1
|
Eiamkulbutr S, Tubjareon C, Sanpavat A, Phewplung T, Srisan N, Sintusek P. Diseases of bile duct in children. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1043-1072. [PMID: 38577180 PMCID: PMC10989494 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Several diseases originate from bile duct pathology. Despite studies on these diseases, certain etiologies of some of them still cannot be concluded. The most common disease of the bile duct in newborns is biliary atresia, whose prognosis varies according to the age of surgical correction. Other diseases such as Alagille syndrome, inspissated bile duct syndrome, and choledochal cysts are also time-sensitive because they can cause severe liver damage due to obstruction. The majority of these diseases present with cholestatic jaundice in the newborn or infant period, which is quite difficult to differentiate regarding clinical acumen and initial investigations. Intraoperative cholangiography is potentially necessary to make an accurate diagnosis, and further treatment will be performed synchronously or planned as findings suggest. This article provides a concise review of bile duct diseases, with interesting cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutha Eiamkulbutr
- Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chomchanat Tubjareon
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anapat Sanpavat
- Department of Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerasak Phewplung
- Department of Radiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nimmita Srisan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Palittiya Sintusek
- Center of Excellence in Thai Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ite K, Toyoda M, Akiyama S, Enosawa S, Yoshioka S, Yukitake T, Yamazaki-Inoue M, Tatsumi K, Akutsu H, Nishina H, Kimura T, Otani N, Nakazawa A, Fukuda A, Kasahara M, Umezawa A. Stem cell challenges and opportunities. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 199:379-395. [PMID: 37678981 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exhibit hepatocytic properties in vitro; however, their engraftment and functionality in vivo remain unsatisfactory. Despite optimization of differentiation protocols, HLCs did not engraft in a mouse model of liver injury. In contrast, organ-derived hepatocytes reproducibly formed colonies in the liver injury mouse model. As an extension of the phenomenon observed in hematopoietic stem cells giving rise to colonies within the spleen, commonly referred to as "colony-forming units in spleen (CFU-s)", we hypothesize that "colony-forming units in liver (CFU-L)" serves as a reliable indicator of stemness, engraftment, and functionality of hepatocytes. The uniform expression of the randomly inactivated gene in a single colony, as reported by Sugahara et al. 2022, suggests that the colonies generated by isolated hepatocytes likely originate from a single cell. We, therefore, propose that CFU-L can be used to quantify the number of "hepatocytes that engraft and proliferate in vivo" as a quantitative assay for stem cells that utilize colony-forming ability, similar to that observed in hematopoietic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Ite
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Research team for Aging Science (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Akiyama
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine (National Center for Child Health and Development), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Enosawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Yoshioka
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yukitake
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamazaki-Inoue
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniko Tatsumi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of BioSciences, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Otani
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinari Fukuda
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Child Health and Development Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine (National Center for Child Health and Development), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jalan-Sakrikar N, Brevini T, Huebert RC, Sampaziotis F. Organoids and regenerative hepatology. Hepatology 2023; 77:305-322. [PMID: 35596930 PMCID: PMC9676408 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, with liver transplantation remaining the only treatment option for end-stage liver disease. Regenerative medicine holds great potential as a therapeutic alternative, aiming to repair or replace damaged liver tissue with healthy functional cells. The properties of the cells used are critical for the efficacy of this approach. The advent of liver organoids has not only offered new insights into human physiology and pathophysiology, but also provided an optimal source of cells for regenerative medicine and translational applications. Here, we discuss various historical aspects of 3D organoid culture, how it has been applied to the hepatobiliary system, and how organoid technology intersects with the emerging global field of liver regenerative medicine. We outline the hepatocyte, cholangiocyte, and nonparenchymal organoids systems available and discuss their advantages and limitations for regenerative medicine as well as future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teresa Brevini
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Liver Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Florentino RM, Li Q, Coard MC, Haep N, Motomura T, Diaz-Aragon R, Faccioli LAP, Amirneni S, Kocas-Kilicarslan ZN, Ostrowska A, Squires JE, Feranchak AP, Soto-Gutierrez A. Transmembrane channel activity in human hepatocytes and cholangiocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1561-1573. [PMID: 35289126 PMCID: PMC9234678 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial creation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) set the foundation for the future of regenerative medicine. Human iPSCs can be differentiated into a variety of cell types in order to study normal and pathological molecular mechanisms. Currently, there are well-defined protocols for the differentiation, characterization, and establishment of functionality in human iPSC-derived hepatocytes (iHep) and iPSC-derived cholangiocytes (iCho). Electrophysiological study on chloride ion efflux channel activity in iHep and iCho cells has not been previously reported. We generated iHep and iCho cells and characterized them based on hepatocyte-specific and cholangiocyte-specific markers. The relevant transmembrane channels were selected: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, leucine rich repeat-containing 8 subunit A, and transmembrane member 16 subunit A. To measure the activity in these channels, we used whole-cell patch-clamp techniques with a standard intracellular and extracellular solution. Our iHep and iCho cells demonstrated definitive activity in the selected transmembrane channels, and this approach may become an important tool for investigating human liver biology of cholestatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Florentino
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Qin Li
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Michael C Coard
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nils Haep
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Takashi Motomura
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ricardo Diaz-Aragon
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lanuza A P Faccioli
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sriram Amirneni
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Alina Ostrowska
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - James E Squires
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrew P Feranchak
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA.,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alejandro Soto-Gutierrez
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA.,Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Messelmani T, Morisseau L, Sakai Y, Legallais C, Le Goff A, Leclerc E, Jellali R. Liver organ-on-chip models for toxicity studies and risk assessment. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2423-2450. [PMID: 35694831 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a key organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism and ensures a variety of functions in the body, including homeostasis, synthesis of essential components, nutrient storage, and detoxification. As the centre of metabolism for exogenous molecules, the liver is continuously exposed to a wide range of compounds, such as drugs, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. Most of these compounds can cause hepatotoxicity and lead to severe and irreversible liver damage. To study the effects of chemicals and drugs on the liver, most commonly, animal models or in vitro 2D cell cultures are used. However, data obtained from animal models lose their relevance when extrapolated to the human metabolic situation and pose ethical concerns, while 2D static cultures are poorly predictive of human in vivo metabolism and toxicity. As a result, there is a widespread need to develop relevant in vitro liver models for toxicology studies. In recent years, progress in tissue engineering, biomaterials, microfabrication, and cell biology has created opportunities for more relevant in vitro models for toxicology studies. Of these models, the liver organ-on-chip (OoC) has shown promising results by reproducing the in vivo behaviour of the cell/organ or a group of organs, the controlled physiological micro-environment, and in vivo cellular metabolic responses. In this review, we discuss the development of liver organ-on-chip technology and its use in toxicity studies. First, we introduce the physiology of the liver and summarize the traditional experimental models for toxicity studies. We then present liver OoC technology, including the general concept, materials used, cell sources, and different approaches. We review the prominent liver OoC and multi-OoC integrating the liver for drug and chemical toxicity studies. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and directions for developing or improving liver OoC models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taha Messelmani
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Lisa Morisseau
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Le Goff
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Design by Nature: Emerging Applications of Native Liver Extracellular Matrix for Cholangiocyte Organoid-Based Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030110. [PMID: 35324799 PMCID: PMC8945468 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid technology holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Recent studies show feasibility for bile duct tissue repair in humans by successfully transplanting cholangiocyte organoids in liver grafts during perfusion. Large-scale expansion of cholangiocytes is essential for extending these regenerative medicine applications. Human cholangiocyte organoids have a high and stable proliferation capacity, making them an attractive source of cholangiocytes. Commercially available basement membrane extract (BME) is used to expand the organoids. BME allows the cells to self-organize into 3D structures and stimulates cell proliferation. However, the use of BME is limiting the clinical applications of the organoids. There is a need for alternative tissue-specific and clinically relevant culture substrates capable of supporting organoid proliferation. Hydrogels prepared from decellularized and solubilized native livers are an attractive alternative for BME. These hydrogels can be used for the culture and expansion of cholangiocyte organoids in a clinically relevant manner. Moreover, the liver-derived hydrogels retain tissue-specific aspects of the extracellular microenvironment. They are composed of a complex mixture of bioactive and biodegradable extracellular matrix (ECM) components and can support the growth of various hepatobiliary cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical potential of native liver ECM-based hydrogels for applications with human cholangiocyte organoids. We discuss the current limitations of BME for the clinical applications of organoids and how native ECM hydrogels can potentially overcome these problems in an effort to unlock the full regenerative clinical potential of the organoids.
Collapse
|
7
|
Current Status and Challenges of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Liver Models in Drug Discovery. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030442. [PMID: 35159250 PMCID: PMC8834601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is in high need of efficient and relevant in vitro liver models, which can be incorporated in their drug discovery pipelines to identify potential drugs and their toxicity profiles. Current liver models often rely on cancer cell lines or primary cells, which both have major limitations. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has created a new opportunity for liver disease modeling, drug discovery and liver toxicity research. hiPSCs can be differentiated to any cell of interest, which makes them good candidates for disease modeling and drug discovery. Moreover, hiPSCs, unlike primary cells, can be easily genome-edited, allowing the creation of reporter lines or isogenic controls for patient-derived hiPSCs. Unfortunately, even though liver progeny from hiPSCs has characteristics similar to their in vivo counterparts, the differentiation of iPSCs to fully mature progeny remains highly challenging and is a major obstacle for the full exploitation of these models by pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we discuss current liver-cell differentiation protocols and in vitro iPSC-based liver models that could be used for disease modeling and drug discovery. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges that still need to be overcome to allow for the successful implementation of these models into pharmaceutical drug discovery platforms.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun Q, Shen Z, Liang X, He Y, Kong D, Midgley AC, Wang K. Progress and Current Limitations of Materials for Artificial Bile Duct Engineering. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237468. [PMID: 34885623 PMCID: PMC8658964 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bile duct injury (BDI) and bile tract diseases are regarded as prominent challenges in hepatobiliary surgery due to the risk of severe complications. Hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal surgery can inadvertently cause iatrogenic BDI. The commonly utilized clinical treatment of BDI is biliary-enteric anastomosis. However, removal of the Oddi sphincter, which serves as a valve control over the unidirectional flow of bile to the intestine, can result in complications such as reflux cholangitis, restenosis of the bile duct, and cholangiocarcinoma. Tissue engineering and biomaterials offer alternative approaches for BDI treatment. Reconstruction of mechanically functional and biomimetic structures to replace bile ducts aims to promote the ingrowth of bile duct cells and realize tissue regeneration of bile ducts. Current research on artificial bile ducts has remained within preclinical animal model experiments. As more research shows artificial bile duct replacements achieving effective mechanical and functional prevention of biliary peritonitis caused by bile leakage or obstructive jaundice after bile duct reconstruction, clinical translation of tissue-engineered bile ducts has become a theoretical possibility. This literature review provides a comprehensive collection of published works in relation to three tissue engineering approaches for biomimetic bile duct construction: mechanical support from scaffold materials, cell seeding methods, and the incorporation of biologically active factors to identify the advancements and current limitations of materials and methods for the development of effective artificial bile ducts that promote tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Q.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Zefeng Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (Z.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (Z.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Yingxu He
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Deling Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Q.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Adam C. Midgley
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Q.S.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Q.S.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.M.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jalan-Sakrikar N, De Assuncao TM, Navarro-Corcuera A, Hamdan FH, Loarca L, Kirkeby LA, Resch ZT, O'Hara SP, Juran BD, Lazaridis KN, Rosen CB, Heimbach JK, Taner T, Shah VH, LaRusso NF, Huebert RC. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Subjects With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Develop a Senescence Phenotype Following Biliary Differentiation. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:345-360. [PMID: 34519176 PMCID: PMC8793999 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic fibroinflammatory disease of the biliary tract characterized by cellular senescence and periportal fibrogenesis. Specific disease features that are cell intrinsic and either genetically or epigenetically mediated remain unclear due in part to a lack of appropriate, patient-specific, in vitro models. Recently, our group developed systems to create induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cholangiocytes (iDCs) and biliary epithelial organoids (cholangioids). We use these models to investigate whether PSC cholangiocytes are intrinsically predisposed to cellular senescence. Skin fibroblasts from healthy controls and subjects with PSC were reprogrammed to pluripotency, differentiated to cholangiocytes, and subsequently grown in three-dimensional matrigel-based culture to induce formation of cholangioids. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on iDCs showed significant differences in gene expression patterns, including enrichment of pathways associated with cell cycle, senescence, and hepatic fibrosis, that correlate with PSC. These pathways also overlapped with RNA-seq analysis on isolated cholangiocytes from subjects with PSC. Exome sequencing on the subjects with PSC revealed genetic variants of unknown significance in the genes identified in these pathways. Three-dimensional culture revealed smaller size, lack of a central lumen, and increased cellular senescence in PSC-derived cholangioids. Congruent with this, PSC-derived iDCs showed increased secretion of the extracellular matrix molecule fibronectin as well as the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. Conditioned media (CM) from PSC-derived iDCs more potently activated hepatic stellate cells compared to control CM. Conclusion: We demonstrated efficient generation of iDCs and cholangioids from patients with PSC that show disease-specific features. PSC cholangiocytes are intrinsically predisposed to cellular senescence. These features are unmasked following biliary differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and have functional consequences in epithelial organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thiago M De Assuncao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amaia Navarro-Corcuera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Feda H Hamdan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lorena Loarca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lindsey A Kirkeby
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zachary T Resch
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven P O'Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian D Juran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Konstantinos N Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charles B Rosen
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie K Heimbach
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timucin Taner
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert C Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pasqua M, Di Gesù R, Chinnici CM, Conaldi PG, Francipane MG. Generation of Hepatobiliary Cell Lineages from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Applications in Disease Modeling and Drug Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8227. [PMID: 34360991 PMCID: PMC8348238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility to reproduce key tissue functions in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is offering an incredible opportunity to gain better insight into biological mechanisms underlying development and disease, and a tool for the rapid screening of drug candidates. This review attempts to summarize recent strategies for specification of iPSCs towards hepatobiliary lineages -hepatocytes and cholangiocytes-and their use as platforms for disease modeling and drug testing. The application of different tissue-engineering methods to promote accurate and reliable readouts is discussed. Space is given to open questions, including to what extent these novel systems can be informative. Potential pathways for improvement are finally suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pasqua
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Roberto Di Gesù
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
- Dipartimento della Ricerca, IRCCS ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Maria Giovanna Francipane
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Simone N T Kurial
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Faria J, Penning LC, Masereeuw R, Spee B. Tissue-Engineered Bile Ducts for Disease Modeling and Therapy. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:59-76. [PMID: 33267737 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent biotechnical advances in the in vitro culture of cholangiocytes and generation of bioengineered biliary tissue have a high potential for creating biliary tissue to be used for disease modeling, drug screening, and transplantation. For the past few decades, scientists have searched for a source of cholangiocytes, focused on primary cholangiocytes or cholangiocytes derived from hepatocytes or stem cells. At the same time, the development of scaffolds for biliary tissue engineering for transplantation and modeling of cholangiopathies has been explored. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of cholangiocytes sources, the effect of signaling molecules, and transcription factors on cell differentiation, along with the effects of extracellular matrix molecules and scaffolds on bioengineered biliary tissues, and their application in disease modeling and drug screening. Impact statement Over the past few decades, biliary tissue engineering has acquired significant attention, but currently a number of factors hinder this field to eventually generate bioengineered bile ducts that mimic in vivo physiology and are suitable for transplantation. In this review, we present the latest advances with respect to cell source selection, influence of growth factors and scaffolds, and functional characterization, as well as applications in cholangiopathy modeling and drug screening. This review is suited for a broad spectrum of readers, including fundamental liver researchers and clinicians with interest in the current state and application of bile duct engineering and disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - João Faria
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang Y, Miyamoto D, Hidaka M, Adachi T, Gu WL, Eguchi S. Regenerative medicine for the hepatobiliary system: A review. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2020; 28:913-930. [PMID: 33314713 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation, the only proven treatment for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, is hampered by the scarcity of donors. Regenerative medicine provides an alternative therapeutic approach. Tremendous efforts dedicated to liver regenerative medicine include the delivery of transplantable cells, microtissues, and bioengineered whole livers via tissue engineering and the maintenance of partial liver function via extracorporeal support. This brief review summarizes the current status of regenerative medicine for the hepatobiliary system. For liver regenerative medicine, the focus is on strategies for expansion of transplantable hepatocytes, generation of hepatocyte-like cells, and therapeutic potential of engineered tissues in liver disease models. For biliary regenerative medicine, the discussion concentrates on the methods for generation of cholangiocyte-like cells and strategies in the treatment of biliary disease. Significant advances have been made in large-scale and long-term expansion of liver cells. The development of tissue engineering and stem cell induction technology holds great promise for the future treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. The application of regenerative medicine in liver still lacks extensive animal experiments. Therefore, a large number of preclinical studies are necessary to provide sufficient evidence for their therapeutic effectiveness. Much remains to be done for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases with regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Daisuke Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hidaka
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Adachi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wei-Li Gu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang Y, Sakai Y, Hara T, Katsuda T, Ochiya T, Gu WL, Miyamoto D, Hamada T, Kanetaka K, Adachi T, Eguchi S. Differentiation of chemically induced liver progenitor cells to cholangiocytes: Investigation of the optimal conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:545-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
15
|
Ogoke O, Maloy M, Parashurama N. The science and engineering of stem cell-derived organoids-examples from hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic tissues. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:179-204. [PMID: 33002311 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of organoid engineering promises to revolutionize medicine with wide-ranging applications of scientific, engineering, and clinical interest, including precision and personalized medicine, gene editing, drug development, disease modelling, cellular therapy, and human development. Organoids are a three-dimensional (3D) miniature representation of a target organ, are initiated with stem/progenitor cells, and are extremely promising tools with which to model organ function. The biological basis for organoids is that they foster stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and self-organization, recapitulating 3D tissue structure or function better than two-dimensional (2D) systems. In this review, we first discuss the importance of epithelial organs and the general properties of epithelial cells to provide a context and rationale for organoids of the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. Next, we develop a general framework to understand self-organization, tissue hierarchy, and organoid cultivation. For each of these areas, we provide a historical context, and review a wide range of both biological and mathematical perspectives that enhance understanding of organoids. Next, we review existing techniques and progress in hepatobiliary and pancreatic organoid engineering. To do this, we review organoids from primary tissues, cell lines, and stem cells, and introduce engineering studies when applicable. We discuss non-invasive assessment of organoids, which can reveal the underlying biological mechanisms and enable improved assays for growth, metabolism, and function. Applications of organoids in cell therapy are also discussed. Taken together, we establish a broad scientific foundation for organoids and provide an in-depth review of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell Maloy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
iPSC-Derived Liver Organoids: A Journey from Drug Screening, to Disease Modeling, Arriving to Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176215. [PMID: 32867371 PMCID: PMC7503935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most common treatment for patients suffering from liver failure that is caused by congenital diseases, infectious agents, and environmental factors. Despite a high rate of patient survival following transplantation, organ availability remains the key limiting factor. As such, research has focused on the transplantation of different cell types that are capable of repopulating and restoring liver function. The best cellular mix capable of engrafting and proliferating over the long-term, as well as the optimal immunosuppression regimens, remain to be clearly well-defined. Hence, alternative strategies in the field of regenerative medicine have been explored. Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) that have the potential of differentiating into a broad spectrum of cell types, many studies have reported the achievement of iPSCs differentiation into liver cells, such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. In parallel, an increasing interest in the study of self-assemble or matrix-guided three-dimensional (3D) organoids have paved the way for functional bioartificial livers. In this review, we will focus on the recent breakthroughs in the development of iPSCs-based liver organoids and the major drawbacks and challenges that need to be overcome for the development of future applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yokoda RT, Rodriguez EA. Review: Pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:423-435. [PMID: 32952871 PMCID: PMC7475774 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i8.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases (CLD) begin to develop after an impairment of bile flow start to affect the biliary tree. Cholangiocytes actively participate in the liver response to injury and repair and the intensity of this reaction is a determinant factor for the development of CLD. Progressive cholangiopathies may ultimately lead to end-stage liver disease requiring at the end orthotopic liver transplantation. This narrative review will discuss cholangiocyte biology and pathogenesis mechanisms involved in four intrahepatic CLD: Primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cystic fibrosis involving the liver, and polycystic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel T Yokoda
- Department of Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, United States
| | - Eduardo A Rodriguez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun S, Yuan L, An Z, Shi D, Xin J, Jiang J, Ren K, Chen J, Guo B, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Jin X, Ruan S, Cheng T, Xia N, Li J. DLL4 restores damaged liver by enhancing hBMSC differentiation into cholangiocytes. Stem Cell Res 2020; 47:101900. [PMID: 32622343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary injury is one of the main pathological mechanisms of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)-mediated Notch activation contributes to reversing biliary injury; however, the specific role of DLL4 in biliary restoration is still unclear. This study aimed to determine whether human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) can differentiate into biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) in vitro and in vivo and to clarify the role of DLL4 in restoring damaged liver by enhancing cholangiocyte differentiation. METHODS hBMSCs were transplanted into immunodeficient mice (FRGS) with FHF induced by the hamster-anti-mouse CD95 antibody JO2. The appearance of human cholangiocytes was evaluated in the generated hBMSC-FRGS mice by q-PCR expression, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The potency of DLL4 in inducing cholangiocyte differentiation from hBMSCs was assessed by observing the cell morphology and measuring the expression of cholangiocyte-specific genes and proteins. RESULTS Human KRT19- and KRT7-double-positive cholangiocyte-like cells appeared in hBMSC-FRGS mice at 12 weeks after transplantation. After these cells were separated and collected by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS), there were high levels of expression of eight typical human cholangiocyte-specific genes and proteins (e.g., KRT19 and KRT7). Furthermore, hBMSC-derived cholangiocytes induced by DLL4 had a better shape with higher nucleus/cytoplasm ratios and showed a specific increase in the expression of cholangiocyte-specific genes and proteins (e.g., KRT19, KRT7, SOX9 and CFTR). CONCLUSIONS Cholangiocytes can be efficiently differentiated from hBMSCs in vivo and in vitro. DLL4 restores damaged liver by enhancing cholangiocyte differentiation from hBMSCs and has the potential to be used in future clinical therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhanglu An
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China; Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Keke Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiaxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaojun Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China; Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, China
| | - Sihan Ruan
- Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, 999 Donghai Rd., Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China; Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, 999 Donghai Rd., Taizhou 318000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luce E, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cholangiocytes and cholangiocyte organoids. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 159:69-93. [PMID: 32586450 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of protocols for pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation into cholangiocytes and cholangiocyte organoids in three-dimensional structures represent a huge advance in both research and medical fields because of the limited access to primary human cholangiocytes and the potential bias induced by animal models used to study cholangiopathies in vivo. PSC-derived cholangiocyte organoids consisting of either cysts with luminal space or branching tubular structures are composed of cells with apico-basal polarity that can fulfill cholangiocyte functions like the transport of bile salts. Several protocols of PSC differentiation have already been published but we added to the detailed protocol we describe here some notes or advice to facilitate its handling by new users. We also propose detailed protocols to carry out some of the characterization analyses using immunofluorescence to study the expression of specific markers and a functionality test to visualize bile acid transport using cholyl-lysyl-fluorescein (CLF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eléanor Luce
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193, Villejuif, France; UMR_S 1193, Université Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Hepatinov, Villejuif, France.
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193, Villejuif, France; UMR_S 1193, Université Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Hepatinov, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cotovio JP, Fernandes TG. Production of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Cell Lineages and Liver Organoids: Current Status and Potential Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E36. [PMID: 32283585 PMCID: PMC7356351 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, leading to the death of approximately 2 million people per year. Current therapies include orthotopic liver transplantation, however, donor organ shortage remains a great challenge. In addition, the development of novel therapeutics has been limited due to the lack of in vitro models that mimic in vivo liver physiology. Accordingly, hepatic cell lineages derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a promising cell source for liver cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug discovery. Moreover, the development of new culture systems bringing together the multiple liver-specific hepatic cell types triggered the development of hPSC-derived liver organoids. Therefore, these human liver-based platforms hold great potential for clinical applications. In this review, the production of the different hepatic cell lineages from hPSCs, including hepatocytes, as well as the emerging strategies to generate hPSC-derived liver organoids will be assessed, while current biomedical applications will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago G. Fernandes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Funfak A, Bouzhir L, Gontran E, Minier N, Dupuis-Williams P, Gobaa S. Biophysical Control of Bile Duct Epithelial Morphogenesis in Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:417. [PMID: 31921820 PMCID: PMC6923240 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of bile duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) in artificial liver culture systems is important in order to generate more physiologically relevant liver models. Understanding the role of the cellular microenvironment on differentiation, physiology, and organogenesis of cholangiocytes into functional biliary tubes is essential for the development of new liver therapies, notably in the field of cholangiophaties. In this study, we investigated the role of natural or synthetic scaffolds on cholangiocytes cyst growth, lumen formation and polarization. We demonstrated that cholangiocyte cyst formation efficiency can be similar between natural and synthetic matrices provided that the mechanical properties of the hydrogels are matched. When using synthetic matrices, we also tried to understand the impact of elasticity, matrix metalloprotease-mediated degradation and integrin ligand density on cyst morphogenesis. We demonstrated that hydrogel stiffness regulates cyst formation. We found that controlling integrin ligand density was key in the establishment of large polarized cysts of cholangiocytes. The mechanism of lumen formation was found to rely on cell self-organization and proliferation. The formed cholangiocyte organoids showed a good MDR1 (multi drug resistance protein) transport activity. Our study highlights the advantages of fully synthetic scaffold as a tool to develop bile duct models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Funfak
- Institut Pasteur, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Latifa Bouzhir
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S1174 INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Emilie Gontran
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S1174 INSERM, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Minier
- Institut Pasteur, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France.,Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Compiègne, France
| | - Pascale Dupuis-Williams
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-S1174 INSERM, Orsay, France.,ESPCI, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Institut Pasteur, Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jalan-Sakrikar N, De Assuncao TM, Shi G, Aseem S, Chi C, Shah VH, Huebert RC. Proteasomal Degradation of Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2 in Cholangiocytes Promotes Biliary Fibrosis. Hepatology 2019; 70:1674-1689. [PMID: 31070797 PMCID: PMC6819212 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During biliary disease, cholangiocytes become activated by various pathological stimuli, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). The result is an epigenetically regulated transcriptional program leading to a pro-fibrogenic microenvironment, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and progression of biliary fibrosis. This study evaluated how TGF-β signaling intersects with epigenetic machinery in cholangiocytes to support fibrogenic gene transcription. We performed RNA sequencing in cholangiocytes with or without TGF-β. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified "HSC Activation" as the highly up-regulated pathway, including overexpression of fibronectin 1 (FN), connective tissue growth factor, and other genes. Bioinformatics identified enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) as an epigenetic regulator of the cholangiocyte TGF-β response. EZH2 overexpression suppressed TGF-β-induced FN protein in vitro, suggesting FN as a direct target of EZH2-based repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified an FN promoter element in which EZH2-mediated tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 is diminished by TGF-β. TGF-β also caused a 50% reduction in EZH2 protein levels. Proteasome inhibition rescued EZH2 protein and led to reduced FN production. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry identified ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 4 in complex with EZH2, which was validated by western blotting in vitro. Ubiquitin mutation studies suggested K63-based ubiquitin linkage and chain elongation on EZH2 in response to TGF-β. A deletion mutant of EZH2, lacking its N-terminal domain, abrogates both TGF-β-stimulated EZH2 degradation and FN release. In vivo, cholangiocyte-selective knockout of EZH2 exacerbates bile duct ligation-induced fibrosis whereas MDR2-/- mice are protected from fibrosis by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Conclusion: TGF-β regulates proteasomal degradation of EZH2 through N-terminal, K63-linked ubiquitination in cholangiocytes and activates transcription of a fibrogenic gene program that supports biliary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Thiago M. De Assuncao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Guang Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - SayedObaidullah Aseem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Cheng Chi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN.,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lemaigre FP. Development of the Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract: A Framework for Understanding Congenital Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 15:1-22. [PMID: 31299162 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the biliary tract in the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the increased attention paid to bile ducts in the bioconstruction of liver tissue for regenerative therapy have fueled intense research into the fundamental mechanisms of biliary development. Here, I review the molecular, cellular and tissular mechanisms driving differentiation and morphogenesis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. This review focuses on the dynamics of the transcriptional and signaling modules that promote biliary development in human and mouse liver and discusses studies in which the use of zebrafish uncovered unexplored processes in mammalian biliary development. The review concludes by providing a framework for interpreting the mechanisms that may help us understand the origin of congenital biliary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric P Lemaigre
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Won J, Cho Y, Lee D, Jeon BY, Ju JW, Chung S, Pak JH. Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products increase malignant characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma cells in three-dimensional co-culture with biliary ductal plates. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007818. [PMID: 31121000 PMCID: PMC6550432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke, prolonged infection which provokes chronic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). These effects are driven by direct physical damage caused by the worms, as well as chemical irritation from their excretory-secretory products (ESPs) in the bile duct and surrounding liver tissues. We investigated the C. sinensis ESP-mediated malignant features of CCA cells (HuCCT1) in a three-dimensional microfluidic culture model that mimics an in vitro tumor microenvironment. This system consisted of a type I collagen extracellular matrix, applied ESPs, GFP-labeled HuCCT1 cells and quiescent biliary ductal plates formed by normal cholangiocytes (H69 cells). HuCCT1 cells were attracted by a gradient of ESPs in a concentration-dependent manner and migrated in the direction of the ESPs. Meanwhile, single cell invasion by HuCCT1 cells increased independently of the direction of the ESP gradient. ESP treatment resulted in elevated secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) by H69 cells and a cadherin switch (decrease in E-cadherin/increase in N-cadherin expression) in HuCCT1 cells, indicating an increase in epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes by HuCCT1 cells. Our findings suggest that C. sinensis ESPs promote the progression of CCA in a tumor microenvironment via the interaction between normal cholangiocytes and CCA cells. These observations broaden our understanding of the progression of CCA caused by liver fluke infection and suggest a new approach for the development of chemotherapeutic for this infectious cancer. The oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is a biological carcinogen of humans and is the cause of death of infectious cancer patients in China and Korea. Its chronic infection promotes cholangiocarcinogenesis due to direct contact of host tissues with the worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs); however, the specific mechanisms underlying this pathology remain unclear. To assess its contribution to the progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture model that consists of CCA cells (HuCCT1) in direct contact with normal cholangiocytes (H69), which are subsequently exposed to C. sinensis ESPs; therefore, this model represents a C. sinensis-associated CCA microenvironment. Co-cultured HuCCT1 cells exhibited increased motility in response to C. sinensis ESPs, suggesting that this model may recapitulate some aspects of tumor microenvironment complexity. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TGF-β1 secreted by H69 cells exhibited a crosstalk effect regarding the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HuCCT1 cells, thus, promoting an increase in the metastatic characteristics of CCA cells. Our findings enable an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the etiology of C. sinensis-associated CCA, and, therefore, this approach will contribute to the development of new strategies for the reduction of its high mortality rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Cho
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Vectors & Parasitic Diseases, Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SC); (JHP)
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SC); (JHP)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Isolation and propagation of primary human cholangiocyte organoids for the generation of bioengineered biliary tissue. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1884-1925. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
26
|
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, are highly specialized cells residing in a complex anatomic niche where they participate in bile production and homeostasis. Cholangiocytes are damaged in a variety of human diseases termed cholangiopathies, often causing advanced liver failure. The regulation of cholangiocyte transport properties is increasingly understood, as is their anatomical and functional heterogeneity along the biliary tract. Furthermore, cholangiocytes are pivotal in liver regeneration, especially when hepatocyte regeneration is compromised. The role of cholangiocytes in innate and adaptive immune responses, a critical subject relevant to immune-mediated cholangiopathies, is also emerging. Finally, reactive ductular cells are present in many cholestatic and other liver diseases. In chronic disease states, this repair response contributes to liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis and is a subject of intense investigation. This Review highlights advances in cholangiocyte research, especially their role in development and liver regeneration, their functional and biochemical heterogeneity, their activation and involvement in inflammation and fibrosis and their engagement with the immune system. We aim to focus further attention on cholangiocyte pathobiology and the search for new disease-modifying therapies targeting the cholangiopathies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Heslop JA, Duncan SA. The Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Liver Development and Disease. Hepatology 2019; 69:1306-1316. [PMID: 30251414 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has transformed the investigation of liver development and disease. Clinical observations and animal models have provided the foundations of our understanding in these fields. While animal models remain essential research tools, long experimental lead times and low throughput limit the scope of investigations. The ability of PSCs to produce large numbers of human hepatocyte-like cells, with a given or modified genetic background, allows investigators to use previously incompatible experimental techniques, such as high-throughput screens, to enhance our understanding of liver development and disease. In this review, we explore how PSCs have expedited our understanding of developmental mechanisms and have been used to identify new therapeutic options for numerous hepatic diseases. We discuss the future directions of the field, including how to further unlock the potential of the PSC model to make it amenable for use with a broader range of assays and a greater repertoire of diseases. Furthermore, we evaluate the current weaknesses of the PSC model and the directions open to researchers to address these limitations. Conclusion: The use of PSCs to model human liver disease and development has and will continue to have substantial impact, which is likely to further expand as protocols used to generate hepatic cells are improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Liver diseases in the dish: iPSC and organoids as a new approach to modeling liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:920-928. [PMID: 30264693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases negatively impact the quality of life and survival of patients, and often require liver transplantation in cases that progress to organ failure. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver development and pathogenesis has been a challenging task, in part for the lack of adequate cellular models directly relevant to the human diseases. Recent technological advances in the stem cell field have shown the potentiality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and liver organoids as the next generation tool to model in vitro liver diseases. Hepatocyte-like cells and cholangiocyte are currently being generated from skin fibroblasts and mononuclear blood cells reprogrammed into iPSC and have been successfully used for disease modeling, drug testing and gene editing, with the hope to be able to find application also in regenerative medicine. Protocols to generate other liver cell types are still under development, but the field is advancing rapidly. On the other end, liver cells can now be isolated from liver specimens (liver explants or liver biopsies) and cultured in specific conditions to form polarized 3D organoids. The purpose of this review is to summarize all these recent technological advances and their potential applications but also to analyze the current issues to be addressed before the technology can reach its full potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA)
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Digestive Disease Section, Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, (USA).
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tam PKH, Yiu RS, Lendahl U, Andersson ER. Cholangiopathies - Towards a molecular understanding. EBioMedicine 2018; 35:381-393. [PMID: 30236451 PMCID: PMC6161480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases constitute an important medical problem, and a number of these diseases, termed cholangiopathies, affect the biliary system of the liver. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the causes of cholangiopathies, which can be genetic, viral or environmental, and the few treatment options that are currently available beyond liver transplantation. We then discuss recent rapid progress in a number of areas relevant for decoding the disease mechanisms for cholangiopathies. This includes novel data from analysis of transgenic mouse models and organoid systems, and we outline how this information can be used for disease modeling and potential development of novel therapy concepts. We also describe recent advances in genomic and transcriptomic analyses and the importance of such studies for improving diagnosis and determining whether certain cholangiopathies should be viewed as distinct or overlapping disease entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, and Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Rachel S Yiu
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, and Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong - Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ober EA, Lemaigre FP. Development of the liver: Insights into organ and tissue morphogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 68:1049-1062. [PMID: 29339113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of improved tools and methods to analyse tissues at the three-dimensional level has expanded our capacity to investigate morphogenesis of foetal liver. Here, we review the key morphogenetic steps during liver development, from the prehepatic endoderm stage to the postnatal period, and consider several model organisms while focussing on the mammalian liver. We first discuss how the liver buds out of the endoderm and gives rise to an asymmetric liver. We next outline the mechanisms driving liver and lobe growth, and review morphogenesis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts; morphogenetic responses of the biliary tract to liver injury are discussed. Finally, we describe the mechanisms driving formation of the vasculature, namely venous and arterial vessels, as well as sinusoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke A Ober
- Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Src kinase inhibition reduces inflammatory and cytoskeletal changes in ΔF508 human cholangiocytes and improves cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator correctors efficacy. Hepatology 2018; 67:972-988. [PMID: 28836688 PMCID: PMC5783790 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the channel mutated in cystic fibrosis (CF), is expressed by the biliary epithelium (i.e., cholangiocytes) of the liver. Progressive clinical liver disease (CF-associated liver disease; CFLD) occurs in around 10% of CF patients and represents the third leading cause of death. Impaired secretion and inflammation contribute to CFLD; however, the lack of human-derived experimental models has hampered the understanding of CFLD pathophysiology and the search for a cure. We have investigated the cellular mechanisms altered in human CF cholangiocytes using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from healthy controls and a ΔF508 CFTR patient. We have devised a novel protocol for the differentiation of human iPSC into polarized monolayers of cholangiocytes. Our results show that iPSC-cholangiocytes reproduced the polarity and the secretory function of the biliary epithelium. Protein kinase A/cAMP-mediated fluid secretion was impaired in ΔF508 cholangiocytes and negligibly improved by VX-770 and VX-809, two small molecule drugs used to correct and potentiate ΔF508 CFTR. Moreover, ΔF508 cholangiocytes showed increased phosphorylation of Src kinase and Toll-like receptor 4 and proinflammatory changes, including increased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation, secretion of proinflammatory chemokines (i.e., monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and interleukin-8), as well as alterations of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Treatment with Src inhibitor (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyramidine) decreased the inflammatory changes and improved cytoskeletal defects. Inhibition of Src, along with administration of VX-770 and VX-809, successfully restored fluid secretion to normal levels. CONCLUSION Our findings have strong translational potential and indicate that targeting Src kinase and decreasing inflammation may increase the efficacy of pharmacological therapies aimed at correcting the basic ΔF508 defect in CF liver patients. These studies also demonstrate the promise of applying iPSC technology in modeling human cholangiopathies. (Hepatology 2018;67:972-988).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Amenduni
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Liver Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Loarca L, De Assuncao TM, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Bronk S, Krishan A, Huang B, Morton L, Trussoni C, Bonilla LM, Krueger E, O’Hara S, Splinter P, Shi G, Pisarello MJL, Gores GJ, Huebert RC, LaRusso NF. Development and characterization of cholangioids from normal and diseased human cholangiocytes as an in vitro model to study primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1385-1396. [PMID: 28892096 PMCID: PMC5664217 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an incurable, fibroinflammatory biliary disease for which there is no effective pharmacotherapy. We recently reported cholangiocyte senescence as an important phenotype in PSC while others showed that portal macrophages accumulate in PSC. Unfortunately, our ability to explore cholangiocyte senescence and macrophage accumulation has been hampered by limited in vitro models. Thus, our aim was to develop and characterize a three-dimensional (3D) model of normal and diseased bile ducts (cholangioids) starting with normal human cholangiocytes (NHC), senescent NHC (NHC-sen), and cholangiocytes from PSC patients. In 3D culture, NHCs formed spheroids of ~5000 cells with a central lumen of ~150 μm. By confocal microscopy and western blot, cholangioids retained expression of cholangiocyte proteins (cytokeratin 7/19) and markers of epithelial polarity (secretin receptor and GM130). Cholangioids are functionally active, and upon secretin stimulation, luminal size increased by ~80%. Cholangioids exposed to hydrogen peroxide exhibited cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP; increased IL-6, p21, SA-β-Gal, yH2A.x and p16 expression). Furthermore, cholangioids derived from NHC-sen or PSC patients were smaller and had slower growth than the controls. When co-cultured with THP-1 macrophages, the number of macrophages associated with NHC-sen or PSC cholangioids was five- to seven-fold greater compared to co-culture with non-senescent NHC. We observed that NHC-sen and PSC cholangioids release greater number of extracellular vesicles (EVs) compared to controls. Moreover, conditioned media from NHC-sen cholangioids resulted in an ~2-fold increase in macrophage migration. In summary, we developed a method to generate normal and diseased cholangioids, characterized them morphologically and functionally, showed that they can be induced to senescence and SASP, and demonstrated both EV release and macrophage attraction. This novel model mimics several features of PSC, and thus will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of PSC and potentially identifying new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Bile Ducts/drug effects
- Bile Ducts/metabolism
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Bile Ducts/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/immunology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/metabolism
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/pathology
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Extracellular Vesicles/drug effects
- Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
- Extracellular Vesicles/pathology
- Extracellular Vesicles/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity
- Keratin-19/metabolism
- Keratin-7/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Multivesicular Bodies/drug effects
- Multivesicular Bodies/metabolism
- Multivesicular Bodies/pathology
- Multivesicular Bodies/ultrastructure
- Oxidants/toxicity
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/ultrastructure
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Loarca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | | | - Steve Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anuradha Krishan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Bing Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Christy Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Eugene Krueger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Steve O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Patrick Splinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Guang Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Robert C. Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meier F, Freyer N, Brzeszczynska J, Knöspel F, Armstrong L, Lako M, Greuel S, Damm G, Ludwig-Schwellinger E, Deschl U, Ross JA, Beilmann M, Zeilinger K. Hepatic differentiation of human iPSCs in different 3D models: A comparative study. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1759-1771. [PMID: 29039463 PMCID: PMC5716452 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising source from which to derive distinct somatic cell types for in vitro or clinical use. Existent protocols for hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs are primarily based on 2D cultivation of the cells. In the present study, the authors investigated the generation of hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells using two different 3D culture systems: A 3D scaffold-free microspheroid culture system and a 3D hollow-fiber perfusion bioreactor. The differentiation outcome in these 3D systems was compared with that in conventional 2D cultures, using primary human hepatocytes as a control. The evaluation was made based on specific mRNA expression, protein secretion, antigen expression and metabolic activity. The expression of α-fetoprotein was lower, while cytochrome P450 1A2 or 3A4 activities were higher in the 3D culture systems as compared with the 2D differentiation system. Cells differentiated in the 3D bioreactor showed an increased expression of albumin and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, as well as secretion of α-1-antitrypsin as compared with the 2D differentiation system, suggesting a higher degree of maturation. In contrast, the 3D scaffold-free microspheroid culture provides an easy and robust method to generate spheroids of a defined size for screening applications, while the bioreactor culture model provides an instrument for complex investigations under physiological-like conditions. In conclusion, the present study introduces two 3D culture systems for stem cell derived hepatic differentiation each demonstrating advantages for individual applications as well as benefits in comparison with 2D cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Brzeszczynska
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH164SB Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE13BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE13BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Selina Greuel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Ludwig-Schwellinger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James A Ross
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, EH164SB Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mario Beilmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co.KG, Nonclinical Drug Safety Germany, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Deutschmann K, Reich M, Klindt C, Dröge C, Spomer L, Häussinger D, Keitel V. Bile acid receptors in the biliary tree: TGR5 in physiology and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1319-1325. [PMID: 28844960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts represent signalling molecules with a variety of endocrine functions. Bile salt effects are mediated by different receptor molecules, comprising ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors as well as G protein-coupled membrane-bound receptors. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the plasma membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 (Gpbar-1) are prototypic bile salt receptors of both classes and are highly expressed in the liver including the biliary tree as well as in the intestine. In liver, TGR5 is localized in different non-parenchymal cells such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and small and large cholangiocytes. Through TGR5 bile salts can mediate choleretic, cell-protective as well as proliferative effects in cholangiocytes. A disturbance of these signalling mechanisms can contribute to the development of biliary diseases. In line with the important role of TGR5 for bile salt signalling, TGR5 knockout mice are more susceptible to cholestatic liver damage. Furthermore, in absence of TGR5 cholangiocyte proliferation in response to cholestasis is attenuated and intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts show increased cell damage, underscoring the role of the receptor for biliary physiology. Decreased TGR5 expression may also contribute to the development or progression of cholangiopathies like primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) since reduced TGR5-dependent cell-protective mechanisms such as bicarbonate secretion renders cholangiocytes more vulnerable towards bile salt toxicity. Nevertheless, TGR5 overexpression or constant stimulation of the receptor can promote cholangiocyte proliferation leading to cyst growth in polycystic liver disease or even progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Not only the stimulation of TGR5-mediated pathways by suitable TGR5 agonists but also the inhibition of TGR5 signalling by the use of antagonists represent potential therapeutic approaches for different types of biliary diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Deutschmann
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Reich
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Caroline Klindt
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carola Dröge
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lina Spomer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Merino-Azpitarte M, Lozano E, Perugorria MJ, Esparza-Baquer A, Erice O, Santos-Laso A, O'Rourke CJ, Andersen JB, Jiménez-Agüero R, Lacasta A, D'Amato M, Briz O, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Huebert RC, Thelen KM, Gradilone SA, Aransay AM, Lavín JL, Fernández-Barrena MG, Matheu A, Marzioni M, Gores GJ, Bujanda L, Marin JJG, Banales JM. SOX17 regulates cholangiocyte differentiation and acts as a tumor suppressor in cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2017; 67:72-83. [PMID: 28237397 PMCID: PMC5502751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a biliary malignancy linked to genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as hypermethylation of SOX17 promoter. Here, the role of SOX17 in cholangiocyte differentiation and cholangiocarcinogenesis was studied. METHODS SOX17 expression/function was evaluated along the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into cholangiocytes, in the dedifferentiation process of normal human cholangiocytes (NHC) in culture and in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Lentiviruses for SOX17 overexpression or knockdown were used. Gene expression and DNA methylation profiling were performed. RESULTS SOX17 expression is induced in the last stage of cholangiocyte differentiation from iPSC and regulates the acquisition of biliary markers. SOX17 becomes downregulated in NHC undergoing dedifferentiation; experimental SOX17 knockdown in differentiated NHC downregulated biliary markers and promoted baseline and Wnt-dependent proliferation. SOX17 expression is lower in human CCA than in healthy tissue, which correlates with worse survival after tumor resection. In CCA cells, SOX17 overexpression decreased their tumorigenic capacity in murine xenograft models, which was related to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. In contrast, SOX17 overexpression in NHC did not affect their survival but inhibited their baseline proliferation. In CCA cells, SOX17 inhibited migration, anchorage-independent growth and Wnt/β-catenin-dependent proliferation, and restored the expression of biliary markers and primary cilium length. In human CCA, SOX17 promoter was found hypermethylated and its expression inversely correlates with the methylation grade. In NHC, Wnt3a decreased SOX17 expression in a DNMT-dependent manner, whereas in CCA, DNMT1 inhibition or silencing upregulated SOX17. CONCLUSIONS SOX17 regulates the differentiation and maintenance of the biliary phenotype and functions as a tumor suppressor for CCA, being a potential prognostic marker and a promising therapeutic target. LAY SUMMARY Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CCA is key in finding new valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets. This study provides evidence that SOX17 regulates the differentiation and maintenance of the biliary phenotype, and its downregulation promotes their tumorigenic transformation. SOX17 acts as a tumor suppressor in CCA and its genetic, molecular and/or pharmacological restoration may represent a new promising therapeutic strategy. Moreover, SOX17 expression correlates with the outcome of patients after tumor resection, being a potential prognostic biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Merino-Azpitarte
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - E Lozano
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - MJ Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Esparza-Baquer
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - O Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - CJ O'Rourke
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - JB Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Jiménez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Lacasta
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M D'Amato
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - N Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - RC Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - KM Thelen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - SA Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - AM Aransay
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - JL Lavín
- Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | - A Matheu
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Neuro-Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Università Politecnica delle Marche”, Ancona, Italy
| | - GJ Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - JJG Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - JM Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Starokozhko V, Groothuis GMM. Challenges on the road to a multicellular bioartificial liver. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e227-e236. [PMID: 27943623 DOI: 10.1002/term.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the progress in the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) as an extracorporeal device or as a tissue engineered transplantable organ has been immense. However, many important BAL characteristics that are necessary to meet clinical demands have not been sufficiently addressed. This review describes the existing challenges in the development of a BAL for clinical applications, highlighting multicellularity and sinusoidal microarchitecture as crucial BAL characteristics to fulfil various liver functions. Currently available sources of nonparenchymal liver cells, such as endothelial cells, cholangiocytes and macrophages, used in BAL development are defined. Also, we discuss the recent studies on the reconstruction of the complex liver sinusoid microarchitecture using various liver cell types. Moreover, we highlight some other aspects of a BAL, such as liver zonation and formation of a vascular as well as biliary network for an adequate delivery, biotransformation and removal of substrates and waste products. Finally, the benefits of a multicellular BAL for the pharmaceutical industry are briefly described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Natarajan SK, Stringham BA, Mohr AM, Wehrkamp CJ, Lu S, Phillippi MA, Harrison-Findik D, Mott JL. FoxO3 increases miR-34a to cause palmitate-induced cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:866-875. [PMID: 28250026 PMCID: PMC5408604 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients have elevated plasma saturated free fatty acid levels. These toxic fatty acids can induce liver cell death and our recent results demonstrated that the biliary epithelium may be susceptible to lipotoxicity. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis in cell culture and in an animal model of NASH. Treatment of cholangiocytes with palmitate (PA) showed increased caspase 3/7 activity and increased levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase 3, demonstrating cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis. Interestingly, treatment with PA significantly increased the levels of microRNA miR-34a, a pro-apoptotic microRNA known to be elevated in NASH. PA induction of miR-34a was abolished in cholangiocytes transduced with forkhead family of transcription factor class O (FoxO)3 shRNA, demonstrating that FoxO3 activation is upstream of miR-34a and suggesting that FoxO3 is a novel transcriptional regulator of miR-34a. Further, anti-miR-34a protected cholangiocytes from PA-induced lipoapoptosis. Direct and indirect targets of miR-34a, such as SIRT1, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET), Kruppel-like factor 4, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1, and FGFR4, were all decreased in PA-treated cholangiocytes. SIRT1 and MET were partially rescued by a miR-34a antagonist. Cholangiocyte apoptosis and miR-34a were dramatically increased in the liver of mice with early histologic features of NASH. Our study provides evidence for the pro-apoptotic role of miR-34a in PA-induced cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis in culture and in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Bailey A Stringham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Ashley M Mohr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Cody J Wehrkamp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Sizhao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Mary Anne Phillippi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Dee Harrison-Findik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| | - Justin L Mott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cervantes-Alvarez E, Wang Y, Collin de l'Hortet A, Guzman-Lepe J, Zhu J, Takeishi K. Current strategies to generate mature human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cholangiocytes and future applications. Organogenesis 2017; 13:1-15. [PMID: 28055309 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1278133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research has significantly evolved over the last few years, allowing the differentiation of pluripotent cells into almost any kind of lineage possible. Studies that focus on the liver have considerably taken a leap into this novel technology, and hepatocyte-like cells are being generated that are close to resembling actual hepatocytes both genotypically and phenotypically. The potential of this extends from disease models to bioengineering, and even also innovative therapies for end-stage liver disease. Nonetheless, too few attention has been given to the non-parenchymal cells which are also fundamental for normal liver function. This includes cholangiocytes, the cells of the biliary epithelium, without whose role in bile modification and metabolism would impair hepatocyte survival. Such can be observed in diseases that target them, so called cholangiopathies, for which there is much yet to study so as to improve therapeutical options. Protocols that describe the induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cholangiocytes are scarce, although progress is being achieved in this area as well. In order to give the current view on this emerging research field, and in hopes to motivate further advances, we present here a review on the known differentiation strategies with sight into future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Yang Wang
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | | | - Jorge Guzman-Lepe
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jiye Zhu
- c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Kazuki Takeishi
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hedgehog Signaling Overcomes an EZH2-Dependent Epigenetic Barrier to Promote Cholangiocyte Expansion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168266. [PMID: 27936185 PMCID: PMC5148157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Developmental morphogens play an important role in coordinating the ductular reaction and portal fibrosis occurring in the setting of cholangiopathies. However, little is known about how membrane signaling events in ductular reactive cells (DRCs) are transduced into nuclear transcriptional changes to drive cholangiocyte maturation and matrix deposition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate potential mechanistic links between cell signaling events and epigenetic regulators in DRCs. METHODS Using directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), isolated DRCs, and in vivo models, we examine the mechanisms whereby sonic hedgehog (Shh) overcomes an epigenetic barrier in biliary precursors and promotes both cholangiocyte maturation and deposition of fibronectin (FN). RESULTS We demonstrate, for the first time, that Gli1 influences the differentiation state and fibrogenic capacity of iPSC-derived hepatic progenitors and isolated DRCs. We outline a novel pathway wherein Shh-mediated Gli1 binding in key cholangiocyte gene promoters overcomes an epigenetic barrier conferred by the polycomb protein, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and initiates the transcriptional program of cholangiocyte maturation. We also define previously unknown functional Gli1 binding sites in the promoters of cytokeratin (CK)7, CK19, and FN. Our in vivo results show that EZH2 KO mice fed the choline-deficient, ethanolamine supplemented (CDE) diet have an exaggerated cholangiocyte expansion associated with more robust ductular reaction and increased peri-portal fibrosis. CONCLUSION We conclude that Shh/Gli1 signaling plays an integral role in cholangiocyte maturation in vitro by overcoming an EZH2-dependent epigenetic barrier and this mechanism also promotes biliary expansion in vivo.
Collapse
|
40
|
Akutsu H, Nasu M, Morinaga S, Motoyama T, Homma N, Machida M, Yamazaki-Inoue M, Okamura K, Nakabayashi K, Takada S, Nakamura N, Kanzaki S, Hata K, Umezawa A. In vivo maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived teratoma over time. Regen Ther 2016; 5:31-39. [PMID: 31245498 PMCID: PMC6581884 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is of interest to scientists who use them as a raw material for cell-processed therapeutic products. However, the WHO and ICH guidelines provide only study design advice and general principles for tumorigenicity tests. In this study, we performed in vivo tumorigenicity tests (teratoma formation) and genome-wide sequencing analysis of undifferentiated hESCs i.e. SEES-1, -2 and -3 cells. We followed up with teratoma formation histopathologically after subcutaneous injection of SEES cells into immunodeficient mice in a qualitative manner and investigated the transforming potential of the teratomas. Maturity of SEES-teratomas perceptibly increased after long-term implantation, while areas of each tissue component remained unchanged. We found neither atypical cells/structures nor cancer in the teratomas even after long-term implantation. The teratomas generated by SEES cells matured histologically over time and did not increase in size. We also analyzed genomic structures and sequences of SEES cells during cultivation by SNP bead arrays and next-generation sequencing, respectively. The nucleotide substitution rate was 3.1 × 10-9, 4.0 × 10-9, and 4.6 × 10-9 per each division in SEES-1, SEES-2, and SEES-3 cells, respectively. Heterozygous single-nucleotide variations were detected, but no significant homologous mutations were found. Taken together, these results imply that SEES-1, -2, and -3 cells do not exhibit in vivo transformation and in vitro genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Nasu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Teiichi Motoyama
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Natsumi Homma
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- School of BioMedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Machida
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamazaki-Inoue
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Okamura
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kanzaki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun Y, Chi BR. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells in cholangiopathies. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4247-4252. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i31.4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in morphology, gene expression, cell self-renewal and differentiation potential. They avoid the problem of immune rejection and ethical issues associated with the application of ESCs. The application of iPSCs in a variety of diseases provides favorable experiences to the research of liver diseases. Cholangiopathies, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, refer to a category of uncommon diseases that possess unclear pathogenesis, lack effective treatment and have a poor prognosis. Hence, investigating cholangiopathies-derived, individualized iPSCs and their differentiation into functional cells can mimic the disease phenotype and pathological process in vitro. The application of these cells has great significance for pathogenesis exploration, drug screening and therapeutic evaluation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Zeilinger K, Freyer N, Damm G, Seehofer D, Knöspel F. Cell sources for in vitro human liver cell culture models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1684-98. [PMID: 27385595 PMCID: PMC4999620 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro liver cell culture models are gaining increasing importance in pharmacological and toxicological research. The source of cells used is critical for the relevance and the predictive value of such models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are currently considered to be the gold standard for hepatic in vitro culture models, since they directly reflect the specific metabolism and functionality of the human liver; however, the scarcity and difficult logistics of PHH have driven researchers to explore alternative cell sources, including liver cell lines and pluripotent stem cells. Liver cell lines generated from hepatomas or by genetic manipulation are widely used due to their good availability, but they are generally altered in certain metabolic functions. For the past few years, adult and pluripotent stem cells have been attracting increasing attention, due their ability to proliferate and to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro However, controlling the differentiation of these cells is still a challenge. This review gives an overview of the major human cell sources under investigation for in vitro liver cell culture models, including primary human liver cells, liver cell lines, and stem cells. The promises and challenges of different cell types are discussed with a focus on the complex 2D and 3D culture approaches under investigation for improving liver cell functionality in vitro Finally, the specific application options of individual cell sources in pharmacological research or disease modeling are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tone H, Yoshioka S, Akiyama H, Nishimura A, Ichimura M, Nakatani M, Kiyono T, Toyoda M, Watanabe M, Umezawa A. Embryoid Body-Explant Outgrowth Cultivation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in an Automated Closed Platform. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7098987. [PMID: 27648449 PMCID: PMC5018318 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7098987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Automation of cell culture would facilitate stable cell expansion with consistent quality. In the present study, feasibility of an automated closed-cell culture system "P 4C S" for an embryoid body- (EB-) explant outgrowth culture was investigated as a model case for explant culture. After placing the induced pluripotent stem cell- (iPSC-) derived EBs into the system, the EBs successfully adhered to the culture surface and the cell outgrowth was clearly observed surrounding the adherent EBs. After confirming the outgrowth, we carried out subculture manipulation, in which the detached cells were simply dispersed by shaking the culture flask, leading to uniform cell distribution. This enabled continuous stable cell expansion, resulting in a cell yield of 3.1 × 10(7). There was no evidence of bacterial contamination throughout the cell culture experiments. We herewith developed the automated cultivation platform for EB-explant outgrowth cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tone
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Medical Devices Division, Kaneka Corporation, Osaka 530-8288, Japan
| | - Saeko Yoshioka
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Akiyama
- Medical Device Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Hyōgo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Akira Nishimura
- Medical Device Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Hyōgo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Masaki Ichimura
- Medical Device Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Hyōgo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakatani
- Medical Device Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Hyōgo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Medical Engineering, Division of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Freyer N, Knöspel F, Strahl N, Amini L, Schrade P, Bachmann S, Damm G, Seehofer D, Jacobs F, Monshouwer M, Zeilinger K. Hepatic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Perfused Three-Dimensional Multicompartment Bioreactor. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:235-48. [PMID: 27610270 PMCID: PMC5003005 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great potential for application in regenerative medicine, pharmacological drug screening, and toxicity testing. However, full maturation of hiPSC into functional hepatocytes has not yet been achieved. In this study, we investigated the potential of a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) hollow fiber membrane bioreactor technology to improve the hepatic differentiation of hiPSC in comparison to static two-dimensional (2D) cultures. A total of 100 × 106 hiPSC were seeded into each 3D bioreactor (n = 3). Differentiation into definitive endoderm (DE) was induced by adding activin A, Wnt3a, and sodium butyrate to the culture medium. For further maturation, hepatocyte growth factor and oncostatin M were added. The same differentiation protocol was applied to hiPSC maintained in 2D cultures. Secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a marker for DE, was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 2D cultures, while secretion of albumin, a typical characteristic for mature hepatocytes, was higher after hepatic differentiation of hiPSC in 3D bioreactors. Functional analysis of multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes showed activity of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 in both groups, although at a lower level compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHH). CYP2B6 activities were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 3D bioreactors compared with 2D cultures, which is in line with results from gene expression. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the majority of cells was positive for albumin, cytokeratin 18 (CK18), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4A) at the end of the differentiation process. In addition, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) staining revealed the formation of bile duct-like structures in 3D bioreactors similar to native liver tissue. The results indicate a better maturation of hiPSC in the 3D bioreactor system compared to 2D cultures and emphasize the potential of dynamic 3D culture systems in stem cell differentiation approaches for improved formation of differentiated tissue structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Freyer
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Strahl
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Schrade
- Charité Centrum Grundlagenmedizin, Institut für Vegetative Anatomie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Charité Centrum Grundlagenmedizin, Institut für Vegetative Anatomie, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobs
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Dr. med. vet. Katrin Zeilinger, Bioreactor Group, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Distinctive features of single nucleotide alterations in induced pluripotent stem cells with different types of DNA repair deficiency disorders. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26342. [PMID: 27197874 PMCID: PMC4873825 DOI: 10.1038/srep26342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been used as a model to analyze pathogenesis of disease. In this study, we generated iPSCs derived from a fibroblastic cell line of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) group A (XPA-iPSCs), a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disease in which patients develop skin cancer in the areas of skin exposed to sunlight. XPA-iPSCs exhibited hypersensitivity to ultraviolet exposure and accumulation of single-nucleotide substitutions when compared with ataxia telangiectasia-derived iPSCs that were established in a previous study. However, XPA-iPSCs did not show any chromosomal instability in vitro, i.e. intact chromosomes were maintained. The results were mutually compensating for examining two major sources of mutations, nucleotide excision repair deficiency and double-strand break repair deficiency. Like XP patients, XPA-iPSCs accumulated single-nucleotide substitutions that are associated with malignant melanoma, a manifestation of XP. These results indicate that XPA-iPSCs may serve a monitoring tool (analogous to the Ames test but using mammalian cells) to measure single-nucleotide alterations, and may be a good model to clarify pathogenesis of XP. In addition, XPA-iPSCs may allow us to facilitate development of drugs that delay genetic alteration and decrease hypersensitivity to ultraviolet for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
46
|
Lu J, Zhou Y, Hu T, Zhang H, Shen M, Cheng P, Dai W, Wang F, Chen K, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li J, Zheng Y, Yang J, Zhu R, Wang J, Lu W, Zhang H, Wang J, Xia Y, De Assuncao TM, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Huebert RC, Bin Zhou, Guo C. Notch Signaling Coordinates Progenitor Cell-Mediated Biliary Regeneration Following Partial Hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22754. [PMID: 26951801 PMCID: PMC4782135 DOI: 10.1038/srep22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant transcriptional regulation contributes to the pathogenesis of both congenital and adult forms of liver disease. Although the transcription factor RBPJ is essential for liver morphogenesis and biliary development, its specific function in the differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) has not been investigated, and little is known about its role in adult liver regeneration. HPCs are bipotent liver stem cells that can self-replicate and differentiate into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes in vitro. HPCs are thought to play an important role in liver regeneration and repair responses. While the coordinated repopulation of both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte compartment is pivotal to the structure and function of the liver after regeneration, the mechanisms coordinating biliary regeneration remain vastly understudied. Here, we utilized complex genetic manipulations to drive liver-specific deletion of the Rbpj gene in conjunction with lineage tracing techniques to delineate the precise functions of RBPJ during biliary development and HPC-associated biliary regeneration after hepatectomy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RBPJ promotes HPC differentiation toward cholangiocytes in vitro and blocks hepatocyte differentiation through mechanisms involving Hippo-Notch crosstalk. Overall, this study demonstrates that the Notch-RBPJ signaling axis critically regulates biliary regeneration by coordinating the fate decision of HPC and clarifies the molecular mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Thiago M De Assuncao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert C Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ober EA, Grapin-Botton A. At new heights - endodermal lineages in development and disease. Development 2015; 142:1912-7. [PMID: 26015535 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoderm gives rise to diverse tissues and organs that are essential for the homeostasis and metabolism of the organism: the thymus, thyroid, lungs, liver and pancreas, and the functionally diverse domains of the digestive tract. Classically, the endoderm, the 'innermost germ layer', was in the shadow of the ectoderm and mesoderm. However, at a recent Keystone meeting it took center stage, revealing astonishing progress in dissecting the mechanisms underlying the development and malfunction of the endodermal organs. In vitro cultures of stem and progenitor cells have become widespread, with remarkable success in differentiating three-dimensional organoids, which - in a new turn for the field - can be used as disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke A Ober
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|