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Zhang F, Jiang R, Sun S, Wu C, Yu Q, Awadasseid A, Wang J, Zhang W. Recent advances and mechanisms of action of PD-L1 degraders as potential therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116267. [PMID: 38422701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PD-L1 is an important immune checkpoint protein that can bind to T cells' PD-1 receptor, thereby promoting immune escape from tumors. In recent years, many researchers have developed strategies to degrade PD-L1 to improve the effect of immunotherapy. The study of degrading PD-L1 provides new opportunities for immunotherapy. Here, we mainly summarize and review the current active molecules and mechanisms that mediate the degradation of immature and mature PD-L1 during the post-translational modification stages, involving PD-L1 phosphorylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination, and the autophagy-lysosomal process. This review expects that by degrading PD-L1 protein, we will not only gain a better understanding of oncogenic mechanisms involving tumor PD-L1 protein but also provide a new way to improve immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ruiya Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shishi Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Caiyun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qimeng Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Annoor Awadasseid
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Moganshan Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Deqing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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2
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Ye J, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Liu B, He G. Targeting autophagy and beyond: Deconvoluting the complexity of Beclin-1 from biological function to cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4688-4714. [PMID: 38045051 PMCID: PMC10692397 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beclin-1 is the firstly-identified mammalian protein of the autophagy machinery, which functions as a molecular scaffold for the assembly of PI3KC3 (class III phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase) complex, thus controlling autophagy induction and other cellular trafficking events. Notably, there is mounting evidence establishing the implications of Beclin-1 in diverse tumorigenesis processes, including tumor suppression and progression as well as resistance to cancer therapeutics and CSC (cancer stem-like cell) maintenance. More importantly, Beclin-1 has been confirmed as a potential target for the treatment of multiple cancers. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the structure, functions, and regulations of Beclin-1, and we discuss recent advances in understanding the controversial roles of Beclin-1 in oncology. Moreover, we focus on summarizing the targeted Beclin-1-regulating strategies in cancer therapy, providing novel insights into a promising strategy for regulating Beclin-1 to improve cancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Afiat BC, Zhao D, Wong VHY, Perera ND, Turner BJ, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV. Age-related deficits in retinal autophagy following intraocular pressure elevation in autophagy reporter mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:74-87. [PMID: 37586253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified age-related changes to retinal autophagy using the CAG-RFP-EGFP-LC3 autophagy reporter mice and considered how aging impacts autophagic responses to acute intraocular pressure (IOP) stress. IOP was elevated to 50 mm Hg for 30 minutes in 3-month-old and 12-month-old CAG-RFP-EGFP-LC3 (n = 7 per age group) and Thy1-YFPh transgenic mice (n = 3 per age group). Compared with younger eyes, older eyes showed diminished basal autophagy in the outer retina, while the inner retina was unaffected. Autophagic flux (red:yellow puncta ratio) was elevated in the inner plexiform layer. Three days following IOP elevation, older eyes showed poorer functional recovery, most notably in ganglion cell responses compared to younger eyes (12 months old: -33.4 ± 5.3% vs. 3 months mice: -13.4 ± 4.5%). This paralleled a reduced capacity to upregulate autophagic puncta volume in the inner retina in older eyes, a response that was seen in younger eyes. Age-related decline in basal and stress-induced autophagy in the retina is associated with greater retinal ganglion cells' susceptibility to IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Afiat
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nirma D Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Salemkour Y, Yildiz D, Dionet L, ‘t Hart DC, Verheijden KA, Saito R, Mahtal N, Delbet JD, Letavernier E, Rabant M, Karras A, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T, Tharaux PL, Lenoir O. Podocyte Injury in Diabetic Kidney Disease in Mouse Models Involves TRPC6-mediated Calpain Activation Impairing Autophagy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1823-1842. [PMID: 37678257 PMCID: PMC10631601 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autophagy protects podocytes from injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Restoring glomerular autophagy is a promising approach to limit DKD. This study demonstrates a novel regulatory mechanism of autophagy that blocks this critical protection of the glomerular filtration barrier. We demonstrated that TRPC6 induced in podocytes in mouse models of diabetes mediates calpain activation, thereby impairing podocyte autophagy, causing injury and accelerating DKD. Furthermore, this study provides proof of principle for druggable targets for DKD because restoration of podocyte autophagy by calpain inhibitors effectively limits glomerular destruction. BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease is associated with impaired podocyte autophagy and subsequent podocyte injury. The regulation of podocyte autophagy is unique because it minimally uses the mTOR and AMPK pathways. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying the impaired autophagy in podocytes in diabetic kidney disease remain largely elusive. METHODS This study investigated how the calcium channel TRPC6 and the cysteine protease calpains deleteriously affect podocyte autophagy in diabetic kidney disease in mice. We demonstrated that TRPC6 knockdown in podocytes increased the autophagic flux because of decreased cysteine protease calpain activity. Diabetic kidney disease was induced in vivo using streptozotocin with unilateral nephrectomy and the BTBR ob/ob mouse models. RESULTS Diabetes increased TRPC6 expression in podocytes in vivo with decreased podocyte autophagic flux. Transgenic overexpression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin, as well as pharmacologic inhibition of calpain activity, normalized podocyte autophagic flux, reduced nephrin loss, and prevented the development of albuminuria in diabetic mice. In kidney biopsies from patients with diabetes, we further confirmed that TRPC6 overexpression in podocytes correlates with decreased calpastatin expression, autophagy blockade, and podocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we discovered a new mechanism that connects TRPC6 and calpain activity to impaired podocyte autophagy, increased podocyte injury, and development of proteinuria in the context of diabetic kidney disease. Therefore, targeting TRPC6 and/or calpain to restore podocyte autophagy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilemin Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Léa Dionet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A.T. Verheijden
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Jean-Daniel Delbet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, DMU Origyne, APHP, Paris and French Reference Center for Rare Diseases MARHEA, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR S 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Marion Rabant
- Pathology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital - Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
- Nephrology Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital - Paris, Paris, France
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Liu GY, Xie WL, Wang YT, Chen L, Xu ZZ, Lv Y, Wu QP. Calpain: the regulatory point of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1194402. [PMID: 37456811 PMCID: PMC10346867 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1194402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain is a conserved cysteine protease readily expressed in several mammalian tissues, which is usually activated by Ca2+ and with maximum activity at neutral pH. The activity of calpain is tightly regulated because its aberrant activation will nonspecifically cleave various proteins in cells. Abnormally elevation of Ca2+ promotes the abnormal activation of calpain during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, resulting in myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction. In this paper, we mainly reviewed the effects of calpain in various programmed cell death (such as apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, and parthanatos) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, we also discussed the abnormal activation of calpain during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, the effect of calpain on myocardial repair, and the possible future research directions of calpain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Li Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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6
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Satriano A, Laganà ML, Licastro E, Nucci C, Bagetta G, Russo R, Adornetto A. Neuroprotective Effect of a Nutritional Supplement Containing Spearmint Extract, Forskolin, Homotaurine and Group B Vitamins in a Mouse Model of Transient Ocular Hypertension. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051478. [PMID: 37239149 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common sight-threatening eye disorders and one of the main causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. The current therapies focusing on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) are often insufficient to prevent the progression of the disease, so the therapeutic management of glaucoma remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective, IOP-lowering independent effects of a nutritional supplement containing forskolin, homotaurine, spearmint extract and vitamins of the B group in a model of acute glaucoma developed in mice. Glaucoma was induced in adult wild-type C57BL/6J mice by transient elevation of IOP. The dietary supplement, branded as Gangliomix® (125 mg/kg/day), was administered by oral gavage for 17 days and ocular hypertension was induced on the 10th day of treatment. A histological analysis of the retinas was performed and RGC survival was evaluated with fluorogold labeling and Brn3a immunostaining on wholemount and retinal sections. Expression of alpha-spectrin, caspase-3, PARP-1 and GFAP was studied with western blotting or immunofluorescence. A significant increase in RGC survival was reported in the retina of mice treated with the dietary supplement as compared to vehicle-treated animals. The observed neuroprotection was associated with a calpain activity decrease, reduction in caspase-3 and PARP-1 activation, and prevention of GFAP upregulation. These effects were independent from the hypotensive effects of the supplement. Altogether, our data suggest that the dietary supplementation with forskolin, homotaurine, spearmint extract and vitamins of the B group supports RGC survival and may offer beneficial effects in glaucoma patients in combination with the currently used IOP-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Satriano
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Laganà
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Ester Licastro
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Adornetto
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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8
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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Abstract
Purpose: Retinal ganglion cell death occurs during the glaucoma pathological process, and it is significant because of the poor regeneration capacity of retinal ganglion cells. With a constantly increasing understanding of retinal cell death mechanisms, we now know that simply blocking a specific mechanism of cell death might not prevent retinal ganglion cell death. This review aimed to summarize the mechanisms of retinal cell death in glaucoma models and discuss the caveats in restoring visual function in these studies.Methods: A literature search was done on PubMed using key words including glaucoma, ocular hypertension, retinal ganglion cell, cell death, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagic cell death, and parthanatos. The literature was reviewed to summarize the information about the lethal pathways of retinal ganglion cell in the glaucoma-like animal models.Results: Based on the purpose, 100 studies were selected and discussed in this review.Conclusions: The damage to ganglion cells in glaucoma-like animals can occur via multiple lethal pathways and the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Further investigations on the crosstalk between different cell death pathways and the common upstream regulators could augment the development of novel targeting agents for the curative treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Guan L, Yu Z, Che Z, Zhang H, Yu Y, Yang D, Qian D, Chen R, Yu M. Experimental diabetes exacerbates autophagic flux impairment during myocardial I/R injury through calpain-mediated cleavage of Atg5/LAMP2. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 27:232-245. [PMID: 36562207 PMCID: PMC9843523 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the role of autophagic flux in the increased susceptibility of the experimental diabetic heart to ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we established STZ-induced diabetic mice and performed I/R. In vitro, neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were subjected to high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge to mimic diabetic I/R injury. We found that experimental diabetes aggravated I/R-induced injury than compared with nondiabetic mice. Autophagic flux was impaired in I/R hearts, and the impairment was exacerbated in diabetic mice subjected to I/R with defective autophagosome formation and clearance. Calpains, calcium-dependent thiol proteases, were upregulated and highly activated after I/R of diabetes, while calpain inhibition attenuated cardiac function and cell death and partially restored autophagic flux. The expression levels of Atg5 and LAMP2, two crucial autophagy-related proteins, were significantly degraded in diabetic I/R hearts, alterations that were associated with calpain activation and could be reversed by calpain inhibition. Co-overexpression of Atg5 and LAMP2 reduced myocardial injury and normalized autophagic flux. In conclusion, experimental diabetes exacerbates autophagic flux impairment of cardiomyocytes under I/R stress, resulting in worse I/R-induced injury. Calpain activation and cleavage of Atg5 and LAMP2 at least partially account for the deterioration of autophagic flux impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Guan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ziqin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhimei Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dicheng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Dewei Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University, School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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11
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Kim JS, Chapman WC, Lin Y. Mitochondrial Autophagy in Ischemic Aged Livers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244083. [PMID: 36552847 PMCID: PMC9816943 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is a central catabolic event for mitochondrial quality control. Defective or insufficient mitophagy, thus, can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately cell death. There is a strong causal relationship between ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and mitochondrial dysfunction following liver resection and transplantation. Compared to young patients, elderly patients poorly tolerate I/R injury. Accumulation of abnormal mitochondria after I/R is more prominent in aged livers than in young counterparts. This review highlights how altered autophagy is mechanistically involved in age-dependent hypersensitivity to reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (W.C.C.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - William C. Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (W.C.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (W.C.C.); (Y.L.)
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12
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Inhibition of Calpain Attenuates Degeneration of Substantia Nigra Neurons in the Rotenone Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213849. [PMID: 36430329 PMCID: PMC9694996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), calcium homeostasis is a critical determinant of neuronal survival. Calpain, a calcium-dependent neutral protease, is widely expressed in the brain, including substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Though calpain is implicated in human Parkinson's disease (PD) and corresponding animal models, the roles of specific ubiquitous calpain isoforms in PD, calpain-1 and calpain-2, remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that both isoforms are activated in a nigrostriatal pathway with increased phosphorylated synuclein following the administration of rotenone in Lewis rats, but calpain isoforms played different roles in neuronal survival. Although increased expression of calpain-1 and calpain-2 were detected in the SN of rotenone-administered rats, calpain-1 expression was not altered significantly after treatment with calpain inhibitor (calpeptin); this correlated with neuronal survival. By contrast, increased calpain-2 expression in the SN of rotenone rats correlated with neuronal death, and calpeptin treatment significantly attenuated calpain-2 and neuronal death. Calpain inhibition by calpeptin prevented glial (astroglia/microglia) activation in rotenone-treated rats in vivo, promoted M2-type microglia, and protected neurons. These data suggest that enhanced expression of calpain-1 and calpain-2 in PD models differentially affects glial activation and neuronal survival; thus, the attenuation of calpain-2 may be important in reducing SN neuronal loss in PD.
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13
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Kulkarni-Dwivedi N, Patel PR, Shravage BV, Umrani RD, Paknikar KM, Jadhav SH. Hyperthermia and doxorubicin release by Fol-LSMO nanoparticles induce apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1929-1949. [PMID: 36645007 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies on the anticancer effects of lanthanum strontium manganese oxide (LSMO) nanoparticles (NPs)-mediated hyperthermia at cellular and molecular levels are scarce. Materials & methods: LSMO NPs conjugated with folic acid (Fol-LSMO NPs) were synthesized, followed by doxorubicin-loading (DoxFol-LSMO NPs), and their effects on breast cancer cells were investigated. Results: Hyperthermia (45°C) and combination treatments exhibited the highest (∼95%) anticancer activity with increased oxidative stress. The involvement of intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway and induction of autophagy was noted. Cellular and molecular evidence confirmed the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, involving Beclin1, Bcl2 and Caspase-3 genes with free reactive oxygen species presence. Conclusion: The study confirmed hyperthermia and doxorubicin release by Fol-LSMO NPs induces apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kulkarni-Dwivedi
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratikshkumar R Patel
- Polymer Science & Engineering, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra V Shravage
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India.,Developmental Biology Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rinku D Umrani
- LJ Institute of Pharmacy, LJ University, LJ Campus, Ahmedabad, 382210, Gujarat, India
| | - Kishore M Paknikar
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India.,Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sachin H Jadhav
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, Maharashtra, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Bergmann R, Gulotta G, Andreoni F, Sumitomo T, Kawabata S, Zinkernagel AS, Chhatwal GS, Nizet V, Rohde M, Uchiyama S. The group A Streptococcus interleukin-8 protease SpyCEP promotes bacterial intracellular survival by evasion of autophagy. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2022; 4:116-123. [PMID: 37333426 PMCID: PMC10275413 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy serves an innate immune function in defending the host against invading bacteria, including group A Streptococcus (GAS). Autophagy is regulated by numerous host proteins, including the endogenous negative regulator calpain, a cytosolic protease. Globally disseminated serotype M1T1 GAS strains associated with high invasive disease potential express numerous virulence factors and resist autophagic clearance. Upon in vitro infection of human epithelial cell lines with representative wild-type GAS M1T1 strain 5448 (M1.5448), we observed increased calpain activation linked to a specific GAS virulence factor, the IL-8 protease SpyCEP. Calpain activation inhibited autophagy and decreased capture of cytosolic GAS in autophagosomes. In contrast, the serotype M6 GAS strain JRS4 (M6.JRS4), which is highly susceptible to host autophagy-mediated killing, expresses low levels of SpyCEP and does not activate calpain. Overexpression of SpyCEP in M6.JRS4 stimulated calpain activation, inhibited autophagy and significantly decreased bacterial capture in autophagosomes. These paired loss- and gain-of-function studies reveal a novel role for the bacterial protease SpyCEP in enabling GAS M1 evasion of autophagy and host innate immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Bergmann
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gulotta
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Federica Andreoni
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gursharan S. Chhatwal
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Central Unit for Microscopy (ZEIM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Akram KM, Frost LI, Anumba DOC. Impaired autophagy with augmented apoptosis in a Th1/Th2-imbalanced placental micromilieu is associated with spontaneous preterm birth. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:897228. [PMID: 36090032 PMCID: PMC9460763 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.897228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite decades of research, the pathogenesis of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) remains largely unknown. Limited currently available data on PTB pathogenesis are based on rodent models, which do not accurately reflect the complexity of the human placenta across gestation. While much study has focused on placental infection and inflammation associated with PTB, two key potentially important cellular events in the placenta—apoptosis and autophagy—remained less explored. Understanding the role of these processes in the human placenta may unravel currently ill-understood processes in the pathomechanism of PTB. Methods: To address this necessity, we conducted qRT-PCR and ELISA assays on placental villous tissue from 20 spontaneous preterm and 20 term deliveries, to assess the inter-relationships between inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in villous tissue in order to clarify their roles in the pathogenesis of PTB. Results: We found disrupted balance between pro-apoptotic BAX and anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene/protein expression in preterm placenta, which was associated with significant reduction of BCL2 and increase of BAX proteins along with upregulation of active CASP3 and CASP8 suggesting augmented apoptosis in PTB. In addition, we detected impaired autophagy in the same samples, evidenced by significant accumulation of autophagosome cargo protein p62/SQSTM1 in the preterm villous placentas, which was associated with simultaneous downregulation of an essential autophagy gene ATG7 and upregulation of Ca2+-activated cysteine protease CAPN1. Placental aggregation of p62 was inversely correlated with newborn birth weight, suggesting a potential link between placental autophagy impairment and fetal development. These two aberrations were detected in a micromilieu where the genes of the Th2 cytokines IL10 and IL13 were downregulated, suggesting an alteration in the Th1/Th2 immune balance in the preterm placenta. Conclusion: Taken together, our observations suggest that impaired autophagy and augmented apoptosis in a Th1/Th2 imbalanced placental micro-environment may be associated with the pathogenesis of spontaneous PTB.
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16
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Companys-Alemany J, Turcu AL, Schneider M, Müller CE, Vázquez S, Griñán-Ferré C, Pallàs M. NMDA receptor antagonists reduce amyloid-β deposition by modulating calpain-1 signaling and autophagy, rescuing cognitive impairment in 5XFAD mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:408. [PMID: 35810220 PMCID: PMC9271115 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overstimulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is the leading cause of brain excitotoxicity and often contributes to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. This study aimed to evaluate a new NMDA receptor antagonist (UB-ALT-EV) and memantine in 6-month-old female 5XFAD mice that were exposed orally to a chronic low-dose treatment. Behavioral and cognitive tests confirmed better cognitive performance in both treated groups. Calcium-dependent protein calpain-1 reduction was found after UB-ALT-EV treatment but not after memantine. Changes in spectrin breakdown products (SBDP) and the p25/p35 ratio confirmed diminished calpain-1 activity. Amyloid β (Aβ) production and deposition was evaluated in 5XFAD mice and demonstrated a robust effect of NMDAR antagonists on reducing Aβ deposition and the number and size of Thioflavin-S positive plaques. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) active form and phosphorylated tau (AT8) levels were diminished after UB-ALT-EV treatment, revealing tau pathology improvement. Because calpain-1 is involved in autophagy activation, autophagic proteins were studied. Strikingly, results showed changes in the protein levels of unc-51-like kinase (ULK-1), beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3(LC3B-II)/LC3B-I ratio, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) after NMDAR antagonist treatments, suggesting an accumulation of autophagolysosomes in 5XFAD mice, reversed by UB-ALT-EV. Likewise, treatment with UB-ALT-EV recovered a WT mice profile in apoptosis markers Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3. In conclusion, our results revealed the potential neuroprotective effect of UB-ALT-EV by attenuating NMDA-mediated apoptosis and reducing Aβ deposition and deposition jointly with the autophagy rescue to finally reduce cognitive alterations in a mice model of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Companys-Alemany
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreea L Turcu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion Schneider
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry. Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona (NeuroUB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Silva RCMC, Ribeiro JS, da Silva GPD, da Costa LJ, Travassos LH. Autophagy Modulators in Coronavirus Diseases: A Double Strike in Viral Burden and Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845368. [PMID: 35433503 PMCID: PMC9010404 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the etiologic agents of several diseases. Coronaviruses of critical medical importance are characterized by highly inflammatory pathophysiology, involving severe pulmonary impairment and infection of multiple cell types within the body. Here, we discuss the interplay between coronaviruses and autophagy regarding virus life cycle, cell resistance, and inflammation, highlighting distinct mechanisms by which autophagy restrains inflammatory responses, especially those involved in coronavirus pathogenesis. We also address different autophagy modulators available and the rationale for drug repurposing as an attractive adjunctive therapy. We focused on pharmaceuticals being tested in clinical trials with distinct mechanisms but with autophagy as a common target. These autophagy modulators act in cell resistance to virus infection and immunomodulation, providing a double-strike to prevent or treat severe disease development and death from coronaviruses diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jhones Sousa Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Peixoto Duarte da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Zeng J, Zhang Z, Liao Q, Lu Q, Liu J, Yuan L, Liu G. CircPan3 Promotes the Ghrelin System and Chondrocyte Autophagy by Sponging miR-667-5p During Rat Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719898. [PMID: 34869311 PMCID: PMC8640465 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of circRNAs in regulating osteoarthritis (OA)-related ghrelin synthesis, autophagy induction, and the relevant molecular mechanisms. Results showed that Col2a1, Acan, ghrelin, and autophagy-related markers expression were downregulated, while matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) expressions increased in both IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes and cartilage tissues of OA rats. A total of 130 circRNAs and 731 mRNAs were differentially expressed in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. Among them, we found that circPan3 expression was significantly decreased in both cellular and animal OA models. CircPan3 directly targeted miR-667-5p. CircPan3 overexpression promoted Col2a1, Acan, ghrelin, beclin 1, and LC3-II expression but reduced MMP13 and ADAMTS5 expression in rat chondrocytes, whereas overexpression of miR-667-5p exhibited opposite effects on the above markers. Furthermore, we found that miR-667-5p bound directly to the 3′-UTR sequence of ghrelin gene. Moreover, the circPan3-induced alterations in chondrocytes were antagonized by miR-667-5p overexpression. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that circPan3 promotes ghrelin synthesis and chondrocyte autophagy via targeting miR-667-5p, protecting against OA injury. This study provided experimental evidence that circPan3/miR-667-5p/ghrelin axis might serve as targets of drug development for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hankou Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Qijin Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiemei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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19
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Targeting T-type channels in cancer: What is on and what is off? Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:743-758. [PMID: 34838727 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, various studies have demonstrated a pivotal role of T-type calcium channels (TTCCs) in tumor progression. Cytotoxic effects of TTCC pharmacological blockers have been reported in vitro and in preclinical models. However, their roles in cancer physiology are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss evidence for the signaling pathways and cellular processes stemming from TTCC activity, mainly inferred by inverse reasoning from pharmacological blocks and, only in a few studies, by gene silencing or channel activation. A thorough analysis indicates that drug-induced cytotoxicity is partially an off-target effect. Dissection of on/off-target activity is paramount to elucidate the physiological roles of TTCCs, and to deliver efficacious therapies suited to different cancer types and stages.
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20
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Valle MS, Russo C, Malaguarnera L. Protective role of vitamin D against oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3447. [PMID: 33760363 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. There is much evidence showing that a high level of mitochondrial overproduction of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic retina contributes in modifying cellular signalling and leads to retinal cell damage and finally to the development of DR pathogenesis. In the last few decades, it has been reported that vitamin D is involved in DR pathogenesis. Vitamin D, traditionally known as an essential nutrient crucial in bone metabolism, has also been proven to be a very effective antioxidant. It has been demonstrated that it modulates the production of advanced glycosylated end products, as well as several pathways including protein kinase C, the polyol pathway leading to the reduction of free radical formation. It prevents the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, preventing the inflammatory response, acting as an immunomodulator, and modulates autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D protects the eye from oxidative stress, in order to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation may be useful to mitigate the deleterious effects of free radicals in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Valle
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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21
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Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Zapata-Muñoz J, Bell K, Boya P. New insights into the role of autophagy in retinal and eye diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101038. [PMID: 34620506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental homeostatic pathway that mediates the degradation and recycling of intracellular components. It serves as a key quality control mechanism, especially in non-dividing cells such as neurons. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for elimination. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue located in the back of the eye that detects and processes visual images. Vision is a highly demanding process, making the eye one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body and photoreceptors display glycolytic metabolism, even in the presence of oxygen. The retina and eye are also exposed to other stressors that can impair their function, including genetic mutations and age-associated changes. Autophagy, among other pathways, is therefore a key process for the preservation of retinal homeostasis. Here, we review the roles of both canonical and non-canonical autophagy in normal retinal function. We discuss the most recent studies investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy and its role protecting photoreceptors in several forms of retinal degeneration. Finally, we consider the therapeutic potential of strategies that target autophagy pathways to treat prevalent retinal and eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Republic of Singapore
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Zhang R, Feng Y, Lu J, Ge Y, Li H. lncRNA Ttc3-209 Promotes the Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Retinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Targeting the miR-484/Wnt8a Axis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 33687475 PMCID: PMC7960841 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can cause irreversible damage to visual function after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIR). Using a lncRNA chip assay, we selected lncRNA Ttc-209 and characterized its role in RGCs during ischemia reperfusion (I/R)–induced apoptosis. Methods We created an ischemic model of RGCs by applying Hank's balanced salt solution containing 10 µM antimycin A and 2 µM calcium ionophore for 2 hours. RIR was induced in mice by elevating the intraocular pressure to 120 mm Hg for 1 hour by cannulation of the cornea; this was followed by reperfusion. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and target gene mRNA. Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining, and TUNEL assays were performed to detect cell apoptosis. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and FISH were used to identify endogenous competitive RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms that link lncRNAs, miRNAs, and target genes. We also used scotopic electroretinography examinations to evaluate visual function in treated mice. Results lncRNA Ttc3-209 was significantly upregulated after I/R injury and played a proapoptotic role in RGCs during I/R-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, lncRNA Ttc3-209 is a ceRNA that competitively binds to miR-484 and upregulates the translation of its target (Wnt8a mRNA), thus promoting apoptosis in RGCs. Conclusions Reducing the expression of lncRNA Ttc3-209 had a protective effect against apoptosis in RGCs. This may provide a new therapeutic option for the prevention of RGC apoptosis in response to RIR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jinfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yanni Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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23
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Robinson KJ, Yuan K, Plenderleith SK, Watchon M, Laird AS. A Novel Calpain Inhibitor Compound Has Protective Effects on a Zebrafish Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102592. [PMID: 34685571 PMCID: PMC8533844 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a hereditary ataxia caused by inheritance of a mutated form of the human ATXN3 gene containing an expanded CAG repeat region, encoding a human ataxin-3 protein with a long polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat region. Previous studies have demonstrated that ataxin-3 containing a long polyQ length is highly aggregation prone. Cleavage of the ataxin-3 protein by calpain proteases has been demonstrated to be enhanced in SCA3 models, leading to an increase in the aggregation propensity of the protein. Here, we tested the therapeutic potential of a novel calpain inhibitor BLD-2736 for the treatment of SCA3 by testing its efficacy on a transgenic zebrafish model of SCA3. We found that treatment with BLD-2736 from 1 to 6 days post-fertilisation (dpf) improves the swimming of SCA3 zebrafish larvae and decreases the presence of insoluble protein aggregates. Furthermore, delaying the commencement of treatment with BLD-2736, until a timepoint when protein aggregates were already known to be present in the zebrafish larvae, was still successful at removing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused-ataxin-3 aggregates and improving the zebrafish swimming. Finally, we demonstrate that treatment with BLD-2736 increased the synthesis of LC3II, increasing the activity of the autophagy protein quality control pathway. Together, these findings suggest that BLD-2736 warrants further investigation as a treatment for SCA3 and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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24
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Yu H, Huang Y, Ge Y, Hong X, Lin X, Tang K, Wang Q, Yang Y, Sun W, Huang Y, Luo H. Selenite-induced ROS/AMPK/FoxO3a/GABARAPL-1 signaling pathway modulates autophagy that antagonize apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:35. [PMID: 35201430 PMCID: PMC8777540 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that selenium possessed chemotherapeutic effect against multiple malignant cancers, inducing diverse stress responses including apoptosis and autophagy. Selenite was previously shown to induce apoptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. However, the relationship between selenite-induced apoptosis and autophagy was not fully understood. Our results revealed a pro-survival role of selenite-induced autophagy against apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Real-time PCR array of autophagy-related genes showed that GABARAPL-1 was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer cells, which was confirmed by western blot and immunofluorescence results. Knockdown of GABARAPL-1 significantly inhibited selenite-induced autophagy and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that selenite-induced upregulation of GABARAPL-1 was caused by upregulated p-AMPK and FoxO3a level. Their interaction was correlated with involved in regulation of GABARAPL-1. We observed that activation and inhibition of AMPK influenced both autophagy and apoptosis level via FoxO3a/ GABARAPL-1 signaling, implying the pro-survival role of autophagy against apoptosis. Importantly, we corroborated these findings in a colorectal cancer xenograft animal model with immunohistochemistry and western blot results. Collectively, these results show that sodium selenite could induce ROS/AMPK/FoxO3a/GABARAPL-1-mediated autophagy and downregulate apoptosis in both colorectal cancer cells and colon xenograft model. These findings help to explore sodium selenite as a potential anti-cancer drug in clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52 of Meihua Dong Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanming Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52 of Meihua Dong Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kexin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52 of Meihua Dong Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Green Aerotechnics Research Institute of Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52 of Meihua Dong Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongquan Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52 of Meihua Dong Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.52 of Meihua Dong Road, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.
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25
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Calpain-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage: An Emerging Mechanism Contributing to Cardiac Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082024. [PMID: 34440793 PMCID: PMC8392834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains belong to the family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Activation of calpain is observed in diseased hearts and is implicated in cardiac cell death, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have revealed that calpains target and impair mitochondria in cardiac disease. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of calpains in mediating mitochondrial damage and the underlying mechanisms, and to evaluate whether targeted inhibition of mitochondrial calpain is a potential strategy in treating cardiac disease. We expect to describe the wealth of new evidence surrounding calpain-mediated mitochondrial damage to facilitate future mechanistic studies and therapy development for cardiac disease.
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26
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Tang LHC, Fung FKC, Lai AKW, Wong IYH, Shih KC, Lo ACY. Autophagic Upregulation Is Cytoprotective in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Injured Retina and Retinal Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8446. [PMID: 34445152 PMCID: PMC8395130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective versus cytotoxic role of macroautophagy in ocular ischemia/reperfusion injuries remains controversial and its effects under hyperglycemia are unclear. We investigated the involvement of autophagy in in vitro and in vivo normoglycemic and hyperglycemic models of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Retinal ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 or 22 h) was induced in wild-type and type I diabetic Ins2Akita/+ mice using a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. R28 retinal precursor cells were subjected to CoCl2-induced hypoxia with or without autophagic inhibitor NH4Cl. Autophagic regulation during ischemia/reperfusion was assessed through immunohistochemical detection and Western blotting of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). Effect of autophagic inhibition on cell viability and morphology under hypoxic conditions was also evaluated. Upregulation of autophagic markers in the inner retinae was seen after two hours reperfusion, with tapering of the response following 22 h of reperfusion in vivo. LC3-II turnover assays confirmed an increase in autophagic flux in our hypoxic in vitro model. Pharmacological autophagic inhibition under hypoxic conditions decreased cell survival and induced structural changes not demonstrated with autophagic inhibition alone. Yet no statistically significant different autophagic responses in ischemia/reperfusion injuries were seen between the two glycemic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (L.H.C.T.); (F.K.C.F.); (A.K.W.L.); (I.Y.H.W.); (K.C.S.)
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27
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Sansa A, Hidalgo I, Miralles MP, de la Fuente S, Perez-Garcia MJ, Munell F, Soler RM, Garcera A. Spinal Muscular Atrophy autophagy profile is tissue-dependent: differential regulation between muscle and motoneurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:122. [PMID: 34217376 PMCID: PMC8254901 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular genetic disease caused by reduced survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN is ubiquitous and deficient levels cause spinal cord motoneurons (MNs) degeneration and muscle atrophy. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which SMN reduction in muscle contributes to SMA disease is not fully understood. Therefore, studies evaluating atrophy mechanisms in SMA muscles will contribute to strengthening current knowledge of the pathology. Here we propose to evaluate autophagy in SMA muscle, a pathway altered in myotube atrophy. We analized autophagy proteins and mTOR in muscle biopsies, fibroblasts, and lymphoblast cell lines from SMA patients and in gastrocnemius muscles from a severe SMA mouse model. Human MNs differentiated from SMA and unaffected control iPSCs were also included in the analysis of the autophagy. Muscle biopsies, fibroblasts, and lymphoblast cell lines from SMA patients showed reduction of the autophagy marker LC3-II. In SMA mouse gastrocnemius, we observed lower levels of LC3-II, Beclin 1, and p62/SQSTM1 proteins at pre-symptomatic stage. mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 was decreased in SMA muscle cells. However, in mouse and human cultured SMA MNs mTOR phosphorylation and LC3-II levels were increased. These results suggest a differential regulation in SMA of the autophagy process in muscle cells and MNs. Opposite changes in autophagy proteins and mTOR phosphorylation between muscle cells and neurons were observed. These differences may reflect a specific response to SMN reduction, which could imply diverse tissue-dependent reactions to therapies that should be taken into account when treating SMA patients.
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28
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Mathew B, Chennakesavalu M, Sharma M, Torres LA, Stelman CR, Tran S, Patel R, Burg N, Salkovski M, Kadzielawa K, Seiler F, Aldrich LN, Roth S. Autophagy and post-ischemic conditioning in retinal ischemia. Autophagy 2021; 17:1479-1499. [PMID: 32452260 PMCID: PMC8205079 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1767371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a major cause of vision loss and a common underlying mechanism associated with diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and central retinal artery occlusion. We have previously demonstrated the robust neuroprotection in retina induced by post-conditioning (post-C), a brief period of ischemia, 24 h, following a prolonged and damaging initial ischemia. The mechanisms underlying post-C-mediated retinal protection are largely uncharacterized. We hypothesized that macroautophagy/autophagy is a mediator of post-C-induced neuroprotection. This study employed an in vitro model of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in the retinal R28 neuronal cell line, and an in vivo rat model of retinal ischemic injury. In vivo, there were significant increases in autophagy proteins, MAP1LC3-II/LC3-II, and decreases in SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) in ischemia/post-C vs. ischemia/sham post-C. Blockade of Atg5 and Atg7 in vivo decreased LC3-II, increased SQSTM1, attenuated the functional protective effect of post-C, and increased histological damage and TUNEL compared to non-silencing siRNA. TUNEL after ischemia in vivo was found in retinal ganglion, amacrine, and photoreceptor cells. Blockade of Atg5 attenuated the post-C neuroprotection by a brief period of OGD in vitro. Moreover, in vitro, post-C attenuated cell death, loss of cellular proliferation, and defective autophagic flux from prolonged OGD. Stimulating autophagy using Tat-Beclin 1 rescued retinal neurons from cell death after OGD. As a whole, our results suggest that autophagy is required for the neuroprotective effect of retinal ischemic post-conditioning and augmentation of autophagy offers promise in the treatment of retinal ischemic injury.Abbreviations: BECN1: Beclin 1, autophagy related; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DR: diabetic retinopathy; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine; ERG: Electroretinogram; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate; GCL: Ganglion cell layer; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; INL: Inner nuclear layer; IPL: Inner plexiform layer; MAP1LC3/LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; OGD: Oxygen-glucose deprivation; ONL: Outer nuclear layer; OP: Oscillatory potential; PFA: Paraformaldehyde; PL: Photoreceptor layer; post-C: post-conditioning; RFP: Red fluorescent protein; RGC: Retinal ganglion cell; RPE: Retinal pigment epithelium; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; SEM: Standard error of the mean; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: Sequestosome 1; STR: Scotopic threshold response; Tat: Trans-activator of transcription; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leianne A. Torres
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Clara R. Stelman
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raj Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nathan Burg
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maryna Salkovski
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Konrad Kadzielawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Figen Seiler
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, And College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Zhang D, Wu J, Wu J, Zhang S. Paeonol Induces Protective Autophagy in Retinal Photoreceptor Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667959. [PMID: 34122088 PMCID: PMC8188238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Retinal photoreceptor (RP) cells are widely involved in retina-related diseases, and oxidative stress plays a critical role in retinal secondary damage. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness and potential mechanisms of autophagy of paeonol (Pae) in terms of oxidation resistance. Methods: The animal model was induced by light damage (LD) in vivo, whereas the in vitro model was established by H2O2 stimulation. The effectiveness of Pae was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, electroretinogram, and Western blot analysis in vivo, and the underlying mechanisms of Pae were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and Western blot analysis in 661W cells. We mainly evaluated the effects of Pae on apoptosis and autophagy. Results: Increased apoptosis of the LD-induced and decreased autophagy of RPs were mitigated by Pae treatment. Pea, which increased the expression of mitochondrial functional protein cytochrome c, reversed the decreased cell viability and autophagy induced by oxidative stress in 661W cells. Experiments showed that autophagy was downregulated in PINK1/Parkin dependent and the BNIP3L/Nix dependent pathways under H2O2 stimulation and was upregulated by Pae treatment. Pae increased the cell viability and reduced ROS levels through autophagy. Conclusion: Pretreatment with Pae preserved RP cells by enhancing autophagy, which protected retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daowei Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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30
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Liu Y, Che X, Zhang H, Fu X, Yao Y, Luo J, Yang Y, Cai R, Yu X, Yang J, Zhou MS. CAPN1 (Calpain1)-Mediated Impairment of Autophagic Flux Contributes to Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Damage. Stroke 2021; 52:1809-1821. [PMID: 33874744 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiaohang Che
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Haotian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Fu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Ruiping Cai
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Xiangnan Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, China (Y.L., Y. Yao, Y. Yang, R.C., M.-S.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China (Y.L., X.C., H.Z., X.F., X.Y., J.Y.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, China (J.L.)
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31
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Khatri DK, Kadbhane A, Patel M, Nene S, Atmakuri S, Srivastava S, Singh SB. Gauging the role and impact of drug interactions and repurposing in neurodegenerative disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100022. [PMID: 34909657 PMCID: PMC8663985 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are of vast origin which are characterized by gradual progressive loss of neurons in the brain region. ND can be classified according to the clinical symptoms present (e.g. Cognitive decline, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements disorder) or by the pathological protein deposited (e.g., Amyloid, tau, Alpha-synuclein, TDP-43). Alzheimer's disease preceded by Parkinson's is the most prevalent form of ND world-wide. Multiple factors like aging, genetic mutations, environmental factors, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier microvascular complication, etc. may increase the predisposition towards ND. Genetic mutation is a major contributor in increasing the susceptibility towards ND, the concept of one disease-one gene is obsolete and now multiple genes are considered to be involved in causing one particular disease. Also, the involvement of multiple pathological mechanisms like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc. contributes to the complexity and makes them difficult to be treated by traditional mono-targeted ligands. In this aspect, the Poly-pharmacological drug approach which targets multiple pathological pathways at the same time provides the best way to treat such complex networked CNS diseases. In this review, we have provided an overview of ND and their pathological origin, along with a brief description of various genes associated with multiple diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's and a comprehensive detail about the Poly-pharmacology approach (MTDLs and Fixed-dose combinations) along with their merits over the traditional single-targeted drug is provided. This review also provides insights into current repurposing strategies along with its regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Corresponding authors. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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The Novel Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Inhibitor Beditin Reduces Cytotoxicity and Huntingtin Aggregates in Cell Models of Huntington's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030257. [PMID: 33809220 PMCID: PMC7998230 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (mHTT). There is currently no cure, and therefore disease-slowing remedies are sought to alleviate symptoms of the multifaceted disorder. Encouraging findings in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease on alpha-2 adrenoceptor (α2-AR) inhibition have shown neuroprotective and aggregation-reducing effects in cell and animal models. Here, we analyzed the effect of beditin, a novel α2- adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist, on cell viability and mHTT protein levels in cell models of HD using Western blot, time-resolved Foerster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) cytotoxicity assays. Beditin decreases cytotoxicity, as measured by TUNEL staining and LDH release, in a neuronal progenitor cell model (STHdh cells) of HD and decreases the aggregation propensity of HTT exon 1 fragments in an overexpression model using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. α2-AR is a promising therapeutic target for further characterization in HD models. Our data allow us to suggest beditin as a valuable candidate for the pharmaceutical manipulation of α2-AR, as it is capable of modulating neuronal cell survival and the level of mHTT.
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Lee SH, Shim KS, Kim CY, Park TK. Characterization of the role of autophagy in retinal ganglion cell survival over time using a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5767. [PMID: 33707562 PMCID: PMC7952572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular process for the degradation and recycling of cellular components, and its dysregulation has been linked to neuronal cell death and neurodegeneration. In glaucoma, the role of autophagy in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival remains contradictory. Moreover, the effects of autophagy modulation at different time-points on RGC survival in a glaucoma model have not been investigated. In this study, we assessed the time-dependent role of autophagy in RGC survival in a circumlimbal suture-induced ocular hypertensive (OHT) rat model. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation led to a gradual autophagy induction, which reached a maximum between 1 and 4 weeks after OHT induction. On the other hand, early autophagy was impaired between 1 and 3 days after circumlimbal suturing, indicated by increased p62 levels due to reduced autophagosomal turnover. The intravitreal administration of rapamycin at different time-points after the application of the circumlimbal suture indicated that autophagy induction early during OHT development had potent survival-promoting effects in RGCs. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the role of autophagy in RGCs during OHT development might differ in a time-dependent manner. Modulating autophagy at the appropriate time might serve as a potential therapeutic approach to enhance RGC survival in OHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sun Shim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yun Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea.
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Bensaada I, Robin B, Perez J, Salemkour Y, Chipont A, Camus M, Lemoine M, Guyonnet L, Lazareth H, Letavernier E, Hénique C, Tharaux PL, Lenoir O. Calpastatin prevents Angiotensin II-mediated podocyte injury through maintenance of autophagy. Kidney Int 2021; 100:90-106. [PMID: 33675847 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The strong predictive value of proteinuria in chronic glomerulopathies is firmly established as well as the pathogenic role of angiotensin II promoting progression of glomerular disease with an altered glomerular filtration barrier, podocyte injury and scarring of glomeruli. Here we found that chronic angiotensin II-induced hypertension inhibited autophagy flux in mouse glomeruli. Deletion of Atg5 (a gene encoding a protein involved autophagy) specifically in the podocyte resulted in accelerated angiotensin II-induced podocytopathy, accentuated albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. This indicates that autophagy is a key protective mechanism in the podocyte in this condition. Angiotensin-II induced calpain activity in podocytes inhibits autophagy flux. Podocytes from mice with transgenic expression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin displayed higher podocyte autophagy at baseline that was resistant to angiotensin II-dependent inhibition. Also, sustained autophagy with calpastatin limited podocyte damage and albuminuria. These findings suggest that hypertension has pathogenic effects on the glomerular structure and function, in part through activation of calpains leading to blockade of podocyte autophagy. These findings uncover an original mechanism whereby angiotensin II-mediated hypertension inhibits autophagy via calcium-induced recruitment of calpain with pathogenic consequences in case of imbalance by calpastatin activity. Thus, preventing a calpain-mediated decrease in autophagy may be a promising new therapeutic strategy for nephropathies associated with high renin-angiotensin system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blaise Robin
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Perez
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Chipont
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Marine Camus
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Lea Guyonnet
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, Paris, France
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The Role of Autophagy in Eye Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030189. [PMID: 33673657 PMCID: PMC7997177 DOI: 10.3390/life11030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that ensures homeostasis in the cells of our organism. It plays a crucial role in protecting eye cells against oxidative damage and external stress factors. Ocular pathologies of high incidence, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are of multifactorial origin and are associated with genetic, environmental factors, age, and oxidative stress, among others; the latter factor is one of the most influential in ocular diseases, directly affecting the processes of autophagy activity. Alteration of the normal functioning of autophagy processes can interrupt organelle turnover, leading to the accumulation of cellular debris and causing physiological dysfunction of the eye. The aim of this study is to review research on the role of autophagy processes in the main ocular pathologies, which have a high incidence and result in high costs for the health system. Considering the role of autophagy processes in cell homeostasis and cell viability, the control and modulation of autophagy processes in ocular pathologies could constitute a new therapeutic approach.
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Nian H, Ma B. Calpain-calpastatin system and cancer progression. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:961-975. [PMID: 33470511 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calpain system is required by many important physiological processes, including the cell cycle, cytoskeleton remodelling, cellular proliferation, migration, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, survival, autophagy, apoptosis and signalling, as well as the pathogenesis of a wide range of disorders, in which it may function to promote tumorigenesis. Calpains are intracellular conserved calcium-activated neutral cysteine proteinases that are involved in mediating cancer progression via catalysing and regulating the proteolysis of their specific substrates, which are important signalling molecules during cancer progression. μ-calpain, m-calpain, and their specific inhibitor calpastatin are the three molecules originally identified as comprising the calpain system and they contain several crucial domains, specific motifs, and functional sites. A large amount of data supports the roles of the calpain-calpastatin system in cancer progression via regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and cellular survival and death, as well as inflammation and angiogenesis during tumorigenesis, implying that the inhibition of calpain activity may be a potential anti-cancer intervention strategy targeting cancer cell survival, invasion and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Binyun Ma
- Department of Medicine/Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, U.S.A
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Lu ZY, Cheng MH, Yu CY, Lin YS, Yeh TM, Chen CL, Chen CC, Wan SW, Chang CP. Dengue Nonstructural Protein 1 Maintains Autophagy through Retarding Caspase-Mediated Cleavage of Beclin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9702. [PMID: 33352639 PMCID: PMC7766445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a significant public health threat in tropical and subtropical regions; however, there is no specific antiviral drug. Accumulated studies have revealed that DENV infection induces several cellular responses, including autophagy and apoptosis. The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis is associated with the interactions among components of these two pathways, such as apoptotic caspase-mediated cleavage of autophagy-related proteins. Here, we show that DENV-induced autophagy inhibits early cell apoptosis and hence enhances DENV replication. Later, the apoptotic activities are elevated to suppress autophagy through cleavage of Beclin-1, an essential autophagy-related protein. Inhibition of cleavage of Beclin-1 by a pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD, increases both autophagy and viral replication. Regarding the mechanism, we further found that DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is able to interact with Beclin-1 during DENV infection. The interaction between Beclin-1 and NS1 attenuates Beclin-1 cleavage and facilitates autophagy to prevent cell apoptosis. Our study suggests a novel mechanism whereby NS1 preserves Beclin-1 for maintaining autophagy to antagonize early cell apoptosis; however, elevated caspases trigger apoptosis by degrading Beclin-1 in the late stage of infection. These findings suggest implications for anti-DENV drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Miao-Huei Cheng
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan;
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Wan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Z.-Y.L.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Gentile D, Berliocchi L, Russo R, Bagetta G, Corasaniti MT. Effects of the autophagy modulators d-limonene and chloroquine on vimentin levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:764-769. [PMID: 32988589 PMCID: PMC7518972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular target and mechanism by which d-limonene induces LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation remain elusive. Here, we report that this monoterpene rapidly enhances Ca2+ levels in SH-SY5Y cells; yet this effect does not lead to calpain- or caspase-mediated proteolysis of α-spectrin, nor calpain activity is required for the established enhancement of LC3-II levels by d-limonene. However, d-limonene rapidly reduced vimentin levels, an unexpected effect also induced by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). The magnitude of vimentin reduction parallels accumulation of LC3-II caused by a brief incubation with d-limonene or CQ. For longer exposure (48 h), d-limonene does not reduce vimentin, nor it increases LC3-II levels; conversely, a clear reduction of vimentin along with a massive accumulation of LC3-II is evident in cells treated with CQ. Vimentin participates in organelle positioning and in other cellular processes that have linked this intermediate filament protein to various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and to virus replication and internalization. Our findings suggest an inverse relationship between vimentin reduction and LC3-II accumulation, whose causal link needs to be examined. Further experiments are needed to dissect the role of vimentin reduction in the mechanisms through which CQ impairs fusion of autophagosome with lysosomes as well as in other effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Gentile
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Berliocchi
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036, Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036, Rende (Cosenza), Italy
| | - Maria Tiziana Corasaniti
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Li C, Yao H, Wang H, Fang JY, Xu J. Repurposing screen identifies Amlodipine as an inducer of PD-L1 degradation and antitumor immunity. Oncogene 2020; 40:1128-1146. [PMID: 33323966 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell expression of PD-L1 leads to T cells exhaustion by transducing co-inhibitory signal, and further understanding the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells may provide additional therapeutic strategies. Here by drug repurposing screen, we identified amlodipine as a potent inhibitor of PD-L1 expression in cancer cells. Further survey of calcium-associated pathways revealed calpain-dependent stabilization of the PD-L1 protein. Intracellular calcium delivered an operational signal to calpain-dependent Beclin-1 cleavage, blocking autophagic degradation of PD-L1 accumulated on recycling endosome (RE). Blocking calcium flux by amlodipine depleted PD-L1 expression and increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration in tumor tissues but not in myocardium, causing dose-dependent tumor suppression in vivo. Rescuing PD-L1 expression eliminated the effects of amlodipine, suggesting the PD-L1-dependent effect of amlodipine. These results reveal a calcium-dependent mechanism controlling PD-L1 degradation, and highlight calcium flux blockade as a potential strategy for combinatorial immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chushu Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanbin Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
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Vucicevic L, Misirkic M, Ciric D, Martinovic T, Jovanovic M, Isakovic A, Markovic I, Saponjic J, Foretz M, Rabanal-Ruiz Y, Korolchuk VI, Trajkovic V. Transcriptional block of AMPK-induced autophagy promotes glutamate excitotoxicity in nutrient-deprived SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3383-3399. [PMID: 31720741 PMCID: PMC11105051 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of autophagy, a controlled lysosomal degradation of cellular macromolecules and organelles, in glutamate excitotoxicity during nutrient deprivation in vitro. The incubation in low-glucose serum/amino acid-free cell culture medium synergized with glutamate in increasing AMP/ATP ratio and causing excitotoxic necrosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Glutamate suppressed starvation-triggered autophagy, as confirmed by diminished intracellular acidification, lower LC3 punctuation and LC3-I conversion to autophagosome-associated LC3-II, reduced expression of proautophagic beclin-1 and ATG5, increase of the selective autophagic target NBR1, and decreased number of autophagic vesicles. Similar results were observed in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Both glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and autophagy inhibition in starved SH-SY5Y cells were reverted by NMDA antagonist memantine and mimicked by NMDA agonists D-aspartate and ibotenate. Glutamate reduced starvation-triggered phosphorylation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) without affecting the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, a major negative regulator of autophagy. This was associated with reduced mRNA levels of autophagy transcriptional activators (FOXO3, ATF4) and molecules involved in autophagy initiation (ULK1, ATG13, FIP200), autophagosome nucleation/elongation (ATG14, beclin-1, ATG5), and autophagic cargo delivery to autophagosomes (SQSTM1). Glutamate-mediated transcriptional repression of autophagy was alleviated by overexpression of constitutively active AMPK. Genetic or pharmacological AMPK activation by AMPK overexpression or metformin, as well as genetic or pharmacological autophagy induction by TFEB overexpression or lithium chloride, reduced the sensitivity of nutrient-deprived SH-SY5Y cells to glutamate excitotoxicity. These data indicate that transcriptional inhibition of AMPK-dependent cytoprotective autophagy is involved in glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity during nutrient deprivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Vucicevic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Misirkic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Ciric
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Martinovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Isakovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Markovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marc Foretz
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Adornetto A, Morrone LA, Satriano A, Laganà ML, Licastro E, Nucci C, Corasaniti MT, Tonin P, Bagetta G, Russo R. Effects of caloric restriction on retinal aging and neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:189-207. [PMID: 32958212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the most common neurodegenerative cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Restricted caloric regimens are an attractive approach for delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the current literature on the effects of caloric restriction on retinal neurons, under physiological and pathological conditions. We focused on autophagy as one of the mechanisms modulated by restricted caloric regimens and involved in the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) over the course of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagrazia Adornetto
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Andrea Satriano
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Laganà
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ester Licastro
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Carlo Nucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tiziana Corasaniti
- School of Hospital Pharmacy, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro and Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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Xiao Z, Wu W, Zhao Q, Liang X, Luo J, Ding D. Association of Glaucoma and Cataract with Incident Dementia: A 5-Year Follow-Up in the Shanghai Aging Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:529-537. [PMID: 32538850 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Dapagliflozin improves behavioral dysfunction of Huntington's disease in rats via inhibiting apoptosis-related glycolysis. Life Sci 2020; 257:118076. [PMID: 32659371 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Huntington's disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder which is associated with defected glucose metabolism with consequent behavioral disturbance including memory and locomotion. 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) can cause, in high single dose, an acute striatal injury/Huntington's disease. Dapagliflozin, which is one of the longest duration of action of SGLTIs family, may be able to diminish that injury and its resultant behavioral disturbances. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty rats were divided into four groups (n = 10 in each group): normal control group (CTRL), dapagliflozin (CTRL + DAPA) group, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) group, and dapagliflozin plus 3-nitropropionic acid (DAPA + 3-NP) group. Behavioral tests (beam walking test, hanging wire test, limb withdrawal test, Y-maze spontaneous alteration, elevated plus maze) were performed with evaluating neurological scoring. In striatum, neurotransmitters (glutamate, aspartate, GABA, ACh and AChE activity) were measured. In addition, apoptosis and glycolysis markers (NF-κB, Cyt-c, lactate, HK-II activity, P53, calpain, PEA15 and TIGAR) were determined. Inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) and autophagy (beclin-1, LC3 and DRAM) indicators were measured. Additionally, histopathological screening was conducted. KEY FINDINGS 3-Nitropropionic acid had the ability to perturb the neurotransmission which was reflected in impaired behavioral outcome. All of glycolysis, apoptosis and inflammation markers were elevated after 3-NP acute intoxication but autophagy parameters, except DRAM, were reduced. However, DAPA markedly reversed the abovementioned parameters. SIGNIFICANCE Dapagliflozin demonstrated anti-glycolytic, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and autophagic effects on 3-NP-damaged striatal cells and promoted the behavioral outcome.
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Autophagy as a decisive process for cell death. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:921-930. [PMID: 32591647 PMCID: PMC7338414 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway in which cellular constituents are engulfed by autophagosomes and degraded upon autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. Autophagy serves as a major cytoprotective process by maintaining cellular homeostasis and recycling cytoplasmic contents. However, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy is a primary mechanism of cell death (autophagic cell death, ACD) and implicates ACD in several aspects of mammalian physiology, including tumor suppression and psychological disorders. However, little is known about the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ACD. In this review, we document examples of ACD and discuss recent progress in our understanding of its molecular mechanisms.
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Kaur S, Changotra H. The beclin 1 interactome: Modification and roles in the pathology of autophagy-related disorders. Biochimie 2020; 175:34-49. [PMID: 32428566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Beclin 1 a yeast Atg6/VPS30 orthologue has a significant role in autophagy process (Macroautophagy) and protein sorting. The function of beclin 1 depends on the interaction with several autophagy-related genes (Atgs) and other proteins during the autophagy process. The role mediated by beclin 1 is controlled by various conditions and factors. Beclin 1 is regulated at the gene and protein levels by different factors. These regulations could subsequently alter the beclin 1 induced autophagy process. Therefore, it is important to study the components of beclin 1 interactome and factors affecting its expression. Expression of this gene is differentially regulated under different conditions in different cells or tissues. So, the regulation part is important to study as beclin 1 is one of the candidate genes involved in diseases related to autophagy dysfunction. This review focuses on the functions of beclin 1, its interacting partners, regulations at gene and protein level, and the role of beclin 1 interactome in relation to various diseases along with the recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173 234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, 173 234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Eriksson I, Wäster P, Öllinger K. Restoration of lysosomal function after damage is accompanied by recycling of lysosomal membrane proteins. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32409651 PMCID: PMC7224388 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are central organelles for cellular degradation and energy homeostasis. In addition, lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and subsequent release of lysosomal content to the cytosol can initiate programmed cell death. The extent of LMP and available repair mechanisms determine the cell fate after lysosomal damage. In this study, we aimed to investigate the premises for lysosomal membrane repair after LMP and found that lysosomal membrane damage initiated by L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLOMe) caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in almost 50% of the cells, while the rest recovered. Immediately after LLOMe addition, lysosomal proteases were detected in the cytosol and the ESCRT-components ALIX and CHMP4B were recruited to the lysosomal membrane. Next, lysophagic clearance of damaged lysosomes was evident and a concentration-dependent translocation of several lysosomal membrane proteins, including LAMP2, to the cytosol was found. LAMP2 was present in small vesicles with the N-terminal protein chain facing the lumen of the vesicle. We conclude that lysophagic clearance of damaged lysosomes results in generation of lysosomal membrane protein complexes, which constitute small membrane enclosed units, possibly for recycling of lysosomal membrane proteins. These lysosomal membrane complexes enable an efficient regeneration of lysosomes to regain cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Eriksson
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petra Wäster
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Öllinger
- Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
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Adornetto A, Parisi V, Morrone LA, Corasaniti MT, Bagetta G, Tonin P, Russo R. The Role of Autophagy in Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:121. [PMID: 32211404 PMCID: PMC7066980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal-dependent pathway responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules. Based on the mechanism of cargo delivery to lysosomes, mammalian cells can undergo micro, macro, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Other than physiological turnover of proteins and organelles, autophagy regulates cellular adaptation to different metabolic states and stressful conditions by allowing cellular survival or, when overactivated, participating to cell death. Due to their structure and function, neurons are highly dependent on autophagy efficiency and dysfunction of the pathway has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Glaucomatous optic neuropathies, a leading cause of blindness, are characterized by the progressive loss of a selective population of retinal neurons, i.e., the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here we review the current literature on the role of autophagy in the pathogenic process that leads to the degeneration of RGC in various experimental models of glaucoma exploring the modulation of the pathway as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagrazia Adornetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parisi
- Visual Neurophysiology and Neurophthalmology Research Unit, IRCCS G.B. Bietti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Antonio Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rossella Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Al-Bari MAA, Xu P. Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR-dependent and -independent pathways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1467:3-20. [PMID: 31985829 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway or recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis. This autophagy involves a series of sequential processing events, such as initiation; elongation and nucleation of the isolation membrane; cargo recruitment and maturation of the autophagosome (AP); transport of the AP; docking and fusion of the AP with a late endosome or lysosome; and regeneration of the lysosome by the autophagic lysosomal reformation cycle. These events are critically coordinated by the action of a set of several key components, including autophagy-related proteins (Atg), and regulated by intricate networks, such as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy, as well as mTOR-independent signaling pathways. Among mTOR-independent pathways, the transient receptor potential (TRP) calcium ion channel TRPML (mucolipin) subfamily is emerging as an important signaling channel to modulate lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. This review discusses the recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms and regulation of the autophagy process. Understanding these mechanisms may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to control this process in order to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Noncoding RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu YY, Zheng BR, Chen WZ, Guo MS, Huang YH, Zhang Y. Expression and role of autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:21-28. [PMID: 31956566 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression and possible role of the autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina based on a rat model of acute ocular hypertension. METHODS Fifty rats were randomized into five groups: control group A, B, C, and D. Groups A to D all received normal saline perfusion into the anterior chamber with pressure of 80 mm Hg for one hour, and retina tissue was obtained at 6, 12, 24 and 48h after perfusion respectively, to investigate the activation of autophagy following ischemia-reperfusion. The distribution and semi-quantification of autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina were detected using immunohistochemistry technique. The expression level of these two proteins was evaluated using Western blot. RESULTS The number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) decreased with increasing reperfusion time, and significant reduction in the retinal thickness was observed 48h after perfusion. In normal adult rats, LC3 protein was mainly expressed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and p62 protein was expressed in the nerve fiber layer (NFL), GCL, inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL). In comparison to the control group, the expression level of LC3- II was higher in all the experimental groups (P<0.05), with the peak expression at 12h after reperfusion. Additionally, the expression level of p62 was higher in all the experimental groups than the control (P<0.05, except for group A), with the peak level occurred 24h after reperfusion. CONCLUSION Both p62 and LC3 show low level and uneven expression in the retina of normal adult rats. Acute ocular hypertension can lead to upregulation of LC3- II and p62 expression in the retina. Autophagy flux is damaged 12h after reperfusion, potentially resulting in further loss of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bing-Ru Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi-Hong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
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Peng W, Minakaki G, Nguyen M, Krainc D. Preserving Lysosomal Function in the Aging Brain: Insights from Neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:611-634. [PMID: 31183763 PMCID: PMC6694346 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic, membrane-bound organelles that serve as the primary catabolic compartment of the cell. They are crucial to a variety of cellular processes from nutrient storage to autophagy. Given the diversity of lysosomal functions, it is unsurprising that lysosomes are also emerging as important players in aging. Lysosomal dysfunction is implicated in several aging-related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's. Although the precise role of lysosomes in the aging brain is not well-elucidated, some insight into their function has been gained from our understanding of the pathophysiology of age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic strategies targeting lysosomes and autophagic machinery have already been tested in several of these diseases with promising results, suggesting that improving lysosomal function could be similarly beneficial in preserving function in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Peng
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Georgia Minakaki
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Nguyen
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
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