1
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Benedict PA, Kravietz A, Achlatis E, Wang B, Zhang Y, Kidane J, Harrison T, Miller J, Drake VE, Best SR, McWhorter AJ, Lin RJ, Rosen CA, Smith LJ, Amin MR. Prospective, Multi-Center Study of the Anatomic Distribution of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:2403-2411. [PMID: 35129220 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To create a model of the anatomic distribution, recurrence, and growth patterns of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). STUDY DESIGN Prospective, multi-institutional cohort study. METHODS Adult patients with a diagnosis of RRP evaluated between August 1, 2018 and February 1, 2021 at six participating centers were invited to enroll. At each office or operating room encounter, laryngologists recorded the location and size of RRP lesions using a 22-region schematic. A generalized linear mixed effects model was used to compare region variations in lesion prevalence and recurrence. RESULTS The cohort comprised 121 patients: 74% were male, 81% had been diagnosed with adult-onset RRP, and a plurality (34%) had undergone 0 to 3 RRP interventions prior to enrollment. Across the study period, the odds of a lesion occurring in the glottis was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR]: 26.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.76-59.75, P < .001) compared with all other areas of the larynx and trachea. Within the true vocal folds, the membranous vocal folds had significantly higher odds (OR: 6.16; 95% CI: 2.66-14.30, P < .001) of lesion occurrence compared to the cartilaginous vocal folds. Despite these strong trends in lesion distribution, there were no differences in the odds of lesion recurrence, growth, or in the time to recurrence, between anatomic subsites. CONCLUSIONS RRP lesions are most likely to occur in the glottis, particularly the membranous vocal folds, compared with other regions of the larynx or trachea. However, all lesions demonstrate similar behavior with respect to recurrence, growth, and time to recurrence regardless of anatomic location. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 132:2403-2411, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Benedict
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Adam Kravietz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Efstratios Achlatis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Binhuan Wang
- Department of Population Heath, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Population Heath, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Kidane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Tina Harrison
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jonas Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Virginia E Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Simon R Best
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Andrew J McWhorter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Our Lady of the Lake/Louisiana State University Voice Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - R Jun Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clark A Rosen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
| | - Libby J Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Milan R Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
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2
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Easwaran M, Martinez JD, Kim JB, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Modulation of mouse laryngeal inflammatory and immune cell responses by low and high doses of mainstream cigarette smoke. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18667. [PMID: 36333510 PMCID: PMC9636197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for laryngeal diseases. Despite well-documented cigarette smoke (CS) induced laryngeal histopathological changes, the underlying immunopathological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to evaluate inflammatory and immune cell responses in a CS-exposed larynx. Specifically, we used a 4-week subacute whole-body CS inhalation mouse model to assess these responses in the laryngeal mucosa upon exposure to low (LD; 1 h/day) and high dose (HD; 4 h/day) CS. Laryngeal tissues were harvested and evaluated using a 254-plex NanoString inflammation panel and neutrophil/macrophage/T-cell immunohistochemistry (IHC). NanoString global and differential gene expression analysis revealed a unique expression profile only in the HD group, with 26 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). StringDB KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of these DEGs with pro-inflammatory pathways including TNF/TNFα and IL-17. Furthermore, inflammatory responses remained inhibited in conjunction with predicted activated states of anti-inflammatory regulators like PPARγ and NFE2L2 upon Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Subglottic T-cell levels remained significantly inhibited as corroborated by IPA predictions. Overall, our key findings are consistent with HD exposures being anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Furthermore, the identification of important regulatory genes and enriched pathways may help improve clinical interventions for CS-induced laryngeal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Easwaran
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Martinez
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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King RE, Ward-Shaw ET, Hu R, Lambert PF, Thibeault SL. Expanded Basal Compartment and Disrupted Barrier in Vocal Fold Epithelium Infected with Mouse Papillomavirus MmuPV1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051059. [PMID: 35632798 PMCID: PMC9146965 DOI: 10.3390/v14051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses can cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), a disease with severe effects on vocal fold epithelium resulting in impaired voice function and communication. RRP research has been stymied by limited preclinical models. We recently reported a murine model of laryngeal MmuPV1 infection and disease in immunodeficient mice. In the current study, we compare quantitative and qualitative measures of epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and barrier between mice with MmuPV1-induced disease of the larynx and surrounding tissues and equal numbers of uninfected controls. Findings supported our hypothesis that laryngeal MmuPV1 infection recapitulates many features of RRP. Like RRP, MmuPV1 increased proliferation in infected vocal fold epithelium, expanded the basal compartment of cells, decreased differentiated cells, and altered cell–cell junctions and basement membrane. Effects of MmuPV1 on apoptosis were equivocal, as with RRP. Barrier markers resembled human neoplastic disease in severe MmuPV1-induced disease. We conclude that MmuPV1 infection of the mouse larynx provides a useful, if imperfect, preclinical model for RRP that will facilitate further study and treatment development for this intractable and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E. King
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ella T. Ward-Shaw
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (R.E.K.); (E.T.W.-S.); (P.F.L.)
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
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A Novel In Vivo Model of Laryngeal Papillomavirus-Associated Disease Using Mus musculus Papillomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051000. [PMID: 35632742 PMCID: PMC9147793 DOI: 10.3390/v14051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), caused by laryngeal infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses, has devastating effects on vocal communication and quality of life. Factors in RRP onset, other than viral presence in the airway, are poorly understood. RRP research has been stalled by limited preclinical models. The only known papillomavirus able to infect laboratory mice, Mus musculus papillomavirus (MmuPV1), induces disease in a variety of tissues. We hypothesized that MmuPV1 could infect the larynx as a foundation for a preclinical model of RRP. We further hypothesized that epithelial injury would enhance the ability of MmuPV1 to cause laryngeal disease, because injury is a potential factor in RRP and promotes MmuPV1 infection in other tissues. In this report, we infected larynges of NOD scid gamma mice with MmuPV1 with and without vocal fold abrasion and measured infection and disease pathogenesis over 12 weeks. Laryngeal disease incidence and severity increased earlier in mice that underwent injury in addition to infection. However, laryngeal disease emerged in all infected mice by week 12, with or without injury. Secondary laryngeal infections and disease arose in nude mice after MmuPV1 skin infections, confirming that experimentally induced injury is dispensable for laryngeal MmuPV1 infection and disease in immunocompromised mice. Unlike RRP, lesions were relatively flat dysplasias and they could progress to cancer. Similar to RRP, MmuPV1 transcript was detected in all laryngeal disease and in clinically normal larynges. MmuPV1 capsid protein was largely absent from the larynx, but productive infection arose in a case of squamous metaplasia at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Similar to RRP, disease spread beyond the larynx to the trachea and bronchi. This first report of laryngeal MmuPV1 infection provides a foundation for a preclinical model of RRP.
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5
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Azócar-Gallardo J, Ojeda-Aravena A, Carrizo Largo J, Hernández-Mosqueira C. Can the immunological system of the upper respiratory tract, improved by physical exercise, act as a first immunological barrier against SARS-CoV-2? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:981-986. [PMID: 35412405 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2065983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the upper respiratory tract via cell membranes, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane host-associated serine protease transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Both enzymes present in the nasal epithelium are the first direct point of contact for SARS-CoV-2. In this sense, the mucosal immune mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract, including immunoglobulin A (IgA), could be enhanced by physical exercise and be the first defense mechanism against the transmission and infection of SARS-CoV-2. AREAS COVERED The authors reviewed recent biomedical literature available in databases related to the effects of exercise and training modalities on IgA concentration levels in the upper respiratory tract in different populations. EXPERT OPINION : According to the biomedical literature reviewed, physical exercise can decrease or improve the level of IgA concentrations. However, it is important to take into account factors such as training load, recovery during the exercise session and between training, as well as the exercise modality. Furthermore, the characteristics of the target population should be taken into account to maximize the adaptive immune response to adequately strengthen the upper respiratory tract and potentially be a barrier against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Azócar-Gallardo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile.,IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2581967, Chile
| | - Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile.,IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2581967, Chile
| | - Jorge Carrizo Largo
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Chile.,Carrera de Kinesiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la Serena, Chile
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6
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Coburn PT, Li X, Li JY, Kishimoto Y, Li-Jessen NY. Progress in Vocal Fold Regenerative Biomaterials: An Immunological Perspective. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2:2100119. [PMID: 35434718 PMCID: PMC9007544 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocal folds, housed in the upper respiratory tract, are important to daily breathing, speech and swallowing functions. Irreversible changes to the vocal fold mucosae, such as scarring and atrophy, require a regenerative medicine approach to promote a controlled regrowth of the extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich mucosa. Various biomaterial systems have been engineered with an emphasis on stimulating local vocal fold fibroblasts to produce new ECM. At the same time, it is imperative to limit the foreign body reaction and associated immune components that can hinder the integration of the biomaterial into the host tissue. Modern biomaterial designs have become increasingly focused on actively harnessing the immune system to accelerate and optimize the process of tissue regeneration. An array of physical and chemical biomaterial parameters have been reported to effectively modulate local immune cells, such as macrophages, to initiate tissue repair, stimulate ECM production, promote biomaterial-tissue integration, and restore the function of the vocal folds. In this perspective paper, the unique immunological profile of the vocal folds will first be reviewed. Key physical and chemical biomaterial properties relevant to immunomodulation will then be highlighted and discussed. A further examination of the physicochemical properties of recent vocal fold biomaterials will follow to generate deeper insights into corresponding immune-related outcomes. Lastly, a perspective will be offered on the opportunity of integrating material-led immunomodulatory strategies into future vocal fold tissue engineering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Coburn
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Canada
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - Jianyu. Y. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nicole Y.K. Li-Jessen
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, McGill University, Canada
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7
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Hanasoge Somasundara AV, Moss MA, Feigman MJ, Chen C, Cyrill SL, Ciccone MF, Trousdell MC, Vollbrecht M, Li S, Kendall J, Beyaz S, Wilkinson JE, Dos Santos CO. Parity-induced changes to mammary epithelial cells control NKT cell expansion and mammary oncogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110099. [PMID: 34879282 PMCID: PMC8719356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy reprograms mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to control their responses to pregnancy hormone re-exposure and carcinoma progression. However, the influence of pregnancy on the mammary microenvironment is less clear. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile the composition of epithelial and non-epithelial cells in mammary tissue from nulliparous and parous female mice. Our analysis indicates an expansion of γδ natural killer T-like immune cells (NKTs) following pregnancy and upregulation of immune signaling molecules in post-pregnancy MECs. We show that expansion of NKTs following pregnancy is due to elevated expression of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d on MECs. Loss of CD1d expression on post-pregnancy MECs, or overall lack of activated NKTs, results in mammary oncogenesis. Collectively, our findings illustrate how pregnancy-induced changes modulate the communication between MECs and the immune microenvironment and establish a causal link between pregnancy, the immune microenvironment, and mammary oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, myc
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Parity
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Moss
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Mary J Feigman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Macy Vollbrecht
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siran Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jude Kendall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Titz B, Sewer A, Luettich K, Wong ET, Guedj E, Nury C, Schneider T, Xiang Y, Trivedi K, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Büttner A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Aerosol From the Candidate Modified-Risk Tobacco Product THS 2.2 in an 18-Month Systems Toxicology Study With A/J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:138-158. [PMID: 32780831 PMCID: PMC7657339 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking cessation is the most effective measure for reducing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, switching to less harmful products (modified-risk tobacco products [MRTP]) can be an alternative to help reduce the risk for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. In an 18-month chronic carcinogenicity/toxicity study in A/J mice (OECD Test Guideline 453), we assessed the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a candidate MRTP based on the heat-not-burn principle, compared with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). To capture toxicity- and disease-relevant mechanisms, we complemented standard toxicology endpoints with in-depth systems toxicology analyses. In this part of our publication series, we report on integrative assessment of the apical and molecular exposure effects on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, and lungs). Across the respiratory tract, we found changes in inflammatory response following 3R4F CS exposure (eg, antimicrobial peptide response in the nose), with both shared and distinct oxidative and xenobiotic responses. Compared with 3R4F CS, THS 2.2 aerosol exerted far fewer effects on respiratory tract histology, including adaptive tissue changes in nasal and laryngeal epithelium and inflammation and emphysematous changes in the lungs. Integrative analysis of molecular changes confirmed the substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 aerosol than 3R4F CS on toxicologically and disease-relevant molecular processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress responses, and xenobiotic metabolism. In summary, this work exemplifies how apical and molecular endpoints can be combined effectively for toxicology assessment and further supports findings on the reduced respiratory health risks of THS 2.2 aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Singapore 117406
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Erickson-DiRenzo E, Singh SP, Martinez JD, Sanchez SE, Easwaran M, Valdez TA. Cigarette smoke-induced changes in the murine vocal folds: a Raman spectroscopic observation. Analyst 2021; 145:7709-7717. [PMID: 32996925 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopic methods are being projected as novel tools to study the early invisible molecular level changes in a label-free manner. In the present study, we have used Raman spectroscopy to explore the earliest biochemical changes in murine vocal folds in response to time-bound cigarette smoke exposure. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 or 4-weeks through a customized smoke inhalation system. The larynx was collected and initial evaluations using standard methods of analysis such as histopathology and immunofluorescence was performed. Concurrent unstained sections were used for Raman imaging. Two common pathological features of vocal fold disorders including alterations in collagen content and epithelial hypercellularity, or hyperplasia, were observed. The mean spectra, principal component analysis, and Raman mapping also revealed differences in the collagen content and hypercellularity in the smoke exposed tissues. The differences in 2-week exposed tissues were found to be more prominent as compared to 4-week. This was attributed to adaptive responses and the already reported biphasic effects, which suggest that collagen synthesis is significantly reduced at higher cigarette smoke concentrations. Overall findings of the study are supportive of the prospective application of Raman imaging in monitoring changes due to cigarette smoke in the vocal folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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10
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Easwaran M, Martinez JD, Ramirez DJ, Gall PA, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Short-term whole body cigarette smoke exposure induces regional differences in cellular response in the mouse larynx. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:920-937. [PMID: 33996505 PMCID: PMC8099918 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term CSE induced regional differences in murine laryngeal cellular responses. Basal cell hyperplasia accompanies adaptive cell proliferation in the vocal folds. Increased subglottic cell proliferation persists even after CS cessation. SEM revealed vocal fold microprojection damage with possible necrotic features. Subglandular acidic mucins decreased and neutral mucins increased post-CSE.
The larynx is an essential organ in the respiratory tract and necessary for airway protection, respiration, and phonation. Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor associated with benign and malignant laryngeal diseases. Despite this association, the underlying mechanisms by which cigarette smoke (CS) drives disease development are not well elucidated. In the current study, we developed a short-term murine whole body inhalation model to evaluate the first CS-induced cellular responses in the glottic [i.e. vocal fold (VF)] and subglottic regions of the larynx. Specifically, we investigated epithelial cell proliferation, cell death, surface topography, and mucus production, at various time points (1 day, 5 days, 10 days) after ∼ 2 h exposure to 3R4F cigarettes (Delivered dose: 5.6968 mg/kg per cigarette) and following cessation for 5 days after a 5 day CS exposure (CSE). CSE elevated levels of BrdU labeled proliferative cells and p63 labeled epithelial basal cells on day 1 in the VF. CSE increased proliferative cells in the subglottis at days 5, 10 and following cessation in the subglottis. Cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic activity was absent in VF at all time points and increased at day 1 in the subglottis. Evaluation of the VF surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant epithelial microprojection damage at day 10 and early signs of necrosis at days 5 and 10 post-CSE. SEM visualizations additionally indicated the presence of deformed cilia at days 5 and 10 after CSE and post-cessation in the respiratory epithelium lined subglottis. In terms of mucin content, the impact of short-term CSE was observed only at day 10, with decreasing acidic mucin levels and increasing neutral mucin levels. Overall, these findings reveal regional differences in murine laryngeal cellular responses following short-term CSE and provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying CS-induced laryngeal disease development.
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Key Words
- AB/PAS, Alcian blue/Periodic acid Schiff
- BLOQ, below limits of quantitation
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CBF, ciliary beat frequency
- CC3, cleaved caspase-3
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CSE, cigarette smoke exposure
- Cell death
- Cell proliferation
- Cigarette smoke
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- FTC/ISO, Federal Trade Commission/International Standard Organization
- GSD, geometric standard deviation
- H&E, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- HIER, heat-induced antigen retrieval
- HPF, high power field
- MCC, mucociliary clearance
- MMAD, Mass median aerodynamic diameter
- Mucus production
- Murine larynx
- NMR, nicotine metabolite ratio
- OECD, organization for economic co-operation and development
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- RE, respiratory epithelium
- REV, reversibility
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCIREQ, Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SSE, stratified squamous epithelium
- SWGTOX, Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology
- Surface topography
- TBST, tris-buffered saline-tween 20
- TPM, total particulate matter
- TSNA, tobacco-specific nitrosamines
- UPLC-MS/MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer
- VF, vocal fold
- VSC, veterinary service center
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Martinez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Ramirez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phillip A Gall
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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An R, Gowda M, Rey FE, Thibeault SL. Selective Bacterial Colonization of the Murine Larynx in a Gnotobiotic Model. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594617. [PMID: 33250883 PMCID: PMC7676279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The larynx is a mucosal organ situated between the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Little is known about microbial contributions to laryngeal epithelial health and pathogenesis. Developing a gnotobiotic laryngeal model will introduce new avenues for targeted explorations of microbes in laryngeal mucosal biology, allowing for enhanced understanding of host-microbe interaction in the upper airway. In this study, we first assessed the potential of using gut microbiota as a source to establish laryngeal microbiota in germ-free mice. Results demonstrated the selective nature of the upper airway and provided evidence that gut bacteria can assemble into communities that resemble the commensal resident bacteria occurring in the larynx of conventionally-raised animals phylogenetically and functionally. Then, we confirmed the reproducibility of laryngeal colonization through comparison of laryngeal microbiota in the larynx along with neighboring regions (base of tongue, esophagus, and trachea) between conventionally-raised and germ-free mice that conventionalized with cecal microbiota. Despite taxonomic differences, the established laryngeal microbiota from cecal content exhibited similarity to commensal resident microbiota in diversity within/between communities and predicted metagenomic functions. Our data also suggests little difference in bacterial distribution across the larynx and its surrounding regions and that cell motility and the ability to degrade xenobiotics is critical for bacteria colonizing upper airway. Successful colonization of laryngeal and oropharyngeal regions with gut microbiota in our study will greatly facilitate the investigation of potential localized inflammatory responses within host tissues that contribute to the disorders of essential laryngeal functions. Utilizing said gnotobiotic model to conduct future studies will allow for novel insights into direct microbial contributions to laryngeal epithelial health and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Madhu Gowda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Federico E. Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Susan L. Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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12
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Change in expression of NFκb and MUC5AC in nasal mucosa during pregnancy. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.789704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Kennedy A, Fagan S, Brady C, Fagan J, Wall E, Hoey S, Tobin E, Casey M, Sheehan M. Flock health survey of Irish Texel society breeders and larynx examination in Texel sheep. Ir Vet J 2020; 73:16. [PMID: 32782785 PMCID: PMC7414555 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laryngeal chondritis is a disease of undetermined aetiology, characterised by oedema, ulceration, abscessation and necrosis of the laryngeal mucosa and cartilage. The initial aim of the study was to document flock health issues identified by Irish pedigree Texel breeders using a questionnaire survey. Additionally, given the reports of breed predisposition for laryngeal chondritis in Texels, a further aim was to identify if laryngeal problems were perceived as an issue. Work was then conducted to identify if pre-clinical laryngeal mucosal pathology was identifiable in Texel sheep showing no overt clinical signs of respiratory disease and if associations existed between laryngeal measurements and laryngeal pathology. Thirty one larynges were collected from a Texel flock that previously had laryngeal chondritis diagnosed in fallen stock. Gross visual inspection was performed to identify and grade (0–5) laryngeal pathology. A series of measurements were then performed on larynges that had been formalin fixed. Associations between independent variables (larynx measurements) and the dependent variable (laryngeal pathology score) were examined. Results Respiratory disease was the most frequently identified health issue. Farmer-diagnosed ‘throat problems’ were reported by over 80% of respondents. Laryngeal pathology was noted in Texels showing no overt clinical signs of respiratory disease. Associations between laryngeal measurements and laryngeal pathology were identified relating to the angle between the cranial point of the cricoid cartilage and the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. Conclusions Mild laryngeal pathology was noted in animals with no overt clinical signs of respiratory disease. Future research should examine whether significant associations between laryngeal measurements and laryngeal pathology identified in the current study can be measured ante mortem, and whether such ante mortem measurements will allow early identification of sheep at risk of developing laryngeal chondritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen Kennedy
- Department of Agriculture, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fagan
- Department of Agriculture, Athlone Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Food and the Marine, Athlone, Westmeath Ireland
| | - Colm Brady
- Department of Agriculture, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - John Fagan
- Department of Agriculture, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | | | - Seamus Hoey
- Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Tobin
- Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mícheál Casey
- Department Agriculture, Regional Veterinary Laboratories Division, Backweston Campus, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare Ireland
| | - Maresa Sheehan
- Department of Agriculture, Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
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14
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Ulkumen B, Artunc Ulkumen B, Batir MB, Pala HG, Vatansever S, Cam S. Impact of Pregnancy and Glucocorticoid Treatment on NF-κB and MUC5AC in Mucosa of Rat Larynx. J Voice 2019; 35:342-348. [PMID: 31806275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to reveal physiological expression and distribution of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and MUC 5 subtype AC (MUC5AC) in rat laryngeal mucosa and to find out the effect of pregnancy and glucocorticoid treatment on these biomolecules. METHODS This animal experiment was done in Experimental Animals Research and Application Center of Manisa Celal Bayar University in accordance with the accepted policy on the use of animals. A total of 30 young, adult Wister albino female rats were randomized into a control group (group A), a pregnant group (group B), and a steroid administered group (group C). Sacrification was done by injection of sodium-pentobarbitone (400 mg/kg) solution via intraperitoneal route in all groups. Serum estradiole (E2) and progesterone (PG) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative expression and distribution of NF-κB and MUC5AC in laryngeal mucosa was studied both by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction testing. Expression and immunohistochemical localization of NF-κB and MUC5AC was evaluated by light microscopy (Olympus BX41). In statistical analyses; relative expression of NF-κB and MUC5AC were compared on group basis. The effect of E2 and PG levels on these biomolecules was also evaluated. RESULTS NF-κB was found to be significantly low both in group B (P < 0.05) and C (P < 0.001) when compared with group A, while MUC5AC was found to be significantly high both in group B (P < 0.05) and group C (P < 0.05) when compared with group A. Concerning IHC; NF-κB was found to be expressed in epithelium and lamina propria. MUC5AC was found to be expressed particularly in the epithelial layer in all groups. Statistically significant negative correlation between PG and NF-κB expression (P = 0.048), but no correlation between PG and MUC5AC expression (P = 0.487) were revealed. On the other hand, no correlation was found between E2 and the expression of relevant biomolecules (NF-κB [P = 0.270], MUC5AC [P = 0.829]). We also did found a significant negative correlation between the expression of NF-κB and MUC5AC (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the physiological expression of NF-κB and MUC5AC in rat laryngeal mucosa was shown for the first time both by polymerase chain reaction and IHC. The impact of pregnancy and glucocorticoid treatment on the expression and distribution of these biomolecules was also revealed. The expression of NF-κB was found to be decreased while the expression of MUC5AC was found to be increased both by pregnancy and glucocorticoid treatment. The inhibitory effect of serum PG on NF-κB expression in rat laryngeal mucosa was also shown for the first time. The expression of MUC5AC was found to be increased both in pregnant and glucocorticoid administered group. Negative correlation between NF-κB and MUC5AC expression was also revealed in rat larynx for the first time. These findings may partially unclose the histochemical background of voice changes caused by pregnancy and as well as by glucocorticoid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Ulkumen
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Artunc Ulkumen
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Burak Batir
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Halil Gursoy Pala
- The University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seda Vatansever
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology-Embryology, Manisa, Turkey and Near East University, Experimental Research Center of Health (DESAM), Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sirri Cam
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Manisa, Turkey
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15
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Liu X, Mustonen A, Zheng W, Sivasankar MP, Durkes AC. Cigarette Smoke Exposure to Pig Larynx in an Inhalation Chamber. J Voice 2019; 33:846-850. [PMID: 29983221 PMCID: PMC6320720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the pig larynx using an inhalation chamber. Specifically, we compared the effects of cigarette smoke exposure from either 3 cigarettes per day (3cd) or 15 cigarettes per day (15cd) for 20 days. STUDY DESIGN In vivo prospective design. METHODS Female pigs were exposed via an inhalation chamber to cigarette smoke (3R4F research cigarettes) from 3cd (n = 6) or 15cd (n = 6) for 20 days. Outcomes included histopathology of vocal fold and airway tissues; gene expression of interleukins, TNF-α, and VEGF; protein levels of TNF-α and IL-6; and number of coughs recorded in the chamber. RESULTS Pigs exposed to cigarette smoke from 15cd exhibited mild vocal fold edema as compared to the 3cd group on histopathological evaluation. There was also minimal inflammation of nasal and tracheal tissue characterized by presence of more granulocytes in the 15cd group compared to the 3cd group. Cough frequency was significantly greater for the 15cd group compared to the 3cd group. CONCLUSIONS A custom-designed large animal inhalation chamber successfully challenged pigs repeatedly, to varying levels of cigarette smoke. Future studies will combine such low levels of smoke exposure with other common challenges such as acid reflux to understand the multifactorial causation of laryngeal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Allison Mustonen
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Abigail C Durkes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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16
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Lahav Y, Shats M, Huszar M, Haimovich Y, Warman M, Halperin D, Shoffel-Havakuk H. Local inflammatory reaction to benign, pre-malignant and malignant glottic lesions: A matched case-control study. Clin Otolaryngol 2019; 44:628-638. [PMID: 31038820 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the inflammatory infiltrates associated with the different stages of laryngeal carcinogenesis. DESIGN Observational, matched case-control study of histopathologic specimens. SETTING An academic referral centre. PARTICIPANTS A total of 45 patients who underwent removal of glottic lesions between 2008 and 2015. Patients were enrolled and categorised into three matched groups according to lesions' histopathologic diagnoses, 15 patients in each group: benign, pre-malignant and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Matching was based on age, gender and pack-years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Immunohistochemistry staining using monoclonal antibodies against CD4, CD8, CD68, CD20 and S100 representing T-helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, respectively. Cell counts and distributions were measured and compared between groups. Correlations between the different cells were examined. RESULTS The predominant cell type was CD8+, followed by CD68+ and CD4+. All inflammatory cells increased significantly in number in SCC (P-value < 0.001), with no significant difference between benign and pre-malignant groups. Strong correlations between the different cells were demonstrated only in the malignant group. S100+ cells correlated with both T-cell subsets, CD4+ (rho = 0.769, P-value = 0.001) and CD8+ (rho = 0.697, P-value = 0.0004). Infiltrates exhibited more extensive distribution in SCC compared to pre-malignant and benign; CD8+ and CD68+ cells were demonstrated in both intraepithelial and stromal regions in 93% of SCC lesions (P-value = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal carcinoma demonstrates a unique pattern of inflammatory infiltrates, with significant changes in cell counts and distribution. Leucocyte infiltrates increased significantly in the transition from laryngeal pre-malignant lesion to malignancy while no significant differences were seen between benign and pre-malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Lahav
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Shats
- Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Monica Huszar
- Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Department of Pathology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaara Haimovich
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meir Warman
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Halperin
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Shoffel-Havakuk
- The Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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17
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Foote AG, Wang Z, Kendziorski C, Thibeault SL. Tissue specific human fibroblast differential expression based on RNAsequencing analysis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:308. [PMID: 31014251 PMCID: PMC6480701 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical forces, such as mechanical stress, are essential for tissue homeostasis and influence gene expression of cells. In particular, the fibroblast has demonstrated sensitivity to extracellular matrices with assumed adaptation upon various mechanical loads. The purpose of this study was to compare the vocal fold fibroblast genotype, known for its unique mechanically stressful tissue environment, with cellular counterparts at various other anatomic locales to identify differences in functional gene expression profiles. Results By using RNA-seq technology, we identified differentially expressed gene programs (DEseq2) among seven normal human fibroblast primary cell lines from healthy cadavers, which included: vocal fold, trachea, lung, abdomen, scalp, upper gingiva, and soft palate. Unsupervised gene expression analysis yielded 6216 genes differentially expressed across all anatomic sites. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed grouping based on anatomic site origin rather than donor, suggesting global fibroblast phenotype heterogeneity. Sex and age-related effects were negligible. Functional enrichment analyses based on separate post-hoc 2-group comparisons revealed several functional themes within the vocal fold fibroblast related to transcription factors for signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells and extracellular matrix components such as cell signaling, migration, proliferation, and differentiation potential. Conclusions Human fibroblasts display a phenomenon of global topographic differentiation, which is maintained in isolation via in vitro assays. Epigenetic mechanical influences on vocal fold tissue may play a role in uniquely modelling and maintaining the local environmental cellular niche during homeostasis with vocal fold fibroblasts distinctly specialized related to their anatomic positional and developmental origins established during embryogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5682-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Foote
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, College of Letters and Science, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Mo TT, Tan JJ, Wang MG, Dai YF, Liu X, Li XP. Optimized Generation of Primary Human Epithelial Cells from Larynx and Hypopharynx: A Site-Specific Epithelial Model for Reflux Research. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:630-637. [PMID: 30917697 PMCID: PMC7103601 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719838478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) induces a differential damage effect on several anatomic
sites within the larynx and hypopharynx; therefore, an in vitro model is needed for each
anatomic site. This study aimed to establish a primary culture method for human laryngeal
and hypopharyngeal epithelial cells derived from multiple anatomic sites. Surgical mucosa
specimens were treated with a two-step enzymatic strategy to establish a primary culture.
Of the 46 samples, primary cultivation was achieved successfully with 36 samples, and the
positive ratio was 78.3%. In addition, flow cytometry revealed that these primary cells
were epithelial cells with a purity of 94.9%. The proliferative ability was confirmed by
positive staining for Ki-67. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal epithelial cells from multiple
sites exhibited similar epithelial morphology and positive cytokeratin expression. These
cells can be cultured to passage 4. In summary, we successfully established the in vitro
epithelial model of larynx and hypopharynx subsites, which may potentially be used as a
platform for reflux research, especially for site-specific damage effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Mo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jie Tan
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Gui Wang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Dai
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Braut T, Krstulja M, Marijić B, Maržić D, Kujundžić M, Brumini G, Vučinić D, Oštarijaš E. Immunohistochemical analysis of vocal cord polyps applying markers of squamous cell carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:144-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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THE LYMPH NODES IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM-1). EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2017.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to study morphofunctional structure of NALT (nasal associated lymphoid tissue) and visceral lymph nodes of rats with experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1) and to define the effectiveness of the treatment with herbal drug “Imupret”.
Materials and methods: The experiment involved 20 animals, divided into 4 groups: the 1st group was the control group of healthy rats, the 2nd group was the control group subject to prophylactic treatment with “Imupret, the 3rd group included rats with experimental diabetes, and the 4th group included rats with experimental diabetes subject to treatment with “Imupret. Functional changes in immune organs were evaluated by the results of morphometric analysis; morphological pattern was evaluated by histostructural changes.
Results. The research revealed that under conditions of diabetes mellitus type 1, the volume, area and density of the lymphoid tissue decreased, and only its "fine" cell was detected. The paper demonstrates the development of relative immune deficiency in immunocompetent organs in rats with diabetes mellitus type 1. The use of drug "Imupret" demonstrated its immunomodulatory function, which is especially important in terms of immunosuppression in patient with DM-1.
Conclusion. The received results are of a great clinical significance, and show the necessity of early prevention and treatment of immunity disorders under conditions of diabetes mellitus type 1.
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21
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Hanshew AS, Jetté ME, Tadayon S, Thibeault SL. A comparison of sampling methods for examining the laryngeal microbiome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174765. [PMID: 28362810 PMCID: PMC5375147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifts in healthy human microbial communities have now been linked to disease in numerous body sites. Noninvasive swabbing remains the sampling technique of choice in most locations; however, it is not well known if this method samples the entire community, or only those members that are easily removed from the surface. We sought to compare the communities found via swabbing and biopsied tissue in true vocal folds, a location that is difficult to sample without causing potential damage and impairment to tissue function. A secondary aim of this study was to determine if swab sampling of the false vocal folds could be used as proxy for true vocal folds. True and false vocal fold mucosal samples (swabbed and biopsied) were collected from six pigs and used for 454 pyrosequencing of the V3–V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Most of the alpha and beta measures of diversity were found to be significantly similar between swabbed and biopsied tissue samples. Similarly, the communities found in true and false vocal folds did not differ considerably. These results suggest that samples taken via swabs are sufficient to assess the community, and that samples taken from the false vocal folds may be used as proxies for the true vocal folds. Assessment of these techniques opens an avenue to less traumatic means to explore the role microbes play in the development of diseases of the vocal folds, and perhaps the rest of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa S Hanshew
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Environmental Health and Safety, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie E Jetté
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Tadayon
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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22
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Sheats M, Schröder H, Rausch F, Bohr C, Kißlinger F, de Tristan J, Iro H, Garreis F, Paulsen F, Schicht M, Bräuer L. Surfactant proteins of the human larynx. Ann Anat 2016; 208:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Spatiotemporal interplay of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and respiratory mucosal cells drives viral dissemination in rhesus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1089-101. [PMID: 26647718 PMCID: PMC4900951 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses have a critical role in the control of early virus replication and dissemination. It remains unknown, however, how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) evades respiratory innate immunity to establish a systemic infection. Here we show in Chinese macaques that SARS-CoV traversed the mucosa through the respiratory tract within 2 days, resulting in extensive mucosal infiltration by T cells, MAC387(+), and CD163(+) monocytes/macrophages followed by limited viral replication in the lung but persistent viral shedding into the upper airway. Mucosal monocytes/macrophages sequestered virions in intracellular vesicles together with infected Langerhans cells and migrated into the tonsils and/or draining lymph nodes within 2 days. In lymphoid tissues, viral RNA and proteins were detected in infected monocytes upon differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs) within 3 days. Systemic viral dissemination was observed within 7 days. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the spatiotemporal interactions of SARS-CoV, monocytes/macrophages, and the DC network in mucosal tissues and highlights the fact that, while these innate cells contribute to viral clearance, they probably also serve as shelters and vehicles to provide a mechanism for the virus to escape host mucosal innate immunity and disseminate systemically.
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24
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Hughes OR, Ayling SM, Birchall MA. Innate Immune Response of the Pig Laryngeal Mucosa to Endotracheal Intubation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 154:138-43. [PMID: 26567047 DOI: 10.1177/0194599815617125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to measure the effects of endotracheal intubation on innate immune response within the pig laryngeal mucosa. Study Design Prospective controlled basic science study. Setting The animal experiments and analyses were conducted at the University of Bristol. Samples and Methods Eighteen pigs, matched at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), were used in the study. The pigs were divided into 9 pairs. One of each pair (9 pigs in total) was intubated with an endotracheal tube under general anesthesia for 90 minutes. Two days later, pinch biopsies were taken from the supraglottis (specifically the false cords) and subglottis of both pigs. The experiment was repeated 8 more times. Based on quantitative immunohistochemistry, percentage areas of positive staining for CD172a, CD163, MHC class II, CD14, and CD16 were calculated separately for the epithelium and lamina propria of each biopsy. Results Total areas of laryngeal mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) expressing CD172a and coexpressing CD163 and CD172a were significantly reduced at 2 days following endotracheal intubation ( P = .039 and P = .037, respectively). MHC class II expression and MHC class II coexpression with CD172a were similarly reduced following intubation ( P = .003 and P = .005, respectively). In the supraglottis, MHC class II coexpression with CD16 and CD14 was also reduced following endotracheal intubation ( P = .037). Conclusions Our results indicate that endotracheal intubation reduces the number of innate immune cells within the upper airway mucosa. This may be an important first step in a cascade leading to chronic wound and scar formation causing airway stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owain R. Hughes
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah M. Ayling
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin A. Birchall
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, and University College London, London, UK
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Levendoski EE, Leydon C, Thibeault SL. Vocal fold epithelial barrier in health and injury: a research review. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2014; 57:1679-91. [PMID: 24686981 PMCID: PMC4557797 DOI: 10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vocal fold epithelium is composed of layers of individual epithelial cells joined by junctional complexes constituting a unique interface with the external environment. This barrier provides structural stability to the vocal folds and protects underlying connective tissue from injury while being nearly continuously exposed to potentially hazardous insults, including environmental or systemic-based irritants such as pollutants and reflux, surgical procedures, and vibratory trauma. Small disruptions in the epithelial barrier may have a large impact on susceptibility to injury and overall vocal health. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad-based review of current knowledge of the vocal fold epithelial barrier. METHOD A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted. Details of the structure of the vocal fold epithelial barrier are presented and evaluated in the context of function in injury and pathology. The importance of the epithelial-associated vocal fold mucus barrier is also introduced. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Information presented in this review is valuable for clinicians and researchers as it highlights the importance of this understudied portion of the vocal folds to overall vocal health and disease. Prevention and treatment of injury to the epithelial barrier is a significant area awaiting further investigation.
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Kinder JM, Then JE, Hansel PM, Molinero LL, Bruns HA. Long-term repeated daily use of intragastric gavage hinders induction of oral tolerance to ovalbumin in mice. Comp Med 2014; 64:369-376. [PMID: 25402177 PMCID: PMC4236785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oral tolerance is dependent on the complex architecture of the mucosal system of the gastrointestinal tract, its associated lymphoid tissue, and specialized immune cells. Changes in this architecture or the failure of any of its components may hinder the generation of oral tolerance. The larynx and esophagus are the gateway to the gastrointestinal tract, serving as the site of oral antigen introduction to the immune system and may have an important role in establishing tolerance. Intragastric gavage is a common method for precise oral dosing of rodents, particularly in studies examining oral tolerance. However, complications such as esophageal trauma can occur and induce complicating factors that affect experimental outcomes. In this study, we examined the esophageal epithelium for alterations resulting from long-term repeated daily use of intragrastric gavage and its effect on the induction of tolerance. Tolerance to ovalbumin could not be achieved after using intragastric gavage for 14 d or more consecutively to introduce ovalbumin. However, tolerance was achieved when intragastric gavage was used for shorter durations. After 14 d of gavage, disruption of the esophageal mucosal epithelium indicative of an inflammatory pathology, cellular influx into the esophageal tissue, and proinflammatory cytokines in the tissue were absent, and the CD3(+) cell population in the esophageal epithelium decreased. These findings provide initial evidence for the important roles of esophageal integrity and cellular populations in the induction of oral tolerance and suggest possible immunologic sequelae in experiments involving the use of extended, repeated gavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Kinder
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Jenny E Then
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Patrick M Hansel
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Luciana L Molinero
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather A Bruns
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
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Levendoski EE, Sivasankar MP. Vocal fold ion transport and mucin expression following acrolein exposure. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:441-50. [PMID: 24648011 PMCID: PMC4306594 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vocal fold epithelium is exposed to inhaled particulates including pollutants during breathing in everyday environments. Yet, our understanding of the effects of pollutants on vocal fold epithelial function is extremely limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the pollutant acrolein on two vocal fold epithelial mechanisms: ion transport and mucin (MUC) synthesis. These mechanisms were chosen as each plays a critical role in vocal defense and in maintaining surface hydration which is necessary for optimal voice production. Healthy, native porcine vocal folds (N = 85) were excised and exposed to an acrolein or sham challenge. A 60-min acrolein, but not sham challenge significantly reduced ion transport and inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent, increases in ion transport. Decreases in ion transport were associated with reduced sodium absorption. Within the same timeline, no significant acrolein-induced changes in MUC gene or protein expression were observed. These results improve our understanding of the effects of acrolein on key vocal fold epithelial functions and inform the development of future investigations that seek to elucidate the impact of a wide range of pollutant exposures on vocal fold health.
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Hanshew AS, Jetté ME, Thibeault SL. Characterization and comparison of bacterial communities in benign vocal fold lesions. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:43. [PMID: 25671105 PMCID: PMC4323261 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign vocal fold lesions, including cysts, nodules, polyps, and Reinke's edema, are common causes of hoarseness and subsequent voice disorders. Given the prevalence of these lesions, disease etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear and their microbiota has not been studied to date secondary to the paucity of available biopsies for investigation. We sought to characterize and compare the bacterial communities in biopsies of cysts, nodules, polyps, and Reinke's edema collected from patients in Germany and Wisconsin. These samples were then compared to the communities found in healthy saliva and throat samples from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). RESULTS 454 pyrosequencing of the V3-V5 regions of the 16S rRNA gene revealed five phyla that explained most of the bacterial diversity, including Firmicutes (73.8%), Proteobacteria (12.7%), Bacteroidetes (9.2%), Actinobacteria (2.1%), and Fusobacteria (1.9%). Every lesion sample, regardless of diagnosis, had operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified as Streptococcus, with a mean abundance of 68.7%. Most of the lesions, 31 out of 44, were indistinguishable in a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) due to dominance by OTUs phylogenetically similar to Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae. Thirteen lesions not dominated by S. pseudopneumoniae were more similar to HMP throat and saliva samples, though 12 of them contained Pseudomonas, which was not present in any of the HMP samples. Community structure and abundance could not be correlated with lesion diagnosis or any other documented patient factor, including age, sex, or country of origin. CONCLUSIONS Dominance by S. pseudopneumoniae could be a factor in disease etiology, as could the presence of Pseudomonas in some samples. Likewise, decreased diversity, as compared to healthy saliva and throat samples, may be associated with disease, similar to disease models in other mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa S Hanshew
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705 Wisconsin USA
| | - Marie E Jetté
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705 Wisconsin USA
| | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, 53705 Wisconsin USA
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Abstract
Cough may be the first overt sign of disease of the airways or lungs when it represents more than a defense mechanism, and may by its persistence become a helpful pointer of potential disease for both patient and physician. On the other hand, impairment or absence of the coughing mechanism can be harmful and even fatal; this is why cough suppression is rarely indicated in childhood. Pediatricians are concerned more with the etiology of the cough and making the right diagnosis. Whereas chronic cough in adults has been universally defined as a cough that lasts more than 8 weeks, in childhood, different timing has been reported. Many reasons support defining a cough that lasts more than 4 weeks in preschool children as chronic, however; and this is particularly true when the cough is wet. During childhood, the respiratory tract and nervous system undergo a series of anatomical and physiological maturation processes that influence the cough reflex. In addition, immunological response undergoes developmental and memorial processes that make infection and congenital abnormalities the overwhelming causes of cough in preschool children. Cough in children should be treated on the basis of etiology, and there is no evidence in support of the use of medication for symptomatic cough relief or adopting empirical approaches. Most cases of chronic cough in preschool age are caused by protracted bacterial bronchitis, tracheobronchomalacia, foreign body aspiration, post-infectious cough or some combination of these. Other causes of chronic cough, such as bronchiectasis, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, and upper respiratory syndrome appear to be less frequent in this age group. The prevalence of each depends on the population in consideration, the epidemiology of infectious diseases, socioeconomic aspects, and the local health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kantar
- Pediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, Istituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, Bergamo, Italy.
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Berchtold CM, Coughlin A, Kasper Z, Thibeault SL. Paracrine potential of fibroblasts exposed to cigarette smoke extract with vascular growth factor induction. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:2228-36. [PMID: 23494588 PMCID: PMC4113205 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Nicotine, a major constituent of cigarette smoke, can activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by binding to α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expressed on the surface of certain cells. Here, we ask whether cigarette smoke extract induced different paracrine factors compared to the in vivo regulator of inflammation, tumor necrosis factor-α, in human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs) shown to express low levels of α7nAChR. STUDY DESIGN In vitro. METHODS α7nAChR was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. γH2AX, a marker for DNA double-stand breaks, was measured by immunofluorescence. Cigarette smoke extract was prepared in accordance with investigators studying effects of cigarette smoke. hVFFs treated for 3 hours had media replaced for an additional 24 hours. Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in media were assessed by multiplex analysis. RESULTS α7nAChR expression levels decreased with the passage number of fibroblasts. Tumor necrosis factor-α induced a significantly different profile of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor compared to cigarette smoke extract exposure. Cigarette smoke extract at a concentration not associated with induction of γH2AX nuclear foci significantly increased vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke extract elicited a response important for regulation of angiogenesis and vascular permeability during inflammation, without evidence of DNA double-stand breaks associated with carcinogenesis. hVFFs are capable of participating in paracrine regulation of pathological blood vessel formation associated with cigarette smoking-related diseases (ie, Reinke edema). These cells express α7nAChR, an essential component of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulated by the vagus nerve in certain tissues and a target of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Berchtold
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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de Mel A, Seifalian AM, Birchall MA. Orchestrating cell/material interactions for tissue engineering of surgical implants. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1010-21. [PMID: 22777725 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Research groups are currently recognising a critical clinical need for innovative approaches to organ failure and agenesis. Allografting, autologous reconstruction and prosthetics are hampered with severe limitations. Pertinently, readily available 'laboratory-grown' organs and implants are becoming a reality. Tissue engineering constructs vary in their design complexity depending on the specific structural and functional demands. Expeditious methods on integrating autologous stem cells onto nanoarchitectured 3D nanocomposites, are being transferred from lab to patients with a number of successful first-in-man experiences. Despite the need for a complete understanding of cell/material interactions tissue engineering is offering a plethora of exciting possibilities in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Birchall MA, Ayling SM, Harley R, Murison PJ, Burt R, Mitchard L, Jones A, Macchiarini P, Stokes CR, Bailey M. Laryngeal transplantation in minipigs: early immunological outcomes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:556-64. [PMID: 22288599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent tissue-engineering advances, there is no effective way of replacing all the functions of the larynx in those requiring laryngectomy. A recent clinical transplant was a success. Using quantitative immunofluorescence targeted at immunologically relevant molecules, we have studied the early (48 h and 1 week) immunological responses within larynxes transplantated between seven pairs of National Institutes of Health (NIH) minipigs fully homozygous at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus. There were only small changes in expression of some molecules (relative to interindividual variation) and these were clearest in samples from the subglottic region, where the areas of co-expression of CD25(+) CD45RC(-) CD8(-) and of CD163(+) CD172(+) MHC-II(-) increased at 1 week after transplant. In one case, infiltration by recipient T cells was analysed by T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ spectratype analysis; this suggested that changes in the T cell repertoire occur in the donor subglottis mucosal tissues from day 0 to day 7, but that the donor and recipient mucosal Vβ repertoires remain distinct. The observed lack of strong immunological responses to the trauma of surgery and ischaemia provides encouraging evidence to support clinical trials of laryngeal transplantation, and a basis on which to interpret future studies involving mismatches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Birchall
- Department of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Choy HA, Kelley MM, Croda J, Matsunaga J, Babbitt JT, Ko AI, Picardeau M, Haake DA. The multifunctional LigB adhesin binds homeostatic proteins with potential roles in cutaneous infection by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16879. [PMID: 21347378 PMCID: PMC3036719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonotic disease in humans and animals caused by pathogenic spirochetes, such as Leptospira interrogans. The mode of transmission is commonly limited to the exposure of mucous membrane or damaged skin to water contaminated by leptospires shed in the urine of carriers, such as rats. Infection occurs during seasonal flooding of impoverished tropical urban habitats with large rat populations, but also during recreational activity in open water, suggesting it is very efficient. LigA and LigB are surface localized proteins in pathogenic Leptospira strains with properties that could facilitate the infection of damaged skin. Their expression is rapidly induced by the increase in osmolarity encountered by leptospires upon transition from water to host. In addition, the immunoglobulin-like repeats of the Lig proteins bind proteins that mediate attachment to host tissue, such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, collagens, laminin, and elastin, some of which are important in cutaneous wound healing and repair. Hemostasis is critical in a fresh injury, where fibrinogen from damaged vasculature mediates coagulation. We show that fibrinogen binding by recombinant LigB inhibits fibrin formation, which could aid leptospiral entry into the circulation, dissemination, and further infection by impairing healing. LigB also binds fibroblast fibronectin and type III collagen, two proteins prevalent in wound repair, thus potentially enhancing leptospiral adhesion to skin openings. LigA or LigB expression by transformation of a nonpathogenic saprophyte, L. biflexa, enhances bacterial adhesion to fibrinogen. Our results suggest that by binding homeostatic proteins found in cutaneous wounds, LigB could facilitate leptospirosis transmission. Both fibronectin and fibrinogen binding have been mapped to an overlapping domain in LigB comprising repeats 9-11, with repeat 11 possibly enhancing binding by a conformational effect. Leptospirosis patient antibodies react with the LigB domain, suggesting applications in diagnosis and vaccines that are currently limited by the strain-specific leptospiral lipopolysaccharide coats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Choy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Abstract
The major mechanisms of mucosal defense in the neonate consist of a variety of nonspecific barriers, and innate and specific adaptive immune responses. The functions of innate immunity in the mucosal surfaces are mediated by host-specific microbial–pathogen recognition receptors, designed to recognize unique microbial-associated molecular patterns integral to the structure of most microorganisms. Other mechanisms include many antimicrobial peptides, macrophages, dendritic cells, complement components and host-derived cellular and soluble products. The important elements of neonatal mucosal adaptive immunity include the inductive sites, such as the Peyer’s patches and other lymphoid structures in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the nasopharyngeal and sublingual tissues, the subepithelial and intraepithelial sites in most external mucosal surfaces, including the genital tract and the mammary glands. These sites contain lymphoid cells derived by the homing of antigen-activated cells from the inductive sites. Activated B cells, mostly IgA (up to 80%) are detected in the mucosal tissues shortly after birth. However, IgA-producing plasma cells are generally detected in the mucosa approximately 7–10 days of age. With progressive environmental antigenic stimulation, the number of circulating IgA cells increase significantly by 1 month of age. The postnatal development of mucosal immunity is critically influenced by the acquisition and nature of mucosal microflora, and the temporal nature and qualitative and quantitative aspects of dietary antigens and other environmental agents introduced in the neonatal period. Mucosal immune responses are generally protective against disease-producing organisms and environmental macromolecules. The mucosal immune responses may also be pathologic and foster the induction of immunologically mediated disease states and autoimmunity. The development of secretory IgA and other antimicrobial mucosal responses as well as the induction of tolerance in the neonatal period and early infancy are essential for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis in early childhood and prevention of disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearay L Ogra
- Professor emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, NY, USA and Women & Children’s Hospital, 219 Bryant Street, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
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Ling C, Raasch JL, Welham NV. E-cadherin and transglutaminase-1 epithelial barrier restoration precedes type IV collagen basement membrane reconstruction following vocal fold mucosal injury. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 193:158-69. [PMID: 20962500 DOI: 10.1159/000318605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vocal fold epithelium is critical to upper airway immunologic defense and water/ion transport; therefore, any form of physical trauma or insult increases the vulnerability of this structure to functional impairment and pathogen invasion/infection. In this study, we examined the reestablishment of epithelial and basement membrane barrier structures in a well-established rat model of vocal fold mucosal injury. We observed active cell recruitment culminating in peak hyperplasia at 3 days postinjury, the establishment of robust E-cadherin+ and transglutaminase-1+ biochemical barrier signals along the epithelial surface by 3 days postinjury, and the persistent absence of a type IV collagen+ basement membrane at 7 days postinjury. The distinct spatial and temporal immunoactivity of these molecules is consistent with a programmed repair process driving the restoration of vocal fold mucosal integrity and permeability. These data may inform future efforts to optimize functional mucosal recovery postinjury and avoid undesirable events such as barrier compromise or epithelial metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Ling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Ling C, Yamashita M, Waselchuk EA, Raasch JL, Bless DM, Welham NV. Alteration in cellular morphology, density and distribution in rat vocal fold mucosa following injury. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 18:89-97. [PMID: 20002898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vocal fold mucosa plays an important role in voice production. Its cellular composition and density frequently change under various pathological conditions, often contributing to altered extracellular matrix production, tissue viscoelasticity, and voice quality. In this study, cellular changes in the rat mucosa following a unilateral stripping injury were investigated and analyzed semi-quantitatively. Distinctive and sequential changes in cellular morphology, composition, and density were observed in the mucosa post-injury. Cellular recruitment was a major event during the early stage of injury and reached its peak level by day 5 post-injury. Several types of cells, including neutrophil-like cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblast-like cells, were sequentially recruited. The sequential emergence of reactive cell populations following injury and subsequent reconstruction of the mucosa suggests their involvement in vocal fold tissue repair and scar formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Ling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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