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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are specialized hormone-secreting cells that respond to both circulating and luminal cues. Collectively, EECs constitute the largest endocrine organ of the body and signal to a multitude of targets including locally to neighboring intestinal cells, enteric neurons, as well as systemically to other organs, such as the pancreas and brain. To accomplish their wide range of downstream signaling effects, EECs secrete multiple hormones; however, the mechanisms that influence EEC development in the embryo and differentiation in adults are not well defined. RECENT FINDINGS This review highlights the recent discoveries in EEC differentiation and function while also discussing newly revealed roles of transcription factors and signaling networks involved in the allocation of EEC subtypes that were discovered using a combination of novel intestinal model systems and genetic sequencing. We also discuss the potential of these new experimental models that study the mechanisms regulating EEC function and development both to uncover novel therapeutic targets. SUMMARY Several EEC hormones are being used to treat various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks that facilitate EEC formation is paramount to the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Guillermo Sanchez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jacob R. Enriquez
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
| | - James M. Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati OH, 45229, USA
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Arora T, Vanslette AM, Hjorth SA, Bäckhed F. Microbial regulation of enteroendocrine cells. MED 2021; 2:553-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Armet AM, Deehan EC, Thöne JV, Hewko SJ, Walter J. The Effect of Isolated and Synthetic Dietary Fibers on Markers of Metabolic Diseases in Human Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:420-438. [PMID: 31342059 PMCID: PMC7442353 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies provide strong evidence for the health benefits of dietary fiber (DF) intake; however, human intervention studies that supplement isolated and synthetic DFs have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the effects of DF supplementation on immunometabolic disease markers in intervention studies in healthy adults, and considered the role of DF dose, DF physicochemical properties, intervention duration, and the placebo used. Five databases were searched for studies published from 1990 to 2018 that assessed the effect of DF on immunometabolic markers. Eligible studies were those that supplemented isolated or synthetic DFs for ≥2 wk and reported baseline data to assess the effect of the placebo. In total, 77 publications were included. DF supplementation reduced total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and insulin AUC in 36-49% of interventions. In contrast, <20% of the interventions reduced C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, glucose, glucose AUC, insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. A higher proportion of interventions showed an effect if they used higher DF doses for CRP, TC, and LDL cholesterol (40-63%), viscous and mixed plant cell wall DFs for TC and LDL cholesterol (>50%), and longer intervention durations for CRP and glucose (50%). Half of the placebo-controlled studies used digestible carbohydrates as the placebo, which confounded findings for IL-6, glucose AUC, and insulin AUC. In conclusion, interventions with isolated and synthetic DFs resulted mainly in improved cholesterol concentrations and an attenuation of insulin resistance, whereas markers of dysglycemia and inflammation were largely unaffected. Although more research is needed to make reliable recommendations, a more targeted supplementation of DF with specific physicochemical properties at higher doses and for longer durations shows promise in enhancing several of its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Address correspondence to ECD (e-mail: )
| | - Julia V Thöne
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Medical Department, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah J Hewko
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Address correspondence to JW (e-mail: )
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Bosch-Sierra N, Marqués-Cardete R, Gurrea-Martínez A, Grau-Del Valle C, Morillas C, Hernández-Mijares A, Bañuls C. Effect of Fibre-Enriched Orange Juice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response and Satiety in Healthy Individuals: An Acute, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123014. [PMID: 31835476 PMCID: PMC6950290 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Consumption of fibre-enriched orange juice may be an appropriate way to supplement daily fibre intake and achieve beneficial effects on metabolic health. The present study aimed to assess the short-term effects of fibre-enriched orange juice on postprandial metabolism and satiety in a healthy adult population. Methods: In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study 10 healthy subjects underwent two one-day trials in which they consumed an orange juice beverage containing 1.4 g/100 mL of citrus fibre (29.3% soluble and 41.9% insoluble) or a placebo (regular orange juice without added fibre). Postprandial glucose, insulin, gut hormones (GLP1, GIP and ghrelin), leptin and qualitative appetite/satiety assessment were measured every 15 or 30 min over the 120 min test period. Results: The fibre-enriched orange juice decreased postprandial serum glucose and circulating insulin levels at 15 min compared with the placebo. In addition, after intake of the fibre-enriched juice, a significant effect on qualitative feelings of satiety and fullness was observed at 15 and 120 min, and was accompanied by a significant decrease in GLP1 response at 15 min. No significant changes were observed in leptin, GIP and ghrelin after juice intake. Conclusions: In healthy individuals, a single acute consumption of fibre-enriched orange juice has short-term beneficial effects on postprandial glycaemia, circulating insulin levels and satiety through GLP1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Bosch-Sierra
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Avda Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain; (N.B.-S.); (C.G.-D.V.); (C.M.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Roger Marqués-Cardete
- Zumos Valencianos del Mediterraneo S.A., Calle del Pollancar (Pol Industrial Parc Sagunt I) S/N, 46520 Puerto de Sagunto, Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-C.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Aránzazu Gurrea-Martínez
- Zumos Valencianos del Mediterraneo S.A., Calle del Pollancar (Pol Industrial Parc Sagunt I) S/N, 46520 Puerto de Sagunto, Valencia, Spain; (R.M.-C.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Carmen Grau-Del Valle
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Avda Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain; (N.B.-S.); (C.G.-D.V.); (C.M.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Carlos Morillas
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Avda Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain; (N.B.-S.); (C.G.-D.V.); (C.M.); (A.H.-M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda de Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mijares
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Avda Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain; (N.B.-S.); (C.G.-D.V.); (C.M.); (A.H.-M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda de Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Avda Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain; (N.B.-S.); (C.G.-D.V.); (C.M.); (A.H.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0034-96-318-9132; Fax: +0034-96-246-9933
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Jane M, McKay J, Pal S. Effects of daily consumption of psyllium, oat bran and polyGlycopleX on obesity-related disease risk factors: A critical review. Nutrition 2019; 57:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Goff HD, Repin N, Fabek H, El Khoury D, Gidley MJ. Dietary fibre for glycaemia control: Towards a mechanistic understanding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Klosterhoff RR, Kanazawa LK, Furlanetto AL, Peixoto JV, Corso CR, Adami ER, Iacomini M, Fogaça RT, Acco A, Cadena SM, Andreatini R, Cordeiro LM. Anti-fatigue activity of an arabinan-rich pectin from acerola (Malpighia emarginata). Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1147-1153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Burton-Freeman B, Liyanage D, Rahman S, Edirisinghe I. Ratios of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers on satiety and energy intake in overweight pre- and postmenopausal women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:157-168. [PMID: 28447070 PMCID: PMC5389022 DOI: 10.3233/nha-160018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fibers’ properties impact different mechanisms involved in satiety and energy intake regulation and metabolic outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of fiber types and menopausal status on satiety and metabolic responses in overweight women. METHODS: In a randomized within-subjects design, 19 overweight/obese women [9 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal] consumed 3 preloads that varied by fiber content and source: 1) 3:1 ratio of soluble:insoluble fiber (SF), 2) 1:3 ratio of soluble:insoluble fiber (IF), 3) no fiber control (NFC). Subjective satiety, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose, insulin, and triglyceride (TG) were measured for 3 h post-preload followed by in-lab ad libitum test meal and 32 hour food intake monitoring. RESULTS: Significant preload, time and preload by menopausal status interaction was apparent for hunger and fullness (p < 0.05 for both) with SF preload predominantly more satiating in postmenopausal women. CCK and insulin were significantly lower after SF preload (p < 0.0001 for both). Post-preload glucose responses differed by menopausal status: postmenopausal women distinguished between fiber types unlike premenopausal women (p = 0.02). TG was significantly elevated after the IF preload compared to NFC and SF (p = 0.007 and p = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Customized/personalized dietary recommendations for women during their premenopausal and postmenopausal years can help maximize metabolic and appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Burton-Freeman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA.,Department of Nutritional Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dhanesh Liyanage
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Sajida Rahman
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
| | - Indika Edirisinghe
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL, USA
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Solah VA, Kerr DA, Hunt WJ, Johnson SK, Boushey CJ, Delp EJ, Meng X, Gahler RJ, James AP, Mukhtar AS, Fenton HK, Wood S. Effect of Fibre Supplementation on Body Weight and Composition, Frequency of Eating and Dietary Choice in Overweight Individuals. Nutrients 2017; 9:E149. [PMID: 28212353 PMCID: PMC5331580 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibre supplementation can potentially reduce energy intake and contribute to weight loss. The mechanism may be reduced frequency of eating, resulting in reduced food consumption. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of fibre supplementation with PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®), on body weight and composition, frequency of eating and dietary intake in 118 overweight adults. In a three-arm, parallel, blind, randomised controlled trial participants were randomised to one of three groups; 4.5 g PGX as softgels (PGXS), 5 g PGX granules (PGXG) or 5 g rice flour (RF) control. Prior to supplementation and at 12 weeks, participants captured before and after images of all food and beverages consumed within 4 days using a mobile food record app (mFR). The mFR images were analysed for food group serving sizes and number of eating occasions. In the PGXG group, per-protocol analysis [corrected] analysis showed there was a significant reduction in waist circumference (2.5 cm; p = 0.003). Subgroup analysis showed that PGXG supplementation at the recommended dose resulted in a reduction in body weight (-1.4 ± 0.10 kg, p < 0.01), body mass index (BMI) reduction (-0.5 ± 0.10, p < 0.01), reduced number of eating occasions (-1.4 ± 1.2, p < 0.01) and a reduced intake of grain food (-1.52 ± 1.84 serves, p = 0.019). PGXG at the recommended dose resulted in a reduction in weight and BMI which was significantly greater than that for RF (p = 0.001). These results demonstrate the potential benefits of PGX fibre in controlling frequency of eating and in weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky A. Solah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Deborah A. Kerr
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Wendy J. Hunt
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Stuart K. Johnson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Carol J. Boushey
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Edward J. Delp
- Video and Image Processing Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia;
| | | | - Anthony P. James
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Aqif S. Mukhtar
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Haelee K. Fenton
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
- InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB Y2N4Y7, Canada
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
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Pal S, Ho S, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effect on Insulin, Glucose and Lipids in Overweight/Obese Australian Adults of 12 Months Consumption of Two Different Fibre Supplements in a Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020091. [PMID: 28146065 PMCID: PMC5331522 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher fibre intakes are associated with risk reduction for chronic diseases. This study investigated the effects of supplementation with PolyGlycopleX® (PGX), a complexed polysaccharide, on insulin, glucose and lipids in overweight and obese individuals. In this double-blind 12 months study, participants were randomised into three groups: control (rice flour); PGX or psyllium (PSY). Participants followed their usual lifestyle and diet but consumed 5 g of their supplement before meals. Insulin was significantly lower in the PGX and PSY groups compared to control at 3 and 6 months and in the PSY group compared to control at 12 months. Serum glucose was significantly lower in the PGX group at 3 months compared to control. Total cholesterol was significantly lower in the PGX and PSY groups compared to control at 3 and 6 months. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly increased in the PGX group compared to control at 12 months. low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was significantly lower in the PGX group at 3 and 6 months compared to control and in the PSY group at 3 months compared to control. A simple strategy of fibre supplementation may offer an effective solution to glucose, insulin and lipid management without the need for other nutrient modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebely Pal
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | - Suleen Ho
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | | | - Simon Wood
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Iwai K, Yoshikawa Y, Miyoshi N, Fukutomi R, Asada K, Ohashi N. Effects of Short-Term Intake of Wheat Bran with Different Particle Sizes on the Murine Intestinal Environment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Iwai
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuko Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | | | - Norio Ohashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Pal S, Ho S, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effect on body weight and composition in overweight/obese Australian adults over 12 months consumption of two different types of fibre supplementation in a randomized trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:82. [PMID: 27891167 PMCID: PMC5114742 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Higher fibre intakes are associated with risk reduction for chronic diseases. However, many people find difficulty in consuming sufficient fibre through their diet. Supplements may be an effective alternative. We aimed to investigate the effects of PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®), a proprietary polysaccharide complex and a proprietary Psyllium product (PgxSyl™) (PSY) on diet, body weight and composition in overweight and obese individuals. SUBJECTS/METHODS This was a double-blind 52 weeks study with 159 people randomized to 3 groups: control (rice flour); PGX (PGX) and proprietary psyllium (PSY). Participants did not change any of their usual habits or diet except they consumed 5 g of supplement taken with a total of 500 ml of water 5-10 min before meals. RESULTS Weight was significantly lower in the PGX group compared to control at 3 (-1.6 kg [0.57, 2.67, p = 0.003]), 6 (-2.6 kg [1.01, 4.13, p = 0.001]) and 12 months (-2.6 kg [0.59, 4.64, p = 0.012]) and in the PSY group compared to control group at 3 (-1.1 kg [0.07, 2.12, p = 0.037]) and 6 months (-2.4 kg [0.95, 3.93, p = 0.002]). This was a difference of - 2.8% for the PGX group and - 1.5% for the PSY group compared to control after 12 months supplementation. Body Fat was significantly lower in PGX compared to control at 6 (-1.8 kg [0.63, 2.95, p = 0.003]) and 12 months (-1.9 kg [0.43, 3.36, p = 0.012]) and in PSY compared to control at 6 (-1.9 kg [0.84, 3.04, p = 0.001]) and 12 months (-1.4 kg [0.08, 2.71, p = 0.038]). CONCLUSIONS PGX was better than PSY at maintaining dietary changes and weight loss over the 12 month intervention period, with no change to exercise. A simple strategy of PGX supplementation may offer an effective solution to long-term weight-loss and then management without the need for other nutrient modification. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR: ACTRN12611000415909. Registered 20 April 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebely Pal
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845 WA, Australia
| | - Suleen Ho
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845 WA, Australia
| | | | - Simon Wood
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845 WA, Australia
- Factors Group Research, Burnaby, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Adam CL, Gratz SW, Peinado DI, Thomson LM, Garden KE, Williams PA, Richardson AJ, Ross AW. Effects of Dietary Fibre (Pectin) and/or Increased Protein (Casein or Pea) on Satiety, Body Weight, Adiposity and Caecal Fermentation in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155871. [PMID: 27224646 PMCID: PMC4880334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary constituents that suppress appetite, such as dietary fibre and protein, may aid weight loss in obesity. The soluble fermentable dietary fibre pectin promotes satiety and decreases adiposity in diet-induced obese rats but effects of increased protein are unknown. Adult diet-induced obese rats reared on high fat diet (45% energy from fat) were given experimental diets ad libitum for 4 weeks (n = 8/group): high fat control, high fat with high protein (40% energy) as casein or pea protein, or these diets with added 10% w/w pectin. Dietary pectin, but not high protein, decreased food intake by 23% and induced 23% body fat loss, leading to 12% lower final body weight and 44% lower total body fat mass than controls. Plasma concentrations of satiety hormones PYY and total GLP-1 were increased by dietary pectin (168% and 151%, respectively) but not by high protein. Plasma leptin was decreased by 62% on pectin diets and 38% on high pea (but not casein) protein, while plasma insulin was decreased by 44% on pectin, 38% on high pea and 18% on high casein protein diets. Caecal weight and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the caecum were increased in pectin-fed and high pea protein groups: caecal succinate was increased by pectin (900%), acetate and propionate by pectin (123% and 118%, respectively) and pea protein (147% and 144%, respectively), and butyrate only by pea protein (309%). Caecal branched-chain fatty acid concentrations were decreased by pectin (down 78%) but increased by pea protein (164%). Therefore, the soluble fermentable fibre pectin appeared more effective than high protein for increasing satiety and decreasing caloric intake and adiposity while on high fat diet, and produced a fermentation environment more likely to promote hindgut health. Altogether these data indicate that high fibre may be better than high protein for weight (fat) loss in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Adam
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia W. Gratz
- Gut Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Diana I. Peinado
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Gut Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M. Thomson
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Garden
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Williams
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- Gut Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Ross
- Obesity & Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Solah VA, O'Mara-Wallace B, Meng X, Gahler RJ, Kerr DA, James AP, Fenton HK, Johnson SK, Wood S. Consumption of the Soluble Dietary Fibre Complex PolyGlycopleX(®) Reduces Glycaemia and Increases Satiety of a Standard Meal Postprandially. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050268. [PMID: 27164135 PMCID: PMC4882681 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of consumption of PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®) was compared to wheat dextrin (WD) in combination with a standard meal, on postprandial satiety and glycaemia in a double-blind, randomised crossover trial, of 14 healthy subjects trained as a satiety panel. At each of six two-hour satiety sessions, subjects consumed one of three different test meals on two separate occasions. The test meals were: a standard meal plus 5 g PGX; a standard meal plus 4.5 g of PGX as softgels; and a standard meal plus 5 g of WD. Subjects recorded fullness using a labelled magnitude scale at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min and the total area under the curve (AUC), mean fullness vs. time was calculated. The meals with PGX (in granular and softgel form) gave higher satiety (AUC) (477 ± 121 and 454 ± 242 cm·min), than the meal with WD (215 ± 261 cm·min) (p < 0.001). Subjects had blood glucose levels measured after the meals with PGX (granules) and WD. Glucose response (AUC) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) after the PGX meal than for the WD meal. The high viscosity reported for PGX is a likely mechanism behind the significant satiety and blood glucose modulating effects observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky A Solah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Babette O'Mara-Wallace
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | | | - Deborah A Kerr
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Haelee K Fenton
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Stuart K Johnson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
- InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB Y2N 4Y7, Canada.
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Yong MK, Solah VA, Johnson SK, Meng X, Kerr DA, James AP, Fenton HK, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effects of a viscous-fibre supplemented evening meal and the following un-supplemented breakfast on post-prandial satiety responses in healthy women. Physiol Behav 2015; 154:34-9. [PMID: 26562186 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The post-prandial satiety response and "second-meal effect" of a viscous fibre supplement PolyGlycopleX(®) (PGX(®)) was evaluated in a single-blind, randomised controlled crossover study of 14 healthy adult women. The two hour post-prandial satiety response, expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) of perceived hunger/fullness score versus post-prandial time, of a standardised evening meal with concurrent intake of either PGX softgel or rice flour softgel (control) was determined. On the following morning, after an overnight fast, the four hour satiety response to a standardised breakfast with no softgel supplementation was assessed. A significantly higher satiety response (AUC) to the standard dinner for the PGX-supplemented dinner compared with the control dinner (p=0.001) was found. No significant difference (p=0.09) was observed in the satiety response (AUC) of the breakfast regardless of which supplemented-dinner had been consumed prior, however the p value indicated a trend towards a higher response to the breakfast following the PGX-supplemented dinner. The fullness scores of the breakfast following the PGX-supplemented dinner at 15, 30, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240min post-prandial were significantly higher than those for the breakfast following the control dinner (p=<0.001, 0.007, 0.009, 0.009, 0.049, 0.03, 0.003 and <0.001 respectively). PGX supplementation at dinner increased the satiety effects of both the dinner itself and the subsequent un-supplemented breakfast; a "second meal effect" indicting the potential for this fibre supplement to induce extended satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Kei Yong
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Vicky A Solah
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Stuart K Johnson
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Deborah A Kerr
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Haelee K Fenton
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | | | - Simon Wood
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Chater PI, Wilcox MD, Pearson JP, Brownlee IA. The impact of dietary fibres on the physiological processes governing small intestinal digestive processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ye Z, Arumugam V, Haugabrooks E, Williamson P, Hendrich S. Soluble dietary fiber (Fibersol-2) decreased hunger and increased satiety hormones in humans when ingested with a meal. Nutr Res 2015; 35:393-400. [PMID: 25823991 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that a digestion-resistant maltodextrin, Fibersol-2 (Archer Daniels Midland/Matsutani LLC, Decatur, IL, USA) may impact satiety by decreasing hunger, prolonging satiation, and/or increasing peripheral satiety signals. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, healthy subjects (9 men and 10 women) underwent 3 treatments in which they consumed a standardized meal with a tea containing 0, 5, or 10 g of Fibersol-2. A visual analog scale questionnaire was given in 30-minute intervals to measure subjective appetite and satiety. Blood was drawn just before the meal (time 0) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after meal for measurements of plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, peptide YY, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1, all by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There were significant delays in hunger and increased satiety for 1.5 to 2 hours after treatment with 10 g of Fibersol-2. These delays did not occur after ingesting 0 or 5 g Fibersol-2 at any time. Control and 5 g Fibersol-2 treatments did not suppress increases in hunger postmeal; hunger scores increased and satiety scores decreased significantly (P < .05) at all time points relative to the first postmeal assessment. Plasma peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 were significantly increased by the ingestion of meal with tea containing 10 g Fibersol-2 compared with 0 or 5 g Fibersol-2 (P < .05). This study demonstrated that 10 g Fibersol-2 with a meal stimulated production of satiety hormones and enhanced satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ye
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Visalakshi Arumugam
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Esther Haugabrooks
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Patricia Williamson
- Nutrition, Regulatory, and Scientific Affairs Group, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, IL 62521, USA
| | - Suzanne Hendrich
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ. Effect of the novel functional fibre, polyglycoplex (PGX), on body weight and metabolic parameters: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:1109-14. [PMID: 25616600 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hundreds of dietary supplements are marketed as weight loss pills, but the evidence for effectiveness for most is unproven. The objective of this review was to critically appraise and evaluate the evidence from published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness of polyglycoplex (PGX), a novel functional fibre, on body weight and metabolic parameters. METHODS We conducted electronic searches in Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl and The Cochrane Library. Only double-blinded RCTs were considered for inclusion. The reporting quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane criteria. Two reviewers independently determined eligibility, assessed the quality of reporting, and extracted the data. RESULTS We included four RCTs with a total of 217 participants. The RCTs varied in the quality of their reporting. The evidence from the RCTs suggested that PGX has no significant effects on body weight; however, significant reductions were noted for total and LDL cholesterol. Adverse events reported included diarrhea and abdominal bloating. CONCLUSION The evidence from available RCTs does not indicate that PGX intake causes reductions in body weight. PGX may cause reductions in total and LDL cholesterol. Few trials examining the effects of PGX have been conducted; they are characterized by small sample sizes, deficiencies in reporting quality, and are funded by a single manufacturer. Future clinical trials evaluating its effect should be adequately powered and better reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igho J Onakpoya
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, New Radcliffe Houses, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK.
| | - Carl J Heneghan
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, New Radcliffe Houses, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
As obesity continues to be a global epidemic, research into the mechanisms of hunger and satiety and how those signals act to regulate energy homeostasis persists. Peptide YY (PYY) is an acute satiety signal released upon nutrient ingestion and has been shown to decrease food intake when administered exogenously. More recently, investigators have studied how different factors influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Some of these factors include exercise, macronutrient composition of the diet, body-weight status, adiposity levels, sex, race and ageing. The present article provides a succinct and comprehensive review of the recent literature published on the different factors that influence PYY release and circulating levels in humans. Where human data are insufficient, evidence in animal or cell models is summarised. Additionally, the present review explores the recent findings on PYY responses to different dietary fatty acids and how this new line of research will make an impact on future studies on PYY. Human demographics, such as sex and age, do not appear to influence PYY levels. Conversely, adiposity or BMI, race and acute exercise all influence circulating PYY levels. Both dietary fat and protein strongly stimulate PYY release. Furthermore, MUFA appear to result in a smaller PYY response compared with SFA and PUFA. PYY levels appear to be affected by acute exercise, macronutrient composition, adiposity, race and the composition of fatty acids from dietary fat.
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Solah VA, Brand-Miller JC, Atkinson FS, Gahler RJ, Kacinik V, Lyon MR, Wood S. Dose–response effect of a novel functional fibre, PolyGlycopleX®, PGX®, on satiety. Appetite 2014; 77:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Isaksson H, Landberg R, Sundberg B, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Zhang JX, Tidehag P, Erik Bach Knudsen K, Moazzami AA, Aman P. High-fiber rye diet increases ileal excretion of energy and macronutrients compared with low-fiber wheat diet independent of meal frequency in ileostomy subjects. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:18519. [PMID: 24358035 PMCID: PMC3862981 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.18519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-grain foods and cereal dietary fiber intake is associated with lower body weight. This may partly result from lower energy utilization of high-fiber diets. Objective In the present study, the impact on ileal excretion of energy and macronutrients in response to a rye bread high-fiber diet compared to a refined wheat low-fiber diet was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of meal frequency on apparent absorption of nutrients was studied for the first time. Design Ten participants that had undergone ileostomy consumed standardized iso-caloric diets, including low-fiber wheat bread (20 g dietary fiber per day) for 2 weeks followed by high-fiber rye bread (52 g dietary fiber per day) for 2 weeks. The diets were consumed in an ordinary (three meals per day) and a nibbling (seven meals per day) meal frequency in a cross-over design. Ileal effluents were collected during 24 h at the third day of each of the four dietary periods and analyzed for gross energy and nutrient contents. Results The results showed that intake of rye bread high-fiber diet compared to the refined wheat low-fiber diet caused an increase in ileal excretion of energy and macronutrients. The effect was independent of meal frequency. This suggests that a high intake of rye may result in lower availability of macronutrients for small intestinal digestion and absorption. A regular intake of rye may therefore have implications for weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sundberg
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Lundin
- Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden ; Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jie-Xian Zhang
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Tidehag
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Pathology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ali A Moazzami
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Aman
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Reichert RG, Reimer RA, Kacinik V, Pal S, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Meal replacements and fibre supplement as a strategy for weight loss. Proprietary PGX® meal replacement and PGX® fibre supplement in addition to a calorie-restricted diet to achieve weight loss in a clinical setting. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2013; 29:221-9. [PMID: 24568282 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2013.801229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Meal replacements and viscous soluble fibre represent safe and sustainable aids for weight loss. Our purpose was to determine if PGX® meal replacements and PGX(®) fibre complex in combination with a calorie-restricted diet would aid in weight loss in a clinical setting. Fifty-two overweight and obese participants (49 women, 3 men; average age 47.1 years) with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 33.8 ± 6.4 kg/m(2) consumed 57 g of proprietary PGX® meal replacement product at breakfast and another 57 g at lunch for 12 weeks. In addition to the meal replacements, they were also asked to consume 5 g/day of PGX® fibre in the form of granules, powder or capsules together with 250 mlwater. A registered dietician recommended low-fat, low-glycaemic-index foods for snacks and the dinner menus such that each volunteer was consuming a total of 1200 kcal/day. All participants (n = 52) lost a significant amount of weight from baseline (-4.69 ± 3.73 kg), which was further reflected in the reductions in their waist (-7.11 ± 6.35 cm) and hip circumference (-5.59 ± 3.58 cm) over the 12-week study (p < 0.0001). BMI scores (n = 51) were reduced by 1.6 ± 1.4 kg/m(2). The use of PGX® meal replacements and PGX(®) fibre along with a controlled dietary caloric intake is of benefit for short-term weight loss.
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Reichert RG, Lyon MR, Kacinik V, Gahler RJ, Manjoo P, Purnama M, Wood S. Decreasing cardiovascular risk factors in obese individuals using a combination of PGX® meal replacements and PGX® granules in a 12-week clinical weight modification program. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 10:/j/jcim.2013.10.issue-1/jcim-2012-0003/jcim-2013-0003.xml. [PMID: 23652638 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this open, clinically based, weight modification program, we determined in six sedentary obese adults (five women; one male; age range 30-62 years) that the combination of a modified calorie diet plus PGX® meal replacement and PGX® supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in several cardiovascular risk factors over a 12-week time period. This included a significant improvement in lipids (-0.98 mmol/l LDL-C), reduction in average weight (-9.2 kg), mean reduction in fat (-4.1%) and an increase in fat-free mass (2.8%).
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Trigueros L, Peña S, Ugidos AV, Sayas-Barberá E, Pérez-Álvarez JA, Sendra E. Food ingredients as anti-obesity agents: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:929-42. [PMID: 23768185 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.574215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have a major impact on global health; their prevalence has rapidly increased in all industrialized countries in the past few decades and diabetes and hypertension are their direct consequences. Pharmacotherapy provides reinforcement for obesity treatment, but should be an adjunctive support to diet, exercise, and lifestyle modification. At present, only orlistat and sibutramine have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for long-term use, but sibutramine was withdrawn for sale by the European Medicines Agency. The development of functional foods for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity suppose an opportunity for the food market and involve the knowledge of the mechanisms of appetite and energy expenditure as well as the metabolic sensation of satiety. Strategies for weight control management affect gut hormones as potential targets for the appetite metabolic regulation, stimulation of energy expenditure (thermogenesis), and modifications in the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. Functional foods for obesity may also include bioactive fatty acids, phenolic compounds, soybean, plant sterols, dietary calcium, and dietary fiber. This review intends to offer an overview of the present situation of the anti-obesity agents currently used in dietary therapy as well as some functional food ingredients with potentially anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Trigueros
- IPOA Research Group UMH-1 and REVIV_ Generalitat Valenciana, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ctra. de Beniel km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
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Reimer RA, Grover GJ, Koetzner L, Gahler RJ, Juneja P, Lyon MR, Wood S. Sitagliptin reduces hyperglycemia and increases satiety hormone secretion more effectively when used with a novel polysaccharide in obese Zucker rats. J Nutr 2012; 142:1812-20. [PMID: 22915295 PMCID: PMC3718709 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.163204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel polysaccharide (NPS) PolyGlycopleX (PGX) has been shown to reduce glycemia. Pharmacological treatment with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor, also reduces glycemia by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Our objective was to determine if using NPS in combination with sitagliptin reduces hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats more so than either treatment alone. Male ZDF rats were randomized to: 1) cellulose/vehicle [control (C)]; 2) NPS (5% wt:wt)/vehicle (NPS); 3) cellulose/sitagliptin [10 mg/(kg · d) (S)]; or 4) NPS (5%) + S [10 mg/(kg · d) (NPS+S)]. Glucose tolerance, adiposity, satiety hormones, and mechanisms related to DPP4 activity and hepatic and pancreatic histology were examined. A clinically relevant reduction in hyperglycemia occurred in the rats treated with NPS+S (P = 0.001) compared with NPS and S alone. Blood glucose, measured weekly in fed and feed-deprived rats and during an oral glucose tolerance test, was lower in the NPS+S group compared with all other groups (all P = 0.001). At wk 6, glycated hemoglobin was lower in the NPS+S group than in the C and S (P = 0.001) and NPS (P = 0.06) groups. PGX (P = 0.001) and S (P = 0.014) contributed to increased lean mass. Active GLP-1 was increased by S (P = 0.001) and GIP was increased by NPS (P = 0.001). Plasma DPP4 activity was lower in the NPS+S and S groups than in the NPS and C groups (P = 0.007). Insulin secretion and β-cell mass was increased with NPS (P < 0.05). NPS alone reduced LDL cholesterol and hepatic steatosis (P < 0.01). Independently, NPS and S improve several metabolic outcomes in ZDF rats, but combined, their ability to markedly reduce glycemia suggests they may be a promising dietary/pharmacological co-therapy for type 2 diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Abstract
Inadequate dietary fiber intake is common in modern diets, especially in children. Epidemiological and experimental evidence point to a significant association between a lack of fiber intake and ischemic heart disease, stroke atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as gastrointestinal disorders such as diverticulosis, irritable bowel disease, colon cancer, and cholelithiasis. The physiological effects of fiber relate to the physical properties of volume, viscosity, and water-holding capacity that the fiber imparts to food leading to important influences over the energy density of food. Beyond these physical properties, fiber directly impacts a complex array of microbiological, biochemical, and neurohormonal effects directly through modification of the kinetics of digestion and through its metabolism into constituents such as short chain fatty acids, which are both energy substrates and important enteroendocrine ligands. Of particular interest to clinicians is the important role dietary fiber plays in glucoregulation, appetite, and satiety. Supplementation of the diet with highly functional fibers may prove to play an important role in long-term obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Lyon
- Canadian Center for Functional Medicine, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
| | - Veronica Kacinik
- Canadian Center for Functional Medicine, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
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Touyarou P, Sulmont-Rossé C, Gagnaire A, Issanchou S, Brondel L. Monotonous consumption of fibre-enriched bread at breakfast increases satiety and influences subsequent food intake. Appetite 2012; 58:575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reimer RA, Pelletier X, Carabin IG, Lyon MR, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Faecal short chain fatty acids in healthy subjects participating in a randomised controlled trial examining a soluble highly viscous polysaccharide versus control. J Hum Nutr Diet 2012; 25:373-7. [PMID: 22320902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2012.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre and have been linked with intestinal health. The present study examined faecal SCFA concentrations in subjects consuming a novel soluble highly viscous polysaccharide (HVP) or control for 3 weeks. A total of 54 healthy adults participated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHODS Subjects were randomised to consume HVP or control (skim milk powder). A dose of 5 g day(-1) was consumed in the first week, followed by 10 g day(-1) in the second and third weeks (n = 27 per group). The primary outcome was SCFA concentrations in faecal samples collected at baseline (visit 1, V1), at 1 week (V2) and at 3 week (V3). RESULTS The reduction in faecal acetate from V1 to V3 in control subjects was not observed in subjects consuming HVP. There were no differences in propionate, butyrate, valerate or caproate concentrations. There was a significant treatment effect (P = 0.03) for total SCFA, with higher concentrations observed in subjects consuming HVP versus control. CONCLUSIONS HVP is a viscous functional fibre that may influence gut microbial fermentation. Further work is warranted to examine the fermentative properties of HVP and possible links with appetite regulation and reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Kacinik V, Lyon M, Purnama M, Reimer RA, Gahler R, Green TJ, Wood S. Effect of PGX, a novel functional fibre supplement, on subjective ratings of appetite in overweight and obese women consuming a 3-day structured, low-calorie diet. Nutr Diabetes 2011; 1:e22. [PMID: 23154443 PMCID: PMC3302126 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2011.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dietary factors that help control perceived hunger might improve adherence to calorie-reduced diets. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of supplementing a three-day, low-calorie diet with PolyGlycopleX (PGX), a highly viscous fibre, on subjective ratings of appetite compared with a placebo. Methods: In a double-blind crossover design with a 3-week washout, 45 women (aged 38±9 years, body mass index 29.9±2.8 kg m−2) were randomised to consume a 1000-kcal per day diet for 3 days, supplemented with 5 g of PGX or placebo at each of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Subjective appetite was assessed using 100 mm visual analogue scales that were completed daily before, between and after consumption of meals. Results: Thirty-five women completed the study. Consumption of PGX compared with placebo led to significantly lower mean area under the curve for hunger on day 3 (440.4 versus 375.4; P=0.048), prospective consumption on day 3 (471.0 versus 401.8; P=0.017) and the overall 3-day average (468.6 versus 420.2; P=0.026). More specifically, on day 3 PGX significantly reduced total appetite, hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption for 2.5 and 4.5 h after lunch and before dinner times, with hunger also being reduced 2.5 h after dinner (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results show that adding 5 g of PGX to meals during consumption of a low-calorie diet reduces subjective ratings of prospective consumption and increases the feelings of satiety, especially during afternoon and evening. This highly viscous polysaccharide may be a useful adjunct to weight-loss interventions involving significant caloric reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kacinik
- Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada
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Beta glucan: health benefits in obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2012:851362. [PMID: 22187640 PMCID: PMC3236515 DOI: 10.1155/2012/851362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the lack of international agreement regarding the definition and classification of fiber, there is established evidence on the role of dietary fibers in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Beta glucan (β-glucan) is a soluble fiber readily available from oat and barley grains that has been gaining interest due to its multiple functional and bioactive properties. Its beneficial role in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity is being continuously documented. The fermentability of β-glucans and their ability to form highly viscous solutions in the human gut may constitute the basis of their health benefits. Consequently, the applicability of β-glucan as a food ingredient is being widely considered with the dual purposes of increasing the fiber content of food products and enhancing their health properties. Therefore, this paper explores the role of β-glucans in the prevention and treatment of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, their underlying mechanisms of action, and their potential in food applications.
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Abstract
The development of lower-glycaemic index (GI) foods requires simple, palatable and healthy strategies. The objective of the present study was to determine the most effective dose of a novel viscous fibre supplement (PGX®) to be added to starchy foods to reduce their GI. Healthy subjects (n 10) consumed glucose sugar (50 g in water × 3) and six starchy foods with a range of GI values (52–72) along with 0 (inert fibre), 2·5 or 5 g granular PGX® dissolved in 250 ml water. GI testing according to ISO Standard 26 642-2010 was used to determine the reduction in GI. PGX® significantly reduced the GI of all six foods (P < 0·001), with an average reduction of 19 % for the 2·5 g dose and 30 % for the 5 g dose, equivalent to a reducing the GI by 7 and 15 units, respectively. Consuming small quantities of the novel functional fibre PGX®, mixed with water at the start of a meal, is an effective strategy to reduce the GI of common foods.
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Grover GJ, Koetzner L, Wicks J, Gahler RJ, Lyon MR, Reimer RA, Wood S. Effects of the Soluble Fiber Complex PolyGlycopleX on Glucose Homeostasis and Body Weight in Young Zucker Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:47. [PMID: 21922008 PMCID: PMC3168379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber can reduce insulin resistance, body weight, and hyperlipidemia depending on fiber type, water solubility, and viscosity. PolyGlycopleX(®) (PGX(®)) is a natural, novel water soluble, non-starch polysaccharide complex that with water forms a highly viscous gel compared to other naturally occurring dietary fiber. We determined the effect of dietary PGX(®) vs. cellulose and inulin on the early development of insulin resistance, body weight, hyperlipidemia, and glycemia-induced tissue damage in young Zucker diabetic rats (ZDFs) in fasted and non-fasted states. ZDFs (5 weeks old) were fed a diet containing 5% (wgt/wgt) cellulose, inulin, or PGX(®) for 8 weeks. Body weight, lipids, insulin, and glucose levels were determined throughout the study and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used to measure insulin sensitivity throughout the study in fasted animals. At study termination, insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) and kidney, liver, and pancreatic histopathology were determined. Body weight and food intake were significantly reduced by PGX(®) vs. inulin and cellulose. Serum insulin in fasted and non-fasted states was significantly reduced by PGX(®) as was non-fasted blood glucose. Insulin resistance, measured as a HOMA score, was significantly reduced by PGX(®) in weeks 5 through 8 as well as terminal OGTT scores in fed and fasted states. Serum total cholesterol was also significantly reduced by PGX(®). PGX(®) significantly reduced histological kidney and hepatic damage in addition to reduced hepatic steatosis and cholestasis. A greater mass of pancreatic β-cells was found in the PGX(®) group. PGX(®) therefore may be a useful dietary additive in the control of the development of the early development of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary James Grover
- Department of Pharmacology, Eurofins-Product Safety LaboratoriesDayton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Lee Koetzner
- Department of Pharmacology, Eurofins-Product Safety LaboratoriesDayton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Michael R. Lyon
- Canadian Centre for Functional MedicineCoquitlam, BC, Canada
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Simon Wood
- Canadian Centre for Functional MedicineCoquitlam, BC, Canada
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Lyon M, Wood S, Pelletier X, Donazzolo Y, Gahler R, Bellisle F. Effects of a 3-month supplementation with a novel soluble highly viscous polysaccharide on anthropometry and blood lipids in nondieting overweight or obese adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 24:351-9. [PMID: 21414045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High viscosity fibre is known to exert many beneficial effects on appetite and metabolism. It could potentially help in weight management, in dieting or nondieting individuals. The present study investigated the effects of the daily intake of a novel high viscosity polysaccharide (HVP) over 3 months in nondieting obese or overweight men and women. METHODS The study comprised a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Participants ingested 5-15 g per day of either HVP (n = 29, experimental group) or inulin (n = 30, control group) for 15 weeks. Changes in anthropometry (weight, waist and hip circumferences), blood lipids and glucose tolerance were studied from the beginning to the end of administration. Compliance and tolerance were examined. RESULTS Differences appeared between HVP and inulin supplementation in female participants only. Mean (SD) decreases in body weight [1.6 (3.2) kg; approximately 2% of initial weight] and hip circumference [2.8 (3.6 ) cm] occurred in women of the HVP group but not in controls (Time × Group interactions, P ≤ 0.002). Total, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were lower at the end of supplementation in the women of the HVP group compared to controls (P ≤ 0.021). No effect appeared in waist circumference and triacylglycerol. No difference was noted in the number or severity of the adverse effects reported in both groups. Adverse effects were mild and agreed with commonly reported reactions to intake of dietary fibre. CONCLUSIONS Beneficial although modest effects appeared after several weeks of daily HVP intake in nondieting obese or overweight women. The effects of HVP should be investigated in the context of a weight loss programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lyon
- Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, BC
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Grover GJ, Koetzner L, Wicks J, Gahler RJ, Lyon MR, Reimer RA, Wood S. Effects of the soluble fiber complex PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®) on glycemic control, insulin secretion, and GLP-1 levels in Zucker diabetic rats. Life Sci 2011; 88:392-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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