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Fu L, Yu J, Chen Z, Gao F, Zhang Z, Fu J, Feng W, Hong P, Jin J. Shared genetic factors and causal association between chronic hepatitis C infection and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2024; 19:15. [PMID: 38654358 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-024-00577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological research and systematic meta-analyses indicate a higher risk of B-cell lymphomas in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared to non-infected individuals. However, the genetic links between HCV and these lymphomas remain under-researched. METHODS Mendelian randomization analysis was employed to explore the association between chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and B-cell lymphomas as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Approximate Bayes Factor (ABF) localization analysis was conducted to find shared genetic variants that might connect CHC with B-cell lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Furthermore, The Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) was utilized to annotate the functional effects of the identified genetic variants. RESULTS Mendelian randomization revealed a significant association between CHC and increased diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) risk (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.01-1.78; P = 0.0397). Subsequent colocalization analysis pinpointed two noteworthy variants, rs17208853 (chr6:32408583) and rs482759 (chr6:32227240) between these two traits. The annotation of these variants through the VEP revealed their respective associations with the butyrophilin-like protein 2 (BTNL2) and notch receptor 4 (NOTCH4) genes, along with the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TSBP1-AS1. CONCLUSION This research provides a refined genetic understanding of the CHC-DLBCL connection, opening avenues for targeted therapeutic research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihua Fu
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jieni Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feidan Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiaping Fu
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiying Feng
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pan Hong
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Hematology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 312000, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Boniface K. Aetiopathogenesis of Vitiligo. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:dpc.1304S2a314S. [PMID: 38241397 PMCID: PMC10824321 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1304s2a314s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic auto-immune disease characterized by skin depigmentation due to the loss of melanocytes. The better understanding of the disease mechanisms is currently undergoing a significant dynamism, opening a new era in therapeutic development. The pathophysiology of vitiligo has attracted the attention of researchers for years and many advances have been made in clarifying the crosstalk between the cellular players involved in the development of vitiligo lesions. The understanding of the complex interactions between epidermal cells (i.e. melanocytes and keratinocytes), dermal fibroblasts, and immune cells, led to a better characterization of the signals leading to the loss of melanocytes. Recent advances highlighted the role resident T memory cells in the development and recurrence of lesions. This narrative review aims to give an overview of the mechanisms leading to melanocyte disappearance in vitiligo, with a focus on the intercellular interaction network involved in the activation of the local skin immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Boniface
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Immuno ConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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3
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Fan W, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Wang D, Bai Y, Luo S, Li Y, Qin Q, Chen W, Yong L, Zhen Q, Yu Y, Ge H, Mao Y, Cao L, Zhang R, Hu X, Yu Y, Li B, Sun L. Imputation of the major histocompatibility complex region identifies major independent variants associated with bullous pemphigoid and dermatomyositis in Han Chinese. J Dermatol 2022; 49:998-1004. [PMID: 35751838 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As autoimmune skin diseases, both bullous pemphigoid (BP) and dermatomyositis (DM) show significant associations with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. In fact, the coexistence of BP and DM has been previously reported. Therefore, we hypothesized that there may be a potential genetic correlation between BP and DM. Based on data for 312 BP patients, 128 DM patients, and 6793 healthy control subjects, in the MHC region, we imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), insertions and deletions (INDEL), and copy number variations (CNV) using the 1KGP phase 3 dataset and amino acids (AA) and SNP using a Han-MHC reference database. An association study revealed the most significant SNP associated with BP, namely, rs580921 (p = 1.06E-08, odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-1.90), which is located in the C6orf10 gene, and the most significant classic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele associated with DM, namely, HLA-DPB1*1701 (p = 6.56E-10, OR = 3.61, 95% CI = 2.40-5.42). Further stepwise regression analyses with rs580921 identified a threonine at position 163 of the HLA-B gene as a new independent disease-associated AA, and HLA-DPB1*1701 indicated that no loci were significant. Three-dimensional ribbon models revealed that the HLA-B AA position 163 (p = 3.93E-07, OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.35-1.98) located in the α2 domain of the HLA-B molecule was involved in the process of specific antigen presentation. The calculations showed that there was no significant genetic correlation between BP and DM. Our study identified three significant loci in the MHC region, proving that the HLA region was significantly correlated with BP and DM separately. Our research highlights the key role of the MHC region in disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yirui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daiyue Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanming Bai
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Sihan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yafen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huiyao Ge
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yiwen Mao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanxia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bao Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Comprehensive Lab, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Laboratory of Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
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4
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. The Immunogenetics of Vitiligo: An Approach Toward Revealing the Secret of Depigmentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:61-103. [PMID: 35286692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic skin disease and considered to be of autoimmune origin due to breaching of immunological self-tolerance, resulting in inappropriate immune responses against melanocytes. The development of vitiligo includes a strong heritable component. Different strategies ranging from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies are used to explore the genetic factors responsible for the disease. Several vitiligo loci containing the respective genes have been identified which contribute to vitiligo and genetic variants for some of the genes are still unknown. These genes include mainly the proteins that play a role in immune regulation and a few other genes important for apoptosis and regulation of melanocyte functions. Despite the available data on genetic variants and risk alleles which influence the biological processes, only few immunological pathways have been found responsible for all ranges of severity and clinical manifestations of vitiligo. However, studies have concluded that vitiligo is of autoimmune origin and manifests due to complex interactions in immune components and their inappropriate response toward melanocytes. The genes involved in the immune regulation and processing the melanocytes antigen and its presentation can serve as effective immune-therapeutics that can target specific immunological pathways involved in vitiligo. This chapter highlights those immune-regulatory genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility and loci identified to date and their implications in vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- In Vitro Specialty Lab Pvt. Ltd, 205-210, Golden Triangle, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
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5
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Contribution of HLA class II genes, DRB4*01:01, DRB1*07:01, and DQB1*03:03:2 to clinical features of Vitiligo disease in Iranian population. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:171-178. [PMID: 34686989 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a multifactorial depigmentation condition, which is due to skin melanocyte destruction. Increased expression of HLA class II genes in patients with pre-lesions of Vitiligo suggests a crucial role for the participation of immune response in Vitiligo development. Recent studies progressively focused on HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genes. In this study, we have evaluated the association and role of HLA-DRB4*01:01, -DRB1*07:01, and -DQB1*03:03:2 genes in different clinical subtypes of Vitiligo in the Iranian population. METHODS First, Genomic DNA from peripheral blood of 125 unrelated Vitiligo patients and 100 unrelated healthy controls were extracted through the salting-out method. Then, HLA class II genotyping was performed using the sequence-specific primer PCR method. Finally, the clinical relevance of the testing for these genotypes was evaluated by applying the PcPPV (prevalence-corrected positive predictive value) formula. RESULTS Our results indicated the positive associations of DRB4*01:01 and DRB1*07:01 allelic genes with early-onset Vitiligo (p = 0.024 and 0.022, respectively). DRB4*01:01 also showed strong protection against late-onset Vitiligo (p = 0.0016, RR = 0.360). Moreover, our data revealed that the DRB1*07:01 increases the susceptibility to Sporadic Vitiligo (p = 0.030, RR = 1.702). Furthermore, our findings proposed that elevated vulnerability of Vitiligo patients due to DRB4*01:01 and DRB1*07:01 alleles maybe is correlated with the presence of amino acid Arginine at position 71 at pocket 4 on the antigen-binding site of the HLA-DRB1 receptor. CONCLUSION Our findings on different subtypes of Vitiligo suggest that, despite a more apparent autoimmune involvement, a non-autoimmune nature for the etiology of Vitiligo should also be considered.
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6
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Salviano-Silva A, Becker M, Augusto DG, Busch H, Adelman Cipolla G, Farias TDJ, Bumiller-Bini V, Calonga-Solís V, Munz M, Franke A, Wittig M, Camargo CM, Goebeler M, Hundt JE, Günther C, Gläser R, Hadaschik E, Pföhler C, Sárdy M, Van Beek N, Worm M, Zillikens D, Boldt ABW, Schmidt E, Petzl-Erler ML, Ibrahim S, Malheiros D. Genetic association and differential expression of HLAComplexGroup lncRNAs in pemphigus. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102705. [PMID: 34325306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is a group of bullous diseases characterized by acantholysis and skin blisters. As for other autoimmune diseases, the strongest genetic associations found so far for pemphigus foliaceus (PF) and vulgaris (PV) are with alleles of HLA genes. However, apart from protein-coding genes, the MHC region includes a set of poorly explored long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes, the HLA complex group (HCG). OBJECTIVES To investigate if HCG lncRNA alleles are associated with pemphigus susceptibility. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed SNPs in 13 HCG lncRNA genes, both in PV (Germany: 241 patients; 1,188 controls) and endemic PF (Brazil: 227 patients; 194 controls), applying multivariate logistic regression. We found 55 associations with PV (pcorr < 0.01) and nine with endemic PF (pcorr < 0.05), the majority located in TSBP1-AS1 (which includes HCG23) and HCG27 lncRNA genes, independently of HLA alleles previously associated with pemphigus. The association of TSBP1-AS1 rs3129949*A allele was further replicated in sporadic PF (p = 0.027, OR = 0.054; 75 patients and 150 controls, all from Germany). Next, we evaluated the expression levels of TSBP1-AS1, TSBP1, HCG23, and HCG27 in blood mononuclear cells of Brazilian patients and controls. HCG27 was upregulated in endemic PF (p = 0.035, log2 FC = 1.3), while TSBP1-AS1 was downregulated in PV (p = 0.029, log2 FC = -1.29). The same expression patterns were also seen in cultured keratinocytes stimulated with IgG antibodies from patients and controls from Germany. TSBP1 mRNA levels were also decreased in endemic PF blood cells (p = 0.042, log2 FC = -2.14). TSBP1-AS1 and HCG27 were also observed downregulated in CD19+ cells of endemic PF (p < 0.01, log2 FC = -0.226 and -0.46 respectively). CONCLUSIONS HCG lncRNAs are associated with susceptibility to pemphigus, being TSBP1-AS1 and HCG27 also differentially expressed in distinct cell populations. These results suggest a role for HCG lncRNAs in pemphigus autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Salviano-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mareike Becker
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ticiana D-J Farias
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Verónica Calonga-Solís
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Matthias Munz
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Wittig
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolina M Camargo
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, TU, Dresden, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Pföhler
- Saarland University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Van Beek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Angelica B W Boldt
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danielle Malheiros
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
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Mahajan VK, Verma YR, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS, Sharma R, Sharma A, Sharma H, Rana A. Adults with a more extensive body involvement, moderate to extremely severe vitiligo and a prolonged clinical course have an early onset in childhood in addition to other prognostic factors as compared to individuals with later-onset vitiligo. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 62:e24-e28. [PMID: 32812240 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent and disease severity, duration and other associated prognostic cofactors in vitiligo in adults may vary with the age of onset (before or after 10 years of age). OBJECTIVES To compare extent and disease severity, duration and other cofactors in adults with early-onset and late-onset vitiligo. METHODS The medical records of 408 (M:F 1:1.1) adults aged 20-75 years diagnosed with vitiligo between January 2016 and December 2019 were examined retrospectively. The extent and severity of vitiligo were defined. Characteristics of vitiligo with early onset and late onset were compared statistically and odds ratios calculated for risk assessment. RESULTS 31 (7.6%, M:F 1:2.4) patients had early-onset vitiligo, and 377 (92.4%, M:F 0.8:1) patients had later-onset vitiligo. Compared to late onset, patients with early-onset vitiligo had a significant number of males (71% vs 45.9%), higher percentages of body surface area involvement and moderate to extremely severe disease (29% vs 10.6%), longer duration of disease (41.9% vs 9%), Koebner's phenomenon (48.4% vs 15.6%) and halo nevus (9.7% vs 1.9%). Differences between the two groups were not significant for types of vitiligo, family history of vitiligo and presence of cutaneous and systemic/autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION The adults, males in particular, with generalised vitiligo (>10% BSA involvement) appear to have an early onset and a prolonged clinical course. The presence of Koebner's phenomenon and halo nevus in patients with early-onset vitiligo was other poor prognostic factors compared to patients with late-onset vitiligo. The retrospective, hospital-based cross-sectional design and small sample size for stratification remain major limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram K Mahajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yog Raj Verma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Karaninder S Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpinder Singh Chauhan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hitender Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwani Rana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Govt. Medical College, Kangra (Tanda), Himachal Pradesh, India
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8
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Spritz RA, Santorico SA. The Genetic Basis of Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:265-273. [PMID: 32778407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a complex disease in which autoimmune destruction of epidermal melanocytes results in patches of depigmented white skin. Vitiligo has an estimated prevalence of about 0.2-2% in different populations and approximately 0.4% in the European-derived white (EUR) population. The fraction of disease risk attributable to genetic variation, termed heritability, is high, with estimates from family studies in EUR of 0.75-0.83 and from SNP based studies estimated at 0.78. About 70% of genetic risk comes from common genetic variants and about 30% from rare genetic variants. Through candidate gene, genomewide linkage, and genomewide association studies, over 50 vitiligo susceptibility loci have been discovered. These have been combined into a vitiligo polygenic risk score, which has allowed various aspects of vitiligo genetic architecture in the EUR population to be better understood. Vitiligo has thus proved to be a particularly tractable model for investigation of complex disease genetic architecture. Here, we summarize progress to date including dissection of heritability, discovery of vitiligo susceptibility loci through candidate gene, genomewide linkage, and genomewide association studies, relationships to other autoimmune diseases, polygenic architecture of vitiligo risk, vitiligo triggering, and disease onset, and provide suggestions for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Science, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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9
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Uncovering Phenotypic Diversity and DArTseq Marker Loci Associated with Antioxidant Activity in Common Bean. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010036. [PMID: 31905657 PMCID: PMC7016922 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants play an important role in animal and plant life owing to their involvement in complex metabolic and signaling mechanisms, hence uncovering the genetic basis associated with antioxidant activity is very important for the development of improved varieties. Here, a total of 182 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) landraces and six commercial cultivars collected from 19 provinces of Turkey were evaluated for seed antioxidant activity under four environments and two locations. Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS radical scavenging capacity and mean antioxidant activity in common bean landraces was 20.03 µmol TE/g. Analysis of variance reflected that genotype by environment interaction was statistically non-significant and heritability analysis showed higher heritability of antioxidant activity. Variations in seed color were observed, and a higher antioxidant activity was present in seeds having colored seed as compared to those having white seeds. A negative correlation was found between white-colored seeds and antioxidant activity. A total of 7900 DArTseq markers were used to explore the population structure that grouped the studied germplasm into two sub-populations on the basis of their geographical origins and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity contents. Mean linkage disequilibrium (LD) was 54%, and mean LD decay was 1.15 Mb. Mixed linear model i.e., the Q + K model demonstrated that four DArTseq markers had significant association (p < 0.01) for antioxidant activity. Three of these markers were present on chromosome Pv07, while the fourth marker was located on chromosome Pv03. Among the identified markers, DArT-3369938 marker showed maximum (14.61%) variation. A total of four putative candidate genes were predicted from sequences reflecting homology to identified DArTseq markers. This is a pioneering study involving the identification of association for antioxidant activity in common bean seeds. We envisage that this study will be very helpful for global common bean breeding community in order to develop cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.
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10
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Tang X, Fang F, Yang J, Zheng X, Fan M, Wang L, Zhang A. Association Study Reveals One Susceptibility Locus with Vitiligo in the Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:791-796. [PMID: 31644309 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between the 14 reported loci (from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies [GWAS] in the Caucasian population) and vitiligo in the Chinese Han population. Materials and Methods: In this study 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 14 different genetic loci were evaluated for their association with viteligo in a Chinese Han cohort, including 1472 cases and 1472 controls of by using the Sequenom MassArray iPLEX1 system. A Bonferroni adjustment was used for multiple comparisons and pBonferroni <0.0056 was considered statistically significant. Results: The T allele of the locus within the FBXO45-NRROS gene (3q29) was significantly associated with vitiligo (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-1.36, p = 0.0001). Association at the genotype level was strong (p = 0.0007). The other SNPs were not associated with vitiligo (pBonferroni >0.0056). Conclusion: A SNP at the rs6583331 locus 3q29 is associated with the susceptibility of vitiligo in the Chinese Han population, which suggests that there is a common genetic factor predisposing to the development of vitiligo in the Chinese and Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Tang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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11
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Tang L, Fang W, Lin J, Li J, Wu W, Xu J. Vitamin D protects human melanocytes against oxidative damage by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Transl Med 2018; 98:1527-1537. [PMID: 30206310 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D analogs have been widely utilized for the treatment of vitiligo, but the molecular mechanism underlying their pharmacological effects (especially their antioxidant properties) has not yet been investigated. We evaluated the relationship between serum vitamin D level and oxidative damage severity in vitiligo patients, and investigated the molecular mechanism of vitamin D in protecting melanocytes against oxidative stress. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and malondialdehyde (MDA) were first measured in patients. A variety of in vitro experiments such as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular viability, migration, and apoptotic assays were then performed to detect the effects of vitamin D or β-catenin silencing on H2O2-treated melanocytes. Expression of Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, apoptotic, and MITF pathways was finally examined using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. In this study, we initially found that vitamin D insufficiency was closely associated with the severity of oxidative stress in vitiligo patients. Using ex vivo cell models, we further showed that vitamin D positively modulated β-catenin signaling at both translational and posttranslational levels in melanocytes under oxidative stress. Like WNT agonists, vitamin D significantly inhibited ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis in H2O2-treated melanocytes and promoted their proliferative and migratory activity, while the protective effects of vitamin D against oxidative stress were abolished by β-catenin silencing in melanocytes. Furthermore, β-catenin deficiency also blocked the activation of Nrf2 and MITF as well as the inhibition of apoptosis induced by vitamin D. Taken together, vitamin D insufficiency was associated with severity of oxidative stress in vitiligo patients. Our work also provides new insights into the mechanism of vitamin D against vitiligo, in which vitamin D protects melanocytes against oxidative stress by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinran Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Boniface K, Seneschal J, Picardo M, Taïeb A. Vitiligo: Focus on Clinical Aspects, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 54:52-67. [PMID: 28685247 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired chronic depigmenting disorder of the skin, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5% of the general population, characterized by the development of white macules resulting from a loss of epidermal melanocytes. The nomenclature has been revised after an extensive international work within the vitiligo global issues consensus conference, and vitiligo (formerly non-segmental vitiligo) is now a consensus umbrella term for all forms of generalized vitiligo. Two other subsets of vitiligo are segmental vitiligo and unclassified/undetermined vitiligo, which corresponds to focal disease and rare variants. A series of hypopigmented disorders may masquerade as vitiligo, and some of them need to be ruled out by specific procedures including a skin biopsy. Multiple mechanisms are involved in melanocyte disappearance, namely genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, metabolic abnormalities, impaired renewal, and altered inflammatory and immune responses. The auto-immune/inflammatory theory is the leading hypothesis because (1) vitiligo is often associated with autoimmune diseases; (2) most vitiligo susceptibility loci identified through genome-wide association studies encode immunomodulatory proteins; and (3) prominent immune cell infiltrates are found in the perilesional margin of actively depigmenting skin. However, other studies support melanocyte intrinsic abnormalities with poor adaptation of melanocytes to stressors leading to melanocyte instability in the basal layer, and release of danger signals important for the activation of the immune system. Recent progress in the understanding of immune pathomechanisms opens interesting perspectives for innovative treatment strategies. The proof of concept in humans of targeting of the IFNγ /Th1 pathway is much awaited. The interplay between oxidative stress and altered immune responses suggests that additional strategies aiming at limiting type I interferon activation pathway as background stabilizing therapies could be an interesting approach in vitiligo. This review covers classification and clinical aspects, pathophysiology with emphasis on immunopathogenesis, and promising therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Boniface
- INSERM U1035, ATIP-AVENIR, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Seneschal
- INSERM U1035, ATIP-AVENIR, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Dermatology and Paediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin disorders, Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Alain Taïeb
- INSERM U1035, ATIP-AVENIR, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Department of Dermatology and Paediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin disorders, Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France. .,Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, St André Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospitals, 1 Rue Jean Burguet, 33075, Bordeaux, France.
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13
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Wu K, Chen C, Moyzis RK, Nuno M, Yu Z, Greenberger E. More than skin deep: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-based attraction among Asian American speed-daters. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Bishnoi A, Parsad D. Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Vitiligo Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051509. [PMID: 29783663 PMCID: PMC5983813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an asymptomatic but cosmetically disfiguring disorder that results in the formation of depigmented patches on skin and/or mucosae. Vitiligo can be segmental or non-segmental depending upon the morphology of the clinical involvement. It can also be classified as progressing or stable based on the activity of the disease. Further, the extent of involvement can be limited (localized disease) or extensive (generalized disease). The treatment of vitiligo therefore depends on the clinical classification/characteristics of the disease and usually comprises of 2 strategies. The first involves arresting the progression of active disease (to provide stability) in order to limit the area involved by depigmentation. The second strategy aims at repigmentation of the depigmented area. It is also important to maintain the disease in a stable phase and to prevent relapse. Accordingly, a holistic treatment approach for vitiligo should be individualistic and should take care of all these considerations. In this review, we shall discuss the vitiligo treatments and their important clinical and molecular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Bishnoi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Davinder Parsad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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15
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Yang C, Wu J, Zhang X, Wen L, Sun J, Cheng Y, Tang X, Liang B, Chen G, Zhou F, Cui Y, Zhang A, Zhang X, Zheng X, Yang S, Sun L. Fine-mapping analysis of the MHC region for vitiligo based on a new Han-MHC reference panel. Gene 2018; 648:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Vitiligo reflects simultaneous contributions of multiple genetic risk factors and environmental triggers. Genomewide association studies have discovered approximately 50 genetic loci contributing to vitiligo risk. At many vitiligo susceptibility loci, the relevant genes and DNA sequence variants are identified. Many encode proteins involved in immune regulation, several play roles in cellular apoptosis, and others regulate functions of melanocytes. Although many of the specific biologic mechanisms need elucidation, it is clear that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease involving a complex relationship between immune system programming and function, aspects of the melanocyte autoimmune target, and dysregulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Room 3100, MS8300, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Genevieve H L Andersen
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Room 3100, MS8300, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Dani P, Patnaik N, Singh A, Jaiswal A, Agrawal B, Kumar AA, Varkhande SR, Sharma A, Vaish U, Ghosh P, Sharma VK, Sharma P, Verma G, Kar HK, Gupta S, Natarajan VT, Gokhale RS, Rani R. Association and expression of the antigen-processing gene PSMB8, coding for low-molecular-mass protease 7, with vitiligo in North India: case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:482-491. [PMID: 28207947 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a multifactorial, autoimmune, depigmenting disorder of the skin where aberrant presentation of autoantigens may have a role. OBJECTIVES To study the association of two antigen-processing genes, PSMB8 and PSMB9, with vitiligo. METHODS In total 1320 cases of vitiligo (1050 generalized and 270 localized) and 752 healthy controls were studied for the PSMB9 exon 3 G/A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), PSMB8 exon 2 C/A SNP and PSMB8 intron 6 G/T SNP at site 37 360 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Real-time PCR was used for transcriptional expression of PSMB8 and cytokines. Expression of ubiquitinated proteins and phosphorylated-p38 (P-p38) was studied by Western blotting. RESULTS Significant increases in PSMB8 exon 2 allele A (P < 2.07 × 10-6 , odds ratio 1·93) and genotypes AA (P < 1.03 × 10-6 , odds ratio 2·51) and AC (P < 1.29 × 10-6 , odds ratio 1·63) were observed in patients with vitiligo. Interferon-γ stimulation induced lower expression of PSMB8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cases compared with controls, suggesting impaired antigen processing, which was confirmed by accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in both lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with vitiligo. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines - interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and IL-8 - was higher in the lesional skin. P-p38 expression was variable but correlated with the amount of ubiquitinated proteins in the lesional and nonlesional skin, suggesting that the inflammatory cytokine responses in lesional skin could be a result of both P-p38-dependent and -independent pathways. CONCLUSIONS The PSMB8 exon 2 SNP is significantly associated with vitiligo. Accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in skin of cases of vitiligo suggests their aberrant processing, which may promote the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dani
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - N Patnaik
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A Singh
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - A Jaiswal
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - B Agrawal
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A A Kumar
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - S R Varkhande
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - A Sharma
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - U Vaish
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - P Ghosh
- Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - V K Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - G Verma
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - H K Kar
- Department of Dermatology, PGIMER, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - S Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - V T Natarajan
- Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - R S Gokhale
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - R Rani
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Systems Biology Group, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
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18
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Jadeja SD, Mansuri MS, Singh M, Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. A case-control study on association of proteasome subunit beta 8 (PSMB8) and transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) polymorphisms and their transcript levels in vitiligo from Gujarat. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180958. [PMID: 28700671 PMCID: PMC5507292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmunity has been implicated in the destruction of melanocytes from vitiligo skin. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-II linked genes proteasome subunit beta 8 (PSMB8) and transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), involved in antigen processing and presentation have been reported to be associated with several autoimmune diseases including vitiligo. OBJECTIVES To explore PSMB8 rs2071464 and TAP1 rs1135216 single nucleotide polymorphisms and to estimate the expression of PSMB8 and TAP1 in patients with vitiligo and unaffected controls from Gujarat. METHODS PSMB8 rs2071464 polymorphism was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and TAP1 rs1135216 polymorphism was genotyped by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) in 378 patients with vitiligo and 509 controls. Transcript levels of PSMB8 and TAP1 were measured in the PBMCs of 91 patients and 96 controls by using qPCR. Protein levels of PSMB8 were also determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The frequency of 'TT' genotype of PSMB8 polymorphism was significantly lowered in patients with generalized and active vitiligo (p = 0.019 and p = 0.005) as compared to controls suggesting its association with the activity of the disease. However, TAP1 polymorphism was not associated with vitiligo susceptibility. A significant decrease in expression of PSMB8 at both transcript level (p = 0.002) as well as protein level (p = 0.0460) was observed in vitiligo patients as compared to controls. No significant difference was observed between patients and controls for TAP1 transcripts (p = 0.553). Interestingly, individuals with the susceptible CC genotype of PSMB8 polymorphism showed significantly reduced PSMB8 transcript level as compared to that of CT and TT genotypes (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003 respectively). CONCLUSIONS PSMB8 rs2071464 was associated with generalized and active vitiligo from Gujarat whereas TAP1 rs1135216 showed no association. The down-regulation of PSMB8 in patients with risk genotype 'CC' advocates the vital role of PSMB8 in the autoimmune basis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz D. Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohmmad Shoab Mansuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mala Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Mitesh Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Naresh C. Laddha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail:
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19
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Singh RK. Impact of Ultraviolet Light on Vitiligo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:55-60. [PMID: 29124690 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disorder of the melanocytes that results in a dynamic spectrum of skin depigmentation. Its etiology is complex and multifactorial, with data supporting several different hypotheses. Given its prominent phenotype, vitiligo has a significant negative impact on quality of life. Coupled with the chronic and incurable nature of the disease, this presents a formidable treatment challenge. Several treatment modalities have been instituted over the years, with varying efficacy. This chapter focuses on the use of ultraviolet light in vitiligo as an established therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasnik K Singh
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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20
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Shen C, Gao J, Sheng Y, Dou J, Zhou F, Zheng X, Ko R, Tang X, Zhu C, Yin X, Sun L, Cui Y, Zhang X. Genetic Susceptibility to Vitiligo: GWAS Approaches for Identifying Vitiligo Susceptibility Genes and Loci. Front Genet 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26870082 PMCID: PMC4740779 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component, characterized by areas of depigmented skin resulting from loss of epidermal melanocytes. Genetic factors are known to play key roles in vitiligo through discoveries in association studies and family studies. Previously, vitiligo susceptibility genes were mainly revealed through linkage analysis and candidate gene studies. Recently, our understanding of the genetic basis of vitiligo has been rapidly advancing through genome-wide association study (GWAS). More than 40 robust susceptible loci have been identified and confirmed to be associated with vitiligo by using GWAS. Most of these associated genes participate in important pathways involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Many susceptible loci with unknown functions in the pathogenesis of vitiligo have also been identified, indicating that additional molecular mechanisms may contribute to the risk of developing vitiligo. In this review, we summarize the key loci that are of genome-wide significance, which have been shown to influence vitiligo risk. These genetic loci may help build the foundation for genetic diagnosis and personalize treatment for patients with vitiligo in the future. However, substantial additional studies, including gene-targeted and functional studies, are required to confirm the causality of the genetic variants and their biological relevance in the development of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbing Shen
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Jinfa Dou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Randy Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xianfa Tang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Genetics and Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China; Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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21
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Singh RK, Lee KM, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Ucmak D, Farahnik B, Abrouk M, Nakamura M, Zhu TH, Bhutani T, Wei M, Liao W. The role of IL-17 in vitiligo: A review. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:397-404. [PMID: 26804758 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases; however its role in vitiligo has not been well defined. Emerging human and mouse studies have demonstrated that systemic, tissue, and cellular levels of IL-17 are elevated in vitiligo. Many studies have also shown significant positive correlations between these levels and disease activity, extent, and severity. Treatments that improve vitiligo, such as ultraviolet B phototherapy, also modulate IL-17 levels. This review synthesizes our current understanding of how IL-17 may influence the pathogenesis of autoimmune vitiligo at the molecular level. This has implications for defining new vitiligo biomarkers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasnik K Singh
- University of California - Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kristina M Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Derya Ucmak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Benjamin Farahnik
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Michael Abrouk
- University of California - Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mio Nakamura
- University of California - San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Psoriasis and Skin Treatment Center, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Tian Hao Zhu
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Maria Wei
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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22
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Koch M, Baurecht H, Ried JS, Rodriguez E, Schlesinger S, Volks N, Gieger C, Rückert IM, Heinrich L, Willenborg C, Smith C, Peters A, Thorand B, Koenig W, Lamina C, Jansen H, Kronenberg F, Seissler J, Thiery J, Rathmann W, Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Barker J, Nair RP, Tsoi LC, Elder JT, Mrowietz U, Weichenthal M, Mucha S, Schreiber S, Franke A, Schmitt J, Lieb W, Weidinger S. Psoriasis and cardiometabolic traits: modest association but distinct genetic architectures. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1283-1293. [PMID: 25599394 PMCID: PMC4402117 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis has been linked to cardiometabolic diseases, but epidemiological findings are inconsistent. We investigated the association between psoriasis and cardiometabolic outcomes in a German cross-sectional study (n=4,185) and a prospective cohort of German Health Insurance beneficiaries (n=1,811,098). A potential genetic overlap was explored using genome-wide data from >22,000 coronary artery disease and >4,000 psoriasis cases, and with a dense genotyping study of cardiometabolic risk loci on 927 psoriasis cases and 3,717 controls. After controlling for major confounders, in the cross-sectional analysis psoriasis was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D, adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.36; 95% confidence interval CI=1.26-4.41) and myocardial infarction (MI, OR=2.26; 95% CI=1.03-4.96). In the longitudinal study, psoriasis slightly increased the risk for incident T2D (adjusted relative risk (RR)=1.11; 95% CI=1.08-1.14) and MI (RR=1.14; 95% CI=1.06-1.22), with highest risk increments in systemically treated psoriasis, which accounted for 11 and 17 excess cases of T2D and MI per 10,000 person-years. Except for weak signals from within the major histocompatibility complex, there was no evidence of genetic risk loci shared between psoriasis and cardiometabolic traits. Our findings suggest that psoriasis, in particular severe psoriasis, increases the risk for T2D and MI, and that the genetic architecture of psoriasis and cardiometabolic traits is largely distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Koch
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Natalie Volks
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Rückert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luise Heinrich
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Willenborg
- Institute for Integrative und Experimental Genomics and DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Catherine Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Henning Jansen
- Deutsches Herzzentrum Munich, Technische Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabetes Zentrum, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum Munich, Technische Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative und Experimental Genomics and DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Ann-Arbor Veteran Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Weichenthal
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sören Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmitt
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this work..
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23
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Wagner RY, Luciani F, Cario-André M, Rubod A, Petit V, Benzekri L, Ezzedine K, Lepreux S, Steingrimsson E, Taieb A, Gauthier Y, Larue L, Delmas V. Altered E-Cadherin Levels and Distribution in Melanocytes Precede Clinical Manifestations of Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1810-1819. [PMID: 25634357 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting disorder resulting from the loss of melanocytes from the basal epidermal layer. The pathogenesis of the disease is likely multifactorial and involves autoimmune causes, as well as oxidative and mechanical stress. It is important to identify early events in vitiligo to clarify pathogenesis, improve diagnosis, and inform therapy. Here, we show that E-cadherin (Ecad), which mediates the adhesion between melanocytes and keratinocytes in the epidermis, is absent from or discontinuously distributed across melanocyte membranes of vitiligo patients long before clinical lesions appear. This abnormality is associated with the detachment of the melanocytes from the basal to the suprabasal layers in the epidermis. Using human epidermal reconstructed skin and mouse models with normal or defective Ecad expression in melanocytes, we demonstrated that Ecad is required for melanocyte adhesiveness to the basal layer under oxidative and mechanical stress, establishing a link between silent/preclinical, cell-autonomous defects in vitiligo melanocytes and known environmental stressors accelerating disease expression. Our results implicate a primary predisposing skin defect affecting melanocyte adhesiveness that, under stress conditions, leads to disappearance of melanocytes and clinical vitiligo. Melanocyte adhesiveness is thus a potential target for therapy aiming at disease stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselyne Y Wagner
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Flavie Luciani
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Muriel Cario-André
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Rubod
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Laila Benzekri
- Department of Dermatology, Mohammed V University, UFR of Dermatology, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Lepreux
- Department of Pathology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A Taieb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yvon Gauthier
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France.
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; Equipe labellisée, Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
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24
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Zhang Z, Xiang LF. Genetic susceptibility to vitiligo: Recent progress from genome-wide association studies. DERMATOL SIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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25
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Benzekri L, Hmamouchi I, Gauthier Y. Possible patterns of epidermal melanocyte disappearance in nonsegmental vitiligo: a clinicopathological study. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:331-6. [PMID: 24902987 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The depigmentation of vitiligo results in a progressive and chronic melanocyte loss with rare melanocytes occasionally remaining in the epidermis or the hair follicle reservoirs. Destruction by immune infiltrates in close contact with melanocytes within microvesicles and/or detachment of melanocytes followed by their transepidermal elimination should be regarded as possible mechanisms of chronic loss of pigment cells. OBJECTIVES To assess the frequency of these two histological findings and to establish a direct correlation with clinical features. METHODS This was a prospective observational study that took place over 1 year. Each patient received a standardized evaluation that included daylight and Wood's lamp examinations, pictures, biopsies performed on the marginal area, and histological and immunohistological studies. A second examination to assess the activity of the lesions was performed 1 year after inclusion in the study. Clinical changes associated with microvesicles were compared with those associated with detached melanocytes from the basal layer. RESULTS This study included 50 patients. The histological findings were classified as inflammatory with isolated microvesicles (29 cases), noninflammatory with only detached melanocytes from the basal layer (12 cases) and a combination of coexisting microvesicles and detached melanocytes (six cases). Correlations were obtained between the histological findings and clinical features (aspect and activity of the lesions) and E-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the existence of two patterns of melanocyte disappearance in nonsegmental vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benzekri
- UFR of Dermatology, Mohammed V Souissi University Rabat, Rabat, 10100, Morocco; Department of Dermatology, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
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26
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Jang HM, Erf GF, Rowland KC, Kong BW. Genome resequencing and bioinformatic analysis of SNP containing candidate genes in the autoimmune vitiligo Smyth line chicken model. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:707. [PMID: 25151476 PMCID: PMC4152579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Smyth line (SL) chicken is the only animal model for autoimmune vitiligo that spontaneously displays all clinical and biological manifestations of the human disorder. To understand the genetic components underlying the susceptibility to develop SL vitiligo (SLV), whole genome resequencing analysis was performed in SLV chickens compared with non-vitiliginous parental Brown line (BL) chickens, which maintain a very low incidence rate of vitiligo. RESULTS Illumina sequencing technology and reference based assembly on Red Jungle Fowl genome sequences were used. Results of genome resequencing of pooled DNA of each 10 BL and SL chickens reached 5.1x and 7.0x coverage, respectively. The total number of SNPs was 4.8 and 5.5 million in BL and SL genome, respectively. Through a series of filtering processes, a total of ~1 million unique SNPs were found in the SL alone. Eventually of the 156 reliable marker SNPs, which can induce non-synonymous-, frameshift-, nonsense-, and no-start mutations in amino acid sequences in proteins, 139 genes were chosen for further analysis. Of these, 14 randomly chosen SNPs were examined for SNP verification by PCR and Sanger sequencing to detect SNP positions in 20 BL and 70 SL chickens. The results of the analysis of the 14 SNPs clearly showed differential frequencies of nucleotide bases in the SNP positions between BL and SL chickens. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the 156 most reliable marker SNPs included genes involved in dermatological diseases/conditions such as ADAMTS13, ASPM, ATP6V0A2, BRCA2, COL12A1, GRM5, LRP2, OBSCN, PLAU, RNF168, STAB2, and XIRP1. Intermolecular gene network analysis revealed that candidate genes identified in SLV play a role in networks centered on protein kinases (MAPK, ERK1/2, PKC, PRKDC), phosphatase (PPP1CA), ubiquitinylation (UBC) and amyloid production (APP). CONCLUSIONS Various potential genetic markers showing amino acid changes and potential roles in vitiligo development were identified in the SLV chicken through genome resequencing. The genetic markers and bioinformatic interpretations of amino acid mutations found in SLV chickens may provide insight into the genetic component responsible for the onset and the progression of autoimmune vitiligo and serve as valuable markers to develop diagnostic tools to detect vitiligo susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Min Jang
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Gisela F Erf
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Kaylee C Rowland
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Byung-Whi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
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27
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Current aspects of vitiligo genetics. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2014; 31:247-55. [PMID: 25254010 PMCID: PMC4171675 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.43497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmentation disorder of the skin manifested by the presence of white macules. The disease occurs at a frequency of approximately 1–4% of the world population. Currently, the most popular theory of vitiligo development is a multifactorial hypothesis according to which genetic conditions predispose vitiligo macules to occur as a result of specific environmental factors. According to the genetic hypothesis, vitiligo inheritance is multigenic. Genetic studies conducted so far concern patients with non-segmental vitiligo. There are three basic techniques of genetic studies: candidate gene association studies, genomewide linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The GWAS are the “gold standard” for detecting susceptibility genes. Up to now, approximately 36 convincing non-segmental vitiligo susceptibility loci have been identified. Approximately 90% of them encode immunoregulatory proteins, while approximately 10% encode melanocyte proteins. The existence of various associations between vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases may provide new knowledge on the causes of many disorders. Examples include the inverse relationship between vitiligo and melanoma and association of vitiligo with other autoimmune diseases. The main goal of all researches is to find new, optimal therapeutic strategies for vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases.
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28
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Brown RS, Lombardi A, Hasham A, Greenberg DA, Gordon J, Concepcion E, Hammerstad SS, Lotay V, Zhang W, Tomer Y. Genetic analysis in young-age-of-onset Graves' disease reveals new susceptibility loci. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1387-91. [PMID: 24684463 PMCID: PMC4079314 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genetic and environmental factors play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Graves' Disease (GD). Children with GD have less exposure time to environmental factors and therefore are believed to harbor stronger genetic susceptibility than adults. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify susceptibility loci that predispose to GD in patients with young-age-of-onset (YAO) GD. SETTING AND DESIGN One hundred six patients with YAO GD (onset <30 y) and 855 healthy subjects were studied. Cases and controls were genotyped using the Illumina Infinium Immunochip, designed to genotype 196,524 polymorphisms. Case control association analyses were performed using the PLINK computer package. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis program (QIAGEN) was used to carry out pathway analyses. RESULTS Immunochip genetic association analysis identified 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in several genes that were significantly associated with YAO GD, including major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes, BTNL2, NOTCH4, TNFAIP3, and CXCR4. Candidate gene analysis revealed that most of the genes previously shown to be associated with adult-onset GD were also associated with YAO GD. Pathway analysis demonstrated that antigen presentation, T-helper cell differentiation, and B cell development were the major pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of YAO GD. CONCLUSIONS Genetic analysis identified novel susceptibility loci in YAO GD adding a new dimension to the understanding of GD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind S Brown
- Division of Endocrinology (R.B., J.G.), Children's Hospital of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Division of Endocrinology (A.L., A.H., E.C., S.S.H., Y.T.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine (D.G.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core (V.L., W.Z.), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029; and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx (Y.T.), New York, New York 10468
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29
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Tamari M, Hirota T. Genome-wide association studies of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2014; 41:213-20. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tamari
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN); Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN); Kanagawa Japan
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30
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Bertolotti A, Boniface K, Vergier B, Mossalayi D, Taieb A, Ezzedine K, Seneschal J. Type I interferon signature in the initiation of the immune response in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:398-407. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bertolotti
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology; National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders; Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospital; Bordeaux France
| | - Katia Boniface
- INSERM U1035; Immunodermatology Team; Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Djavad Mossalayi
- INSERM U1035; Immunodermatology Team; Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux France
| | - Alain Taieb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology; National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders; Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospital; Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1035; Immunodermatology Team; Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux France
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology; National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders; Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospital; Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1035; Immunodermatology Team; Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux France
| | - Julien Seneschal
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology; National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders; Saint-André and Pellegrin Hospital; Bordeaux France
- INSERM U1035; Immunodermatology Team; Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux France
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31
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Reimann E, Kingo K, Karelson M, Reemann P, Vasar E, Silm H, Kõks S. Whole Transcriptome Analysis (RNA Sequencing) of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Vitiligo Patients. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2014; 1:11-23. [PMID: 27047918 PMCID: PMC4772995 DOI: 10.1159/000357402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an idiopathic disorder characterized by depigmented patches on the skin due to a loss of melanocytes. The cause of melanocyte destruction is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to detect the potential pathways involved in the vitiligo pathogenesis to further understand the causes and entity of vitiligo. For that the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 4 vitiligo patients and 4 control subjects was analyzed using the SOLiD System platform and whole transcriptome RNA sequencing application. Altogether 2,470 genes were expressed differently and GRID2IP showed the highest deviation in patients compared to controls. Using functional analysis, altogether 993 associations between the gene groups and diseases were found. The analysis revealed associations between vitiligo and diseases such as lichen planus, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Additionally, the gene groups with an altered expression pattern are participating in processes such as cell death, survival and signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, vitiligo is rather a systemic than a local skin disease; the findings from an enormous amount of RNA sequencing data support the previous findings about vitiligo and should be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reimann
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Karelson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Reemann
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Silm
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Kõks
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Ezzedine K, Le Thuaut A, Jouary T, Ballanger F, Taieb A, Bastuji-Garin S. Latent class analysis of a series of 717 patients with vitiligo allows the identification of two clinical subtypes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:134-9. [PMID: 24127636 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is an enigmatic disease with various clinical courses. To empirically identify underlying subtypes of NSV, we performed latent class analysis (LCA) of 717 consecutive patients with NSV seen between 2006 and 2012 and were analyzed. Median age was 32 yrs (14-45), median age at NSV onset was 18 yrs (8-32), and median NSV duration 5 yrs (0.75-78.5). A two-class model showed the best fit. Of the 717 patients, 280 (39%) belonged to LC1 and 437 (61%) to LC2. LC1 patients had high probabilities for early disease onset (<12 yrs), halo nevi, family history of premature hair greying, Koebner phenomenon, previous episodes of repigmentation, and family history of vitiligo. By contrast, LC2 patients were characterized by a late disease onset (after or at the age of 12 yrs, median age of 30 yrs) and acrofacial localization without any lesions on trunk or limbs. These two LCA classes (LC1, 'prepubertal onset'; LC2, 'post-pubertal onset') may help refining results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and allow a more accurate genotype-phenotype correlation and help defining more directed treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Pellegrin and University of Bordeaux and Inserm U1035, Bordeaux, France
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Shah K, Shah BJ, Begum R. Involvement of interferon-gamma genetic variants and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in onset and progression of generalized vitiligo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:646-59. [PMID: 23777204 PMCID: PMC3814581 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a paracrine inhibitor of melanocytes and genetic variability due to intron 1 polymorphisms in IFNG has been reported to be associated with increased risk for several autoimmune diseases. The aim of present study was to determine whether intron 1 +874A/T (rs2430561) and CA microsatellite (rs3138557) polymorphisms in IFNG are associated with generalized vitiligo (GV) susceptibility and expression of IFNG and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) affects the disease onset and progression. Here we report that IFNG CA microsatellite but not +874A/T may be a genetic risk factor for GV; however, +874T allele plays a crucial role in increased expression of IFNG mRNA and protein levels which could affect the onset and progression of the disease. Active GV patients showed increased IFNG levels compared to stable GV patients. The genotype-phenotype analysis revealed that IFNG expression levels were higher in patients with +874 TT genotypes and 12 CA repeats. Patients with the early age of onset showed higher IFNG expression and female GV patients showed higher IFNG and ICAM1 expression implicating gender biasness and involvement of IFN-γ in early onset of the disease. Moreover, the increased IFN-γ levels in patients lead to increased ICAM1 expression, which could be a probable link between cytokines and T-cell involvement in pathogenesis of GV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Naresh C. Laddha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Kriti Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Bela J. Shah
- Department of Dermatology, STD and Leprosy, B.J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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Association of HLA alleles and haplotypes with vitiligo in Moroccan patients: a case–control study. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:925-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Speeckaert R, van Geel N. Distribution patterns in generalized vitiligo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:755-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Speeckaert
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - N. van Geel
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
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Birlea SA, Ahmad FJ, Uddin RM, Ahmad S, Pal SS, Begum R, Laddha NC, Dwivedi M, Shoab Mansuri M, Jin Y, Gowan K, Riccardi SL, Holland PJ, Ben S, Fain PR, Spritz RA. Association of generalized vitiligo with MHC class II loci in patients from the Indian subcontinent. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1369-72. [PMID: 23303446 PMCID: PMC3626744 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ezzedine K, Diallo A, Léauté-Labrèze C, Seneschal J, Boniface K, Cario-André M, Prey S, Ballanger F, Boralevi F, Jouary T, Mossalayi D, Taieb A. Pre- vs. post-pubertal onset of vitiligo: multivariate analysis indicates atopic diathesis association in pre-pubertal onset vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2013; 167:490-5. [PMID: 22512840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited epidemiological data exist that compare clinical features of pre- and post-pubertal nonsegmental vitiligo. OBJECTIVES To compare factors associated with pre- and post-pubertal onset vitiligo. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted of patients with vitiligo attending the clinic between 1 January 2006 and 1 July 2011. The Vitiligo European Task Force questionnaire was completed for each patient and thyroid function and antithyroid antibodies were screened. Other forms of vitiligo (segmental, focal, mucosal, not classifiable) were excluded. RESULTS A total of 679 patients were included; 422 had post-pubertal and 257 pre-pubertal onset of vitiligo. Vitiligo universalis was seen only in post-pubertal onset. In univariate analysis, there was no significant statistical difference for sex, Koebner phenomenon or disease activity between both groups; thyroid disease or presence of thyroid antibodies was more frequent in post-pubertal onset [odds ratio (OR) 0·31, P < 0·003] whereas atopic dermatitis was more often associated with or preceding pre-pubertal onset (OR 2·42, P = 0·006). In multivariate analysis, halo naevi, family history of vitiligo, premature hair greying, atopic dermatitis and previous episode of spontaneous repigmentation were independently associated with pre-pubertal onset. In contrast, stress as onset factor, personal history of thyroid disease and acrofacial type were associated with post-pubertal onset. CONCLUSIONS Pre-pubertal onset vitiligo is strongly associated with personal and family history of atopy, suggesting that the predisposing immune background in vitiligo is not limited to autoimmunity, as also noted in alopecia areata. This study also suggests reconsidering the epidemiological data on sex ratio in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology, and National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, CHU St-André, 1 rue Jean Burguet, Hôpital Pellegrin, 33075 Bordeaux, France.
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Yu R, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Potential role of neurogenic inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. J Cutan Med Surg 2012; 16:230-44. [PMID: 22784515 DOI: 10.1177/120347541201600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a highly complex multifactorial condition of the skin that has an unclear mechanism of pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes the role of various neurogenic inflammatory factors significantly upregulated in vitiligo. METHODS A literature review was conducted of all pertinent data regarding neuropeptides that are altered in vitiligo and their possible role in the destruction of melanocytes. RESULTS The close associations between the skin, immune system, and nervous system, along with specific changes demonstrated in vitiligo patients, support a pathogenic mechanism of vitiligo that involves neuroimmunologic factors, the release of which can be governed by mental stress. CONCLUSION Neuropeptides and nerve growth factors are critical regulators of emotional response and may precipitate the onset and development of vitiligo in certain predisposed individuals. More studies are required to investigate whether a direct link exists between genetics, mental stress, and neurogenic factors in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Yu
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Chieng Genomics Centre, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Association analyses identify three susceptibility Loci for vitiligo in the Chinese Han population. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:403-10. [PMID: 22951725 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To identify susceptibility loci for vitiligo, we extended our previous vitiligo genome-wide association study with a two-staged replication study that included 6,857 cases and 12,025 controls from the Chinese Han population. We identified three susceptibility loci, 12q13.2 (rs10876864, P(combined)=8.07 × 10(-12), odds ratio (OR)=1.18), 11q23.3 (rs638893, P(combined)=2.47 × 10(-9), OR=1.22), and 10q22.1 (rs1417210, P(combined)=1.83 × 10(-8), OR=0.88), and confirmed three previously reported loci for vitiligo, 3q28 (rs9851967, P(combined)=8.57 × 10(-8), OR=0.88), 10p15.1 (rs3134883, P(combined)=1.01 × 10(-5), OR=1.11), and 22q12.3 (rs2051582, P(combined)=2.12 × 10(-5), OR=1.14), in the Chinese Han population. The most significant single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 12q13.2 locus is located immediately upstream of the promoter region of PMEL, which encodes a major melanocyte antigen and has expression loss in the vitiligo lesional skin. In addition, both 12q13.2 and 11q23.3 loci identified in this study are also associated with other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings provide indirect support that vitiligo pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between immune regulatory factors and melanocyte-specific factors. They also highlight similarities and differences in the genetic basis of vitiligo in Chinese and Caucasian populations.
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Lu X, Wang L, Chen S, He L, Yang X, Shi Y, Cheng J, Zhang L, Gu CC, Huang J, Wu T, Ma Y, Li J, Cao J, Chen J, Ge D, Fan Z, Li Y, Zhao L, Li H, Zhou X, Chen L, Liu D, Chen J, Duan X, Hao Y, Wang L, Lu F, Liu Z, Yao C, Shen C, Pu X, Yu L, Fang X, Xu L, Mu J, Wu X, Zheng R, Wu N, Zhao Q, Li Y, Liu X, Wang M, Yu D, Hu D, Ji X, Guo D, Sun D, Wang Q, Yang Y, Liu F, Mao Q, Liang X, Ji J, Chen P, Mo X, Li D, Chai G, Tang Y, Li X, Du Z, Liu X, Dou C, Yang Z, Meng Q, Wang D, Wang R, Yang J, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Kathiresan S, Reilly MP, Erdmann J, Peng X, Wu X, Liu D, Yang Y, Chen R, Qiang B, Gu D. Genome-wide association study in Han Chinese identifies four new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2012; 44:890-4. [PMID: 22751097 PMCID: PMC3927410 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of 2 genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease comprising 1,515 cases and 5,019 controls followed by replication studies in 15,460 cases and 11,472 controls, all of Chinese Han ancestry. We identify four new loci for coronary artery disease that reached the threshold of genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)). These loci mapped in or near TTC32-WDR35, GUCY1A3, C6orf10-BTNL2 and ATP2B1. We also replicated four loci previously identified in European populations (in or near PHACTR1, TCF21, CDKN2A-CDKN2B and C12orf51). These findings provide new insights into pathways contributing to the susceptibility for coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhao H, Xu J, Zhang H, Sun J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Ding Q, Lu S, Shi R, You L, Qin Y, Zhao X, Lin X, Li X, Feng J, Wang L, Trent J, Xu C, Gao Y, Zhang B, Gao X, Hu J, Chen H, Li G, Zhao J, Zou S, Jiang H, Hao C, Zhao Y, Ma J, Zheng S, Chen ZJ. A genome-wide association study reveals that variants within the HLA region are associated with risk for nonobstructive azoospermia. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:900-6. [PMID: 22541561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide association study of Han Chinese subjects was conducted to identify genetic susceptibility loci for nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). In the discovery stage, 802 azoospermia cases and 1,863 controls were screened for genetic variants in the genome. Promising SNPs were subsequently confirmed in two independent sets of subjects: 818 azoospermia cases and 1,755 controls from northern China, and 606 azoospermia cases and 958 controls from central and southern China. We detected variants at human leukocyte antigen (HLA) regions that were independently associated with NOA (HLA-DRA, rs3129878, p(combine) = 3.70 × 10(-16), odds ratio [OR] = 1.37; C6orf10 and BTNL2, rs498422, p(combine) = 2.43 × 10(-12), OR = 1.42). These findings provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of NOA.
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Sarig O, Bercovici S, Zoller L, Goldberg I, Indelman M, Nahum S, Israeli S, Sagiv N, Martinez de Morentin H, Katz O, Baum S, Barzilai A, Trau H, Murrell DF, Bergman R, Hertl M, Rosenberg S, Nöthen MM, Skorecki K, Schmidt E, Zillikens D, Darvasi A, Geiger D, Rosset S, Ibrahim SM, Sprecher E. Population-specific association between a polymorphic variant in ST18, encoding a pro-apoptotic molecule, and pemphigus vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1798-805. [PMID: 22437316 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a severe autoimmune blistering disease caused by anti-epithelial antibodies, leading to disruption of cell-cell adhesion. Although the disease is exceedingly rare worldwide, it is known to be relatively prevalent in Jewish populations. The low prevalence of the disease represents a significant obstacle to a genome-wide approach to the mapping of susceptibility genes. We reasoned that the study of a genetically homogeneous cohort characterized by a high prevalence of PV may help exposing associated signals while reducing spurious results due to population sub-structure. We performed a genome-wide association study using 300K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a case-control study of 100 PV patients of Jewish descent and 397 matched control individuals, followed by replication of significantly associated SNPs in three additional cohorts of Jewish, Egyptian, and German origin. In addition to the major histocompatibility complex locus, a genomic segment on 8q11.23 that spans the ST18 gene was also found to be significantly associated with PV. This association was confirmed in the Jewish and Egyptian replication sets but not in the German sample, suggesting that ST18-associated variants may predispose to PV in a population-specific manner. ST18 regulates apoptosis and inflammation, two processes of direct relevance to the pathogenesis of PV. Further supporting the relevance of ST18 to PV, we found this gene to be overexpressed in the skin of PV patients as compared with healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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43
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Zhang X. Genome-wide association study of skin complex diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:89-97. [PMID: 22480995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex diseases are caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Over decades, scientists endeavored to uncover the genetic myth of complex diseases by linkage and association studies. Since 2005, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been proved to be the most powerful and efficient study design thus far in identifying genetic variants that are associated with complex diseases. More than 230 complex diseases and traits have been investigated by this approach. In dermatology, 10 skin complex diseases have been investigated, a wealth of common susceptibility variants conferring risk for skin complex diseases have been discovered. These findings point to genes and/or loci involved in biological systems worth further investigating by using other methodologies. Certainly, as our understanding of the genetic etiology of skin complex diseases continues to mature, important opportunities will emerge for developing more effective diagnostic and clinical management tools for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Abstract
In this issue, Singh and co-workers describe the results of classical typing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in 1,404 vitiligo patients and 902 unaffected controls from North India and follow-up HLA typing in 355 cases and 441 controls from Gujarat. The increased frequency of DRB1*07:01 in North Indian and Gujarat populations with generalized and localized vitiligo and in several vitiligo populations studied previously suggests that it contributes to autoimmunity and destruction of melanocytes.
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Spritz RA. Six decades of vitiligo genetics: genome-wide studies provide insights into autoimmune pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:268-73. [PMID: 21993561 PMCID: PMC3258303 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Generalized vitiligo (GV) is a complex disease in which patchy depigmentation results from autoimmune loss of melanocytes from affected regions. Genetic analyses of GV span six decades, with the goal of understanding biological mechanisms and elucidating pathways that underlie the disease. The earliest studies attempted to describe the mode of inheritance and genetic epidemiology. Early genetic association studies of biological candidate genes resulted in some successes, principally HLA and PTPN22, but in hindsight many such reports now seem to be false-positives. Later, genome-wide linkage studies of multiplex GV families identified NLRP1 and XBP1, which appear to be valid GV susceptibility genes that control key aspects of immune regulation. Recently, the application of genome-wide association studies to analysis of GV has produced a rich yield of validated GV susceptibility genes that encode components of biological pathways reaching from immune cells to the melanocyte. These genes and pathways provide insights into underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and possible triggers of GV, establish relationships to other autoimmune diseases, and may provide clues to potential new approaches to GV treatment and perhaps even prevention. These results thus validate the hopes and efforts of the early investigators who first attempted to comprehend the genetic basis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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46
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Miniati A, Weng Z, Zhang B, Stratigos A, Nicolaidou E, Theoharides T. Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Processes in Vitiligo Pathogenesis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:1-7. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a cutaneous disorder of depigmentation, clinically characterized by well-demarcated, white macules of varying size and distribution. It can affect up to 2% of the population, especially younger ages. In spite of recent findings implicating genetic, immune and oxidative stress factors, the exact pathogenesis of vitiligo remains obscure. Here, we briefly discuss the prevailing theories, and offer new suggestions that could explain in part the damage of melanocyte in the vitiliginous lesions. Our emerging hypothesis is that neuropeptides released from peripheral nerve endings could synergize with new cytokines to adversely affect melanocyte function and viability. These may include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neurotensin (NT), as well as interleukin 33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Such interactions could serve the basis for further research, possibly leading to new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Miniati
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Z. Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B. Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A.J. Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - T.C. Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Taïeb A. Vitiligo as an inflammatory skin disorder: a therapeutic perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 25:9-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Mollet I, De Schepper S, De Wolf J, Tjin EPM, Luiten RM, Lambert J, Brochez L. In vivo vitiligo induction and therapy model: double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 25:57-65. [PMID: 21982055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an in vivo vitiligo induction model to explore the underlying mechanisms leading to Koebner's phenomenon and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. The model consisted of 12 pigmented test regions on the back of generalized vitiligo patients that were exposed to three Koebner induction methods: cryotherapy, 755 nm laser therapy, and epidermal abrasion. In addition, four cream treatments (pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, steroid and placebo) were randomly applied. Koebnerization was efficiently induced by all three induction methods. In general, cryotherapy was the best method of Koebner induction, followed by 755 nm laser therapy and epidermal abrasion. Reproducible results were obtained, which showed enhanced depigmented surface areas and higher amounts of T lymphocytes in placebo-treated test zones compared to active treated areas. Tacrolimus and local steroids were better inhibitors of Koebner's process (P < 0.05) compared to pimecrolimus. Our in vivo vitiligo induction model is very informative to investigate vitiligo induction and to determine the efficacy of topical treatments in vitiligo. This proof of concept confirms the efficient comparison of head-to-head therapeutic strategies intra-individually in a standardized, specific and better timed way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan, Ghent, Belgium.
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Liu YH, Wan L, Chang CT, Liao WL, Chen WC, Tsai Y, Tsai CH, Tsai FJ. Association between copy number variation of complement component C4 and Graves' disease. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:71. [PMID: 21943165 PMCID: PMC3212822 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene copy number of complement component C4, which varies among individuals, may determine the intrinsic strength of the classical complement pathway. Presuming a major role of complement as an effecter in peptide-mediated inflammation and phagocytosis, we hypothesized that C4 genetic diversity may partially explain the development of Graves' disease (GD) and the variation in its outcomes. METHODS A case-control study including 624 patients with GD and 160 healthy individuals were enrolled. CNV of C4 isotypes (C4A and C4B) genes were performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Statistical comparison and identification of CNV of total C4, C4 isotypes (C4A and C4B) and C4 polymorphisms were estimated according to the occurrence of GD and its associated clinical features. RESULTS Individuals with 4, 2, and 2 copies of C4, C4A and C4B genes, especially those with A2B2 polymorphism may associate with the development of GD (p = 0.001, OR = 10.994, 95% CI: 6.277-19.255; p = 0.008, OR = 1.732, 95% CI: 1.190-2.520; p = 2.420 × 10-5, OR = 2.621, 95% CI: 1.791-3.835; and p = 1.395 × 10-4, OR = 2.671, 95% CI: 1.761-4.052, respectively). Although the distribution of copy number for total C4, C4 isotypes as well as C4 polymorphisms did not associate with the occurrence of goiter, nodular hyperplasia, GO and myxedema, <2 copies of C4A may associate with high risk toward vitiligo in patients with GD (p = 0.001, OR = 5.579, 95% CI: 1.659-18.763). CONCLUSIONS These results may be further estimated for its clinical application on GD and the vitiligo in patients with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huei Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Recent progress in the genetics of generalized vitiligo. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:271-8. [PMID: 21777851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired disease characterized principally by patchy depigmentation of skin and overlying hair. Generalized vitiligo (GV), the predominant form of the disorder, results from autoimmune loss of melanocytes from affected regions. GV is a "complex trait", inherited in a non-Mendelian polygenic, multifactorial manner. GV is epidemiologically associated with other autoimmune diseases, both in GV patients and in their close relatives, suggesting that shared genes underlie susceptibility to this group of diseases. Early candidate gene association studies yielded a few successes, such as PTPN22, but most such reports now appear to be false-positives. Subsequent genomewide linkage studies identified NLRP1 and XBP1, apparent true GV susceptibility genes involved in immune regulation, and recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of GV in Caucasian and Chinese populations have yielded a large number of additional validated GV susceptibility genes. Together, these genes highlight biological systems and pathways that reach from the immune cells to the melanocyte, and provide insights into both disease pathogenesis and potential new targets for both treatment and even prevention of GV and other autoimmune diseases in genetically susceptible individuals.
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