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Chatonidi G, Poppe J, Verbeke K. Plant-based fermented foods and the satiety cascade: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Ribet L, Dessalles R, Lesens C, Brusselaers N, Durand-Dubief M. Nutritional benefits of sourdoughs: A systematic review. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:22-29. [PMID: 36811591 PMCID: PMC10103004 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food fermentation using sourdough-i.e., consortia of lactic bacteria and yeasts-is increasingly considered among the public as a natural transformation yielding nutritional benefits; however, it is unclear whether its alleged properties are validated by science. The aim of this study was to systematically review the clinical evidence related to the effect of sourdough bread on health. Bibliographic searches were performed in 2 different databases (The Lens and PubMed) up to February 2022. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials involving adults, healthy or not, given any type of sourdough bread compared with those given any type of yeast bread. A total of 573 articles were retrieved and investigated, of which 25 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. The 25 clinical trials included a total of 542 individuals. The main outcomes investigated in the retrieved studies were glucose response (N = 15), appetite (N = 3), gastrointestinal markers (N = 5), and cardiovascular markers (N = 2). Overall, it is currently difficult to establish a clear consensus with regards to the beneficial effects of sourdough per se on health when compared with other types of bread because a variety of factors, such as the microbial composition of sourdough, fermentation parameters, cereals, and flour types potentially influence the nutritional properties of bread. Nonetheless, in studies using specific strains and fermentation conditions, significant improvements were observed in parameters related to glycemic response, satiety, or gastrointestinal comfort after bread ingestion. The reviewed data suggest that sourdough has great potential to produce a variety of functional foods; however, its complex and dynamic ecosystem requires further standardization to conclude its clinical health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Ribet
- Baking Science, Lesaffre Institute of Science & Technology, Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | | | - Corinne Lesens
- Baking Science, Lesaffre Institute of Science & Technology, Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Barœul, France
| | - Nele Brusselaers
- Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Discovery & Front End Innovation, Lesaffre Institute of Science & Technology, Lesaffre, Marcq-en-Barœul, France.
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Yan J, Pan Y, Shao W, Wang C, Wang R, He Y, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li T, Wang Z, Liu W, Wang Z, Sun X, Dong S. Beneficial effect of the short-chain fatty acid propionate on vascular calcification through intestinal microbiota remodelling. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:195. [PMID: 36380385 PMCID: PMC9667615 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is a major cause of the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases and is closely associated with the intestinal microbiota. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are derived from the intestinal microbiota and can also regulate intestinal microbiota homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether exogenous supplementation with propionate, a SCFA, can ameliorate vascular calcification by regulating the intestinal microbiota. This study was conducted to explore the roles of propionate and the intestinal microbiota in the process of vascular calcification. METHODS In total, 92 patients were enrolled consecutively as the observational cohort to analyse the relationship between SCFAs and vascular calcification in both blood and faecal samples. A rat model of vascular calcification was induced by vitamin D3 and nicotine (VDN) to validate the effect of propionate. Differences in the intestinal microbiota were analysed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Faecal microbiota transplantation and Akkermansia muciniphila transplantation experiments were performed to evaluate the functions of the intestinal microbiota. RESULTS The results of the observational cohort study revealed that the levels of SCFAs (particularly propionate) in both blood and faecal samples independently correlated negatively with calcification scores (P < 0.01). To verify the activities of propionate, it was provided to VDN-treated rats, and oral or rectal propionate delivery reshaped the intestinal microbiota, resulted in elevated SCFA production, improved intestinal barrier function and alleviated inflammation, ultimately ameliorating vascular calcification. Furthermore, we demonstrated that transplantation of the propionate-modulated intestinal microbiota induced beneficial outcomes similar to those with oral or rectal propionate administration. Interestingly, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) revealed that oral or rectal propionate administration and propionate-modulated intestinal microbiota transplantation both enriched primarily Akkermansia. Subsequently, we demonstrated that Akkermansia supplementation could ameliorate VDN-induced vascular calcification in rats. CONCLUSIONS Propionate can significantly ameliorate vascular calcification in VDN-treated rats, and this effect is mediated by intestinal microbiota remodelling. The findings in our study indicate that the intestinal tract-vessel axis is a promising target for alleviating vascular calcification. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbin Pan
- Department of health management center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenming Shao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongning Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong He
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Tangzhiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhefeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenmin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tissue Reconstruction and Function Restoration, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaohong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
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Igudesman D, Crandell J, Corbin KD, Muntis F, Zaharieva DP, Casu A, Thomas JM, Bulik CM, Carroll IM, Pence BW, Pratley RE, Kosorok MR, Maahs DM, Mayer-Davis EJ. The Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Association with Advanced Metrics of Glycemia and Adiposity Among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzac107. [PMID: 36349343 PMCID: PMC9620390 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comanagement of glycemia and adiposity is the cornerstone of cardiometabolic risk reduction in type 1 diabetes (T1D), but targets are often not met. The intestinal microbiota and microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence glycemia and adiposity but have not been sufficiently investigated in longstanding T1D. Objectives We evaluated the hypothesis that an increased abundance of SCFA-producing gut microbes, fecal SCFAs, and intestinal microbial diversity were associated with improved glycemia but increased adiposity in young adults with longstanding T1D. Methods Participants provided stool samples at ≤4 time points (NCT03651622: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03651622). Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene measured abundances of SCFA-producing intestinal microbes. GC-MS measured total and specific SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate). DXA (body fat percentage and percentage lean mass) and anthropometrics (BMI) measured adiposity. Continuous glucose monitoring [percentage of time in range (70-180 mg/dL), above range (>180 mg/dL), and below range (54-69 mg/dL)] and glycated hemoglobin (i.e., HbA1c) assessed glycemia. Adjusted and Bonferroni-corrected generalized estimating equations modeled the associations of SCFA-producing gut microbes, fecal SCFAs, and intestinal microbial diversity with glycemia and adiposity. COVID-19 interrupted data collection, so models were repeated restricted to pre-COVID-19 visits. Results Data were available for ≤45 participants at 101 visits (including 40 participants at 54 visits pre-COVID-19). Abundance of Eubacterium hallii was associated inversely with BMI (all data). Pre-COVID-19, increased fecal propionate was associated with increased percentage of time above range and reduced percentage of time in target and below range; and abundances of 3 SCFA-producing taxa (Ruminococcus gnavus, Eubacterium ventriosum, and Lachnospira) were associated inversely with body fat percentage, of which two microbes were positively associated with percentage lean mass. Abundance of Anaerostipes was associated with reduced percentage of time in range (all data) and with increased body fat percentage and reduced percentage lean mass (pre-COVID-19). Conclusions Unexpectedly, fecal propionate was associated with detriment to glycemia, whereas most SCFA-producing intestinal microbes were associated with benefit to adiposity. Future studies should confirm these associations and determine their potential causal linkages in T1D.This study is registered at clinical.trials.gov (NCT03651622; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03651622).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Igudesman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jamie Crandell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen D Corbin
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Franklin Muntis
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dessi P Zaharieva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna Casu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Joan M Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian W Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Kosorok
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David M Maahs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, CA, USA
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Zhang Y, Li X, Huang G, Wang H, Chen H, Su Y, Yu K, Zhu W. Propionate stimulates the secretion of satiety hormones and reduces acute appetite in a cecal fistula pig model. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:390-398. [PMID: 35949198 PMCID: PMC9356018 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) can regulate appetite by stimulating the secretion of satiety hormones. However, the impact of short-chain fatty acid propionate on the release of gut satiety hormones and appetite regulation in pigs is not completely understood. In this study, 16 pigs were infused with saline or sodium propionate through a fistula in the caecum during a 28-day experimental period. We characterized the effects of propionate administration on peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion from colonic tissue, and investigated the role of propionate infusion on the expression of appetite-related genes in the colon and hypothalamus. Further, the direct impact of propionate administration on the expression of orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein (AgRP) in hypothalamic N38 cells was also examined. The results showed that intra-cecal infusion of propionate reduced the short-term feed intake (P < 0.05) but not the long-term feed intake in pigs (P > 0.05). Propionate administration stimulated PYY and GLP-1 release from colon tissue in vivo and ex vivo (P < 0.05). It also upregulated PYY expression in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the GLP-1 and PYY levels in the blood were increased after intra-cecal infusion of propionate at d 28 (P < 0.05). Additionally, intra-cecal infusion of propionate upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of free fatty acid receptor 2/3 (FFAR2/FFAR3) in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). Propionate infusion also downregulated the orexigenic AgRP mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and upregulated the anorexigenic cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA expression (P = 0.09) in the hypothalamus. Moreover, propionate administration directly downregulated AgRP expression in hypothalamic N38 cells in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that cecal propionate stimulated colonic secretion of satiety hormones and suppressed appetite to reduce the short-term feed intake in pigs. This study highlights that microbial-derived propionate exerts an important role in regulating the physical functions of the host.
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Rolim ME, Fortes MI, Von Frankenberg A, Duarte CK. Consumption of sourdough bread and changes in the glycemic control and satiety: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:801-816. [PMID: 35943419 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of clinical trials followed by meta-analysis, to evaluate the effect of sourdough bread on glycemic control and appetite and satiety regulators such as leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2), NPY (neuropeptide Y), AgRP (agouti-related protein), PYY (peptide YY), and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Clinical trials compared the intake of sourdough bread to that of an industrially fermented one or control glucose solution in adults over 18 years of age. This systematic review included all randomized, parallel, or crossover trials published up to June 2021 in the EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. After the selection process, 18 studies were included. The analysis of the final average difference of the change in serum glucose after 60 minutes for the intervention indicated that the consumption of sourdough bread has a lower impact on blood glucose compared to that of industrial bread or glucose (MD = -0.29, IC 95% = [-0.46; -0.12]; I2 = 0%). The evaluation of blood glucose 120 minutes after the consumption of the intervention also indicated a lower increment in blood glucose when compared to the consumption of other types of bread or the same amount of glucose (MD = -0.21, IC 95% = [-0.32; -0.09]; I2 = 0%). The certainty of evidence varied from low to very low. The results showed that sourdough is effective in reducing the increment of postprandial glycemia, especially when prepared with whole wheat flour, although it does not reduce fasting serum insulin, nor does it change plasma PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esther Rolim
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Fortes
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anize Von Frankenberg
- Post-graduation Program: Endocrinoly, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Kümmel Duarte
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Rahman MM, Islam F, -Or-Rashid MH, Mamun AA, Rahaman MS, Islam MM, Meem AFK, Sutradhar PR, Mitra S, Mimi AA, Emran TB, Fatimawali, Idroes R, Tallei TE, Ahmed M, Cavalu S. The Gut Microbiota (Microbiome) in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Therapeutic Regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:903570. [PMID: 35795187 PMCID: PMC9251340 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.903570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as well as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as metabolic syndrome. The intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. Recent studies revealed that the gut microbiota can affect the host body. CVDs are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and patients favor death over chronic kidney disease. For the function of gut microbiota in the host, molecules have to penetrate the intestinal epithelium or the surface cells of the host. Gut microbiota can utilize trimethylamine, N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, and primary and secondary bile acid pathways. By affecting these living cells, the gut microbiota can cause heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. Previous studies of the gut microbiota and its relation to stroke pathogenesis and its consequences can provide new therapeutic prospects. This review highlights the interplay between the microbiota and its metabolites and addresses related interventions for the treatment of CVDs.
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Cherta-Murillo A, Pugh JE, Alaraj-Alshehhi S, Hajjar D, Chambers ES, Frost GS. The effects of SCFAs on glycemic control in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:335-361. [PMID: 35388874 PMCID: PMC9348993 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncommunicable disease development is related to impairments in glycemic and insulinemic responses, which can be modulated by fiber intake. Fiber's beneficial effects upon metabolic health can be partially attributed to the production of SCFAs via microbial fermentation of fiber in the gastrointestinal tract. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the effects of SCFAs, acetate, propionate, and butyrate on glycemic control in humans. METHODS The CENTRAL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 7 December 2021. Papers were included if they reported a randomized controlled trial measuring glucose and/or insulin compared to a placebo in adults. Studies were categorized by the type of SCFA and intervention duration. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for glucose and insulin for those subject categories with ≥3 studies, or a narrative review was performed. RESULTS We identified 43 eligible papers, with 46 studies within those records (n = 913), and 44 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Vinegar intake decreased the acute glucose response [standard mean difference (SMD), -0.53; 95% CI, -0.92 to -0.14; n = 67] in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes and in healthy volunteers (SMD, -0.27; 95% CI, -0.54 to 0.00; n = 186). The meta-analyses for acute acetate, as well as acute and chronic propionate studies, showed no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Vinegar decreased the glucose response acutely in healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, and mixed SCFAs had no effect on blood glucose and insulin in humans. Significant heterogeneity, risks of bias, and publication biases were identified in several study categories, including the acute vinegar glucose response. As evidence was very uncertain, caution is urged when interpreting these results. Further high-quality research is required to determine the effects of SCFAs on glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cherta-Murillo
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sumayya Alaraj-Alshehhi
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Hajjar
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Adler GK, Hornik ES, Murray G, Bhandari S, Yadav Y, Heydarpour M, Basu R, Garg R, Tirosh A. Acute effects of the food preservative propionic acid on glucose metabolism in humans. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002336. [PMID: 34312159 PMCID: PMC8314753 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Propionic acid (PA) is a common food preservative generally recognized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration; however, exogenous PA has effects on glucose metabolism that are not fully understood. Our preclinical studies demonstrated exogenous PA increases glucagon, norepinephrine, and endogenous glucose production (EGP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 28 healthy men and women to determine the effect of PA (1500 mg calcium propionate) on these factors. Subjects had two study visits, each preceded by a 1 week, PA-free diet. During each visit, glucose, insulin, glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and EGP were assessed for 2 hours after oral administration of PA/placebo under resting conditions (protocol 1) and during either a euglycemic (~85-90 mg/dL) or hypoglycemic (~65-70 mg/dL) hyperinsulinemic clamp (protocol 2). RESULTS PA, as compared with placebo, significantly increased: (1) glucagon and norepinephrine during protocol 1; (2) glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine under euglycemic conditions in protocol 2; and (3) norepinephrine, epinephrine, and EGP under hypoglycemic conditions in protocol 2. CONCLUSION Oral consumption of PA leads to inappropriate activation of the insulin counterregulatory hormonal network. This inappropriate stimulation highlights PA as a potential metabolic disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail K Adler
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ezra S Hornik
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gillian Murray
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shreya Bhandari
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yogesh Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mahyar Heydarpour
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rita Basu
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Rajesh Garg
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Amir Tirosh
- Division of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Killingsworth J, Sawmiller D, Shytle RD. Propionate and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:580001. [PMID: 33505301 PMCID: PMC7831739 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.580001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, serves important roles in the human body. However, our review of the current literature suggests that under certain conditions, excess levels of propionate may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cause of the excessive levels of propionate may be related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, which are the primary producers of propionate in the human gut. Studies have shown that the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum is significantly increased in older adults. Other studies have shown that levels of the Bacteroidetes phylum are increased in persons with AD. Studies on the diet, medication use, and propionate metabolism offer additional potential causes. There are many different mechanisms by which excess levels of propionate may lead to AD, such as hyperammonemia. These mechanisms offer potential points for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Killingsworth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Improved oral bioavailability and target delivery of 6-shogaol via vitamin E TPGS-modified liposomes: Preparation, in-vitro and in-vivo characterizations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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San-Cristobal R, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez-González MÁ, Ordovas JM, Martínez JA. Contribution of macronutrients to obesity: implications for precision nutrition. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:305-320. [PMID: 32235875 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific metabolic contribution of consuming different energy-yielding macronutrients (namely, carbohydrates, protein and lipids) to obesity is a matter of active debate. In this Review, we summarize the current research concerning associations between the intake of different macronutrients and weight gain and adiposity. We discuss insights into possible differential mechanistic pathways where macronutrients might act on either appetite or adipogenesis to cause weight gain. We also explore the role of dietary macronutrient distribution on thermogenesis or energy expenditure for weight loss and maintenance. On the basis of the data discussed, we describe a novel way to manage excessive body weight; namely, prescribing personalized diets with different macronutrient compositions according to the individual's genotype and/or enterotype. In this context, the interplay of macronutrient consumption with obesity incidence involves mechanisms that affect appetite, thermogenesis and metabolism, and the outcomes of these mechanisms are altered by an individual's genotype and microbiota. Indeed, the interactions of the genetic make-up and/or microbiota features of a person with specific macronutrient intakes or dietary pattern consumption help to explain individualized responses to macronutrients and food patterns, which might represent key factors for comprehensive precision nutrition recommendations and personalized obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain.
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José María Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity Fundation IMDEA Food, Campus of International Excellence, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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13
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Tirosh A, Calay ES, Tuncman G, Claiborn KC, Inouye KE, Eguchi K, Alcala M, Rathaus M, Hollander KS, Ron I, Livne R, Heianza Y, Qi L, Shai I, Garg R, Hotamisligil GS. The short-chain fatty acid propionate increases glucagon and FABP4 production, impairing insulin action in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/489/eaav0120. [PMID: 31019023 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid propionate is a potent inhibitor of molds that is widely used as a food preservative and endogenously produced by gut microbiota. Although generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the metabolic effects of propionate consumption in humans are unclear. Here, we report that propionate stimulates glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia in mice by increasing plasma concentrations of glucagon and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). Fabp4-deficient mice and mice lacking liver glucagon receptor were protected from the effects of propionate. Although propionate did not directly promote glucagon or FABP4 secretion in ex vivo rodent pancreatic islets and adipose tissue models, respectively, it activated the sympathetic nervous system in mice, leading to secretion of these hormones in vivo. This effect could be blocked by the pharmacological inhibition of norepinephrine, which prevented propionate-induced hyperglycemia in mice. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in humans, consumption of a propionate-containing mixed meal resulted in a postprandial increase in plasma glucagon, FABP4, and norepinephrine, leading to insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Chronic exposure of mice to a propionate dose equivalent to that used for food preservation resulted in gradual weight gain. In humans, plasma propionate decreased with weight loss in the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) and served as an independent predictor of improved insulin sensitivity. Thus, propionate may activate a catecholamine-mediated increase in insulin counter-regulatory signals, leading to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which, over time, may promote adiposity and metabolic abnormalities. Further evaluation of the metabolic consequences of propionate consumption is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tirosh
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ediz S Calay
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gurol Tuncman
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn C Claiborn
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosei Eguchi
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Alcala
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moran Rathaus
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kenneth S Hollander
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Idit Ron
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rinat Livne
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Iris Shai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rajesh Garg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 5555 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Dagbasi A, Lett AM, Murphy K, Frost G. Understanding the interplay between food structure, intestinal bacterial fermentation and appetite control. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-17. [PMID: 32383415 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120006941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical evidence highlight the benefit of dietary fibre consumption on body weight. This benefit is partly attributed to the interaction of dietary fibre with the gut microbiota. Dietary fibre possesses a complex food structure which resists digestion in the upper gut and therefore reaches the distal gut where it becomes available for bacterial fermentation. This process yields SCFA which stimulate the release of appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY. Food structures can further enhance the delivery of fermentable substrates to the distal gut by protecting the intracellular nutrients during upper gastrointestinal digestion. Domestic and industrial processing can disturb these food structures that act like barriers towards digestive enzymes. This leads to more digestible products that are better absorbed in the upper gut. As a result, less resistant material (fibre) and intracellular nutrients may reach the distal gut, thus reducing substrates for bacterial fermentation and its subsequent benefits on the host metabolism including appetite suppression. Understanding this link is essential for the design of diets and food products that can promote appetite suppression and act as a successful strategy towards obesity management. This article reviews the current evidence in the interplay between food structure, bacterial fermentation and appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dagbasi
- Department of Medicine, Section for Nutrition Research, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - A M Lett
- Department of Medicine, Section for Nutrition Research, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - K Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - G Frost
- Department of Medicine, Section for Nutrition Research, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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15
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Abstract
Purpose of this Review This review assesses the latest evidence linking short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with host metabolic health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and presents the latest evidence on possible biological mechanisms. Recent Findings SCFA have a range of effects locally in the gut and at both splanchnic and peripheral tissues which together appear to induce improved metabolic regulation and have direct and indirect effects on markers of CVD risk. Summary SCFA produced primarily from the microbial fermentation of dietary fibre appear to be key mediators of the beneficial effects elicited by the gut microbiome. Not only does dietary fibre fermentation regulate microbial activity in the gut, SCFA also directly modulate host health through a range of tissue-specific mechanisms related to gut barrier function, glucose homeostasis, immunomodulation, appetite regulation and obesity. With the increasing burden of obesity worldwide, the role for gut microbiota-generated SCFA in protecting against the effects of energy dense diets offers an intriguing new avenue for regulating metabolic health and CVD risk.
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16
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Al-Mana NM, Robertson MD. Acute Effect of Resistant Starch on Food Intake, Appetite and Satiety in Overweight/Obese Males. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121993. [PMID: 30558330 PMCID: PMC6316739 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have linked increased intake of dietary fibre to improvement in the management of body weight. Dietary fibre from resistant starch (RS) has been shown to have an impact on food intake in normal weight individuals, but its role in obesity is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of RS on appetite, satiety and postprandial metabolism in overweight/obese subjects. In this single-blind randomized crossover study, overweight/obese healthy males consumed a test breakfast and lunch containing either 48 g RS or a placebo. Postprandial qualitative appetite, glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 were measured every 30 min for 7 h. Energy intake values from an ad libitum dinner and for a 24-h period were assessed. Acute consumption of RS at breakfast/lunch significantly reduced the energy intake at the ad libitum dinner (p = 0.017). No significant effect over 24 h or qualitative feelings of satiety were observed. Significant treatment × time effects were found for postprandial glucose (p = 0.004) for RS compared to placebo, with a trend for higher C-peptide concentrations following RS. The postprandial insulin and GLP-1 responses were not significantly different. RS may indeed have short-term beneficial effects in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlaa M Al-Mana
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Denise Robertson
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Leggett Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK.
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17
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Iversen KN, Johansson D, Brunius C, Andlid T, Andersson R, Langton M, Landberg R. Appetite and Subsequent Food Intake Were Unaffected by the Amount of Sourdough and Rye in Soft Bread-A Randomized Cross-Over Breakfast Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111594. [PMID: 30380770 PMCID: PMC6266039 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sourdough fermented bread has been suggested to have beneficial health effects, in part mediated by increased satiety in the postprandial phase, but only limited research has been conducted to verify this. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the amounts of sourdough and rye in soft bread on postprandial appetite. On 6 occasions, 23 healthy volunteers consumed 5 different test breads, with varying amount of rye and sourdough, and a yeast-fermented refined wheat control bread as part of a breakfast meal. The sourdough ranged between 9–51% of dough weight and rye content between 35–48% of flour weight. Appetite was recorded using visual analogue scales from immediately before breakfast and every 30 min the following 4 h. An ad libitum lunch was served 4 h after the breakfast meal, from which voluntary energy intake was measured. While some of the test breads resulted in lower hunger ratings and increased sense of fullness compared to the refined wheat bread, there were no differences between the test breads. The content of rye in the test breads differed within a narrow range, which might explain the lack of a consistent effect of rye on appetite. Microstructural examination of the test breads showed an increased aggregation of proteins in the breads with high content of sourdough, indicating additional changes to the breads, beyond change in pH, which may counteract the potential effect of decreased pH in the bread on appetite. In conclusion, our study does not support an effect of sourdough on appetite and ad libitum food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Nøhr Iversen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Carl Brunius
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Andlid
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Roger Andersson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maud Langton
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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Maher T, Clegg ME. Dietary lipids with potential to affect satiety: Mechanisms and evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1619-1644. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1423277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam E. Clegg
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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19
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Impact of sourdough fermentation on appetite and postprandial metabolic responses - a randomised cross-over trial with whole grain rye crispbread. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:686-697. [PMID: 29185930 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451700263x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sourdough fermentation is considered to have beneficial effects on postprandial satiety and metabolic responses, but studies demonstrating effects at physiological conditions are lacking. The aim of this acute breakfast intervention study was to determine the effect of consumption of sourdough-fermented and unfermented rye crispbread on self-rated appetite, postprandial glucose and insulin response in healthy subjects. In all, twenty-four Swedish adults were included in a single-blinded, randomised cross-over trial. Three crispbreads (sourdough-fermented and unfermented whole grain rye and yeast-fermented refined wheat as control) were consumed as part of a standardised breakfast. Subjective appetite score, assessed using visual analogue scale, and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at baseline and postprandially until 360 and 240 min, respectively. Structural changes and viscosity during mastication and gastric digestion were investigated using in vitro methods. Hunger and desire to eat were lower (P<0·05) based on AUC measurements after intake of sourdough-fermented rye crispbread compared with after intake of yeast-fermented refined wheat crispbread. On the basis of AUC (0-230 min), insulin response was lowest after intake of unfermented rye crispbread compared with sourdough-fermented rye and yeast-fermented refined wheat crispbread. Degradation of viscous fibres and faster bolus disintegration for the sourdough-fermented bread may partly explain the less favourable metabolic responses compared with unfermented bread. Our results showed that food processing affects the composition and structural characteristics of rye bread, which has implications for appetite and metabolic responses.
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20
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Gonzalez-Anton C, Artacho R, Ruiz-Lopez MD, Gil A, Mesa MD. Modification of appetite by bread consumption: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3035-3050. [PMID: 26479182 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1084490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of different ingredients or the use of different baking technologies may modify the satiety response to bread, and aid in the control of food intake. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic search of randomized clinical trials on the effect of bread consumption on appetite ratings in humans. The search equation was ("Bread"[MeSH]) AND ("Satiation"[MeSH] OR "Satiety response"[MeSH]), and the filter "clinical trials." As a result of this procedure, 37 publications were selected. The satiety response was considered as the primary outcome. The studies were classified as follows: breads differing in their flour composition, breads differing in ingredients other than flours, breads with added organic acids, or breads made using different baking technologies. In addition, we have revised the data related to the influence of bread on glycemic index, insulinemic index and postprandial gastrointestinal hormones responses. The inclusion of appropriate ingredients such as fiber, proteins, legumes, seaweeds and acids into breads and the use of specific technologies may result in the development of healthier breads that increase satiety and satiation, which may aid in the control of weight gain and benefit postprandial glycemia. However, more well-designed randomized control trials are required to reach final conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonzalez-Anton
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix," Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Reyes Artacho
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Maria D Ruiz-Lopez
- c Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix," University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix," Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,d Institute of Biohealth Research , " ibs. GRANADA ," Granada , Spain.,e CIBEROBN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria D Mesa
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II , Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix," Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
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21
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Frye RE, Rose S, Chacko J, Wynne R, Bennuri SC, Slattery JC, Tippett M, Delhey L, Melnyk S, Kahler SG, MacFabe DF. Modulation of mitochondrial function by the microbiome metabolite propionic acid in autism and control cell lines. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e927. [PMID: 27779624 PMCID: PMC5290345 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PPA) is a ubiquitous short-chain fatty acid, which is a major fermentation product of the enteric microbiome. PPA is a normal intermediate of metabolism and is found in foods, either naturally or as a preservative. PPA and its derivatives have been implicated in both health and disease. Whereas PPA is an energy substrate and has many proposed beneficial effects, it is also associated with human disorders involving mitochondrial dysfunction, including propionic acidemia and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We aimed to investigate the dichotomy between the health and disease effects of PPA by measuring mitochondrial function in ASD and age- and gender-matched control lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) following incubation with PPA at several concentrations and durations both with and without an in vitro increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial function was optimally increased at particular exposure durations and concentrations of PPA with ASD LCLs, demonstrating a greater enhancement. In contrast, increasing ROS negated the positive PPA effect with the ASD LCLs, showing a greater detriment. These data demonstrate that enteric microbiome metabolites such as PPA can have both beneficial and toxic effects on mitochondrial function, depending on concentration, exposure duration and microenvironment redox state with these effects amplified in LCLs derived from individuals with ASD. As PPA, as well as enteric bacteria, which produce PPA, have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including ASD, diabetes, obesity and inflammatory diseases, insight into this metabolic modulator from the host microbiome may have wide applications for both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Frye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Slot 512-41B, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA. E-mail:
| | - S Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - J Chacko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - R Wynne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S C Bennuri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - J C Slattery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - M Tippett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - L Delhey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S Melnyk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S G Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - D F MacFabe
- Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Department of Psychology/Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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22
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Darzi J, Frost GS, Swann JR, Costabile A, Robertson MD. l-rhamnose as a source of colonic propionate inhibits insulin secretion but does not influence measures of appetite or food intake. Appetite 2016; 98:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Tedford MC, Frost G. A novel dietary strategy to increase colonic propionate production in humans and improve appetite regulation and bodyweight management. NUTR BULL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Chambers
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupSection of Investigative MedicineFaculty of MedicineImperial College London London UK
| | - D. J. Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry LaboratoryScottish Universities Environmental Research CentreUniversity of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - M. C. Tedford
- School of ScienceUniversity of the West of Scotland Hamilton UK
| | - G. Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research GroupSection of Investigative MedicineFaculty of MedicineImperial College London London UK
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24
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Frye RE, Rose S, Slattery J, MacFabe DF. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: the role of the mitochondria and the enteric microbiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:27458. [PMID: 25956238 PMCID: PMC4425813 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects a significant number of individuals worldwide with the prevalence continuing to grow. It is becoming clear that a large subgroup of individuals with ASD demonstrate abnormalities in mitochondrial function as well as gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Interestingly, GI disturbances are common in individuals with mitochondrial disorders and have been reported to be highly prevalent in individuals with co-occurring ASD and mitochondrial disease. The majority of individuals with ASD and mitochondrial disorders do not manifest a primary genetic mutation, raising the possibility that their mitochondrial disorder is acquired or, at least, results from a combination of genetic susceptibility interacting with a wide range of environmental triggers. Mitochondria are very sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous environmental stressors such as toxicants, iatrogenic medications, immune activation, and metabolic disturbances. Many of these same environmental stressors have been associated with ASD, suggesting that the mitochondria could be the biological link between environmental stressors and neurometabolic abnormalities associated with ASD. This paper reviews the possible links between GI abnormalities, mitochondria, and ASD. First, we review the link between GI symptoms and abnormalities in mitochondrial function. Second, we review the evidence supporting the notion that environmental stressors linked to ASD can also adversely affect both mitochondria and GI function. Third, we review the evidence that enteric bacteria that are overrepresented in children with ASD, particularly Clostridia spp., produce short-chain fatty acid metabolites that are potentially toxic to the mitochondria. We provide an example of this gut–brain connection by highlighting the propionic acid rodent model of ASD and the clinical evidence that supports this animal model. Lastly, we discuss the potential therapeutic approaches that could be helpful for GI symptoms in ASD and mitochondrial disorders. To this end, this review aims to help better understand the underlying pathophysiology associated with ASD that may be related to concurrent mitochondrial and GI dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA;
| | - Shannon Rose
- Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - John Slattery
- Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Derrick F MacFabe
- Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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