletion junctions in these strains and comparison with previously published data indicating the presence of recombinogenic regions flanking the penicillin biosynthesis gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Newbert
- University of Sheffield, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, South Yorkshire, UK
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38
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Zink MR, Greaves P. Home care accreditation with the community health accreditation program: part II: the process. Home Healthc Nurse 1996; 14:684-8. [PMID: 8991887 DOI: 10.1097/00004045-199609000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The CHAP accreditation process provides an external, objective marker for the clients served by an agency. This marker indicates that the agency has met national standards of organizational strength and quality. The process results in a detailed analysis of the organization's overall strengths and weaknesses and provides expert consultation regarding findings. This ongoing consultative relationship between CHAP staff members and/or site visitors and agency leadership provides a continued framework for organizational expansion and change to meet ever-changing health-care needs.
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Abstract
Over 100 marketed drugs induce neoplasia when administered at high doses to rats and mice for periods of up to two years. Despite their diverse chemical structures and biological activities, these compounds produce a relatively limited range of tumour types in rodents, most commonly in the liver. Tumours usually develop only after long periods of time following high exposure to drug. The main exceptions are DNA-reactive anticancer drugs such as alkylating agents which produce tumours rapidly in rodents in several organs. In this laboratory, mouse carcinogenicity studies are performed using the C57BL/10J strain. This strain infrequently develops hepatic tumours spontaneously but it is sensitive to the effects of DNA-reactive carcinogens. Moreover, hepatic neoplasms regularly develop in male but not female C57BL/10J mice following long-term treatment with nongenotoxic drugs that produce hepatic enlargement associated with diverse hepatocellular effects. Studies in this strain with the tumorigenic liver enlarger, phenobarbitone, have shown that although such liver enlargement is characterised by a brief burst of hepatocyte replication, this is associated with persistent regional modulation of hepatic growth stimulatory and inhibitory factors and their associated receptors. These findings indicate that there is a sustained alteration to the internal hepatic environment characterised by regional alterations to the balance of hepatocyte mitogens and inhibitors of replication and their respective receptors. Thus, the development of hepatocellular tumours in C57BL/10J mice following two-year treatment with nongenotoxic drugs appears to be a regular response of an organ to an exaggerated and long-term disruption of its homeostasis. Agents that produce tumours in rodents in this way seem likely to pose little or no risk to humans if administered under appropriate clinical circumstances at doses which show no significant disruption of organ homeostasis. However, drugs that produce this type of response need to be distinguished from those that induce unusual and rapid patterns of tumour development because these agents may have high tumorigenic potency of potential hazard to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Greaves
- Safety of Medicines Group, ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, UK
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40
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Greaves P, Goonetilleke R, Nunn G, Topham J, Orton T. Two-year carcinogenicity study of tamoxifen in Alderley Park Wistar-derived rats. Cancer Res 1993; 53:3919-24. [PMID: 8358718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen used widely in the treatment of breast cancer, was tested in a conventional 2-year carcinogenicity bioassay in rats, a species in which tamoxifen acts variably as a partial agonist and antagonist on different target tissues. Groups of 51 males and 52 females were given 5, 20, and 35 mg/kg of tamoxifen/day by gastric intubation in 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose at 5 ml/kg dose volume. There were 102 male and 104 female controls dosed with vehicle alone. Growth rate and food consumption were reduced in all treated groups. The major finding was a dose-related increase in the incidence of hepatocellular tumors which were first observed after 31 weeks of treatment in the top dose group. The majority of the neoplasms were hepatocellular carcinomas showing a well differentiated trabecular pattern. Some tumors were glandular in type. Mortality was increased in the 20 and 35 mg/kg dose groups compared with controls as a result of these tumors. By contrast, survival was greater than controls in rats given 5 mg/kg tamoxifen despite the presence of hepatocellular tumors due to a reduction in the number of pituitary tumors in females and less chronic renal disease in males. The mechanism of hepatic tumor induction by tamoxifen in rats is unclear. In view of the lack of genotoxic activity in conventional genotoxicity studies and lack of similar effect in mice or in humans, the findings may relate to a particular constellation of effects in rats. All other drug-induced changes in this study were nonneoplastic in nature and most appeared to be the result of hormonal perturbation since they were confined to endocrine organs or have been seen previously in rats treated for long periods with tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Greaves
- Safety of Medicines Department, ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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41
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Abstract
The ophthalmoscopic appearances and the clinical evolution of a previously poorly documented form of crescentic cataract was studied in over 2,000 untreated Alderley Park rats between 4 and 110 weeks of age. In addition, 401 ex-breeder females, 54 gonadectomized males, and 56 gonadectomized females of the same strain were studied. The light microscopic features of the lenticular changes were also examined in detail. The cataracts, crescentic in shape and originating dorsally at the lens equator, were mostly unilateral. They appeared from about 30 weeks of age and affected 4% of intact males and 14% of intact females by about 2 years of age. Fewer cataracts were found in ex-breeder females, and none were found in male or female gonadectomized rats up to 2 years of age. The cataracts developed rapidly and became fully formed in 3 months. Subsequently, most cataracts scarcely progressed. Only a few extended to involve the entire lens. Some appeared to regress completely. Histologically, affected lens fibers showed swelling, globular disintegration, and liquefaction, most marked in the cortex medial to the lens bow area and extending along the direction of the lens fibers in an anterior and posterior direction but only occasionally reaching the lens capsule. The cause of these age-related lenticular changes in the Alderley Park rat is uncertain, but these changes are important during the conduct of long-term studies with this strain because their incidence can be modulated by agents that alter sex hormone status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lazenby
- Safety of Medicines Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England
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42
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43
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Westwood FR, Iswaran TJ, Greaves P. Long-term effects of an inotropic phosphodiesterase inhibitor (ICI 153,110) on the rat salivary gland, harderian gland, and intestinal mucosa. Toxicol Pathol 1991; 19:214-23. [PMID: 1780638 DOI: 10.1177/019262339101900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The inotropic vasodilator, ICI 153,110, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor intended for the treatment of congestive heart failure, was administered to Alderley Park Wistar-derived rats for periods of up to 182 days. Treatment produced hypertrophy of salivary glands, hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa, and dacryoadenitis of the harderian gland. As the functions of these glandular tissues can be modified by factors which alter cyclic nucleotide metabolism, it is postulated that the glandular alterations produced by ICI 153,110 occurred as a result of phosphodiesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Westwood
- Safety of Medicines Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals, United Kingdom
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44
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Johnstone IL, McCabe PC, Greaves P, Gurr SJ, Cole GE, Brow MA, Unkles SE, Clutterbuck AJ, Kinghorn JR, Innis MA. Isolation and characterisation of the crnA-niiA-niaD gene cluster for nitrate assimilation in Aspergillus nidulans. Gene 1990; 90:181-92. [PMID: 2205530 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90178-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genomic clones containing the entire crnA-niiA-niaD gene cluster of Aspergillus nidulans have been isolated, and the structures of the niiA and niaD genes have been determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. This gene cluster is required for the assimilation of nitrate in A. nidulans, and the three genes encode a product required for nitrate uptake and the enzymes, nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase, respectively. The putative coding sequences, as deduced by comparison to cDNA clones of both niiA and niaD, are interrupted by multiple small introns, and the two genes are divergently transcribed. Identification and characterization of specific mRNAs involved in nitrate assimilation indicates that only monocistronic transcripts are involved, and that the approximate sizes of these transcripts are 1.6 kb, 3.4 kb and 2.8 kb for crnA, niiA and niaD, respectively. The results also indicate that control of niiA and niaD gene expression is mediated by the levels of mRNA accumulation, in response to the source of nitrogen in the growth medium. Two types of transcripts for niiA were observed.
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45
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Westwood FR, Iswaran TJ, Greaves P. Pathologic changes in blood vessels following administration of an inotropic vasodilator (ICI 153,110) to the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1990; 14:797-809. [PMID: 2361578 DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ICI 153,110 is an inotropic vasodilator compound intended for the treatment of congestive heart failure. It was administered to rats at dose levels of 5, 10, and 250 mg/kg/day for up to 6 months as part of its preclinical development program. Detailed clinical investigations were conducted during the course of the study and histopathological examination took place after 28 days and 182 days of treatment as well as 42 days following cessation of dosing. Changes were identified in blood vessels in the greater proportion of animals from the high dose group, although some of the changes were also observed at lower dose levels. Vascular tissues from a variety of sites were affected, particularly those of the mesentery, splanchnum, heart, testis, and the pampiniform plexus. Early changes characteristic of acute injury such as arterial medial necrosis and inflammation occurred, which were distinguishable from those following chronic administration of the compound where there was a pronounced arterial and venous wall thickening and accompanying plexiform vasculopathy. The essential components contributing to the thickening were a smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the media. At the end of the period following withdrawal of dosing, vascular thickening was still present and arteritis showed an increased incidence relative to that seen at termination of the main test. Systemic hypertension was not detected during these studies. Vasodilation occurring at or near normal blood pressure, resulting in breakdown of vascular autoregulation and excessive critical wall tension, may have been the cause of the pathological changes. Our findings indicate that medial necrosis is an early component in a sequence of adaptive, destructive, and reparative changes not only following a chemically induced perturbation of the hemodynamic status in arteries and veins but also following a shift back to the "normal state" on withdrawal of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Westwood
- Safety of Medicines Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
The administration of PD 119819, a novel benzopyran-4-one brain dopamine autoreceptor agonist, to Cynomolgus monkeys was followed by deposition of needle-like drug crystals in the bile canaliculi, hepatocytes, proximal renal tubules and renal parenchyma. The crystals were associated with a granulomatous inflammation, and histological and biochemical evidence of hepatic and renal cell damage. Although metabolism differences may be the reason why primates, but not rodents, developed these changes, this form of crystallization appeared to be primarily a result of the insolubility of PD 119189 at alkaline pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Macallum
- Parke-Davis Research Institute, Warner-Lambert Company, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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47
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Albassam MA, Houston BJ, Greaves P, Barsoum N. Polyarteritis in a beagle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194:1595-7. [PMID: 2753780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 13-month-old Beagle became anorectic and had fever, stiff gait, and tenderness in the inguinal region. Clinical signs of disease were associated with neutrophilia and a decrease in the albumin-to-globulin ratio. The dog became clinically normal for 5 days after 3 days of treatment with penicillin G and dihydrostreptomycin. Clinical signs of disease recurred, and the dog was euthanatized after failing to respond to administration of a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination for 9 days. Disseminated arteritis was seen in the testes, epididymides, mesentery, coronary arteries, aorta, and thyroid gland. Lesions were seen in large and medium-sized arteries and varied from acute necrotizing arteries to a chronic lesion with organization and recanalization of thrombi. The clinical signs of disease resembled those of Beagle pain syndrome, described in laboratory Beagles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Albassam
- Parke-Davis Research Institute, Warner-Lambert Canada Inc., Ontario, Canada
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48
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Mompon P, Greaves P, Irisarri E, Monro AM, Bridges JW. A cytochemical study of the livers of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital, with benzidine/phenobarbital, with phenobarbital, or with clofibrate. Toxicology 1987; 46:217-36. [PMID: 2823419 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(87)90129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with clofibrate (CLOF) in the diet for 2 years or with 4 i.p. injections of either diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or benzidine (BZ) followed by phenobarbital (PB) in the diet for 67 weeks, or just with PB for 41 weeks. Animals were killed at frequent intervals, some while still on treatment and others after 3 or 6 months withdrawal of treatment. The livers were subjected to cytochemical measurements of the parenchyma, foci, nodules and carcinomas. The parenchyma of the CLOF groups showed, in general, increases in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD), 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nu), acid phosphatase (AP) and catalase and decreases in uricase and glutathione (GSH). CLOF induced a low incidence of GSH positive foci; nodules showed universally lower levels of catalase and GSH. In the DEN/PB and BZ/PB groups the parenchyma showed increases (even before PB treatment started) in G-6PD and in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and decreases in GSH. DEN raised and BZ lowered 5'-Nu. Neither initiator affected alpha-GPD. Both initiators caused a high incidence of foci positive for G-6PD and for gamma-GT; nodules induced by DEN/PB were mainly positive for gamma-GT and showed an erratic response to the other parameters. Carcinomas, found only after DEN/PB, were all positive for G-6PD and, with one exception, all were negative for alpha-GPD, 5'-Nu, AP and GSH. All changes regressed within 3 months of withdrawal of CLOF but not after withdrawal of PB from DEN-initiated animals. In conclusion G-6PD, alpha-GPD and 5'-Nu may be useful histocytochemical parameters for studying the precarcinogenic hepatic changes and nodules induced by peroxisome proliferators and by genotoxic hepatocarcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mompon
- Centre de Recherche, Laboratoires Pfizer, Amboise, France
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49
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Abstract
Primary periarteritis, an uncommon necrotizing vasculitis in the dog, was found to affect, almost exclusively, the major branches of the coronary arteries in a number of young beagle dogs. The arteritis was mainly distributed in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery. Immunocytochemical studies failed to identify immunoglobulin deposits in the lesions and the cause of the arteritis remains unknown. It is important to be aware of this spontaneous condition and its regional distribution since certain cardiovascular drugs may also produce necrotizing arteritis at similar sites.
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50
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Masson MT, Villanove F, Greaves P. Histological demonstration of wheat germ lectin binding sites in the liver of normal and ANIT treated rats. Arch Toxicol 1986; 59:121-3. [PMID: 3753192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat-germ lectin peroxidase conjugate was used to stain the liver of normal rats and rats given alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). Changes in patterns in bile duct and canalicular staining were compatible with the hypothesis that cell damage caused by ANIT is essentially restricted to bile ducts.
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