1
|
Gao X, Zeb S, He YY, Guo Y, Zhu YM, Zhou XY, Zhang HL. Valproic Acid Inhibits Glial Scar Formation after Ischemic Stroke. Pharmacology 2022; 107:263-280. [PMID: 35316816 DOI: 10.1159/000514951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia induces reactive proliferation of astrocytes (astrogliosis) and glial scar formation. As a physical and biochemical barrier, the glial scar not only hinders spontaneous axonal regeneration and neuronal repair but also deteriorates the neuroinflammation in the recovery phase of ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of the valproic acid (2-n-propylpentanoic acid, VPA) against ischemic stroke, but its effects on the ischemia-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar are still unknown. As targeting astrogliosis has become a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke, this study was designed to determine whether VPA can inhibit the ischemic stroke-induced glial scar formation and to explore its molecular mechanisms. METHODS Glial scar formation was induced by an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model in vivo and an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-reoxygenation (OGD/Re) model in vitro. Animals were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of VPA (250 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, and the ischemic stroke-related behaviors were assessed. RESULTS Four weeks of VPA treatment could markedly reduce the brain atrophy volume and improve the behavioral deficits in rats' I/R injury model. The results showed that VPA administrated upon reperfusion or 1 day post-reperfusion could also decrease the expression of the glial scar makers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurocan, and phosphacan in the peri-infarct region after I/R. Consistent with the in vivo data, VPA treatment showed a protective effect against OGD/Re-induced astrocytic cell death in the in vitro model and also decreased the expression of GFAP, neurocan, and phosphacan. Further studies revealed that VPA significantly upregulated the expression of acetylated histone 3, acetylated histone 4, and heat-shock protein 70.1B in the OGD/Re-induced glial scar formation model. CONCLUSION VPA produces neuroprotective effects and inhibits the glial scar formation during the recovery period of ischemic stroke via inhibition of histone deacetylase and induction of Hsp70.1B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Salman Zeb
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turek-Jakubowska A, Dębski J, Jakubowski M, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Gawryś J, Gawryś K, Janus A, Trocha M, Doroszko A. New Candidates for Biomarkers and Drug Targets of Ischemic Stroke-A First Dynamic LC-MS Human Serum Proteomic Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020339. [PMID: 35054033 PMCID: PMC8780942 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this dynamic-LC/MS-human-serum-proteomic-study was to identify potential proteins-candidates for biomarkers of acute ischemic stroke, their changes during acute phase of stroke and to define potential novel drug-targets. (2) Methods: A total of 32 patients (29–80 years) with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled to the study. The control group constituted 29 demographically-matched volunteers. Subjects with stroke presented clinical symptoms lasting no longer than 24 h, confirmed by neurological-examination and/or new cerebral ischemia visualized in the CT scans (computed tomography). The analysis of plasma proteome was performed using LC-MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry). (3) Results: Ten proteins with significantly different serum concentrations between groups volunteers were: complement-factor-B, apolipoprotein-A-I, fibronectin, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, heat-shock-cognate-71kDa protein/heat-shock-related-70kDa-protein-2, thymidine phosphorylase-2, cytoplasmic-tryptophan-tRNA-ligase, ficolin-2, beta-Ala-His-dipeptidase. (4) Conclusions: This is the first dynamic LC-MS study performed on a clinical model which differentiates serum proteome of patients in acute phase of ischemic stroke in time series and compares to control group. Listed proteins should be considered as risk factors, markers of ischemic stroke or potential therapeutic targets. Further clinical validation might define their exact role in differential diagnostics, monitoring the course of the ischemic stroke or specifying them as novel drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Maciej Jakubowski
- Lower Silesian Centre for Lung Diseases, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Szahidewicz-Krupska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.S.-K.); (J.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Jakub Gawryś
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.S.-K.); (J.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Karolina Gawryś
- Department of Neurology, 4th Military Hospital, Weigla 5, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.T.-J.); (K.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Janus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.S.-K.); (J.G.); (A.J.)
| | - Małgorzata Trocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicz-Radecki 2, 50-349 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.S.-K.); (J.G.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-736-4000
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Autophagy-Related Organelle Autophagoproteasome Is Suppressed within Ischemic Penumbra. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910364. [PMID: 34638703 PMCID: PMC8508911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The peri-infarct region, which surrounds the irreversible ischemic stroke area is named ischemic penumbra. This term emphasizes the borderline conditions for neurons placed within such a critical region. Area penumbra separates the ischemic core, where frank cell loss occurs, from the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Within such a brain region, nervous matter, and mostly neurons are impaired concerning metabolic conditions. The classic biochemical marker, which reliably marks area penumbra is the over-expression of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). However, other proteins related to cell clearing pathways are modified within area penumbra. Among these, autophagy proteins like LC3 increase in a way, which recapitulates Hsp70. In contrast, components, such as P20S, markedly decrease. Despite apparent discrepancies, the present study indicates remarkable overlapping between LC3 and P20S redistribution within area penumbra. In fact, the amount of both proteins is markedly reduced within vacuoles. Specifically, a massive loss of LC3 + P20S immuno-positive vacuoles (autophagoproteasomes) is reported here. This represents the most relevant sub-cellular alteration here described in cell clearing pathways within area penumbra. The functional significance of these findings remains to be determined and it will take a novel experimental stream to decipher the fine-tuning of such a phenomenon.
Collapse
|
4
|
Stoichiometric Analysis of Shifting in Subcellular Compartmentalization of HSP70 within Ischemic Penumbra. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123578. [PMID: 34208178 PMCID: PMC8230775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein (HSP) 70 is considered the main hallmark in preclinical studies to stain the peri-infarct region defined area penumbra in preclinical models of brain ischemia. This protein is also considered as a potential disease modifier, which may improve the outcome of ischemic damage. In fact, the molecule HSP70 acts as a chaperonine being able to impact at several level the homeostasis of neurons. Despite being used routinely to stain area penumbra in light microscopy, the subcellular placement of this protein within area penumbra neurons, to our knowledge, remains undefined. This is key mostly when considering studies aimed at deciphering the functional role of this protein as a determinant of neuronal survival. The general subcellular placement of HSP70 was grossly reported in studies using confocal microscopy, although no direct visualization of this molecule at electron microscopy was carried out. The present study aims to provide a direct evidence of HSP70 within various subcellular compartments. In detail, by using ultrastructural morphometry to quantify HSP70 stoichiometrically detected by immuno-gold within specific organelles we could compare the compartmentalization of the molecule within area penumbra compared with control brain areas. The study indicates that two cell compartments in control conditions own a high density of HSP70, cytosolic vacuoles and mitochondria. In these organelles, HSP70 is present in amount exceeding several-fold the presence in the cytosol. Remarkably, within area penumbra a loss of such a specific polarization is documented. This leads to the depletion of HSP70 from mitochondria and mostly cell vacuoles. Such an effect is expected to lead to significant variations in the ability of HSP70 to exert its physiological roles. The present findings, beyond defining the neuronal compartmentalization of HSP70 within area penumbra may lead to a better comprehension of its beneficial/detrimental role in promoting neuronal survival.
Collapse
|
5
|
Suh CH, Jung SC, Cho SJ, Woo DC, Oh WY, Lee JG, Kim KW. MRI for prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Radiol 2020; 61:964-972. [PMID: 31739673 DOI: 10.1177/0284185119887593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic transformation increases mortality and morbidity in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed up to 27 July 2018, including the search terms "acute ischemic stroke," "hemorrhagic transformation," and "MRI." Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of MRI for prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke were included. Diagnostic meta-analysis was conducted with a bivariate random-effects model to calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Subgroup analysis was performed including studies using advanced MRI techniques including perfusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and susceptibility-weighted imaging. RESULTS Nine original articles with 665 patients were included. Hemorrhagic transformation is associated with high permeability, hypoperfusion, low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and FLAIR hyperintensity. The pooled sensitivity was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI] 61-93) and the pooled specificity was 79% (95% CI 71-85). The area under the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.85 (95% CI 0.82-0.88). Although study heterogeneity was present in both sensitivity (I2=67.96%) and specificity (I2=78.93%), a threshold effect was confirmed. Studies using advanced MRI showed sensitivity of 92% (95% CI 70-98) and specificity of 78% (95% CI 65-87) to conventional MRI. CONCLUSION MRI may show moderate diagnostic performance for predicting hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke although the clinical significance of this hemorrhage is somewhat uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hyun Suh
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chai Jung
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Cho
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Bioimaging Center, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Yong Oh
- Clinical Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, MFDS, Cheong Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Gu Lee
- Clinical Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, MFDS, Cheong Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Image Metrics, Clinical Trial Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hermann JK, Capadona JR. Understanding the Role of Innate Immunity in the Response to Intracortical Microelectrodes. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 46:341-367. [PMID: 30806249 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2018027166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes exhibit enormous potential for researching the nervous system, steering assistive devices and functional electrode stimulation systems for severely paralyzed individuals, and augmenting the brain with computing power. Unfortunately, intracortical microelectrodes often fail to consistently record signals over clinically useful periods. Biological mechanisms, such as the foreign body response to intracortical microelectrodes and self-perpetuating neuroinflammatory cascades, contribute to the inconsistencies and decline in recording performance. Unfortunately, few studies have directly correlated microelectrode performance with the neuroinflammatory response to the implanted devices. However, of those select studies that have, the role of the innate immune system remains among the most likely links capable of corroborating the results of different studies, across laboratories. Therefore, the overall goal of this review is to highlight the role of innate immunity signaling in the foreign body response to intracortical microelectrodes and hypothesize as to appropriate strategies that may become the most relevant in enabling brain-dwelling electrodes of any geometry, or location, for a range of clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John K Hermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Zhang Y, Xia J, Cai T, Du J, Chen J, Li P, Shen Y, Zhang A, Fu B, Gao X, Miao F, Zhang J, Teng G. Neuronal PirB Upregulated in Cerebral Ischemia Acts as an Attractive Theranostic Target for Ischemic Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007197. [PMID: 29378731 PMCID: PMC5850238 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and clinical manifestations. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB), which is originally thought to function exclusively in the immune system, is now also known to be expressed by neurons. A growing number of studies indicate that PirB can inhibit neurite outgrowth and restrict neuronal plasticity. The aim of the study is to investigate whether PirB can be an attractive theranostic target for ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we investigated the spatial-temporal expression of PirB in multiple ischemic stroke models, including transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, photothrombotic cerebral cortex ischemia, and the neuronal oxygen glucose deprivation model. Then, anti-PirB immunoliposome nanoprobe was developed by thin-film hydration method and investigated its specific targeting in vitro and in vivo. Finally, soluble PirB ectodomain (sPirB) protein delivered by polyethylene glycol-modified nanoliposome was used as a therapeutic reagent for ischemic stroke by blocking PirB binding to its endogenous ligands. These results showed that PirB was significantly upregulated after cerebral ischemic injury in ischemic stroke models. Anti-PirB immunoliposome nanoprobe was successfully developed and specifically bound to PirB in vitro. There was accumulation of anti-PirB immunoliposome nanoprobe in the ischemic hemisphere in vivo. Soluble PirB ectodomains remarkably improved ischemic stroke model recovery by liposomal delivery system. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that PirB was a significant element in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia. Therefore, PirB may act as a novel theranostic target for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Reproductive Medical Center, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueren Gao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenqin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China .,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital Medical School Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vishwakarma SK, Bardia A, Fathima N, Chandrakala L, Rahamathulla S, Raju N, Srinivas G, Raj A, Sandhya A, Satti V, Tiwari SK, Paspala SAB, Khan AA. Protective Role of Hypothermia Against Heat Stress in Differentiated and Undifferentiated Human Neural Precursor Cells: A Differential Approach for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:453-466. [PMID: 29942429 PMCID: PMC6010658 DOI: 10.29252/nirp.bcn.8.6.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to explore protective mechanisms of hypothermia against mild cold and heat stress on highly proliferative homogeneous human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs) derived from Subventricular Zone (SVZ) of human fetal brain. Methods: CD133+ve enriched undifferentiated and differentiated human NPCs were exposed to heat stress at 42°C. Then, Western-blot quantification was performed using Hsp-70 (70 kilodalton heat shock proteins) recombinant protein. Finally, changes in pluripotency and Hsp-70 expression were measured using immunofluorescence staining and RT-qPCR (Quantitative reverse transcription PCR) analysis, respectively. Results: Heat stress resulted in abnormal neurospheres development. The apoptosis rate was enhanced during long-term in vitro culture of neurospheres. Neurogenic differentiation reduced and showed aberrent phenotypes during heat stress. After hypothermia treatment significant improvement in neurospheres and neuronal cell morphology was observed. Conclusion: Mild-hypothermia treatment induces attenuated heat shock response against heat stress resulting in induced HSP-70 expression that significantly improves structure and function of both undifferentiated human NPCs and differentiated neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vishwakarma
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Avinash Bardia
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nusrath Fathima
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakkireddy Chandrakala
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed Rahamathulla
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagarapu Raju
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Avinash Raj
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Annamaneni Sandhya
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vishnupriya Satti
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Tiwari
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed Ameer Basha Paspala
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aleem Ahmed Khan
- Central Laboratory for Stem Cell Research and Translational Medicine, Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sørensen SS, Nygaard AB, Carlsen AL, Heegaard NHH, Bak M, Christensen T. Elevation of brain-enriched miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Biomark Res 2017; 5:24. [PMID: 28702194 PMCID: PMC5504978 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of cerebrospinal fluid miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers of acute ischemic stroke using three different profiling techniques in order to identify and bypass any influence from technical variation. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with acute ischemic stroke (n = 21) and controls (n = 21) was collected by lumbar puncture. miRNA analysis was performed with three different methods: 1) Trizol RNA extraction followed by Illumina Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) on all small RNAs, 2) Exiqon RNA extraction protocol and miRNA qPCR assays, and 3) validation of 24 selected miRNAs with Norgen Biotek RNA extraction protocol and Applied Biosystems qPCR assays. RESULTS NGS detected 71 frequently expressed miRNAs in CSF of which brain-enriched miR-9-5p and miR-128-3p were significantly higher in CSF of stroke patients compared to controls. When dividing stroke patients into groups according to infarct size several brain-enriched miRNAs (miR-9-5p, miR-9-3p, miR-124-3p, and miR-128-3p) were elevated in patients with infarcts >2 cm3. This trend appeared in data from both NGS, qPCR (Exiqon), and qPCR (Applied Biosystems) but was only statistically significant in some of the measurement platforms. CONCLUSIONS Several brain-enriched miRNAs are elevated in the CSF three days after stroke onset, suggesting that these miRNAs reflect the brain damage caused by ischemia. The expression differences seem, however, limited to patients with larger ischemic brain injury, which argues against the use of CSF miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers of stroke based on current methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Sølvsten Sørensen
- Department of Neurology, Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Ann-Britt Nygaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Anting Liu Carlsen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H H Heegaard
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Bak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Nordsjællands Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee BS, Jung E, Lee Y, Chung SH. Hypothermia decreased the expression of heat shock proteins in neonatal rat model of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:409-415. [PMID: 28285429 PMCID: PMC5425372 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia (HT) is a well-established neuroprotective strategy against neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSP) has been shown to provide neuroprotection in animal models of stroke. We aimed to investigate the effect of HT on HSP70 and HSP27 expression in a neonatal rat model of HIE. Seven-day-old rat pups were exposed to hypoxia for 90 min to establish the Rice-Vannucci model and were assigned to the following four groups: hypoxic injury (HI)-normothermia (NT, 36 °C), HI-HT (30 °C), sham-NT, and sham-HT. After temperature intervention for 24 h, the mRNA and protein expression of HSP70 and HSP27 were measured. The association between HSP expression and brain injury severity was also evaluated. The brain infarct size was significantly smaller in the HI-HT group than in the HI-NT group. The mRNA and protein expression of both HSPs were significantly greater in the two HI groups, compared to those in the two sham groups. Moreover, among the rat pups subjected to HI, HT significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of both HSPs. The mRNA expression level of the HSPs was proportional to the brain injury severity. Post-ischemic HT, i.e., a cold shock attenuated the expression of HSP70 and HSP27 in a neonatal rat model of HIE. Our study suggests that neither HSP70 nor HSP27 expression is involved in the neuroprotective mechanism through which prolonged HT protects against neonatal HIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byong Sop Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
| | - Euiseok Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Lee
- Medical School, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoo SJ, Nakra NK, Ronnett GV, Moon C. Protective Effects of Inducible HO-1 on Oxygen Toxicity in Rat Brain Endothelial Microvessel Cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2014; 29:356-62. [PMID: 25309795 PMCID: PMC4192800 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2014.29.3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion in ischemia is believed to generate cytotoxic oxidative stress, which mediates reperfusion injury. These stress conditions can initiate lipid peroxidation and damage to proteins, as well as promote DNA strand breaks. As biliverdin and bilirubin produced by heme oxygenase isoform 1 (HO-1) have antioxidant properties, the production of both antioxidants by HO-1 may help increase the resistance of the ischemic brain to oxidative stress. In the present study, the survival effect of HO-1 was confirmed using hemin. METHODS To confirm the roles of HO-1, carbon monoxide, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate further in the antioxidant effect of HO-1 and bilirubin, cells were treated with cycloheximide, desferoxamine, and zinc deuteroporphyrin IX 2,4 bis glycol, respectively. RESULTS HO-1 itself acted as an antioxidant. Furthermore, iron, rather than carbon monoxide, was involved in the HO-1-mediated survival effect. HO-1 activity was also important in providing bilirubin as an antioxidant. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that HO-1 helped to increase the resistance of the ischemic brain to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain Science, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Neal K. Nakra
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriele V. Ronnett
- Department of Brain Science, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain Science, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
miRNA expression profiles in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:711-8. [PMID: 25127724 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were (1) to determine whether miRNAs (microRNAs) can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with ischemic stroke and (2) to compare these miRNA profiles with corresponding profiles from other neurological patients to address whether the miRNA profiles of CSF or blood have potential usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers of ischemic stroke. CSF from patients with acute ischemic stroke (n = 10) and patients with other neurological diseases (n = 10) was collected by lumbar puncture. Blood samples were taken immediately after. Expression profiles in the cell-free fractions of CSF and blood were analyzed by a microarray technique (miRCURY LNA™ microRNA Array, Exiqon A/S, Denmark) using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) platform containing 378 miRNA primers. In total, 183 different miRNAs were detected in the CSF, of which two miRNAs (let-7c and miR-221-3p) were found upregulated in relation to stroke. In the blood, 287 different miRNAs were detected of which two miRNAs (miR-151a-3p and miR-140-5p) were found upregulated and one miRNA (miR-18b-5p) was found downregulated in the stroke group. Some miRNAs occurred exclusively in the CSF including miR-523-3p which was detected in 50 % of the stroke patients, whereas it was completely absent in controls. Our preliminary results demonstrate that it is possible to detect and profile miRNAs in CSF and blood from patients with neurological diseases. Some miRNAs appear differentially expressed in the CSF and others in the blood of stroke patients. Currently, we are validating our results in larger groups of patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gómez-Choco M, Doucerain C, Urra X, Planas AM, Chamorro A. Presence of heat shock protein 70 in secondary lymphoid tissue correlates with stroke prognosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 270:67-74. [PMID: 24656941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp-70) can act as a danger signal and activate immune responses. We studied the presence of Hsp-70 in lymphoid tissue and plasma of acute stroke patients and asymptomatic controls free of neurological disease. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry studies were performed. Plasma Hsp-70 concentration at day 7 was similar in patients and controls, whereas patients disclosed stronger immunoreactivity to Hsp-70 in lymphoid tissue than controls. Most Hsp-70+ cells were antigen presenting cells located in T cell zones. Stronger immunoreactivity to Hsp-70 was associated with smaller infarctions and better functional outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez-Choco
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Doucerain
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xabier Urra
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Chamorro
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ouyang YB, Giffard RG. MicroRNAs regulate the chaperone network in cerebral ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:693-703. [PMID: 24323423 PMCID: PMC3864745 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The highly evolutionarily conserved 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family was first understood for its role in protein folding and response to stress. Subsequently, additional functions have been identified for it in regulation of organelle interaction, of the inflammatory response, and of cell death and survival. Overexpression of HSP70 family members is associated with increased resistance to and improved recovery from cerebral ischemia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important posttranscriptional regulators that interact with multiple target messenger RNAs (mRNA) coordinately regulating target genes, including chaperones. The members of the HSP70 family are now appreciated to work together as networks to facilitate organelle communication and regulate inflammatory signaling and cell survival after cerebral ischemia. This review will focus on the new concept of the role of the chaperone network in the organelle network and its novel regulation by miRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S272A and S290, Stanford, CA, 94305-5117, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rashid M, Wangler NJ, Yang L, Shah K, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Karamyan VT. Functional up-regulation of endopeptidase neurolysin during post-acute and early recovery phases of experimental stroke in mouse brain. J Neurochem 2013; 129:179-89. [PMID: 24164478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence for the first time that membrane-bound endopeptidase neurolysin is up-regulated in different parts of mouse brain affected by focal ischemia-reperfusion in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Radioligand binding, enzymatic and immunoblotting experiments in membrane preparations of frontoparietal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus isolated from the ischemic hemisphere of mouse brain 24 h after reperfusion revealed statistically significant increase (≥ twofold) in quantity and activity of neurolysin compared with sham-operated controls. Cerebellar membranes isolated from the ischemic hemisphere served as negative control supporting the observations that up-regulation of neurolysin occurs in post-ischemic brain regions. This study also documents sustained functional up-regulation of neurolysin in frontoparietal cortical membranes for at least 7 days after stroke, which appears not to be transcriptionally or translationally regulated, but rather depends on translocation of cytosolic neurolysin to the membranes and mitochondria. Considering diversity of endogenous neurolysin substrates (neurotensin, bradykinin, angiotensins I/II, substance P, hemopressin, dynorphin A(1-8), metorphamide, somatostatin) and the well-documented role of these peptidergic systems in pathogenesis of stroke, resistance to ischemic injury and/or post-stroke brain recovery, our findings suggest that neurolysin may play a role in processes modulating the brain's response to stroke and its recovery after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoon Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clinical evaluation of a neuroprotective drug in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy undergoing surgical treatment: design and rationale for the CSM-Protect trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:S68-75. [PMID: 23962993 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3182a7e9b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive article and narrative review. OBJECTIVE To explain the rationale and design of the cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)-Protect clinical trial that aims to elucidate the efficacy and safety of riluzole in the context of CSM. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA CSM is the most common cause of spinal cord-related dysfunction internationally. Although surgery is effective in preventing the progression of impairment, and in some cases improving functional outcomes, many patients continue to exhibit significant disability in the postoperative setting. Evidence from preclinical studies suggests that glutamate-related excitotoxicity may contribute to the pathology of CSM and that administration of the sodium and glutamate-blocking medication riluzole, when combined with spinal cord decompression, may mitigate this effect and improve neurobehavioral outcomes. Although riluzole is FDA approved and has been shown to be safe and effective in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, its efficacy and safety in the context of CSM remain unknown. METHODS Descriptive article with narrative review of the literature. RESULTS In addition to providing pertinent preclinical background on the topic, this descriptive article and narrative review discusses the design and current status of an ongoing phase III randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of riluzole, combined with surgical decompression, in the treatment of CSM. CONCLUSION On the basis of current projections, we estimate that the interim analysis for this study will take place in the spring of 2014, at which time an adaptive sample size adjustment may take place.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jin R, Liu L, Zhang S, Nanda A, Li G. Role of inflammation and its mediators in acute ischemic stroke. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:834-51. [PMID: 24006091 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and other forms of ischemic brain injury. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory response is a double-edged sword, as it not only exacerbates secondary brain injury in the acute stage of stroke but also beneficially contributes to brain recovery after stroke. In this article, we provide an overview on the role of inflammation and its mediators in acute ischemic stroke. We discuss various pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in different phases after ischemic stroke and the possible reasons for their failures in clinical trials. Undoubtedly, there is still much to be done in order to translate promising pre-clinical findings into clinical practice. A better understanding of the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and identifying the discrepancies between pre-clinical studies and clinical trials may serve as a basis for designing effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chronic social isolation induces NF-κB activation and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:172-9. [PMID: 23770205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of an organism to stress, results in oxidative stress and increased nitric oxide (NO) production in the brain. The role of the processes caused by chronic stress in the prefrontal cortex has not been fully investigated. Considering that chronic stress increases NO production by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), we examined the cytosolic neuronal (nNOS) or inducible (iNOS) protein levels in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to 21d of chronic social isolation stress, an animal model of depression, alone or in combination with 2h of acute immobilization or cold (4°C) stress (combined stress). Antioxidative status via cytosolic CuZnSOD and mitochondrial MnSOD activity, cytosolic redox status via reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration were determined. Furthermore, cytosolic inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70i), cytosolic/nuclear distributions of NF-κB and serum corticosterone (CORT) were also investigated to elucidate the possible mechanism involved in the cellular NOS pathway. Our results showed that both acute stressors led to increases of CORT and nNOS protein while iNOS protein expression was unaffected. In contrast to the acute stress, chronic social isolation compromised hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning such that the normal stress response was impaired following subsequent acute stressors. Downregulated redox GSH status as well as decreased activity of CuZnSOD and MnSOD suggests the existence of oxidative stress which remained as such following combined stressors. Changes in redox-status associated with decreased Hsp70i protein expression enabled NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, causing increased cytosolic nNOS and iNOS protein expression. Results suggest that NOS signaling pathway plays a differential role between acute and chronic stress whereby state of oxidative/nitrosative stress after chronic social isolation is caused, at least in part, by NF-κB activation and increased iNOS protein expression.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsc1 (hamartin) confers neuroprotection against ischemia by inducing autophagy. Nat Med 2013; 19:351-7. [PMID: 23435171 PMCID: PMC3744134 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous attempts to identify neuroprotective targets by studying the ischemic cascade and devising ways to suppress it have failed to translate to efficacious therapies for acute ischemic stroke1. We hypothesized that studying the molecular determinants of endogenous neuroprotection in two well-established paradigms, the resistance of CA3 hippocampal neurons to global ischemia2 and the tolerance conferred by ischemic preconditioning (IPC)3, would reveal new neuroprotective targets. We found that the product of the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 gene (TSC1), hamartin, is selectively induced by ischemia in hippocampal CA3 neurons. In CA1 neurons, hamartin was unaffected by ischemia but was upregulated by IPC preceding ischemia, which protects the otherwise vulnerable CA1 cells. Suppression of hamartin expression with TSC1 shRNA viral vectors both in vitro and in vivo increased the vulnerability of neurons to cell death following oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and ischemia. In vivo suppression of TSC1 expression increased locomotor activity and decreased habituation in a hippocampal-dependent task. Overexpression of hamartin increased resistance to OGD by inducing productive autophagy through an mTORC1-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
|
20
|
Morancho A, García-Bonilla L, Barceló V, Giralt D, Campos-Martorell M, Garcia S, Montaner J, Rosell A. A new method for focal transient cerebral ischaemia by distal compression of the middle cerebral artery. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 38:617-27. [PMID: 22289071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rodent experimental models are essential for in vivo study of stroke. Our aim was to develop a reproducible method of mouse transient focal cerebral ischaemia by distal artery compression. METHODS The distal middle cerebral artery (dMCA) was occluded by compression with a blunted needle, and cerebral blood flow was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry to ensure appropriate occlusion and reperfusion in Balb/c mice. The ischaemic lesion was evaluated 24 h after occlusion by TTC staining and immunolabelling (NeuN, CD31, GFAP and Iba-1) while the established permanent dMCA occlusion (dMCAO) model was used as a control. The corner test was performed to evaluate neurological behaviour. RESULTS Laser Doppler flowmetry register showed a homogenous arterial occlusion among animals. Forty-five minutes of arterial occlusion did not lead brain infarction when evaluated by TTC staining 24 h after occlusion. Extending the cerebral ischaemia period to 60 min induced a cortically localized homogeneous brain infarct. No differences in infarct volume were detected between animals submitted to permanent or 60-min transient dMCAO (42.33 ± 9.88 mm³ and 37.63 ± 12.09 mm³ respectively). The ischaemic injury was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in the 60-min transient dMCAO model but not in the 45-min model. Neurological deficits assessed with the corner test were significant only during the first 48 h but not at long term. CONCLUSIONS This work shows an easy-to-perform method for the induction of brain ischaemia and reperfusion to assess stroke repair and treatment screening, with cortically localized ischaemic cell damage, low mortality and neurological impairment in the acute phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morancho
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
de la Rosa X, Santalucía T, Fortin PY, Purroy J, Calvo M, Salas-Perdomo A, Justicia C, Couillaud F, Planas AM. In vivo imaging of induction of heat-shock protein-70 gene expression with fluorescence reflectance imaging and intravital confocal microscopy following brain ischaemia in reporter mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:426-38. [PMID: 23135322 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stroke induces strong expression of the 72-kDa heat-shock protein (HSP-70) in the ischaemic brain, and neuronal expression of HSP-70 is associated with the ischaemic penumbra. The aim of this study was to image induction of Hsp-70 gene expression in vivo after brain ischaemia using reporter mice. METHODS A genomic DNA sequence of the Hspa1b promoter was used to generate an Hsp70-mPlum far-red fluorescence reporter vector. The construct was tested in cellular systems (NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line) by transient transfection and examining mPlum and Hsp-70 induction under a challenge. After construct validation, mPlum transgenic mice were generated. Focal brain ischaemia was induced by transient intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and the mice were imaged in vivo with fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) with an intact skull, and with confocal microscopy after opening a cranial window. RESULTS Cells transfected with the Hsp70-mPlum construct showed mPlum fluorescence after stimulation. One day after induction of ischaemia, reporter mice showed a FRI signal located in the HSP-70-positive zone within the ipsilateral hemisphere, as validated by immunohistochemistry. Live confocal microscopy allowed brain tissue to be visualized at the cellular level. mPlum fluorescence was observed in vivo in the ipsilateral cortex 1 day after induction of ischaemia in neurons, where it is compatible with penumbra and neuronal viability, and in blood vessels in the core of the infarction. CONCLUSION This study showed in vivo induction of Hsp-70 gene expression in ischaemic brain using reporter mice. The fluorescence signal showed in vivo the induction of Hsp-70 in penumbra neurons and in the vasculature within the ischaemic core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier de la Rosa
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 161, planta 6, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kalsi-Ryan S, Karadimas SK, Fehlings MG. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the clinical phenomenon and the current pathobiology of an increasingly prevalent and devastating disorder. Neuroscientist 2012. [PMID: 23204243 DOI: 10.1177/1073858412467377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common disorder involving chronic progressive compression of the cervical spinal cord due to degenerative disc disease, spondylosis, or other degenerative pathology. CSM is the most common form of spinal cord impairment and causes functional decline leading to reduced independence and quality of life. Despite a sound understanding of the disease process, clinical presentation and management, a universal definition of CSM and a standardized index of severity are not currently used universally. Work is required to develop a definition and establish clinical predictors of progression to improve management of CSM. Despite advances in decompressive and reconstructive surgery, patients are often left with residual disability. Gaps in knowledge of the pathobiology of CSM have limited therapeutic advances to complement surgery. Although the histopathologic and pathophysiologic similarities between CSM and traumatic spinal cord injury have long been acknowledged, the unique pathomechanisms of CSM remain unexplored. Increased efforts to elucidate CSM pathobiology could lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for human CSM and other spinal cord diseases. Here, the natural history of CSM, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and current methods of clinical management are reported, along with the current state of basic scientific research in the field.
Collapse
|
23
|
Matsui T, Tasaki M, Yoshioka T, Motoki Y, Tsuneoka H, Nojima J. Temperature- and time-dependent changes in TLR2-activated microglial NF-κB activity and concentrations of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38:1392-9. [PMID: 22653369 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapeutic hypothermia protects neurons following injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia express toll-like receptors (TLRs) that play significant roles in pathological processes in sterile CNS injury. We have examined the effects of culture temperature on the TLR2-activated microglial production of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO), which are known to be associated with CNS damage, and the possible involvement of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation underlying such effects. METHODS Rat microglia were cultured with a selective TLR2 agonist, Pam(3)CSK(4), under hypothermic, normothermic, and hyperthermic conditions, and with Pam(3)CSK(4) in the presence of a NF-κB activation inhibitor at 37 °C. Cytokine and NO levels and NF-κB p65 activation were measured. RESULTS The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and NO and the activation of NF-κB p65 were reduced by hypothermia, but augmented by hyperthermia at 3-6, 24-48, 48, and 0.5 h, post-treatment initiation, respectively. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activation impaired the Pam(3)CSK(4)-induced TNF-α, IL-10, and NO production. CONCLUSIONS In TLR2-activated microglia, hypothermia reduced, while hyperthermia increased, the early activation of NF-κB and the subsequent NF-κB-mediated production of TNF-α, IL-10, and NO in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that attenuation of these factors via suppression of NF-κB in microglia is one possible neuroprotective mechanism of therapeutic hypothermia. Moreover, temperature-dependent changes in microglial TNF-α production during the early phase and IL-10 and NO production during the late phase indicate that these factors might be useful as clinical markers to monitor hypothermia-related neuronal protection and hyperthermia-related neuronal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Matsui
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
ER-Mitochondria Crosstalk during Cerebral Ischemia: Molecular Chaperones and ER-Mitochondrial Calcium Transfer. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:493934. [PMID: 22577383 PMCID: PMC3335182 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly believed that sustained elevations in the mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ concentration are a major feature of the intracellular cascade of lethal events during cerebral ischemia. The physical association between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, known as the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), enables highly efficient transmission of Ca2+ from the ER to mitochondria under both physiological and pathological conditions. Molecular chaperones are well known for their protective effects during cerebral ischemia. It has been demonstrated recently that many molecular chaperones coexist with MAM and regulate the MAM and thus Ca2+ concentration inside mitochondria. Here, we review recent research on cerebral ischemia and MAM, with a focus on molecular chaperones and ER-mitochondrial calcium transfer.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun YY, Yang D, Kuan CY. Mannitol-facilitated perfusion staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) for detection of experimental cerebral infarction and biochemical analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 203:122-9. [PMID: 21982741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple method to quantify cerebral infarction has great value for mechanistic and therapeutic studies in experimental stroke research. Immersion staining of unfixed brain slices with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is a popular method to determine cerebral infarction in preclinical studies. However, it is often difficult to apply immersion TTC-labeling to severely injured or soft newborn brains in rodents. Here we report an in vivo TTC perfusion-labeling method based on osmotic opening of blood-brain-barrier with mannitol-pretreatment. This new method delineates cortical infarction correlated with the boundary of morphological cell injury, differentiates the induction or subcellular redistribution of apoptosis-related factors between viable and damaged areas, and easily determines the size of cerebral infarction in both adult and newborn mice. Using this method, we confirmed that administration of lipopolysaccharide 72 h before hypoxia-ischemia increases the damage in neonatal mouse brains, in contrast to its effect of protective preconditioning in adults. These results demonstrate a fast and inexpensive method that simplifies the task of quantifying cerebral infarction in small or severely injured brains and assists biochemical analysis of experimental cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- Division of Developmental Biology, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ouyang YB, Lu Y, Yue S, Xu LJ, Xiong XX, White RE, Sun X, Giffard RG. miR-181 regulates GRP78 and influences outcome from cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:555-63. [PMID: 21983159 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short (~22nt) single stranded RNAs that downregulate gene expression. Although recent studies indicate extensive miRNA changes in response to ischemic brain injury, there is currently little information on the roles of specific miRNAs in this setting. Heat shock proteins (HSP) of the HSP70 family have been extensively studied for their multiple roles in cellular protection, but there is little information on their regulation by miRNAs. We used bioinformatics to identify miR-181 as a possible regulator of several HSP70 family members. We validated GRP78/BIP as a target by dual luciferase assay. In response to stroke in the mouse we find that miR-181 increases in the core, where cells die, but decreases in the penumbra, where cells survive. Increased levels of miR-181a are associated with decreased GRP78 protein levels, but increased levels of mRNA, implicating translational arrest. We manipulated levels of miR-181a using plasmid overexpression of pri-miR-181ab or mimic to increase, and antagomir or inhibitor to reduce levels. Increased miR-181a exacerbated injury both in vitro and in the mouse stroke model. Conversely, reduced levels were associated with reduced injury and increased GRP78 protein levels. Studies in C6 cells show that if GRP78 levels are maintained miR-181a no longer exerts a toxic effect. These data demonstrate that miR-181 levels change in response to stroke and inversely correlate with levels of GRP78. Importantly, reducing or blocking miR-181a protects the brain from stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Original experimental studies in nonhuman primate models of focal ischemia showed flow-related changes in evoked potentials that suggested a circumferential zone of low regional cerebral blood flow with normal K(+) homeostasis, around a core of permanent injury in the striatum or the cortex. This became the basis for the definition of the ischemic penumbra. Imaging techniques of the time suggested a homogeneous core of injury, while positing a surrounding 'penumbral' region that could be salvaged. However, both molecular studies and observations of vascular integrity indicate a more complex and dynamic situation in the ischemic core that also changes with time. The microvascular, cellular, and molecular events in the acute setting are compatible with heterogeneity of the injury within the injury center, which at early time points can be described as multiple 'mini-cores' associated with multiple 'mini-penumbras'. These observations suggest the progression of injury from many small foci to a homogeneous defect over time after the onset of ischemia. Recent observations with updated imaging techniques and data processing support these dynamic changes within the core and the penumbra in humans following focal ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J del Zoppo
- Department of Medicine (Division of Hematology), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tirapelli DPDC, Carlotti CG, Leite JP, Tirapelli LF, Colli BO. Expression of HSP70 in cerebral ischemia and neuroprotetive action of hypothermia and ketoprofen. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2011; 68:592-6. [PMID: 20730315 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2010000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that bind to other proteins to shepherd them across membranes and direct them to specific locations within a cell. Several injurious stimuli can induce Hsp70 expression, including ischemia. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of expression of protein (immunohistochemistry) and gene (real-time PCR) Hsp70 in experimental focal cerebral ischemia in rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour and the role of neuroprotection with hypothermia (H) and ketoprofen (K). The infarct volume was measured using morphometric analysis defined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. It was observed increases in the protein (p=0.0001) and gene (p=0.0001) Hsp70 receptor in the ischemic areas that were reduced by H (protein and gene: p<0.05), K (protein: p<0.001), and H+K (protein: p<0.01 and gene: p<0.05). The Hsp70 increases in the ischemic area suggests that the Hsp70-mediated neuroexcitotoxicity plays an important role in cell death and that the neuroprotective effect of both, H and K are directly involved with the Hsp70.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ali YO, Kitay BM, Zhai RG. Dealing with misfolded proteins: examining the neuroprotective role of molecular chaperones in neurodegeneration. Molecules 2010; 15:6859-87. [PMID: 20938400 PMCID: PMC3133442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15106859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neurodegenerative diseases arise from a wide array of genetic and environmental factors. Despite the diversity in etiology, many of these diseases are considered "conformational" in nature, characterized by the accumulation of pathological, misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins can induce cellular stress by overloading the proteolytic machinery, ultimately resulting in the accumulation and deposition of aggregated protein species that are cytotoxic. Misfolded proteins may also form aberrant, non-physiological protein-protein interactions leading to the sequestration of other normal proteins essential for cellular functions. The progression of such disease may therefore be viewed as a failure of normal protein homeostasis, a process that involves a network of molecules regulating the synthesis, folding, translocation and clearance of proteins. Molecular chaperones are highly conserved proteins involved in the folding of nascent proteins, and the repair of proteins that have lost their typical conformations. These functions have therefore made molecular chaperones an active area of investigation within the field of conformational diseases. This review will discuss the role of molecular chaperones in neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their functional classification, regulation, and therapeutic potential for such diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf O. Ali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brandon M. Kitay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - R. Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-6316; Fax: +1-305-243-4555
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Piazza O, Scarpati G, Cotena S, Lonardo M, Tufano R. Thrombin antithrombin complex and IL-18 serum levels in stroke patients. Neurol Int 2010; 2:e1. [PMID: 21577333 PMCID: PMC3093205 DOI: 10.4081/ni.2010.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex picture of inflammation and coagulation alterations comes to life in acute stroke phases. Increasing evidence points to a strong interaction and extensive crosstalk between the inflammation and coagulation systems: the interest towards this relationship has increased since recent experimental research showed that the early administration of antithrombin III (ATIII) decreases the volume of ischemia in mice and might be neuroprotective, playing an antiinflammatory role. We aimed to establish the extent of the relationship among markers of inflammation (S100B and IL-18) and procoagulant and fibrinolytic markers (ATIII, thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP), D-dimer) in 13 comatose patients affected by focal cerebral ischemia. Plasma levels of TAT, D-dimer and FDP, IL18 and S100B were increased. IL-18 and S100B high serum levels in ischemic patients suggest an early activation of the inflammatory cascade in acute ischemic injury. The basic principles of the interaction between inflammatory and coagulation systems are revised, from the perspective that simultaneous modulation of both coagulation and inflammation, rather than specific therapies aimed at one of these systems could be more successful in stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Piazza
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Systemic lipopolysaccharide protects the brain from ischemic injury by reprogramming the response of the brain to stroke: a critical role for IRF3. J Neurosci 2009; 29:9839-49. [PMID: 19657036 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2496-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning provides neuroprotection against subsequent cerebral ischemic injury through activation of its receptor, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Paradoxically, TLR activation by endogenous ligands after ischemia worsens stroke damage. Here, we define a novel, protective role for TLRs after ischemia in the context of LPS preconditioning. Microarray analysis of brains collected 24 h after stroke revealed a unique set of upregulated genes in LPS-pretreated animals. Promoter analysis of the unique gene set identified an overrepresentation of type I interferon (IFN)-associated transcriptional regulatory elements. This finding suggested the presence of type I IFNs or interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which upregulate interferon-stimulated genes. Upregulation of IFNbeta was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Direct administration of IFNbeta intracerebroventricularly at the time of stroke was sufficient for neuroprotection. TLR4 can induce both IFNbeta and interferon-stimulated genes through its adapter molecule Toll/interleukin receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFNbeta (TRIF) and the IRF3 transcription factor. We show in oxygen glucose deprivation of cortical neurons, an in vitro model of stroke, that activation of TRIF after stroke reduces neuronal death. Furthermore, mice lacking IRF3 were not protected by LPS preconditioning in our in vivo model. Our studies constitute the first demonstration of the neuroprotective capacity of TRIF/IRF3 signaling and suggest that interferon-stimulated genes, whether induced by IFNbeta or by enhanced TLR signaling to IRF3, are a potent means of protecting the brain against ischemic damage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations following stroke first of all require information about the spatio-temporal dimension of the ischemic core as well as of perilesional and remote affected tissue. Here we systematically evaluated regions differently impaired by focal ischemia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Wistar rats underwent a transient 30 or 120 min suture-occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) followed by various reperfusion times (2 h, 1 d, 7 d, 30 d) or a permanent MCAO (1 d survival). Brains were characterized by TTC, thionine, and immunohistochemistry using MAP2, HSP72, and HSP27. TTC staining reliably identifies the infarct core at 1 d of reperfusion after 30 min MCAO and at all investigated times following 120 min and permanent MCAO. Nissl histology denotes the infarct core from 2 h up to 30 d after transient as well as permanent MCAO. Absent and attenuated MAP2 staining clearly identifies the infarct core and perilesional affected regions at all investigated times, respectively. HSP72 denotes perilesional areas in a limited post-ischemic time (1 d). HSP27 detects perilesional and remote impaired tissue from post-ischemic day 1 on. Furthermore a simultaneous expression of HSP72 and HSP27 in perilesional neurons was revealed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE TTC and Nissl staining can be applied to designate the infarct core. MAP2, HSP72, and HSP27 are excellent markers not only to identify perilesional and remote areas but also to discriminate affected neuronal and glial populations. Moreover markers vary in their confinement to different reperfusion times. The extent and consistency of infarcts increase with prolonged occlusion of the MCA. Therefore interindividual infarct dimension should be precisely assessed by the combined use of different markers as described in this study.
Collapse
|
33
|
Marsh BJ, Williams-Karnesky RL, Stenzel-Poore MP. Toll-like receptor signaling in endogenous neuroprotection and stroke. Neuroscience 2008; 158:1007-20. [PMID: 18809468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and other cerebral vascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Despite intensive research to identify interventions that lessen cerebrovascular injury, no major therapies exist. Development of stroke prophylaxis involves an understanding of the mechanisms of damage following cerebral ischemia, and elucidation of the endogenous mechanisms that combat further brain injury. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components of the innate immune system that have been shown recently to mediate ischemic injury. Paradoxically, TLR ligands administered systemically induce a state of tolerance to subsequent ischemic injury. Herein we suggest that stimulation of TLRs prior to ischemia reprograms TLR signaling that occurs following ischemic injury. Such reprogramming leads to suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and enhanced expression of numerous anti-inflammatory mediators that collectively confer robust neuroprotection. Our findings indicate that numerous preconditioning stimuli lead to TLR activation, an event that occurs prior to ischemia and ultimately leads to TLR reprogramming. Thus genomic reprogramming of TLR signaling may be a unifying principle of tolerance to cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Marsh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology L220, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhan X, Kim C, Sharp FR. Very brief focal ischemia simulating transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) can injure brain and induce Hsp70 protein. Brain Res 2008; 1234:183-97. [PMID: 18708034 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined very brief focal ischemia that simulates transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) that occur in humans. Adult rats were subjected to sham operations or 5 min, 10 min, or 2 h of middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemia using the suture (thread) model. Hsp70 protein was induced 24 h, 48 h and 72 h later in neurons throughout the entire MCA territory in many but not all animals. Following 5- and 10-minute MCA occlusions, 9 of 32 animals (28%) had microinfarcts mostly in dorsal lateral striatum. Uncommon Hsp70 stained intracellular cytoplasmic inclusions, some of which co-localized with activated caspase-3, were detected in microglia, macrophages, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Hsp70 stained neurons were TUNEL negative at 24 h and 48 h whereas some Hsp70 stained neurons were TUNEL positive at 72 h after reperfusion. Hsp70 positive, activated "bushy" microglia and Hsp70 negative, activated "polarized" or rod-shaped microglia were located outside of the microinfarcts. Thus, experimental focal ischemia simulating TIAs can: induce Hsp70 protein throughout the ischemic vessel territory; produce Hsp70 protein positive glial inclusions; activate Hsp70 positive and negative microglia; and cause microinfarcts in some animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kobayashi MS, Asai S, Ishikawa K, Nishida Y, Nagata T, Takahashi Y. Global profiling of influence of intra-ischemic brain temperature on gene expression in rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:171-91. [PMID: 18440647 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild to moderate differences in brain temperature are known to greatly affect the outcome of cerebral ischemia. The impact of brain temperature on ischemic disorders has been mainly evaluated through pathological analysis. However, no comprehensive analyses have been conducted at the gene expression level. Using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray, we screened 24000 genes in the hippocampus under hypothermic (32 degrees C), normothermic (37 degrees C), and hyperthermic (39 degrees C) conditions in a rat ischemia-reperfusion model. When the ischemic group at each intra-ischemic brain temperature was compared to a sham-operated control group, genes whose expression levels changed more than three-fold with statistical significance could be detected. In our screening condition, thirty-three genes (some of them novel) were obtained after screening, and extensive functional surveys and literature reviews were subsequently performed. In the hypothermic condition, many neuroprotective factor genes were obtained, whereas cell death- and cell damage-associated genes were detected as the brain temperature increased. At all intra-ischemic brain temperatures, multiple molecular chaperone genes were obtained. The finding that intra-ischemic brain temperature affects the expression level of many genes related to neuroprotection or neurotoxicity coincides with the different pathological outcomes at different brain temperatures, demonstrating the utility of the genetic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sugahara Kobayashi
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-Kami Machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marsh BJ, Stenzel-Poore MP. Toll-like receptors: novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurological diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 8:8-13. [PMID: 17974478 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved molecules that directly detect pathogen invasion or tissue damage and initiate a biological response. TLRs can signal through two primary intracellular pathways and as such can induce either immuno-stimulatory or immuno-modulatory molecules. Both sides of this twin-edged sword are being examined for their therapeutic potential in combating neurological disease. The immuno-stimulatory properties of TLRs are being used to generate tumor-specific immune responses to CNS tumors while the immuno-modulatory properties are being used to suppress damaging inflammatory responses to stroke. Recently, a third component of TLR signaling has begun to emerge--that of direct neuroprotection. Hence, the TLRs offer novel targets for the treatment of neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Marsh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, L220, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bang OY, Buck BH, Saver JL, Alger JR, Yoon SR, Starkman S, Ovbiagele B, Kim D, Ali LK, Sanossian N, Jahan R, Duckwiler GR, Viñuela F, Salamon N, Villablanca JP, Liebeskind DS. Prediction of hemorrhagic transformation after recanalization therapy using T2*-permeability magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:170-6. [PMID: 17683090 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Predicting hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is critical in the setting of recanalization therapy for acute stroke. Dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for detection of increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability recently have been developed. We evaluated the ability of a novel MRI permeability technique to detect baseline derangements predictive of various forms of HT after recanalization therapy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pretreatment MRI data on patients undergoing recanalization therapy for acute cerebral ischemia at a university medical center from January 2004 to November 2006. Pretreatment MRI permeability images derived from perfusion source data were compared with posttreatment imaging to evaluate whether baseline BBB permeability derangements may predict HT after recanalization therapy. The use of a novel permeability technique to illustrate BBB derangements was based on the detection of decreased signal intensity at later time points in perfusion MRI acquisition, signifying continued local accumulation of contrast caused by leakage. RESULTS Among 32 patients, some degree of HT occurred in 12. Permeability image abnormalities at baseline were present in 7 of 12 patients with HT and none of the 20 patients without HT on follow-up images. The sensitivity of permeability abnormality for parenchymal hematoma was 83%. False-negative findings were noted in five cases, most commonly asymptomatic or minor HT after mechanical clot retrieval. INTERPRETATION Permeability images derived from pretreatment perfusion MRI source data may identify patients at risk for HT with high specificity. Our preliminary demonstration of permeability imaging based on standard perfusion data for prediction of hemorrhage merits further study with dedicated MRI BBB permeability acquisitions and multicenter validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oh Young Bang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Neuronal cell death is a major feature of various diseases, including brain ischemia, neuronal degenerative diseases, and traumatic injury, suggesting the importance of investigating the mechanisms that mediate neuronal cell death. Although the various factors that contribute to brain ischemia have been defined and the mechanism through which each factor causes neuronal cell death has been investigated, definite strategies have not been established. In this brief review, we focus on two important mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of brain ischemia. First, we discuss the glutamate theory, a proposed mechanism for the understanding of ischemia-induced neuronal cell death. Second, an accumulation of recent molecular neurobiology evidence regarding the dysfunction of a cellular organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggests that it plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neuronal cell death. Whereas the former theory reflects the role of neuron-specific factors in the induction of cell death, the stress response of the ER for maintenance of its function is regarded as a defense mechanism. Because hypoxia, another major factor in ischemia, results in further dysfunction of the ER, studies on the malfunction of this cellular organelle may facilitate the development of novel strategies to block ischemia-induced cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Medical School, Takara-machi, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
WELSH FRANKA. Regional Expression of Immediate-Early Genes and Heat-Shock Genes after Cerebral Ischemia a. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb36737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
40
|
Kafel J, Baldinger L, Chabla JM, Hallas BH, Horowitz JM, Torres G. Blood content modulates the induction of heat shock proteins in the neurovascular network. Brain Res Bull 2006; 70:304-11. [PMID: 17027766 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are ubiquitous members of a family of molecular chaperones that protect various cell populations from injury. Up-regulation of heat shock proteins, particularly the 70 kDa species, bind selectively to denatured or partially damaged polypeptides that would otherwise perturb cell function and initiate cell death programs. In this regard, induction of heat shock proteins provides protection from cerebral ischemia in animal models of stroke. Endothelial cells, in particular, are intimately involved in the above protective event as these cells mount a stress response with induction of the 70 kDa heat shock protein. However, the coupling of heat shock proteins and the neurovascular response are not yet known. Here we show that blood content is an important factor in this stress response as rats devoid of blood content do not display a heat shock response in the microvasculature of the hippocampal formation. This lack of stress response, however, is reversed when rats are reperfused with exogenous rat or human blood content. We propose a new ischemic-sensing role for blood that serves to integrate information about protein-damaging conditions and heat shock protein levels in the neurovascular network. Further characterization of this sensing role could represent an attractive new approach to treatment of global ischemia and other microvascular pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Kafel
- Department of Neuroscience, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Review of results of experimental and clinical studies indicates that the penumbra of physiologically impaired but potentially salvageable tissue surrounding the central core of focal cerebral ischemia that develops shortly after onset of major conducting vessel occlusion is complex and dynamic with severity and duration thresholds for hypoxic stress and injury that are specific to tissue site, cell type, molecular pathway or gene expression investigated and efficiency of collateral or residual flow and reperfusion. Imaging methods that have been utilized in vivo to identify penumbra and predict response to reperfusion and other protective therapies include magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion- and perfusion-MRI as well as positron emission tomography. However, resolution of focal lesions characterized by lactic acidosis or cellular edema does not predict tissue survival, and imaging thresholds for resuscitation after reperfusion have not been determined experimentally. HSP-70 stress protein induction represents an endogenous protective mechanism that occurs in penumbra but not core neurones. A robust protective effect has been demonstrated during focal ischemia in transgenic mice overexpressing HSP-70 perhaps by suppressing early cytochrome
c
release. Delayed manganese mediated striatal neurodegeneration can be detected with T1 MRI after brief episodes of transient focal ischemia. Future studies may define endogenous cytotoxic and cytoprotective molecular penumbras that can be exploited to improve outcome after temporary focal ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Weinstein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M 779, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee SH, Kwon HM, Kim YJ, Lee KM, Kim M, Yoon BW. Effects of hsp70.1 gene knockout on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2004; 35:2195-9. [PMID: 15243143 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000136150.73891.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Murine heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) protein, which is produced from 2 genes, hsp70.1 and hsp70.3, is known to protect the brain against ischemic injury. However, little information is available on the antiapoptotic mechanism of HSP70.1 protein after cerebral ischemia. To evaluate the role of HSP70.1 protein in ischemia, we analyzed the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway using hsp70.1 knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS hsp70.1 KO and WT mice underwent focal ischemia for 120 minutes. DNA fragmentation was evaluated by TUNEL staining. Cytochrome c release and the activation of caspase-3 were analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS hsp70.1 mRNA was not detected in hsp70.1 KO mice after ischemia, and HSP70 protein expression was markedly suppressed versus WT mice. KO mice showed a significantly greater infarction volume and DNA fragmentation in the cortex than WT mice at 24 hours after ischemia. At 8 hours, cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm was markedly higher in KO mice than in WT mice. Caspase-3 activation was also significantly enhanced in KO mice versus WT mice, as evidenced by higher levels of activated caspase-3 and cleaved gelsolin. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the deletion of the hsp70.1 gene increases cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm and subsequent caspase-3 activation, thereby exacerbating apoptosis after focal cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ren M, Leng Y, Jeong M, Leeds PR, Chuang DM. Valproic acid reduces brain damage induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: potential roles of histone deacetylase inhibition and heat shock protein induction. J Neurochem 2004; 89:1358-67. [PMID: 15189338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from in vitro studies supports that valproic acid (VPA), an anti-convulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, has neuroprotective effects. The present study investigated whether VPA reduces brain damage and improves functional outcome in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model of rats. Subcutaneous injection of VPA (300 mg/kg) immediately after ischemia followed by repeated injections every 12 h, was found to markedly decrease infarct size and reduce ischemia-induced neurological deficit scores measured at 24 and 48 h after ischemic onset. VPA treatment also suppressed ischemia-induced neuronal caspase-3 activation in the cerebral cortex. VPA treatments resulted in a time-dependent increase in acetylated histone H3 levels in the cortex and striatum of both ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemispheres of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats, as well as in these brain areas of normal, non-surgical rats, supporting the in vitro finding that VPA is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Similarly, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels were time-dependently up-regulated by VPA in the cortex and striatum of both ipsilateral and contralateral sides of MCAO rats and in these brain areas of normal rats. Altogether, our results demonstrate that VPA is neuroprotective in the cerebral ischemia model and suggest that the protection mechanisms may involve HDAC inhibition and HSP induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ren
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cizkova D, Carmel JB, Yamamoto K, Kakinohana O, Sun D, Hart RP, Marsala M. Characterization of spinal HSP72 induction and development of ischemic tolerance after spinal ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2004; 185:97-108. [PMID: 14697321 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Induction of heat shock protein (HSP72) has been implicated in the development of ischemic tolerance in several tissue organs including brain and spinal cord. In the present study, using an aortic balloon occlusion model in rats, we characterized the effect of transient noninjurious (3 or 6 min) or injurious intervals (10 min) of spinal ischemia followed by 4-72 h of reflow on spinal expression of HSP72 and GFAP protein. In a separate group of animals, the effect of ischemic preconditioning (3 or 6 min) on the recovery of function after injurious interval of spinal ischemia (10 min) was studied. After 3 min of ischemia, there was a modest increase in HSP72 protein immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn neurons at 12 h after reperfusion. After 6 min of ischemia, a more robust and wide spread HSP72 protein expression in both dorsal and ventral horn neurons was detected. The peak of the expression was seen at 24 h after ischemia. At the same time point, a significant increase in spinal tissue GFAP expression was measured with Western blots and corresponded morphologically with the presence of activated astrocytes in spinal segments that had been treated similarly. After 10 min of ischemia and 24 h of reflow, a significant increase in spinal neuronal HSP72 expression in perinecrotic regions was seen. Behaviorally, 3 min preconditioning ischemia led to the development of a biphasic ischemic tolerance (the first at 30 min and the second at 24 h after preconditioning) and was expressed as a significantly better recovery of motor function after exposure to a second 10-min interval of spinal ischemia. After 6 min ischemic preconditioning, a more robust ischemic tolerance at 24 h after preconditioning then seen after 3-min preconditioning was detected. These data indicate that 3 min of spinal ischemia represents a threshold for spinal neuronal HSP72 induction, however, a longer sublethal interval (6 min) of preconditioning ischemia is required for a potent neuronal HSP72 induction. More robust neurological protection, seen after 6 min of preconditioning ischemia, also indicates that HSP72 expression in spinal interneurons seen at 24 h after preconditioning may represent an important variable in modulating ischemic tolerance observed during this time frame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dasa Cizkova
- Institute of Neurobiology, SAS, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schneider A, Fischer A, Weber D, von Ahsen O, Scheek S, Krüger C, Rossner M, Klaussner B, Faucheron N, Kammandel B, Goetz B, Herrmann O, Bach A, Schwaninger M. Restriction-mediated differential display (RMDD) identifies pip92 as a pro-apoptotic gene product induced during focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:224-36. [PMID: 14747749 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000104960.26014.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies of gene expression changes after cerebral ischemia can provide novel insight into ischemic pathophysiology. Here we describe application of restriction-mediated differential display to screening for differentially expressed genes after focal cerebral ischemia. This method combines the nonredundant generation of biotin-labeled fragment sets with the excellent resolution of direct blotting electrophoresis, reliable fragment recovery, and a novel clone selection strategy. Using the filament model in mouse with 90 minutes MCA occlusion followed by 2, 6, and 20 hours reperfusion, we have compared gene expression in sham-operated animals to both the ipsi- and contralateral forebrain hemisphere of ischemic mice. Our screening method has resulted in the identification of 70 genes differentially regulated after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), several of which represent unknown clones. We have identified many of the previously published regulated genes, lending high credibility to our method. Surprisingly, we detected a high degree of correspondent regulation of genes in the nonischemic hemisphere. A high percentage of genes coding for proteins in the respiratory chain was found to be up-regulated after ischemia, potentially representing a new mechanism involved in counteracting energy failure or radical generation in cerebral ischemia. One particularly interesting gene, whose upregulation by ischemia has not been described before, is pip92; this gene shows a rapid and long-lasting induction after cerebral ischemia. Here we demonstrate that pip92 induces cell death in primary neurons and displays several hallmarks of pro-apoptotic activity upon overexpression, supporting the notion that we have identified a novel pathophysiological player in cerebral ischemia. In summary, restriction-mediated differential display has proven its suitability for screening complex samples such as brain to reliably identify regulated genes, which can uncover novel pathophysiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Schneider
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Axaron Bioscience AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
In response to many metabolic disturbances and injuries including stroke, neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy and trauma, the cell mounts a stress response with induction of a variety of proteins, most notably the 70 kD heat shock protein (Hsp70). The possibility that stress proteins might be neuroprotective was suspected because Hsp70, in particular, was induced to high levels in brain regions that were relatively resistant to injury. Hsp70 expression was also correlated with the phenomenon of induced tolerance. With the availability of transgenic animals and gene transfer, has it become increasingly clear that such heat shock proteins do indeed protect cells from injury. Several reports have now shown that selective overexpression of Hsp70 leads to protection in several different models of nervous system injury. This review will cover these studies, along with potential mechanisms by which Hsp70 might mediate cellular protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Midori A Yenari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS Building P304, Stanford, CA 94305-3487, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kokubo Y, Liu J, Rajdev S, Kayama T, Sharp FR, Weinstein PR. Differential cerebral protein synthesis and heat shock protein 70 expression in the core and penumbra of rat brain after transient focal ischemia. Neurosurgery 2003; 53:186-90; discussion 190-1. [PMID: 12823888 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000069023.01440.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to correlate the cerebral protein synthesis (CPS) reductions in the ischemic core and penumbra with the metabolic stress response indicated by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) synthesis. METHODS Rats were subjected to 90 minutes of temporary focal cerebral ischemia produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, using the endovascular suture model. Regional CPS was qualitatively evaluated, with [(35)S]methionine autoradiography, after reperfusion for 2 to 72 hours. The observed changes were correlated with HSP70 immunoreactivity, as assessed in the same brain sections. The ischemic core in the striatum was characterized by HSP70 expression only in endothelial and/or glial cells, with an absence of expression in neurons. The penumbra was delineated as the cortical middle cerebral artery territory region in which HSP70 was also expressed in metabolically stressed neurons. RESULTS After 2 hours of reperfusion, CPS was reduced to 30 +/- 16% of the homologous contralateral hemisphere value in the core and to 75 +/- 22% in the penumbra (P < 0.05). This difference was still present at 72 hours, when CPS values were 62 +/- 21% and 98 +/- 29% of the nonischemic contralateral hemisphere values in the core and penumbra, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Persistent inhibition of CPS in regions in which neuronal HSP70 expression is absent may distinguish core areas of infarction from penumbral regions in which neuronal HSP70 is present, which eventually recover from sublethal metabolic stress during reperfusion after temporary focal ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Kokubo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mancuso A, Derugin N, Hara K, Marsh TA, Kong D, Sharp FR, Weinstein PR. Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression is associated with c-fos mRNA expression and transient water ADC reduction detected with diffusion MRI during acute focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2003; 961:121-30. [PMID: 12535784 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in the development of injury during cerebral ischemia and inhibition of its activity can reduce infarct size. COX-2 expression during acute ischemia is caused by activation of post-synaptic glutamate receptors, which occurs during spreading depression and ischemic depolarization. Both of these phenomena cause a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC), which can be detected with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The reduction is believed to be caused by cellular swelling that occurs as cells depolarize. The goal of this work was to determine the spatial relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA (cox-2) expression, c-fos mRNA expression and ADC reduction during acute focal cerebral ischemia. Adult rats were subjected to either 30- or 60-min permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. A 2-Tesla scanner was used to acquire diffusion-weighted echo-planar images throughout the ischemic period, which were used to calculate ADC maps. Cox-2 and c-fos mRNA were detected with (35)S in situ hybridization. The results indicate that, for rats subjected to 60-min ischemia, cox-2 was observed in superficial layers of cortex, where transient ADC reduction and c-fos expression were observed. The same was true for most rats subjected to 30-min ischemia. However, in a small number of rats of the 30-min group, cox-2 mRNA expression was observed in regions exhibiting transient and persistent ADC reduction with no c-fos expression. The results suggest that cox-2 mRNA expression during acute MCA occlusion is caused by either or both spreading depression and transient ischemic depolarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mancuso
- Department of Radiology/6069, University of Pennsylvania, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, B6 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6069, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tamura S, Kinouchi H, Izaki K, Okubo A, Sugawara T, Kunizuka H, Mizoi K. Induction of heat shock protein 40 and GrpE mRNAs following transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res 2003; 960:277-81. [PMID: 12505684 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is associated with the induction of several heat shock proteins (HSPs), but the effects on HSP40 and GrpE are less clear. The present study investigated the induction of Hsp40 and GrpE mRNAs following 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat model. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization analyses showed significant induction of both mRNAs in the ischemic cortex. These results demonstrate the synergic induction of HSP70 molecular chaperone machinery in cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin'ya Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fauconneau B, Petegnief V, Sanfeliu C, Piriou A, Planas AM. Induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by sodium arsenite in cultured astrocytes and reduction of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. J Neurochem 2002; 83:1338-48. [PMID: 12472888 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) protects cells from oxidative injury. Here Hsp72, Hsp27 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were induced in cultured rat astrocytes, and protection against oxidative stress was investigated. Astrocytes were treated with sodium arsenite (20-50 micro m) for 1 h, which was non-toxic to cells, 24 h later they were exposed to 400 micro m H2O2 for 1 h, and cell death was evaluated at different time points. Arsenite triggered strong induction of HSPs, which was prevented by 1 micro g/mL cycloheximide (CXH). H2O2 caused cell loss and increased cell death with features of apoptosis, i.e. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) reaction and caspase-3 activation. These features were abrogated by pre-treatment with arsenite, which prevented cell loss and significantly reduced the number of dead cells. The protective effect of arsenite was not detected in the presence of CHX. Pre-treatment with arsenite increased protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation after H2O2. However, while Akt phosphorylation was prevented by CHX, Erk1/2 phosphorylation was further enhanced by CHX. The results show that transient arsenite pre-treatment induces Hsp72, HO-1 and, to a lesser extent, Hsp27; it reduces H2O2-induced astrocyte death; and it causes selective activation of Akt following H2O2. It is suggested that HSP expression at the time of H2O2 exposure protects astrocytes from oxidative injury and apoptotic cell death by means of pro-survival Akt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fauconneau
- Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|