1
|
Galiullina RA, Pigidanov AA, Safronov GG, Trusova SV, Teplova AD, Golyshev SA, Serebryakova MV, Kovaleva IE, Litvinova AV, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Retrograde Transport of Tobacco Phytaspase Is Mediated by Its Partner, Tubby-like F-Box Protein 8. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2236. [PMID: 40076858 PMCID: PMC11900523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26052236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2025] [Accepted: 02/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Phytaspases, plant cell death-promoting and proprotein-processing proteolytic enzymes of the plant subtilase family, display aspartate (caspase-like) cleavage specificity and a very unusual retrograde trafficking from the apoplast to the cell interior upon induction of death-inducing stresses. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms, we performed a search for tobacco phytaspase (NtPhyt) interactors using an in vivo cross-linking approach in Nicotiana tabacum plants. Tobacco Tubby-like F-box protein 8 (named Tubic hereafter) was identified as an NtPhyt interactor, with formation of the cross-linked complex being only efficient under the oxidative stress conditions. Direct interaction of the two proteins was further corroborated in the in vitro experiments. Analysis of Tubic-EGFP behavior in plant cells revealed that Tubic is a membrane-associated and fairly unstable protein. Furthermore, we showed that NtPhyt and Tubic are capable of negatively affecting one another in plant cells. On the other hand, down-regulation of Tubic in Tubic-silenced plants impaired specifically the retrograde transport of NtPhyt upon the induction of oxidative stress, testifying to a critical role of Tubic in this process. Our study, thus, contributes to understanding of the mechanisms of NtPhyt retrograde trafficking in plant cells subjected to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raisa A. Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Artemii A. Pigidanov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.A.P.); (G.G.S.); (A.D.T.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Grigoriy G. Safronov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.A.P.); (G.G.S.); (A.D.T.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Svetlana V. Trusova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Anastasia D. Teplova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.A.P.); (G.G.S.); (A.D.T.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Sergei A. Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Marina V. Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Irina E. Kovaleva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Anastasia V. Litvinova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.A.P.); (G.G.S.); (A.D.T.); (A.V.L.)
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (R.A.G.); (S.V.T.); (S.A.G.); (M.V.S.); (I.E.K.); (N.V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, Liu H, Tan B, Wang X, Chong P. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses revealed the alleviating effects of exogenous Ca 2+ and NO compound treatment on high salt stress in Reaumuria soongorica. BMC Genomics 2025; 26:179. [PMID: 39987079 PMCID: PMC11847379 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-025-11355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/24/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinization represents the most prevalent abiotic stress, severely impacting a severe impact on plant growth and crop yield. Consequently, delving into the mechanism through which exogenous substances enhance plant salt tolerance holds significant importance for the stabilization and augmentation of crop yield. RESULT In this study, within the context of salt stress, the seedlings of R. soongorica were subjected to exogenous Ca2+ and NO treatments. The aim was to comprehensively explore the alleviation effects of exogenous Ca2+ and NO on the high salt stress endured by R. soongorica from the perspectives of physiology and transcriptomics. The experimental results demonstrated that the combined treatment of exogenous Ca2+ and NO increased the relative water content and free water content of R. soongorica seedlings during salt stress conditions. Simultaneously, it induced a reduction in the leaf sap concentration, leaf water potential, water saturation deficit, and the ratio of bound water to free water. These modifications effectively regulated water metabolism and mitigated physiological drought induced by salt stress. In addition, the concurrent treatment of exogenous Ca2+ and NO could diminish Na+ and Cl- levels in R. soongorica seedlings under salt stress. At the same time, it was effective in elevating the contents of K+ and Ca2+, thereby facilitating the adjustment of the ion equilibrium. As a result, this treatment served to relieve the ion toxicity precipitated by salt stress, which is crucial for maintaining the physiological homeostasis and viability of the seedlings. Transcriptional analysis revealed that 65 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observable at three distinct stress time points in the context of high salt stress. Additionally, 154 DEGs were detected at three stress time points during the combined treatment. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that phenylpropanoids biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signalling pathway, brassinosteroid biosynthesis and zeatin biosynthesis were significantly enriched under high salt stress and exogenous Ca2+ and NO compound treatment. Furthermore, WGCNA uncovered that multiple genes, including ADK, SBT, F-box protein, MYB, ZIP, PAL, METTL, and LRR, were implicated in the adaptive and mitigating mechanisms associated with the combined treatment of exogenous Ca2+ and NO in modulating high salt stress within R. soongorica seedlings. CONCLUSION The outcomes of this study are highly conducive to disclosing the mechanism through which the combined treatment of exogenous Ca2+ and NO ameliorates the salt tolerance of R. soongorica from both physiological and transcriptional aspects. It also paves a solid theoretical groundwork for the employment of biotechnology in the breeding of R. soongorica, thereby offering valuable insights and a scientific basis for further research and practical applications in enhancing the plant's ability to withstand salt stress and for the development of more salt-tolerant varieties of R. soongorica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Liu
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Gansu Province, Yingmencun, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Gansu Province, Yingmencun, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Bingbing Tan
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Gansu Province, Yingmencun, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xidui Wang
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Gansu Province, Yingmencun, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Peifang Chong
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Gansu Province, Yingmencun, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang S, Ge S, Liu X, Cheng L, Li R, Liu Y, Cai Y, Meng S, Tan C, Jiang CZ, Qi M, Li T, Xu T. A regulatory network involving calmodulin controls phytosulfokine peptide processing during drought-induced flower abscission. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 37:koaf013. [PMID: 39792565 PMCID: PMC11760522 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaf013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Drought stress substantially decreases crop yields by causing flowers and fruits to detach prematurely. However, the molecular mechanisms modulating organ abscission under drought stress remain unclear. Here, we show that expression of CALMODULIN2 (CaM2) is specifically and sharply increased in the pedicel abscission zone in response to drought and plays a positive role in drought-induced flower drop in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Due to partial functional redundancy with SlCaM6, we generated the Slcam2 Slcam6 double mutant, which showed minimal flower drop under drought. SlCaM2 and SlCaM6 interacted with the transcription factor signal responsive 3L (SlSR3L), with the 3 proteins operating in the same pathway, based on genetic data. We identified Protease inhibitor26 (SlPI26) as a target gene of SlSR3L by DNA affinity purification sequencing and transcriptome analysis. SlPI26 specifically inhibited the activity of the phytaspase SlPhyt2, hence preventing the generation of active phytosulfokine peptide and negatively regulating drought-induced flower drop. SlCaM2 and SlCaM6 enhanced the repression of SlPI26 expression by SlSR3L, promoting drought-induced flower drop. In addition, the nonphototropic hypocotyl3 (SlNPH3)-Cullin3 (SlCUL3) complex, which relies on auxin, interacted with SlSR3L to induce its degradation. However, under drought conditions, SlNPH3-SlCUL3 function is compromised due to lower auxin concentration. These results uncover a regulatory network that precisely controls floral drop in response to drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Siqi Ge
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yue Cai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Sida Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Changhua Tan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, Davis, Califonia 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Califonia 95616, USA
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Selinski J, Frings S, Schmidt-Schippers R. Perception and processing of stress signals by plant mitochondria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:2337-2355. [PMID: 39527570 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
In the course of their life, plants continuously experience a wide range of unfavourable environmental conditions in the form of biotic and abiotic stress factors. The perception of stress via various organelles and rapid, tailored cellular responses are essential for the establishment of plant stress resilience. Mitochondria as the biosynthetic sites of energy equivalents in the form of ATP-provided in order to enable a multitude of biological processes in the cell-are often directly impacted by external stress factors. At the same time, mitochondrial function may fluctuate to a tolerable extent without the need to activate downstream retrograde signalling cascades for stress adaptation. In this Focus Review, we summarise the current state of knowledge on the perception and processing of stress signals by mitochondria and show which layers of retrograde signalling, that is, those involving transcription factors, metabolites, but also enzymes with moonlighting functions, enable communication with the nucleus. Also, light is shed on signal integration between mitochondria and chloroplasts as part of retrograde signalling. With this Focus Review, we aim to show ways in which organelle-specific communication can be further researched and the collected data used in the long-term to strengthen plant resilience in the context of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Selinski
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, D-24118, Germany
| | - Stephanie Frings
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, D-33615, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, D-33615, Germany
| | - Romy Schmidt-Schippers
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, D-33615, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, D-33615, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Jackson E, Liu X, Huang X, van der Hoorn RAL, Zhang Y, Li X. Proteolysis in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3099-3115. [PMID: 38723588 PMCID: PMC11371161 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Compared with transcription and translation, protein degradation machineries can act faster and be targeted to different subcellular compartments, enabling immediate regulation of signaling events. It is therefore not surprising that proteolysis has been used extensively to control homeostasis of key regulators in different biological processes and pathways. Over the past decades, numerous studies have shown that proteolysis, where proteins are broken down to peptides or amino acids through ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems and proteases, is a key regulatory mechanism to control plant immunity output. Here, we briefly summarize the roles various proteases play during defence activation, focusing on recent findings. We also update the latest progress of ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems in modulating immunity by targeting plant membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors, intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors, and downstream signaling components. Additionally, we highlight recent studies showcasing the importance of proteolysis in maintaining broad-spectrum resistance without obvious yield reduction, opening new directions for engineering elite crops that are resistant to a wide range of pathogens with high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Edan Jackson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | | | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kalinina NO, Spechenkova N, Ilina I, Samarskaya VO, Bagdasarova P, Zavriev SK, Love AJ, Taliansky M. Disruption of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation Improves Plant Tolerance to Methyl Viologen-Mediated Oxidative Stress via Induction of ROS Scavenging Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9367. [PMID: 39273315 PMCID: PMC11395660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation) is a mechanism which post-translationally modifies proteins in eukaryotes in order to regulate a broad range of biological processes including programmed cell death, cell signaling, DNA repair, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerases (PARPs) play a key role in the process of ADPRylation, which modifies target proteins by attaching ADP-ribose molecules. Here, we investigated whether and how PARP1 and PARylation modulate responses of Nicotiana benthamiana plants to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress. It was found that the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and loss of tissue viability invoked by MV in N. benthamiana leaves was significantly delayed by both the RNA silencing of the PARP1 gene and by applying the pharmacological inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) to inhibit PARylation activity. This in turn reduced the accumulation of PARylated proteins and significantly increased the gene expression of major ROS scavenging enzymes including SOD (NbMnSOD; mitochondrial manganese SOD), CAT (NbCAT2), GR (NbGR), and APX (NbAPX5), and inhibited cell death. This mechanism may be part of a broader network that regulates plant sensitivity to oxidative stress through various genetically programmed pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia O Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Spechenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina Ilina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Viktoriya O Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Polina Bagdasarova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey K Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrew J Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100931. [PMID: 38689495 PMCID: PMC11371470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Torosian TA, Barsukova AI, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Phytaspase Does Not Require Proteolytic Activity for Its Stress-Induced Internalization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6729. [PMID: 38928451 PMCID: PMC11203471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytaspases differ from other members of the plant subtilisin-like protease family by having rare aspartate cleavage specificity and unusual localization dynamics. Phytaspases are secreted from healthy plant cells but are re-internalized upon perception of death-inducing stresses. Although proteolytic activity is required for the secretion of plant subtilases, its requirement for the retrograde transportation of phytaspases is currently unknown. To address this issue, we employed an approach to complement in trans the externalization of a prodomain-less form of Nicotiana tabacum phytaspase (NtPhyt) with the free prodomain in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells. Using this approach, the generation of the proteolytically active NtPhyt and its transport to the extracellular space at a level comparable to that of the native NtPhyt (synthesized as a canonical prodomain-containing precursor protein) were achieved. The application of this methodology to NtPhyt with a mutated catalytic Ser537 residue resulted in the secretion of the inactive, although processed (prodomain-free), protein as well. Notably, the externalized NtPhyt Ser537Ala mutant was still capable of retrograde transportation into plant cells upon the induction of oxidative stress. Our data thus indicate that the proteolytic activity of NtPhyt is dispensable for stress-induced retrograde transport of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatevik A. Torosian
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia; (T.A.T.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Anastasia I. Barsukova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia; (T.A.T.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia;
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 199991, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang W, Planas-Marquès M, Mazier M, Šimkovicová M, Rocafort M, Mantz M, Huesgen PF, Takken FLW, Stintzi A, Schaller A, Coll NS, Valls M. The tomato P69 subtilase family is involved in resistance to bacterial wilt. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:388-404. [PMID: 38150324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular space or apoplast constitutes the main interface in plant-pathogen interactions. Apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases-subtilases-may play an important role in defence and they have been identified as targets of pathogen-secreted effector proteins. Here, we characterise the role of the Solanaceae-specific P69 subtilase family in the interaction between tomato and the vascular bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. R. solanacearum infection post-translationally activated several tomato P69s. Among them, P69D was exclusively activated in tomato plants resistant to R. solanacearum. In vitro experiments showed that P69D activation by prodomain removal occurred in an autocatalytic and intramolecular reaction that does not rely on the residue upstream of the processing site. Importantly P69D-deficient tomato plants were more susceptible to bacterial wilt and transient expression of P69B, D and G in Nicotiana benthamiana limited proliferation of R. solanacearum. Our study demonstrates that P69s have conserved features but diverse functions in tomato and that P69D is involved in resistance to R. solanacearum but not to other vascular pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Šimkovicová
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Rocafort
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang G, Chen T, Fan TT, Lin XY, Cui YQ, Dong WC, An LZ, Zhang H. Cathepsin B degrades RbcL during freezing-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:81. [PMID: 38418607 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cathepsin B plays an important role that degrades the Rubisco large subunit RbcL in freezing stress. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been well documented in both development and in response to environmental stresses in plants, however, PCD induced by freezing stress and its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we characterized freezing-induced PCD and explored its mechanisms in Arabidopsis. PCD induced by freezing stress was similar to that induced by other stresses and senescence in Arabidopsis plants with cold acclimation. Inhibitor treatment assays and immunoblotting indicated that cathepsin B mainly contributed to increased caspase-3-like activity during freezing-induced PCD. Cathepsin B was involved in freezing-induced PCD and degraded the large subunit, RbcL, of Rubisco. Our results demonstrate an essential regulatory mechanism of cathepsin B for Rubisco degradation in freezing-induced PCD, improving our understanding of freezing-induced cell death and nitrogen and carbohydrate remobilisation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ting-Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei-Chao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhe An
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Galiullina RA, Chichkova NV, Safronov GG, Vartapetian AB. Characterization of Phytaspase Proteolytic Activity Using Fluorogenic Peptide Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:49-58. [PMID: 38019425 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Within the subtilase family of plant proteolytic enzymes, phytaspases are distinguished by their strict substrate cleavage specificity after an aspartate residue preceded by a characteristic tripeptide amino acid motif. This type of recognition resembles that of animal apoptotic proteases, caspases. Phytaspases attract attention not only because they are critically important for the accomplishment of stress-induced death of plant cells, but also due to their ability to specifically process precursor proteins, thus generating bioactive plant peptide hormones, systemin and phytosulfokine. As the activity of phytaspases appears to be essential for life and death decisions made by the plant cell, elaboration of an approach to characterize and quantitate phytaspase proteolytic activity is of importance. Here we provide a protocol for phytaspase activity determination and characterization using fluorogenic peptide substrates. This approach works well, both with purified phytaspase samples, and with crude extracts from plant tissues. We also discuss advantages of the assay, factors that may influence its sensitivity and specificity, as well as possible pitfalls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raisa A Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigoriy G Safronov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Galiullina RA, Dyugay IA, Vartapetian AB, Chichkova NV. Purification of Phytaspases Using a Biotinylated Peptide Inhibitor. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:37-48. [PMID: 38019424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Phytaspases are plant subtilisin-like proteases (subtilases) that possess a rarely occurring substrate cleavage specificity. These proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze their substrates strictly after an aspartate residue preceded by a characteristic, though degenerate, tripeptide amino acid motif. Having been initially discovered as proteases involved in the accomplishment of programmed cell death in plants, phytaspases were also demonstrated to be instrumental in specific processing of precursor proteins of several plant peptide hormones, thus generating biologically active peptides. Here we provide a protocol for isolation of active phytaspases from leaves, which was shown to be efficient for a wide range of plant species. The key element of the proposed scheme is the use of a specific and reversible biotinylated peptide aldehyde inhibitor of phytaspases for purification of the enzymes by means of affinity chromatography. We also discuss nuances, pitfalls, and possible alternatives for successful isolation of proteolytically active phytaspases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raisa A Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A Dyugay
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Teplova AD, Pigidanov AA, Serebryakova MV, Golyshev SA, Galiullina RA, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Phytaspase Is Capable of Detaching the Endoplasmic Reticulum Retrieval Signal from Tobacco Calreticulin-3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16527. [PMID: 38003717 PMCID: PMC10671509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble chaperones residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play vitally important roles in folding and quality control of newly synthesized proteins that transiently pass through the ER en route to their final destinations. These soluble residents of the ER are themselves endowed with an ER retrieval signal that enables the cell to bring the escaped residents back from the Golgi. Here, by using purified proteins, we showed that Nicotiana tabacum phytaspase, a plant aspartate-specific protease, introduces two breaks at the C-terminus of the N. tabacum ER resident calreticulin-3. These cleavages resulted in removal of either a dipeptide or a hexapeptide from the C-terminus of calreticulin-3 encompassing part or all of the ER retrieval signal. Consistently, expression of the calreticulin-3 derivative mimicking the phytaspase cleavage product in Nicotiana benthamiana cells demonstrated loss of the ER accumulation of the protein. Notably, upon its escape from the ER, calreticulin-3 was further processed by an unknown protease(s) to generate the free N-terminal (N) domain of calreticulin-3, which was ultimately secreted into the apoplast. Our study thus identified a specific proteolytic enzyme capable of precise detachment of the ER retrieval signal from a plant ER resident protein, with implications for the further fate of the escaped resident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D. Teplova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.T.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Artemii A. Pigidanov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.T.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Marina V. Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (S.A.G.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Sergei A. Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (S.A.G.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Raisa A. Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (S.A.G.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (S.A.G.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (S.A.G.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Šoln K, Žnidaršič N, Klemenčič M, Koce JD. Fallopia japonica and Fallopia × bohemica extracts cause ultrastructural and biochemical changes in root tips of radish seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14032. [PMID: 37882300 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica) are invasive plants that use allelopathy as an additional mechanism for colonization of the new habitat. Allelochemicals affect the growth of roots of neighboring plants. In the present study, we analyze the early changes associated with the inhibited root growth of radish seedlings exposed to aqueous extracts of knotweed rhizomes for 3 days. Here, we show that cells in the root cap treated with the knotweed extracts exhibited reduced cell length and displayed several ultrastructural changes, including the increased abundance of dilated ER cisternae filled with electron-dense material (ER bodies) and the accumulation of dense inclusions. Moreover, mitochondrial damage was exhibited in the root cap and the meristem zone compared to the non-treated radish seedlings. Furthermore, malfunction of the intracellular redox balance system was detected as the increased total antioxidative capacity. We also detected increased metacaspase-like proteolytic activities and, in the case of 10% extract of F. japonica, increased caspase-like proteolytic activities. These ultrastructural and biochemical effects could be the reason for the more than 60% shorter root length of treated radish seedlings compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwarze J, Carolan JC, Stewart GS, McCabe PF, Kacprzyk J. The boundary of life and death: changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with programmed cell death of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension culture cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194866. [PMID: 37593044 PMCID: PMC10431908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the critical role of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant development and defense responses, its regulation is not fully understood. It has been proposed that mitochondria may be important in the control of the early stages of plant PCD, but the details of this regulation are currently unknown. Methods We used Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture, a model system that enables induction and precise monitoring of PCD rates, as well as chemical manipulation of this process to generate a quantitative profile of the alterations in mitochondrial and cytosolic proteomes associated with early stages of plant PCD induced by heat stress. The cells were subjected to PCD-inducing heat levels (10 min, 54°C), with/without the calcium channel inhibitor and PCD blocker LaCl3. The stress treatment was followed by separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and mass spectrometry-based proteome analysis. Results Heat stress induced rapid and extensive changes in protein abundance in both fractions, with release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytosol upon PCD induction. In our system, LaCl3 appeared to act downstream of cell death initiation signal, as it did not affect the release of mitochondrial proteins, but instead partially inhibited changes occurring in the cytosolic fraction, including upregulation of proteins with hydrolytic activity. Discussion We characterized changes in protein abundance and localization associated with the early stages of heat stress-induced PCD. Collectively, the generated data provide new insights into the regulation of cell death and survival decisions in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gavin S. Stewart
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Stael S, Van Breusegem F. Mechanisms controlling plant proteases and their substrates. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1047-1058. [PMID: 36755073 PMCID: PMC10070405 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, proteolysis is emerging as an important field of study due to a growing understanding of the critical involvement of proteases in plant cell death, disease and development. Because proteases irreversibly modify the structure and function of their target substrates, proteolytic activities are stringently regulated at multiple levels. Most proteases are produced as dormant isoforms and only activated in specific conditions such as altered ion fluxes or by post-translational modifications. Some of the regulatory mechanisms initiating and modulating proteolytic activities are restricted in time and space, thereby ensuring precision activity, and minimizing unwanted side effects. Currently, the activation mechanisms and the substrates of only a few plant proteases have been studied in detail. Most studies focus on the role of proteases in pathogen perception and subsequent modulation of the plant reactions, including the hypersensitive response (HR). Proteases are also required for the maturation of coexpressed peptide hormones that lead essential processes within the immune response and development. Here, we review the known mechanisms for the activation of plant proteases, including post-translational modifications, together with the effects of proteinaceous inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Reichardt S, Stintzi A, Schaller A. Assay for Phytaspase-mediated Peptide Precursor Cleavage Using Synthetic Oligopeptide Substrates. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4608. [PMID: 36816990 PMCID: PMC9909310 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases control plant growth and development by limited proteolysis of regulatory proteins at highly specific sites. This includes the processing of peptide hormone precursors to release the bioactive peptides as signaling molecules. The proteases involved in this process have long remained elusive. Confirmation of a candidate protease as a peptide precursor-processing enzyme requires the demonstration of protease-mediated precursor cleavage in vitro. In vitro cleavage assays rely on the availability of suitable substrates and the candidate protease with high purity. Here, we provide a protocol for the expression, purification, and characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) phytaspases as candidate proteases for the processing of the phytosulfokine precursor. We also show how synthetic oligopeptide substrates can be used to demonstrate site-specific precursor cleavage. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reichardt
- Dept. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Dept. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Dept. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wleklik K, Borek S. Vacuolar Processing Enzymes in Plant Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021198. [PMID: 36674706 PMCID: PMC9862320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are plant cysteine proteases that are subjected to autoactivation in an acidic pH. It is presumed that VPEs, by activating other vacuolar hydrolases, are in control of tonoplast rupture during programmed cell death (PCD). Involvement of VPEs has been indicated in various types of plant PCD related to development, senescence, and environmental stress responses. Another pathway induced during such processes is autophagy, which leads to the degradation of cellular components and metabolite salvage, and it is presumed that VPEs may be involved in the degradation of autophagic bodies during plant autophagy. As both PCD and autophagy occur under similar conditions, research on the relationship between them is needed, and VPEs, as key vacuolar proteases, seem to be an important factor to consider. They may even constitute a potential point of crosstalk between cell death and autophagy in plant cells. This review describes new insights into the role of VPEs in plant PCD, with an emphasis on evidence and hypotheses on the interconnections between autophagy and cell death, and indicates several new research opportunities.
Collapse
|
19
|
Stintzi A, Schaller A. Biogenesis of post-translationally modified peptide signals for plant reproductive development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102274. [PMID: 35977439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-translationally modified peptides (PMPs) are important regulators of plant growth and development. They are derived from larger inactive precursors by post-translational modification (PTM) and proteolytic processing to result in the bioactive peptide signals. We discuss how and why these modifications contribute to the bioactivity of inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA), phytosulfokine (PSK), and peptides of the Casparian strip integrity factor (CIF) family, as signaling molecules during reproductive development. The emerging picture suggests that PTMs evolved to increase the specificity of interaction of PMPs with cognate receptors and of PMP precursors with processing proteases. Cleavage sites in PMP precursors are recognized by subtilases (SBTs) in a highly specific manner. SBT-mediated processing results in the activation of PMP signals regulating stress-induced flower drop, the formation of the embryonic cuticle, and pollen development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Šoln K, Klemenčič M, Koce JD. Plant cell responses to allelopathy: from oxidative stress to programmed cell death. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1111-1124. [PMID: 34993622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a plant-plant interaction in which one plant releases biologically active compounds that have negative effects on the fitness of the target plant. The most pronounced effects are inhibition of seed germination and growth of neighboring plants. The roots of these plants are in contact with the allelochemicals released into the soil, as the primary target of the allelopathic action. To date, the best documented allelopathic activities relate to some weeds and invasive alien plants that show rapid spread and successful growth. A better understanding of the mechanisms of allelopathy will help to improve crop production and to manage and prevent plant invasions. At the cellular level, allelochemicals induce a burst of reactive oxygen species in the target plants, which leads to oxidative stress, and can promote programmed cell death. Lipid peroxidation and cell membrane changes, protein modifications, and increased protease activities are the early signs of cell damage. When enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants cannot scavenge reactive oxidants, this can result in hydrolytic or necrotic degradation of the protoplast. Cell organelles then lose their integrity and function. In roots, the structure and activity of the apical meristem are changed, which affects root growth and water absorption. Such allelopathically active compounds might thus be applied to control and manage weeds and invasive plants in a more sustainable way, to reduce chemical pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Backer R, Engelbrecht J, van den Berg N. Differing Responses to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection in Susceptible and Partially Resistant Persea americana (Mill.) Rootstocks: A Case for the Role of Receptor-Like Kinases and Apoplastic Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928176. [PMID: 35837458 PMCID: PMC9274290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is the most devastating pathogen of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and, as such, causes significant annual losses in the industry. Although the molecular basis of P. cinnamomi resistance in avocado and P. cinnamomi virulence determinants have been the subject of recent research, none have yet attempted to compare the transcriptomic responses of both pathogen and host during their interaction. In the current study, the transcriptomes of both avocado and P. cinnamomi were explored by dual RNA sequencing. The basis for partial resistance was sought by the inclusion of both susceptible (R0.12) and partially resistant (Dusa®) rootstocks sampled at early (6, 12 and 24 hours post-inoculation, hpi) and late time-points (120 hpi). Substantial differences were noted in the number of differentially expressed genes found in Dusa® and R0.12, specifically at 12 and 24 hpi. Here, the partially resistant rootstock perpetuated defense responses initiated at 6 hpi, while the susceptible rootstock abruptly reversed course. Instead, gene ontology enrichment confirmed that R0.12 activated pathways related to growth and development, essentially rendering its response at 12 and 24 hpi no different from that of the mock-inoculated controls. As expected, several classes of P. cinnamomi effector genes were differentially expressed in both Dusa® and R0.12. However, their expression differed between rootstocks, indicating that P. cinnamomi might alter the expression of its effector arsenal based on the rootstock. Based on some of the observed differences, several P. cinnamomi effectors were highlighted as potential candidates for further research. Similarly, the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and apoplastic protease coding genes in avocado were investigated, focusing on their potential role in differing rootstock responses. This study suggests that the basis of partial resistance in Dusa® is predicated on its ability to respond appropriately during the early stages following P. cinnamomi inoculation, and that important components of the first line of inducible defense, apoplastic proteases and RLKs, are likely to be important to the observed outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Backer
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juanita Engelbrecht
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fu R, Chen C, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao L, Lu D. Transcription Profiling of Rice Panicle in Response to Crude Toxin Extract of Ustilaginoidea virens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:701489. [PMID: 35633715 PMCID: PMC9135463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.701489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens infects rice, causing rice false smut disease and reduced yields. During its growth, U. virens can also produce some toxins but less is known about the response mechanisms of the plant to U. virens toxins. U. virens toxins can inhibit the accumulation of total sugar in rice panicles. We used RNA sequencing to analyze the differential expression profile induced by infiltrating crude toxins into early growth-stage rice panicles. We compared the transcriptomes of the control and crude toxin-treated rice panicles and determined variable transcriptional responses under the action of the crude toxins. A total of 6,127 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these genes, 3,150 were upregulated and 2,977 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and metabolic pathway enrichment analyses indicated that U. virens toxins mainly influenced glycometabolism, amino acid metabolism, and secondary metabolism of rice panicles. DEG analysis showed that the gene expression levels of 10 transcription factor families were significantly changed. Genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, sugar transporters, and starch synthesis-related were significantly downregulated, including cytochrome P450, beta-glucosidase, CHS1, sucrose transporters, SWEETs, starch-branching enzymes, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. However, genes involved in programmed cell death (PCD) were significantly upregulated and contained cytochrome c, metacaspase, and protein kinase genes. The results indicate that U. virens toxins may act as the pathogenic factors to reduce stress resistance, disrupt total sugar accumulation and starch formation, and induce PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Daihua Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Daihua Lu,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Clavé C, Dyrka W, Turcotte EA, Granger-Farbos A, Ibarlosa L, Pinson B, Vance RE, Saupe SJ, Daskalov A. Fungal gasdermin-like proteins are controlled by proteolytic cleavage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2109418119. [PMID: 35135876 PMCID: PMC8851545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109418119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins are a family of pore-forming proteins controlling an inflammatory cell death reaction in the mammalian immune system. The pore-forming ability of the gasdermin proteins is released by proteolytic cleavage with the removal of their inhibitory C-terminal domain. Recently, gasdermin-like proteins have been discovered in fungi and characterized as cell death-inducing toxins in the context of conspecific non-self-discrimination (allorecognition). Although functional analogies have been established between mammalian and fungal gasdermins, the molecular pathways regulating gasdermin activity in fungi remain largely unknown. Here, we characterize a gasdermin-based cell death reaction controlled by the het-Q allorecognition genes in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina We show that the cytotoxic activity of the HET-Q1 gasdermin is controlled by proteolysis. HET-Q1 loses a ∼5-kDa C-terminal fragment during the cell death reaction in the presence of a subtilisin-like serine protease termed HET-Q2. Mutational analyses and successful reconstitution of the cell death reaction in heterologous hosts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human 293T cells) suggest that HET-Q2 directly cleaves HET-Q1 to induce cell death. By analyzing the genomic landscape of het-Q1 homologs in fungi, we uncovered that the vast majority of the gasdermin genes are clustered with protease-encoding genes. These HET-Q2-like proteins carry either subtilisin-like or caspase-related proteases, which, in some cases, correspond to the N-terminal effector domain of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization-like receptor proteins. This study thus reveals the proteolytic regulation of gasdermins in fungi and establishes evolutionary parallels between fungal and mammalian gasdermin-dependent cell death pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Clavé
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Non-self Recognition in Fungi, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Witold Dyrka
- Politechnika Wrocławska, Wydział Podstawowych Problemów Techniki, Katedra Inżynierii Biomedycznej, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elizabeth A Turcotte
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexandra Granger-Farbos
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Non-self Recognition in Fungi, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Léa Ibarlosa
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Non-self Recognition in Fungi, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoît Pinson
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Genetics of Metabolic Pathways, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- HHMI, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sven J Saupe
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Non-self Recognition in Fungi, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Asen Daskalov
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Non-self Recognition in Fungi, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Šoln K, Klemenčič M. Determination of Caspase-Like Activities in Roots by the Use of Fluorogenic Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:119-126. [PMID: 35583777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Activity of proteases in tissues can be influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One of the activities that is regularly monitored in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to metazoans is the -aspase-like activity: activity of proteases, which cleave their substrates after the negatively charged amino acid residues, especially the aspartic acid. This activity is also known as the caspase-like activity, since the caspases, metazoan cysteine proteases, are one of the best characterized proteases with Asp-directed activities. Plants do not contain caspases; however, various plant proteases have been shown to exhibit caspase-like activity including saspases, phytaspases, and legumains (VPEs). The activity of these proteases can change in plants in response to stress. Here we present a simple method for monitoring of the caspase-like protease activity in roots, which have been treated with allelopathic extracts, using a set of commercially available caspase substrates. We show that activity towards some, but not all, caspase substrates is upregulated in treated but not control samples. The protocol can be used also for other plant tissues as well as for other stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yao J, Li R, Cheng Y, Li Z. A combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of chrysanthemum provides new insights into petal senescence. PLANTA 2021; 255:22. [PMID: 34918180 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were differentially expressed in senescent petals compared with control petals. Studying petal senescence is crucial for extending the postharvest longevity of cut flowers, but petal senescence remains relatively unexplored compared to well-studied leaf senescence. In this study, a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of senescent (22 days after cutting) and control (0 day after cutting) petals was performed to investigate the molecular processes underlying petal senescence of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), an important cut flower crop worldwide. A total of 11,324 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4888 up-regulated and 6436 down-regulated genes, and 403 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 210 up-regulated and 193 down-regulated proteins, were identified at transcript and protein levels, respectively. A cross-comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data identified 257 consistent DEGs/DEPs, including 122 up-regulated and 135 down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that "cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis" is a main pathway for both DEGs and DEPs, especially for down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Functional analysis indicated that chrysanthemum genes mainly encoding putative cytochrome P450s, non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, subtilisin-like proteases, AAA-ATPases, proteins essential for cuticular wax biosynthesis, and proteins in hormone signal transduction or ubiquitination were differentially expressed at both transcript and protein levels. In addition, numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were also differentially expressed, inferring an involvement of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in petal senescence. These results provide a valuable resource of studying chrysanthemum senescence and significant insights into petal senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teplova AD, Serebryakova MV, Galiullina RA, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Identification of Phytaspase Interactors via the Proximity-Dependent Biotin-Based Identification Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13123. [PMID: 34884925 PMCID: PMC8658550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are instrumental in various aspects of plant development, including senescence. This may be due not only to their digestive activity, which enables protein utilization, but also to fulfilling regulatory functions. Indeed, for the largest family of plant serine proteases, subtilisin-like proteases (subtilases), several members of which have been implicated in leaf and plant senescence, both non-specific proteolysis and regulatory protein processing have been documented. Here, we strived to identify the protein partners of phytaspase, a plant subtilase involved in stress-induced programmed cell death that possesses a characteristic aspartate-specific hydrolytic activity and unusual localization dynamics. A proximity-dependent biotin identification approach in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves producing phytaspase fused to a non-specific biotin ligase TurboID was employed. Although the TurboID moiety appeared to be unstable in the apoplast environment, several intracellular candidate protein interactors of phytaspase were identified. These were mainly, though not exclusively, represented by soluble residents of the endoplasmic reticulum, namely endoplasmin, BiP, and calreticulin-3. For calreticultin-3, whose gene is characterized by an enhanced expression in senescing leaves, direct interaction with phytaspase was confirmed in an in vitro binding assay using purified proteins. In addition, an apparent alteration of post-translational modification of calreticultin-3 in phytaspase-overproducing plant cells was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D. Teplova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Marina V. Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Raisa A. Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.V.S.); (R.A.G.); (N.V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Godson A, van der Hoorn RAL. The front line of defence: a meta-analysis of apoplastic proteases in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3381-3394. [PMID: 33462613 PMCID: PMC8042752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteases act at the front line of defence and play pivotal roles in disease resistance. However, the criteria for apoplastic immune proteases are not always defined and followed. Here, we critically reviewed 46 apoplastic proteases that function in plant defence. We found that most apoplastic immune proteases are induced upon infection, and 17 proteases are genetically required for the immune response. Proteolytic activity has been confirmed for most of the proteases but is rarely shown to be required for biological function, and the apoplastic location of proteases can be subjective and dynamic. Pathogen-derived inhibitors have only been described for cysteine and serine proteases, and the selection pressure acting on immune proteases is rarely investigated. We discuss six different mechanisms by which these proteases mediate plant immunity and summarize the challenges for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Elena-Real CA, González-Arzola K, Pérez-Mejías G, Díaz-Quintana A, Velázquez-Campoy A, Desvoyes B, Gutiérrez C, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Proposed mechanism for regulation of H 2 O 2 -induced programmed cell death in plants by binding of cytochrome c to 14-3-3 proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:74-85. [PMID: 33354856 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is crucial for development and homeostasis of all multicellular organisms. In human cells, the double role of extra-mitochondrial cytochrome c in triggering apoptosis and inhibiting survival pathways is well reported. In plants, however, the specific role of cytochrome c upon release from the mitochondria remains in part veiled yet death stimuli do trigger cytochrome c translocation as well. Here, we identify an Arabidopsis thaliana 14-3-3ι isoform as a cytosolic cytochrome c target and inhibitor of caspase-like activity. This finding establishes the 14-3-3ι protein as a relevant factor at the onset of plant H2 O2 -induced PCD. The in vivo and in vitro studies herein reported reveal that the interaction between cytochrome c and 14-3-3ι exhibits noticeable similarities with the complex formed by their human orthologues. Further analysis of the heterologous complexes between human and plant cytochrome c with plant 14-3-3ι and human 14-3-3ε isoforms corroborated common features. These results suggest that cytochrome c blocks p14-3-3ι so as to inhibit caspase-like proteases, which in turn promote cell death upon H2 O2 treatment. Besides establishing common biochemical features between human and plant PCD, this work sheds light onto the signaling networks of plant cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Elena-Real
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) e Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Katiuska González-Arzola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) e Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez-Mejías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) e Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) e Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, Government of Aragon, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Crisanto Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel A De la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) e Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) e Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Winter N, Novatchkova M, Bachmair A. Cellular Control of Protein Turnover via the Modification of the Amino Terminus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073545. [PMID: 33805528 PMCID: PMC8037982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first amino acid of a protein has an important influence on its metabolic stability. A number of ubiquitin ligases contain binding domains for different amino-terminal residues of their substrates, also known as N-degrons, thereby mediating turnover. This review summarizes, in an exemplary way, both older and more recent findings that unveil how destabilizing amino termini are generated. In most cases, a step of proteolytic cleavage is involved. Among the over 500 proteases encoded in the genome of higher eukaryotes, only a few are known to contribute to the generation of N-degrons. It can, therefore, be expected that many processing paths remain to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Winter
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Vienna BioCenter, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna BioCenter, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Puchol Tarazona AA, Maresch D, Grill A, Bakalarz J, Torres Acosta JA, Castilho A, Steinkellner H, Mach L. Identification of two subtilisin-like serine proteases engaged in the degradation of recombinant proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:379-388. [PMID: 33263189 PMCID: PMC8221030 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco variant Nicotiana benthamiana has recently emerged as a versatile host for the manufacturing of protein therapeutics, but the fidelity of many recombinant proteins generated in this system is compromised by inadvertent proteolysis. Previous studies have revealed that the anti-HIV-1 antibodies 2F5 and PG9 as well as the protease inhibitor α1 -antitrypsin (A1AT) are particularly susceptible to N. benthamiana proteases. Here, we identify two subtilisin-like serine proteases (NbSBT1 and NbSBT2) whose combined action is sufficient to account for all major cleavage events observed upon expression of 2F5, PG9 and A1AT in N. benthamiana. We propose that downregulation of NbSBT1 and NbSBT2 activities could constitute a powerful means to optimize the performance of this promising platform for the production of biopharmaceuticals. DATABASES: NbSBT sequence data are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers MN534996 to MN535005.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Annette Grill
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Janet Bakalarz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Juan A. Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang Y, Zhang F, Zhou T, Fang A, Yu Y, Bi C, Xiao S. In Silico Identification of the Full Complement of Subtilase-Encoding Genes and Characterization of the Role of TaSBT1.7 in Resistance Against Stripe Rust in Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:398-407. [PMID: 32720876 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0176-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant subtilases (SBTs) or subtilisin-like proteases comprise a very diverse family of serine peptidases that participates in a broad spectrum of biological functions. Despite increasing evidence for roles of SBTs in plant immunity in recent years, little is known about wheat (Triticum aestivum) SBTs (TaSBTs). Here, we identified 255 TaSBT genes from bread wheat using the latest version 2.0 of the reference genome sequence. The SBT family can be grouped into five clades, from TaSBT1 to TaSBT5, based on a phylogenetic tree constructed with deduced protein sequences. In silico protein-domain analysis revealed the existence of considerable sequence diversification of the TaSBT family which, together with the local clustered gene distribution, suggests that TaSBT genes have undergone extensive functional diversification. Among those TaSBT genes whose expression was altered by biotic factors, TaSBT1.7 was found to be induced in wheat leaves by chitin and flg22 elicitors, as well as six examined pathogens, implying a role for TaSBT1.7 in plant defense. Transient overexpression of TaSBT1.7 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in necrotic cell death. Moreover, knocking down TaSBT1.7 in wheat using barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing compromised the hypersensitive response and resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. Taken together, this study defined the full complement of wheat SBT genes and provided evidence for a positive role of one particular member, TaSBT1.7, in the incompatible interaction between wheat and a stripe rust pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vega-Muñoz I, Duran-Flores D, Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Heyman J, Ritter A, Stael S. Breaking Bad News: Dynamic Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610445. [PMID: 33363562 PMCID: PMC7752953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease. Therefore, it is essential that we understand the molecular pathways of wound recognition and response. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying the fate of damaged cells and damage recognition in plants. Damaged cells release the so-called damage associated molecular patterns to warn the surrounding tissue. Local signaling through calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones, such as jasmonic acid, activates defense gene expression and local reinforcement of cell walls to seal off the wound and prevent evaporation and pathogen colonization. Depending on the severity of damage, Ca2+, ROS, and electrical signals can also spread throughout the plant to elicit a systemic defense response. Special emphasis is placed on the spatiotemporal dimension in order to obtain a mechanistic understanding of wound signaling in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Dalia Duran-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Greenfield LM, Hill PW, Paterson E, Baggs EM, Jones DL. Do plants use root-derived proteases to promote the uptake of soil organic nitrogen? PLANT AND SOIL 2020; 456:355-367. [PMID: 33087989 PMCID: PMC7567722 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-020-04719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The capacity of plant roots to directly acquire organic nitrogen (N) in the form of oligopeptides and amino acids from soil is well established. However, plants have poor access to protein, the central reservoir of soil organic N. Our question is: do plants actively secrete proteases to enhance the breakdown of soil protein or are they functionally reliant on soil microorganisms to undertake this role? METHODS Growing maize and wheat under sterile hydroponic conditions with and without inorganic N, we measured protease activity on the root surface (root-bound proteases) or exogenously in the solution (free proteases). We compared root protease activities to the rhizosphere microbial community to estimate the ecological significance of root-derived proteases. RESULTS We found little evidence for the secretion of free proteases, with almost all protease activity associated with the root surface. Root protease activity was not stimulated under N deficiency. Our findings suggest that cereal roots contribute one-fifth of rhizosphere protease activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that plant N uptake is only functionally significant when soil protein is in direct contact with root surfaces. The lack of protease upregulation under N deficiency suggests that root protease activity is unrelated to enhanced soil N capture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W. Hill
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Baggs
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Davey L. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW UK
- SoilsWest, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rana K, Atri C, Akhatar J, Kaur R, Goyal A, Singh MP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Sandhu PS, Kaur G, Barbetti MJ, Banga SS. Detection of First Marker Trait Associations for Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica juncea- Erucastrum cardaminoides Introgression Lines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1015. [PMID: 31447876 PMCID: PMC6691357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A set of 96 Brassica juncea-Erucastrum cardaminoides introgression lines (ILs) were developed with genomic regions associated with Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) resistance from a wild Brassicaceous species E. cardaminoides. ILs were assessed for their resistance responses to stem inoculation with S. sclerotiorum, over three crop seasons (season I, 2011/2012; II, 2014/2015; III, 2016-2017). Initially, ILs were genotyped with transferable SSR markers and subsequently through genotyping by sequencing. SSR based association mapping identified six marker loci associated to resistance in both A and B genomes. Subsequent genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of 84 ILs recognized a large number of SNPs associated to resistance, in chromosomes A03, A06, and B03. Chromosomes A03 and A06 harbored the maximum number of resistance related SNPs. Annotation of linked genomic regions highlighted an array of resistance mechanisms in terms of signal transduction pathways, hypersensitive responses and production of anti-fungal proteins and metabolites. Of major importance was the clustering of SNPs, encoding multiple resistance genes on small regions spanning approximately 885 kb region on chromosome A03 and 74 kb on B03. Five SNPs on chromosome A03 (6,390,210-381) were associated with LRR-RLK (receptor like kinases) genes that encode LRR-protein kinase family proteins. Genetic factors associated with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) were predicted on chromosome A03, exhibiting 11 SNPs (6,274,763-994). These belonged to three R-Genes encoding TIR-NBS-LRR proteins. Marker trait associations (MTAs) identified will facilitate marker assisted introgression of these critical resistances, into new cultivars of B. juncea initially and, subsequently, into other crop Brassica species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Rana
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Chhaya Atri
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Javed Akhatar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rimaljeet Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Anna Goyal
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Mohini Prabha Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Anju Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Prabhjodh S. Sandhu
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Surinder S. Banga
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Trusova SV, Teplova AD, Golyshev SA, Galiullina RA, Morozova EA, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Delivers Proteolytically Active Phytaspases Into Plant Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31379892 PMCID: PMC6657458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytaspases belong to the family of plant subtilisin-like proteases and are distinct from other family members, as they have strict and rarely occurring aspartate cleavage specificity and unusual localization dynamics. After being secreted into the apoplast of healthy plant tissues, phytaspases are able to return back into cells that have been committed to cell death due to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. It was recently discovered that retrograde transport of phytaspases involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here, consequences of phytaspase internalization were studied. Proteolytic activity of phytaspases in the apoplast and intracellular protein fractions obtained from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves containing either endogenous phytaspase only or transiently producing Nicotiana tabacum phytaspase-EGFP protein (NtPhyt-EGFP) was determined. We demonstrated that triggering phytaspase internalization by antimycin A-induced oxidative stress is accompanied by re-distribution of phytaspase activity from the apoplast to the cell interior. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by co-production of the Hub protein prevented phytaspase internalization and phytaspase activity re-localization. Specificity of endocytic uptake of phytaspases was demonstrated by the co-production of an apoplast-targeted mRFP protein marker, which retained its apoplastic localization when phytaspase internalization was essentially complete. Overproduction of NtPhyt-EGFP, but not of the proteolytically inactive phytaspase mutant, per se caused moderate damage in young Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings, whereas antimycin A treatment induced a pronounced loss of cell viability independent of the NtPhyt-EGFP overproduction. Interestingly, inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis abrogated cell death symptoms in both cases. In contrast to stress-induced internalization of tobacco phytaspase, Arabidopsis thaliana phytaspase-EGFP protein (AtPhyt-EGFP) was spontaneously internalized when transiently produced in N. benthamiana leaves. The AtPhyt-EGFP uptake was dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis as well, the internalized protein being initially visualized within the membranous vesicles. At later time points, the EGFP tag was cleaved off from AtPhyt, though the elevated level of intracellular AtPhyt proteolytic activity persisted. Our data, therefore, point to clathrin-mediated endocytosis as a means to deliver proteolytically active phytaspases into plant cells. It would be interesting to learn whether or not phytaspases are unique among the large family of plant subtilisin-like proteases in their ability to utilize retrograde trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Trusova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Teplova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Golyshev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raisa A. Galiullina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Morozova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V. Chichkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey B. Vartapetian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Nucleoproteins, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang W, Xiong H, Lin R, Zhao N, Zhao P, Sun MX. A VPE-like protease NtTPE8 exclusively expresses in the integumentary tapetum and is involved in seed development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:598-610. [PMID: 30589207 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential process for development, and shows conserved cytological features in both plants and animals. Caspases are well-known critical components of the PCD machinery in animals. However, currently few typical counterparts have been identified in plants and only several caspase-like proteases are known to be involved in plant PCD, indicating the existence of great challenge for confirming new caspase-like proteases and elucidating the mechanisms regulating plant PCD. Here, we report a novel cysteine protease, NtTPE8, which was extracted from tobacco seeds and confirmed as a new caspase-like protease. Recombinant NtTPE8 exhibited legumain and caspase-like proteolytic activities, both of which could be inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK). Notably, NtTPE8 possessed several caspase activities and the capacity to cleave the cathepsin H substrate FVR, indicating a unique character of NtTPE8. NtTPE8 was exclusively expressed in the integumentary tapetum and thus, is the first specific molecular marker reported to date for this cell type. Down-regulation of NtTPE8 caused seed abortion, via disturbing early embryogenesis, indicating its critical role in embryogenesis and seed development. In conclusion, we identified a novel caspase-like cysteine protease, NtTPE8, exclusively expressed in the integumentary tapetum that is involved in seed development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nantian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Trusova SV, Golyshev SA, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB. Sometimes they come back: endocytosis provides localization dynamics of a subtilase in cells committed to cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2003-2007. [PMID: 30668760 PMCID: PMC6460962 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Trusova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Salguero-Linares J, Coll NS. Plant proteases in the control of the hypersensitive response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2087-2095. [PMID: 30715462 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a plant defence reaction triggered by activation of immune receptors upon pathogen recognition. It results in rapid cell death at the attempted invasion site, confining the pathogen and sending signals to distal parts of the plant that can in turn activate defences for subsequent attacks. HR cell death is a highly controlled phenomenon, requiring the concerted action of diverse plant proteases and regulatory mechanisms to keep it efficient yet confined. Research in the last decade has significantly contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to HR, although our knowledge about the pathways that regulate this form of programmed cell death (PCD) still remains incomplete. In this review, we explore current knowledge of plant proteases as HR regulators. Proteases are key regulatory enzymes that not only serve degradative purposes, but also have very important signalling roles. In animals, caspases have been shown to be the major regulators and executioners of PCD. Plants do not have caspases, and instead PCD is carried out by the activities of caspase-like and other protease belonging to different protease classes. We summarise the mechanistic roles of plant proteases whose roles in HR regulation are relatively well understood, which includes members of the cysteine, threonine, and serine protease families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Salguero-Linares
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Van der Hoorn RAL, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F, Stael S. Caught green-handed: methods for in vivo detection and visualization of protease activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2125-2141. [PMID: 30805604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds of other proteins. Their omnipresence and diverse activities make them important players in protein homeostasis and turnover of the total cell proteome as well as in signal transduction in plant stress responses and development. To understand protease function, it is of paramount importance to assess when and where a specific protease is active. Here, we review the existing methods to detect in vivo protease activity by means of imaging chemical activity-based probes and genetically encoded sensors. We focus on the diverse fluorescent and luminescent sensors at the researcher's disposal and evaluate the potential of imaging techniques to deliver in vivo spatiotemporal detail of protease activity. We predict that in the coming years, revised techniques will help to elucidate plant protease activity and functions and hence expand the current status of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang L, Lin Z, Triviño M, Nowack MK, Franklin-Tong VE, Bosch M. Self-incompatibility in Papaver pollen: programmed cell death in an acidic environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2113-2123. [PMID: 30481323 PMCID: PMC7116307 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetically controlled mechanism that prevents self-fertilization and thus encourages outbreeding and genetic diversity. During pollination, most SI systems utilize cell-cell recognition to reject incompatible pollen. Mechanistically, one of the best-studied SI systems is that of Papaver rhoeas (poppy), which involves the interaction between the two S-determinants, a stigma-expressed secreted protein (PrsS) and a pollen-expressed plasma membrane-localized protein (PrpS). This interaction is the critical step in determining acceptance of compatible pollen or rejection of incompatible pollen. Cognate PrpS-PrsS interaction triggers a signalling network causing rapid growth arrest and eventually programmed cell death (PCD) in incompatible pollen. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the major components involved in the SI-induced PCD (SI-PCD). In particular, we focus on the importance of SI-induced intracellular acidification and consequences for protein function, and the regulation of soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (Pr-p26.1) activity by post-translational modification. We also discuss attempts to identify protease(s) involved in the SI-PCD process. Finally, we outline future opportunities made possible by the functional transfer of the P. rhoeas SI system to Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Wang
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Zongcheng Lin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marina Triviño
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vernonica E Franklin-Tong
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stael S, Van Breusegem F, Gevaert K, Nowack MK. Plant proteases and programmed cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1991-1995. [PMID: 31222306 PMCID: PMC6460956 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Spungin D, Bidle KD, Berman-Frank I. Metacaspase involvement in programmed cell death of the marine cyanobacteriumTrichodesmium. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:667-681. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Spungin
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
| | - Kay D. Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences; Rutgers University; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Ilana Berman-Frank
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, 5290002 Israel
- Department of Marine Biology; Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa; Haifa Israel
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fesenko I, Azarkina R, Kirov I, Kniazev A, Filippova A, Grafskaia E, Lazarev V, Zgoda V, Butenko I, Bukato O, Lyapina I, Nazarenko D, Elansky S, Mamaeva A, Ivanov V, Govorun V. Phytohormone treatment induces generation of cryptic peptides with antimicrobial activity in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:9. [PMID: 30616513 PMCID: PMC6322304 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptic peptides (cryptides) are small bioactive molecules generated via degradation of functionally active proteins. Only a few examples of plant cryptides playing an important role in plant defense have been reported to date, hence our knowledge about cryptic signals hidden in protein structure remains very limited. Moreover, little is known about how stress conditions influence the size of endogenous peptide pools, and which of these peptides themselves have biological functions is currently unclear. RESULTS Here, we used mass spectrometry to comprehensively analyze the endogenous peptide pools generated from functionally active proteins inside the cell and in the secretome from the model plant Physcomitrella patens. Overall, we identified approximately 4,000 intracellular and approximately 500 secreted peptides. We found that the secretome and cellular peptidomes did not show significant overlap and that respective protein precursors have very different protein degradation patterns. We showed that treatment with the plant stress hormone methyl jasmonate induced specific proteolysis of new functional proteins and the release of bioactive peptides having an antimicrobial activity and capable to elicit the expression of plant defense genes. Finally, we showed that the inhibition of protease activity during methyl jasmonate treatment decreased the secretome antimicrobial potential, suggesting an important role of peptides released from proteins in immune response. CONCLUSIONS Using mass-spectrometry, in vitro experiments and bioinformatics analysis, we found that methyl jasmonate acid induces significant changes in the peptide pools and that some of the resulting peptides possess antimicrobial and regulatory activities. Moreover, our study provides a list of peptides for further study of potential plant cryptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Fesenko
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Regina Azarkina
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kirov
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Kniazev
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Filippova
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Grafskaia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region Russia
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region Russia
| | - Victor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Butenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Bukato
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Lyapina
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Nazarenko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Elansky
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mamaeva
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Ivanov
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Govorun
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Balakireva AV, Zamyatnin AA. Cutting Out the Gaps Between Proteases and Programmed Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:704. [PMID: 31214222 PMCID: PMC6558192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, many animal models for programmed cell death (PCD) have been extensively characterized and classified while such efforts in plant types of PCD still remain poorly understood. However, despite a wide range of functional differences between PCD types in animals and plants, it is certain that all of them are regulated through the recruitment of proteases. Most importantly, proteases are able to perform proteolysis that results in a gain or loss of protein function. This principle relies on the presence of proteolytic cascades where proteases are activated upon various upstream stimuli and which lead to repetitive cell death. While protease activation, proteolytic cascades and targeted substrates are described in detail mainly for nematode, human, and mice models of apoptosis, for plants, only fragmentary knowledge of protease involvement in PCD exists. However, recently, data on the regulation of general plant PCD and protease involvement have emerged which deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for PCD in plants. With this in mind, this article highlights major aspects of protease involvement in the execution of PCD in both animals and plants, addresses obstacles and advances in the field and proposes recommendations for further research of plant PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Balakireva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Andrey A. Zamyatnin Jr.,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stührwohldt N, Schaller A. Regulation of plant peptide hormones and growth factors by post-translational modification. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:49-63. [PMID: 30047205 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The number, diversity and significance of peptides as regulators of cellular differentiation, growth, development and defence of plants has long been underestimated. Peptides have now emerged as an important class of signals for cell-to-cell communication over short distances, and also for long-range signalling. We refer to these signalling molecules as peptide growth factors and peptide hormones, respectively. As compared to remarkable progress with respect to the mechanisms of peptide perception and signal transduction, the biogenesis of signalling peptides is still in its infancy. This review focuses on the biogenesis and activity of small post-translationally modified peptides. These peptides are derived from inactive pre-pro-peptides of approximately 70-120 amino acids. Multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) may be required for peptide maturation and activation, including proteolytic processing, tyrosine sulfation, proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline glycosylation. While many of the enzymes responsible for these modifications have been identified, their impact on peptide activity and signalling is not fully understood. These PTMs may or may not be required for bioactivity, they may inactivate the peptide or modify its signalling specificity, they may affect peptide stability or targeting, or its binding affinity with the receptor. In the present review, we will first introduce the peptides that undergo PTMs and for which these PTMs were shown to be functionally relevant. We will then discuss the different types of PTMs and the impact they have on peptide activity and plant growth and development. We conclude with an outlook on the open questions that need to be addressed in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Stührwohldt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Balakireva AV, Deviatkin AA, Zgoda VG, Kartashov MI, Zhemchuzhina NS, Dzhavakhiya VG, Golovin AV, Zamyatnin AA. Proteomics Analysis Reveals That Caspase-Like and Metacaspase-Like Activities Are Dispensable for Activation of Proteases Involved in Early Response to Biotic Stress in Triticum aestivum L. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123991. [PMID: 30544979 PMCID: PMC6320887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, including Triticum aestivum L., are constantly attacked by various pathogens which induce immune responses. Immune processes in plants are tightly regulated by proteases from different families within their degradome. In this study, a wheat degradome was characterized. Using profile hidden Markov model (HMMer) algorithm and Pfam database, comprehensive analysis of the T. aestivum genome revealed a large number of proteases (1544 in total) belonging to the five major protease families: serine, cysteine, threonine, aspartic, and metallo-proteases. Mass-spectrometry analysis revealed a 30% difference between degradomes of distinct wheat cultivars (Khakasskaya and Darya), and infection by biotrophic (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm f. sp. tritici) or necrotrophic (Stagonospora nodorum) pathogens induced drastic changes in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. This study shows that an early immune response to biotic stress is associated with the same core of proteases from the C1, C48, C65, M24, M41, S10, S9, S8, and A1 families. Further liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the detected protease-derived peptides revealed that infection by both pathogens enhances overall proteolytic activity in wheat cells and leads to activation of proteolytic cascades. Moreover, sites of proteolysis were identified within the proteases, which probably represent targets of autocatalytic activation, or hydrolysis by another protease within the proteolytic cascades. Although predicted substrates of metacaspase-like and caspase-like proteases were similar in biotrophic and necrotrophic infections, proteolytic activation of proteases was not found to be associated with metacaspase-like and caspase-like activities. These findings indicate that the response of T. aestivum to biotic stress is regulated by unique mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Balakireva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Andrei A Deviatkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Victor G Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya str., 10, bld. 8, Moscow 119121, Russia.
| | - Maxim I Kartashov
- All Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, VNIIF, Bolshie Vyazemi, Odintsovsky distr., Moscow region 143050, Russia.
| | - Natalia S Zhemchuzhina
- All Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, VNIIF, Bolshie Vyazemi, Odintsovsky distr., Moscow region 143050, Russia.
| | - Vitaly G Dzhavakhiya
- All Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, VNIIF, Bolshie Vyazemi, Odintsovsky distr., Moscow region 143050, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Golovin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Seth-Pasricha M, Senn S, Sanman LE, Bogyo M, Nanda V, Bidle KA, Bidle KD. Catalytic linkage between caspase activity and proteostasis in Archaea. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:286-298. [PMID: 30370585 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The model haloarchaeon, Haloferax volcanii possess an extremely high, and highly specific, basal caspase activity in exponentially growing cells that closely resembles caspase-4. This activity is specifically inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK, and has no cross-reactivity with other known protease families. Although it is one of the dominant cellular proteolytic activities in exponentially growing H. volcanii cells, the interactive cellular roles remain unknown and the protein(s) responsible for this activity remain elusive. Here, biochemical purification and in situ trapping with caspase targeted covalent inhibitors combined with genome-enabled proteomics, structural analysis, targeted gene knockouts and treatment with canavanine demonstrated a catalytic linkage between caspase activity and thermosomes, proteasomes and cdc48b, a cell division protein and proteasomal degradation facilitating ATPase, as part of an 'interactase' of stress-related protein complexes with an established link to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Our findings provide novel cellular and biochemical context for the observed caspase activity in Archaea and add new insight to understanding the role of this activity, implicating their possible role in the establishment of protein stress and ER associated degradation pathways in Eukarya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansha Seth-Pasricha
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Stefan Senn
- Abteilung für Chemie und Bioanalytik, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly A Bidle
- Department of Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Health Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Kay D Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The cloak, dagger, and shield: proteases in plant-pathogen interactions. Biochem J 2018; 475:2491-2509. [PMID: 30115747 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense the presence of pathogens or pests through the recognition of evolutionarily conserved microbe- or herbivore-associated molecular patterns or specific pathogen effectors, as well as plant endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns. This sensory capacity is largely mediated through plasma membrane and cytosol-localized receptors which trigger complex downstream immune signaling cascades. As immune signaling outputs are often associated with a high fitness cost, precise regulation of this signaling is critical. Protease-mediated proteolysis represents an important form of pathway regulation in this context. Proteases have been widely implicated in plant-pathogen interactions, and their biochemical mechanisms and targets continue to be elucidated. During the plant and pathogen arms race, specific proteases are employed from both the plant and the pathogen sides to contribute to either defend or invade. Several pathogen effectors have been identified as proteases or protease inhibitors which act to functionally defend or camouflage the pathogens from plant proteases and immune receptors. In this review, we discuss known protease functions and protease-regulated signaling processes involved in both sides of plant-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
|
49
|
Reichardt S, Repper D, Tuzhikov AI, Galiullina RA, Planas-Marquès M, Chichkova NV, Vartapetian AB, Stintzi A, Schaller A. The tomato subtilase family includes several cell death-related proteinases with caspase specificity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10531. [PMID: 30002392 PMCID: PMC6043521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytaspases are Asp-specific subtilisin-like plant proteases that have been likened to animal caspases with respect to their regulatory function in programmed cell death (PCD). We identified twelve putative phytaspase genes in tomato that differed widely in expression level and tissue-specific expression patterns. Most phytaspase genes are tandemly arranged on tomato chromosomes one, four, and eight, and many belong to taxon-specific clades, e.g. the P69 clade in the nightshade family, suggesting that these genes evolved by gene duplication after speciation. Five tomato phytaspases (SlPhyts) were expressed in N. benthamiana and purified to homogeneity. Substrate specificity was analyzed in a proteomics assay and with a panel of fluorogenic peptide substrates. Similar to animal caspases, SlPhyts recognized an extended sequence motif including Asp at the cleavage site. Clear differences in cleavage site preference were observed implying different substrates in vivo and, consequently, different physiological functions. A caspase-like function in PCD was confirmed for five of the seven tested phytaspases. Cell death was triggered by ectopic expression of SlPhyts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in tomato leaves by agro-infiltration, as well as in stably transformed transgenic tomato plants. SlPhyts 3, 4, and 5 were found to contribute to cell death under oxidative stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reichardt
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dagmar Repper
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander I Tuzhikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Raisa A Galiullina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Nina V Chichkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey B Vartapetian
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Radchuk V, Tran V, Radchuk R, Diaz-Mendoza M, Weier D, Fuchs J, Riewe D, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Munz E, Heinzel N, Rolletschek H, Martinez M, Borisjuk L. Vacuolar processing enzyme 4 contributes to maternal control of grain size in barley by executing programmed cell death in the pericarp. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1127-1142. [PMID: 28836669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm embryo and endosperm are limited in space because they grow inside maternal seed tissues. The elimination of cell layers of the maternal seed coat by programmed cell death (PCD) could provide space and nutrition to the filial organs. Using the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed as a model, we elucidated the role of vacuolar processing enzyme 4 (VPE4) in cereals by using an RNAi approach and targeting the enzymatic properties of the recombinant protein. A comparative characterization of transgenic versus wild-type plants included transcriptional and metabolic profiling, flow cytometry, histology and nuclear magnetic imaging of grains. The recombinant VPE4 protein exhibited legumain and caspase-1 properties in vitro. Pericarp disintegration was delayed in the transgenic grains. Although the VPE4 gene and enzymatic activity was decreased in the early developing pericarp, storage capacity and the size of the endosperm and embryo were reduced in the mature VPE4-repressed grains. The persistence of the pericarp in the VPE4-affected grains constrains endosperm and embryo growth and leads to transcriptional reprogramming, perturbations in signalling and adjustments in metabolism. We conclude that VPE4 expression executes PCD in the pericarp, which is required for later endosperm filling, and argue for a role of PCD in maternal control of seed size in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Van Tran
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Joerg Fuchs
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - David Riewe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|