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Jahanbani F, Sing JC, Maynard RD, Jahanbani S, Dafoe J, Dafoe W, Jones N, Wallace KJ, Rastan A, Maecker HT, Röst HL, Snyder MP, Davis RW. Longitudinal cytokine and multi-modal health data of an extremely severe ME/CFS patient with HSD reveals insights into immunopathology, and disease severity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369295. [PMID: 38650940 PMCID: PMC11033372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) presents substantial challenges in patient care due to its intricate multisystem nature, comorbidities, and global prevalence. The heterogeneity among patient populations, coupled with the absence of FDA-approved diagnostics and therapeutics, further complicates research into disease etiology and patient managment. Integrating longitudinal multi-omics data with clinical, health,textual, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical data offers a promising avenue to address these complexities, aiding in the identification of underlying causes and providing insights into effective therapeutics and diagnostic strategies. Methods This study focused on an exceptionally severe ME/CFS patient with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) during a period of marginal symptom improvements. Longitudinal cytokine profiling was conducted alongside the collection of extensive multi-modal health data to explore the dynamic nature of symptoms, severity, triggers, and modifying factors. Additionally, an updated severity assessment platform and two applications, ME-CFSTrackerApp and LexiTime, were introduced to facilitate real-time symptom tracking and enhance patient-physician/researcher communication, and evaluate response to medical intervention. Results Longitudinal cytokine profiling revealed the significance of Th2-type cytokines and highlighted synergistic activities between mast cells and eosinophils, skewing Th1 toward Th2 immune responses in ME/CFS pathogenesis, particularly in cognitive impairment and sensorial intolerance. This suggests a potentially shared underlying mechanism with major ME/CFS comorbidities such as HSD, Mast cell activation syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and small fiber neuropathy. Additionally, the data identified potential roles of BCL6 and TP53 pathways in ME/CFS etiology and emphasized the importance of investigating adverse reactions to medication and supplements and drug interactions in ME/CFS severity and progression. Discussion Our study advocates for the integration of longitudinal multi-omics with multi-modal health data and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to better understand ME/CFS and its major comorbidities. These findings highlight the significance of dysregulated Th2-type cytokines in patient stratification and precision medicine strategies. Additionally, our results suggest exploring the use of low-dose drugs with partial agonist activity as a potential avenue for ME/CFS treatment. This comprehensive approach emphasizes the importance of adopting a patient-centered care approach to improve ME/CFS healthcare management, disease severity assessment, and personalized medicine. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of ME/CFS and offer avenues for future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Justin Cyril Sing
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajan Douglas Maynard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Jahanbani
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Janet Dafoe
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Whitney Dafoe
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Jones
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kelvin J. Wallace
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Azuravesta Rastan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Immunity, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hannes L. Röst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Ramanan SP, Singh B, Gandhamaneni SH, Sange I. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: The Role of Steroids and the Dose, Duration, and Delivery of Steroid Therapy. Cureus 2024; 16:e58343. [PMID: 38756322 PMCID: PMC11097238 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated condition characterized by the eosinophil infiltration of the esophagus (>15 per high power field). Recently, there has been an increase in both the incidence and prevalence of the disease. The common modalities of treatment are dietary modification, proton pump inhibitors, and steroids. However, the United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drugs for the treatment of EoE. This review has discussed the role of steroids in the treatment of EoE, focusing on the various formulations of the drug, its dosage, drug delivery, and duration of therapy. The study also covers the common outcomes of steroid therapy and its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Priyavadhana Ramanan
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Medicine/Surgery, Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, IND
- Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Jackson, USA
| | - Bipneet Singh
- Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Jackson, USA
| | | | - Ibrahim Sange
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Internal Medicine, Karamshibhai Jethabhai Somaiya Medical College, Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, IND
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Koranteng J, Chung KF, Michaeloudes C, Bhavsar P. The role of mitochondria in eosinophil function: implications for severe asthma pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1360079. [PMID: 38495619 PMCID: PMC10940389 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1360079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key metabolic hubs involved in cellular energy production and biosynthesis. ATP is generated primarily by glucose and fatty acid oxidation through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the mitochondria. During OXPHOS there is also production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are involved in the regulation of cellular function. Mitochondria are also central in the regulating cell survival and death, particularly in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease driven by various immune mechanisms. Severe eosinophilic asthma entails a type 2 inflammatory response and peripheral and lung eosinophilia, associated with severe airflow obstruction, frequent exacerbations and poor response to treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism have been observed in airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells from patients with asthma. However, the role of mitochondria in the development of eosinophilia and eosinophil-mediated inflammation in severe asthma is unknown. In this review, we discuss the currently limited literature on the role of mitochondria in eosinophil function and how it is regulated by asthma-relevant cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as well as by corticosteroid drugs. Moreover, we summarise the evidence on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of eosinophils apoptosis and eosinophil extracellular trap formation. Finally, we discuss the possible role of altered mitochondrial function in eosinophil dysfunction in severe asthma and suggest possible research avenues in order to better understand their role in disease pathogenesis, and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Koranteng
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pankaj Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Kim YI, Yang HR. Role of peripheral and tissue eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:653-661. [PMID: 38504407 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID), and functional abdominal pain disorder (FAPD) present with nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms clinically and also have some similarities in pathogeneses associated with eosinophils. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the role of eosinophils in IBD compared to EGID and FAPD by investigating eosinophils in peripheral blood and GI tissue and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). METHODS Pediatric patients with chronic GI symptoms who underwent endoscopic biopsies were enrolled. Complete blood cell counts, inflammatory markers, immunoglobulin E (IgE), serum ECP levels, and endoscopic and histopathologic findings were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS A total of 387 patients were included: 179 with EGID, 107 with IBDs, and 82 with FAPD. Peripheral absolute eosinophil count (AEC), total IgE, and serum ECP were significantly higher in both IBD and EGID than in FAPD (all p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were noted among the three groups in tissue eosinophil counts in each segment of GI tract except for the esophagus (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in tissue eosinophil counts in the ascending, sigmoid colon, and rectum between EGID and IBD (p < 0.05). Peripheral and tissue eosinophils in the stomach and duodenum revealed positive correlation in both EGID and IBD (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Elevated eosinophil-related markers, as well as increased tissue eosinophilic infiltration in the affected areas of the GI tract in both IBD and EGID compared to FAPD, suggest that eosinophils might play a common important role in the pathogeneses of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Ie Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Kim HR, Kim Y, Moon JS, Ko JS, Yang HR. Serum Eosinophilic Cationic Protein as a Useful Noninvasive Marker of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease in Children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2024; 27:79-87. [PMID: 38510583 PMCID: PMC10948968 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2024.27.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recently, the prevalence of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) has shown an increasing trend worldwide. As the diagnosis of EGID requires invasive endoscopy with biopsy, noninvasive markers for detecting EGID in suspected patients, particularly children, are urgently needed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) beyond peripheral eosinophil counts in pediatric patients with EGID. Methods Overall, 156 children diagnosed with EGID were enrolled and 150 children with functional abdominal pain disorder (FAPD) were recruited as controls. All participants underwent endoscopic biopsy in each segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and serum ECP measurement, as well as peripheral eosinophil percent and absolute eosinophil count. Results Comparing EGID (n=156) with FAPD (n=150) patients, serum ECP levels were significantly higher in pediatric patients with EGID than in those with FAPD (25.8±28.6 µg/L vs. 19.5±21.0 µg/L, p=0.007), while there was no significant difference in peripheral eosinophil percent and absolute eosinophil counts between the two groups. Serum ECP levels were correlated with peripheral eosinophil percent (r=0.593, p<0.001) and the absolute eosinophil count (r=0.660, p<0.001). The optimal cutoff value of serum ECP for pediatric EGID was 10.5 µg/mL, with a sensitivity of 69.9% and a specificity of 43.4% with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.562. Conclusion The combination of serum ECP levels and peripheral eosinophil counts, when employed with appropriated thresholds, could serve as a valuable noninvasive biomarker to distinguish between EGID and FAPD in pediatric patients manifesting GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ryung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Youie Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim HJ, Dinh DTT, Yang J, Herath KHINM, Seo SH, Son YO, Kang I, Jee Y. High sucrose intake exacerbates airway inflammation through pathogenic Th2 and Th17 response in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced acute allergic asthma in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 124:109504. [PMID: 37944673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease characterized by chronic inflammation in lung tissues and excessive mucus production. High-fat diets have long been assumed to be a potential risk factor for asthma. However, to date, very few direct evidence indicating the involvement of high sucrose intake (HSI) in asthma progression exists. In this study, we investigate the effect of HSI on ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized allergic asthma mice. We observed that HSI increased the expression of inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in adipose tissues and led to reactive oxygen species generation in the liver and lung. In addition, HSI accelerated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway leading to MMP9 activation, which promotes the chemokines and TGF-β secretion in the lungs of OVA-sensitized allergic asthma mice. More importantly, HSI significantly promoted the pathogenic Th2 and Th17 responses. The increase of IL-17A secretion by HSI increased the expression of chemokines (MCP-1, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8). It resulted in eosinophil and mast cell infiltration in the lung and trachea. We also demonstrated that HSI increased mucus hypersecretion, which was validated by increased main mucin protein (MUC5AC) secreted in the lungs. Our findings suggest that HSI exacerbates the development of Th2/Th17-predominant asthma by upregulating the TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathway, leading to excessive MMP9 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Food Bioengineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Duong Thi Thuy Dinh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University
| | | | - Seok Hee Seo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University
| | - Inhae Kang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
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First NJ, Parrish KM, Martínez-Pérez A, González-Fernández Á, Bharrhan S, Woolard M, McLachlan JB, Scott RS, Wang J, Gestal MC. Bordetella spp. block eosinophil recruitment to suppress the generation of early mucosal protection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113294. [PMID: 37883230 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella spp. are respiratory pathogens equipped with immune evasion mechanisms. We previously characterized a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant (RB50ΔbtrS) that fails to suppress host responses, leading to rapid clearance and long-lasting immunity against reinfection. This work revealed eosinophils as an exclusive requirement for RB50ΔbtrS clearance. We also show that RB50ΔbtrS promotes eosinophil-mediated B/T cell recruitment and inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, with eosinophils being present throughout iBALT for Th17 and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses. Finally, we provide evidence that XCL1 is critical for iBALT formation but not maintenance, proposing a novel role for eosinophils as facilitators of adaptive immunity against B. bronchiseptica. RB50ΔbtrS being incapable of suppressing eosinophil effector functions illuminates active, bacterial targeting of eosinophils to achieve successful persistence and reinfection. Overall, our discoveries contribute to understanding cellular mechanisms for use in future vaccines and therapies against Bordetella spp. and extension to other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J First
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Katelyn M Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sushma Bharrhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Immunophenotyping Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Matthew Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Immunophenotyping Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rona S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA; Bioinformatics and Modeling Core, Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA
| | - Monica C Gestal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71106, USA.
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Siddiqui S, Bachert C, Bjermer L, Buchheit KM, Castro M, Qin Y, Rupani H, Sagara H, Howarth P, Taillé C. Eosinophils and tissue remodeling: Relevance to airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:841-857. [PMID: 37343842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human tissue to reorganize and restore its existing structure underlies tissue homeostasis in the healthy airways, but in disease can persist without normal resolution, leading to an altered airway structure. Eosinophils play a cardinal role in airway remodeling both in health and disease, driving epithelial homeostasis and extracellular matrix turnover. Physiological consequences associated with eosinophil-driven remodeling include impaired lung function and reduced bronchodilator reversibility in asthma, and obstructed airflow in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Given the contribution of airway remodeling to the development and persistence of symptoms in airways disease, targeting remodeling is an important therapeutic consideration. Indeed, there is early evidence that eosinophil attenuation may reduce remodeling and disease progression in asthma. This review provides an overview of tissue remodeling in both health and airway disease with a particular focus on eosinophilic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, as well as the role of eosinophils in these processes and the implications for therapeutic interventions. Areas for future research are also noted, to help improve our understanding of the homeostatic and pathological roles of eosinophils in tissue remodeling, which should aid the development of targeted and effective treatments for eosinophilic diseases of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Siddiqui
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany; First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China; Division of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine, and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathleen M Buchheit
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Diseases Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, NC
| | - Yimin Qin
- Global Medical Affairs, Global Specialty and Primary Care, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Hitasha Rupani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hironori Sagara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University, School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Howarth
- Global Medical, Global Specialty and Primary Care, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Taillé
- Pneumology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1152, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Chang LA, Choi A, Rathnasinghe R, Warang P, Noureddine M, Jangra S, Chen Y, De Geest BG, Schotsaert M. Influenza breakthrough infection in vaccinated mice is characterized by non-pathological lung eosinophilia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1217181. [PMID: 37600776 PMCID: PMC10437116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important mediators of mucosal tissue homeostasis, anti-helminth responses, and allergy. Lung eosinophilia has previously been linked to aberrant Type 2-skewed T cell responses to respiratory viral infection and may also be a consequence of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD), particularly in the case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. We previously reported a dose-dependent recruitment of eosinophils to the lungs of mice vaccinated with alum-adjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) following a sublethal, vaccine-matched H1N1 (A/New Caledonia/20/1999; NC99) influenza challenge. Given the differential role of eosinophil subset on immune function, we conducted the investigations herein to phenotype the lung eosinophils observed in our model of influenza breakthrough infection. Here, we demonstrate that eosinophil influx into the lungs of vaccinated mice is adjuvant- and sex-independent, and only present after vaccine-matched sublethal influenza challenge but not in mock-challenged mice. Furthermore, vaccinated and challenged mice had a compositional shift towards more inflammatory eosinophils (iEos) compared to resident eosinophils (rEos), resembling the shift observed in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized allergic control mice, however without any evidence of enhanced morbidity or aberrant inflammation in lung cytokine/chemokine signatures. Furthermore, we saw a lung eosinophil influx in the context of a vaccine-mismatched challenge. Additional layers of heterogeneity in the eosinophil compartment were observed via unsupervised clustering analysis of flow cytometry data. Our collective findings are a starting point for more in-depth phenotypic and functional characterization of lung eosinophil subsets in the context of vaccine- and infection-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moataz Noureddine
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Ling Lundström M, Peterson C, Lampinen M, Hedin CRH, Keita ÅV, Kruse R, Magnusson MK, Lindqvist CM, Repsilber D, D'Amato M, Hjortswang H, Strid H, Rönnblom A, Söderholm JD, Öhman L, Venge P, Halfvarson J, Carlson M. Fecal Biomarkers of Neutrophil and Eosinophil Origin Reflect the Response to Biological Therapy and Corticosteroids in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00605. [PMID: 37256716 PMCID: PMC10462075 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a noninvasive tool for examining response to biologics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but its performance in relation to other novel fecal markers of various cellular origins is unknown. METHODS We performed a prospective multicenter cohort study and included patients with active IBD who provided a fecal sample at initiation of biological therapy. Levels of FC, myeloperoxidase (MPO), human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were analyzed and related to clinical remission status at 3 months. Changes in levels of markers at 3 months were calculated, and the impact of concomitant use of corticosteroids at baseline was estimated. RESULTS In patients achieving clinical remission (n = 27), a decrease in levels of FC ( P = 0.005), MPO ( P < 0.001), HNL ( P < 0.001), and EDN ( P < 0.001) was observed, whereas no significant decrease was seen in patients not achieving remission (n = 39). There was a significant difference in the change in the level of MPO ( P = 0.01) and HNL ( P = 0.02) between patients achieving clinical remission and those who did not, but changes in FC and EDN could not differentiate between these groups. Patients with concomitant systemic corticosteroids at inclusion had lower levels of HNL ( P = 0.01) and EDN ( P < 0.001) at baseline, compared with patients without corticosteroids. DISCUSSION Fecal MPO, HNL, and EDN are all promising biomarkers for assessing the treatment outcome of biologics in patients with IBD. Fecal levels of EDN and HNL are significantly affected by corticosteroids indicating a greater sensitivity to the effects of corticosteroids compared with levels of FC and MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ling Lundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Christer Peterson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Charlotte R. H. Hedin
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine Solna, Stockholm, Sweden;
- Karolinska University Hospital, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Robert Kruse
- IRiSC–Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre and Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Maria K. Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | | | - Dirk Repsilber
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, Italy
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC BioGUNE–BRTA, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Henrik Hjortswang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Strid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, Borås, Sweden
| | - Anders Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan D. Söderholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;
- Department of Surgery, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Per Venge
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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11
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Phrathep DD, Mohammed MR, Herson AB, Healey KD, El-Husari A, Herman M. Nonatopic Eosinophilic Duodenitis in an Adult: A Case Report and Overview. Cureus 2023; 15:e43919. [PMID: 37746362 PMCID: PMC10512875 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic duodenitis is an inflammation of the duodenum, characterized by an abundance of eosinophils, typically triggered by hypersensitivity reactions. Typically, recurrent abdominal pain with eosinophilic duodenitis is rare in individuals without a history of atopic conditions like asthma. Here, we present the case of a 62-year-old man who experienced recurrent upper abdominal pain for 12 months and unintended weight loss for the past six months. The patient reported no allergies to food, drugs, or the environment, and has no history of other atopic conditions. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy of the duodenum and stomach revealed 32 eosinophils per high-power field (HPF), which is mild. Skin prick testing yielded negative results. Following initial treatment with H2 inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, and budesonide for a total of 12 weeks, the patient reported an improvement in symptoms and subsequent weight gain. This report emphasizes a rare case of eosinophilic duodenitis in a nonatopic individual with a successful treatment regimen. His quality of life improved with weight gain, resolved abdominal pain, and improved appetite. Although the patient's condition lasted about 12 months, our report showcased the importance of timely clinical diagnosis and appropriate combination therapy to alleviate progressive pain associated with eosinophilic duodenitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davong D Phrathep
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Marc R Mohammed
- Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Harlem, USA
| | - Andrew B Herson
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Kevin D Healey
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
| | - Ali El-Husari
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, USA
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12
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Kumar V, Bauer C, Stewart JH. TIME Is Ticking for Cervical Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:941. [PMID: 37508372 PMCID: PMC10376148 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health problem among reproductive-age females and comprises a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor associated with CC incidence. However, lifestyle is also a critical factor in CC pathogenesis. Despite HPV vaccination introduction, the incidence of CC is increasing worldwide. Therefore, it becomes critical to understand the CC tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to develop immune cell-based vaccination and immunotherapeutic approaches. The current article discusses the immune environment in the normal cervix of adult females and its role in HPV infection. The subsequent sections discuss the alteration of different immune cells comprising CC TIME and their targeting as future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
| | - Caitlin Bauer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
| | - John H Stewart
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
- Louisiana Children's Medical Center Cancer Center, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSUHSC), 1700 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70012, USA
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13
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Cha H, Oh H, Han SA, Kim SY, Kim JK, Park HC, Han DH, Kim DY, Kim HJ. The clinical influence of nasal surgery on PAP compliance and optimal application among OSA subjects uncomfortable with PAP device wear. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4383. [PMID: 36928588 PMCID: PMC10020433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the alteration of PAP compliance after nasal surgery and to determine the optimal indications of nasal surgery in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) subjects. Among OSA subjects using PAP devices, 29 subjects who underwent septoturbinoplasty due to nasal obstruction were included and their pre- and postoperative medical and PAP records were reviewed retrospectively. Postoperative autoPAP usage data was further assessed by grouping the compliance (the percentage of days with usage ≥ 4 h) data (group 1: the good compliance group; group 2: the poor compliance group). The data showed that 56% of subjects in group 1 complained of nasal obstruction as the only barrier to using a PAP device and about 89% reported experiencing the efficacy of PAP usage. Both the mean and peak average PAP pressures were significantly reduced in group 1 following nasal surgery. Group 2 had multiple subjective problems that interfered with wearing a PAP device and reported a lack of experiencing the efficacy of PAP usage. Preoperative nasal cavity volume values were smaller and absolute blood eosinophil counts were significantly lower in group 1. The current data demonstrate that nasal surgery might increase the compliance of PAP device wear in OSA subjects who complained of only nasal obstruction as a barrier to wearing PAP and who had small nasal cavity volumes combined with allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkyung Cha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Heonjeong Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun A Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kyou Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Chan Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Salmonella Typhimurium expressing chromosomally integrated Schistosoma mansoni Cathepsin B protects against schistosomiasis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:27. [PMID: 36849453 PMCID: PMC9969381 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis threatens hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The larval stage of Schistosoma mansoni migrates through the lung and adult worms reside adjacent to the colonic mucosa. Several candidate vaccines are in preclinical development, but none is designed to elicit both systemic and mucosal responses. We have repurposed an attenuated Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain (YS1646) to express Cathepsin B (CatB), a digestive enzyme important for the juvenile and adult stages of the S. mansoni life cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of our plasmid-based vaccine. Here, we have generated chromosomally integrated (CI) YS1646 strains that express CatB to produce a viable candidate vaccine for eventual human use (stability, no antibiotic resistance). 6-8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated in a multimodal oral (PO) and intramuscular (IM) regimen, and then sacrificed 3 weeks later. The PO + IM group had significantly higher anti-CatB IgG titers with greater avidity and mounted significant intestinal anti-CatB IgA responses compared to PBS control mice (all P < 0.0001). Multimodal vaccination generated balanced TH1/TH2 humoral and cellular immune responses. Production of IFNγ by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was confirmed by flow cytometry (P < 0.0001 & P < 0.01). Multimodal vaccination reduced worm burden by 80.4%, hepatic egg counts by 75.2%, and intestinal egg burden by 78.4% (all P < 0.0001). A stable and safe vaccine that has both prophylactic and therapeutic activity would be ideal for use in conjunction with praziquantel mass treatment campaigns.
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15
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Role of Nasal Fibroblasts in Airway Remodeling of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The Modulating Functions Reexamined. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044017. [PMID: 36835423 PMCID: PMC9965487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the nose and sinuses that affects more than 10% of the adult population worldwide. Currently, CRS is classified into endotypes according to the inflammatory response (Th1, Th2, and Th17) or the distribution of immune cells in the mucosa (eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic). CRS induces mucosal tissue remodeling. Extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, fibrin deposition, edema, immune cell infiltration, and angiogenesis are observed in the stromal region. Conversely, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), goblet cell hyperplasia, and increased epithelial permeability, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are found in the epithelium. Fibroblasts synthesize collagen and ECM, which create a structural skeleton of tissue and play an important role in the wound-healing process. This review discusses recent knowledge regarding the modulation of tissue remodeling by nasal fibroblasts in CRS.
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16
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Visaggi P, Ghisa M, Barberio B, Maniero D, Greco E, Savarino V, Black CJ, Ford AC, de Bortoli N, Savarino E. Treatment Trends for Eosinophilic Esophagitis and the Other Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases: Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:208-222. [PMID: 35654734 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gut, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), gastritis (EoG), duodenitis (EoD), gastroenteritis (EoGE), and colitis (EoC). Available treatments may be ineffective in some patients, and several clinical trials are investigating alternative treatments. AIM We performed a systematic review of clinical trials to illustrate EGIDs treatment research trends. METHODS We searched clinicaltrials.gov to identify studies investigating EGIDs treatment. For each trial we analysed relevant data, including therapeutic intervention, method of administration, study outcomes, and temporal trends. RESULTS For EoE, 66 studies were eligible: 26 testing topical corticosteroids (39.4%), 17 (25.8%) monoclonal antibodies, eight (12.1%) dietary measures, five (7.6%) immunomodulators, one (1.5%) esophageal dilation, and nine (13.6%) other medical treatment strategies. With regard to EoG, EoD, and EoGE, 10 studies were testing monoclonal antibodies (71.5%), one immunomodulators (7.1%), one dietary measures (7.1%), and two other treatments (14.3%). There were no trials for EoC. Ongoing studies on corticosteroids are focused on novel delivery systems, including viscous suspensions, orally disintegrating tablets, or capsules. Increased research on monoclonal antibodies was seen from 2018, with interleukin (IL)-4 receptor-α, IL-5 receptor-α, IL-5, IL-13, IL-15, and Siglec-8 as the targets. CONCLUSION Clinical trials on EGIDs are predominantly investigating corticosteroids or monoclonal antibodies. EGIDs therapeutic landscape will be trasnformed imminently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Visaggi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ghisa
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Brigida Barberio
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Daria Maniero
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Eliana Greco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christopher J Black
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander C Ford
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola de Bortoli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Prince L, Martín-Faivre L, Villeret B, Sanchez-Guzman D, Le Guen P, Sallenave JM, Garcia-Verdugo I. Eosinophils Recruited during Pulmonary Vaccination Regulate Mucosal Antibody Production. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:186-200. [PMID: 36194580 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0236oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils have been previously shown to be able to regulate early humoral responses during systemic vaccination. Here we investigated the role of eosinophils during pulmonary vaccination, comparing vaccine-induced responses in eosinophil-deficient (ΔdblGATA) and wild-type mice using a Th2 adjuvant. We observed that eosinophils were needed to induce a complete vaccine response, thereby eliciting specific antibody-secreting plasma cells in the regional lymph nodes and antibody secretion in the BAL at the early stage of the immune response. Reintroduction of eosinophils in the lungs of ΔdblGATA mice during the priming stage enhanced both specific IgM and IgG plasma cells but not specific IgA plasma cells. Upon vaccination, eosinophils migrated to the lungs and secreted cytokines involved in B-cell activation, which might promote antibody production. Importantly, however, the absence of eosinophils did not impair late immune responses in a prime/boost protocol because, in that setup, we uncovered a compensating mechanism involving a Th17 pathway. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time a new role for eosinophils during lung mucosal vaccination, whereby they accelerate early immune responses (IgM and IgG) while regulating IgA production at the late stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Prince
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Martín-Faivre
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Sanchez-Guzman
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Le Guen
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- INSERM U1152, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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18
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Perioperative Respiratory Outcome of Patients with Eosinophilia: A Cohort Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2023; 2023:8514949. [PMID: 36660020 PMCID: PMC9845031 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8514949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A respiratory adverse event is one of the main causes of critical events in the perioperative period. Perioperative distress symptoms like cough and stridor have been reported to occur in patients with hyperreactive airways. Objective This study was conducted to determine the relationship between blood eosinophil count and perioperative adverse respiratory events among different age groups of patients who require general anesthesia for different types of surgeries. Methods A cohort study was conducted on 197 patients of either gender, aged 3 years and above, belonging to ASA classes I-II, who were scheduled to undergo surgery requiring general anesthesia and intubation. Patients were stratified according to absolute eosinophil count into two groups: Group A (AEC 0 to 499/mm3) and Group B (AEC 500 to 1000/mm3). Patients were monitored for 24 hours in the perioperative period for adverse respiratory events such as bronchospasm, laryngospasm, a fall in SPO2 < 95%, and cough and stridor. Results A total of 197 patients were evaluated, with a median age of 37 ± 14.4 years. The percentage range of adverse respiratory events across different age groups was 35% in adults to 60% in children. Major complications noted were a fall in SPO2 < 95% (62.5%) and cough (27.7%) as per CTCAE v5.0 (November 27, 2017). The Naranjo score of adverse respiratory events was categorized as possible with mild level 1 severity. Adverse respiratory events were managed with humidified oxygen, antitussives, and bronchodilators. Conclusions Eosinophilia is seen in one-third of the patients undergoing surgical interventions. Patients with a blood eosinophil count of ≥400/mm3 had an increased risk of exacerbations of respiratory adverse events in the perioperative period.
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Syeda MZ, Hong T, Zhang C, Ying S, Shen H. Eosinophils: A Friend or Foe in Human Health and Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:26-38. [PMID: 36756082 PMCID: PMC9900469 DOI: 10.1159/000528156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Since their discovery, around 150 years, eosinophils research has been a field of changing perspective, and new directions are emerging since then. Summary Initially, eosinophils were perceived as terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells. Clearly, eosinophils are capable of playing functions other than immune responses, which is not surprising given their intricate interactions with pathogens as well as other circulating leukocytes. Attempts to comprehend the eosinophil biology and functions have yielded remarkable insights into their roles in human health and sickness. The use of FDA-approved eosinophils-targeting biologics has provided exciting opportunities to directly explore the contributions of eosinophils in disease etiology in humans. Key Messages In this review, we will focus on the eosinophils' lifecycle and discuss the current state of knowledge from mouse models and retrospective human studies demonstrating eosinophils' roles in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as asthma, cancer, and kidney disorders. Despite three recently approved anti-eosinophil agents, a number of key questions and challenges remain far from settled, thereby generating opportunity to further explore this enigmatic cell. A comprehensive understanding of eosinophils biology and function will surely aid in developing improved therapeutic strategies against eosinophils-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zahra Syeda
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Tu Hong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China,*Songmin Ying,
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China,**Huahao Shen,
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20
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Gazi U, Bahceciler NN. Immune mechanisms induced by sublingual immunotherapy in allergic respiratory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:262-269. [PMID: 35975953 PMCID: PMC9521660 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic respiratory diseases (ARDs) are still a major burden on global public health. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a mode of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which involves administration of the allergen under the tongue, and benefits from tolerogenic properties of the oral mucosa. Studies revealed reduced levels of eosinophilia and eosinophil-dominated inflammation in airways of both animals and humans after SLIT. SLIT was also suggested to lower basophil responsiveness and innate lymphoid cell-2 function in blood samples collected from patients with ARD. Moreover, apart from shifting pathogenic type 2 (TH2) to a type 1 (TH1) and protective regulatory (Treg) polarization of helper T-cell immune response, antibody isotype switch from IgE to IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and IgA was also reported in patients with ARD receiving SLIT. Today, the literature on SLIT-mediated activities is still scarce and more studies are required to further enlighten the mechanisms utilized by SLIT for the induction of tolerance. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the immune-regulatory mechanisms induced by SLIT against ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nerin Nadir Bahceciler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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21
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Rapid GPR183-mediated recruitment of eosinophils to the lung after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111144. [PMID: 35905725 PMCID: PMC9460869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influx of eosinophils into the lungs is typically associated with type II responses during allergy and fungal and parasitic infections. However, we previously reported that eosinophils accumulate in lung lesions during type I inflammatory responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans, macaques, and mice, in which they support host resistance. Here we show eosinophils migrate into the lungs of macaques and mice as early as one week after Mtb exposure. In mice this influx is CCR3 independent and instead requires cell-intrinsic expression of the oxysterol receptor GPR183, which is highly expressed on human and macaque eosinophils. Murine eosinophils interact directly with bacilli-laden alveolar macrophages, which upregulate the oxysterol-synthesizing enzyme Ch25h, and eosinophil recruitment is impaired in Ch25h-deficient mice. Our findings show that eosinophils are among the earliest cells from circulation to sense and respond to Mtb infection of alveolar macrophages and reveal a role for GPR183 in the migration of eosinophils into lung tissue. Eosinophils are usually associated with allergy or type II responses. Here, Bohrer et al. show that eosinophils are rapidly recruited to the lungs after respiratory infection with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the oxysterol sensor GPR183.
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22
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Xu L, Tian D, Zhou M, Ma J, Sun G, Jin H, Li M, Zhang D, Wu J. OX40 Expression in Eosinophils Aggravates OVA-Induced Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841141. [PMID: 35720294 PMCID: PMC9201343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Eosinophils are the main inflammatory effector cells that damage gastrointestinal tissue in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs). Activation of the OX40 pathway aggravates allergic diseases, such as asthma, but it is not clear whether OX40 is expressed in eosinophils to regulate inflammation in EGIDs. In this study, we assessed the expression and effect of OX40 on eosinophils in WT and Ox40-/- eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) mice. Methods Eosinophil infiltration, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Ig production, OX40 expression and inflammatory factor levels in the intestine and bone marrow (BM) were investigated to evaluate inflammation. Results We confirmed that OVA-challenged mice produced high levels of Ox40, Mbp, Ccl11, Il5, Il4, Il13, and Il6 mRNA and a low level of Ifng mRNA in the intestine. Increased eosinophils were observed in intestinal and lymph tissues, accompanied by significantly upregulated OX40 and Type 2 cytokine production in eosinophils of EGE mice. Ox40 deficiency ameliorated OVA-induced inflammation, eosinophil infiltration, and cytokine production in the intestine. Consistently, Ox40-/ - eosinophils exhibited decreased proliferation and proinflammatory function. The stimulation of the agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, OX86, promoted the effect of OX40 on eosinophils. The present study also showed that Ox40 deficiency dampened the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway in eosinophils. Conclusions OX40 may play a critical role in the progress of OVA-induced EGE by promoting the maturation and function of eosinophils via the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Minsi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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23
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Yang HW, Park JH, Jo MS, Shin JM, Kim DW, Park IH. Eosinophil-Derived Osteopontin Induces the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Stimulates Extracellular Matrix Production in Nasal Fibroblasts: The Role of Osteopontin in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:777928. [PMID: 35309360 PMCID: PMC8924074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.777928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and is a refractory or intractable disease. However, a reliable clinical marker or an effective treatment strategy has not yet been established. ECRS is accompanied by excessive eosinophil infiltration and Th2 inflammatory response, which is closely related to tissue remodeling in the upper airways. Objectives We sought to investigate the effect of eosinophils on tissue remodeling in ECRS. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of eosinophils on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and extracellular matrix (ECM) in nasal fibroblasts and the key mediators that stimulate them. Methods Butyric acid was used to differentiate EOL-1 cells into eosinophils. We co-cultured differentiated EOL-1 cells and fibroblasts to measure the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and ECM in fibroblasts. Among the cytokines secreted from the differentiated EOL-1 cells, factors that induced tissue remodeling of fibroblasts were identified. Results Treatment with butyric acid (BA) differentiated EOL-1 cells into eosinophils. Differentiated EOL-1 cells induced fibroblasts to produce pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and IL-8, and tissue remodeling factor, VEGF. It also induced myofibroblast differentiation and overexpression of ECM components. Differentiated EOL-1 cells overexpressed osteopontin (OPN), and recombinant OPN increased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, and ECM components in nasal fibroblast. OPN was overexpressed in the nasal tissue of patients with ECRS and was associated with the severity of CRS. Conclusions Eosinophil-derived OPN stimulated nasal fibroblasts and contributed to inflammation and tissue remodeling in ECRS. Moreover, the expression level of OPN was proportional to the severity of ECRS. Therefore, OPN regulation is a potential treatment for ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Yang
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hoo Park
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Sik Jo
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Min Shin
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Device Usability Test Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Upper Airway Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Medical Device Usability Test Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Li H, Page AJ. Altered Vagal Signaling and Its Pathophysiological Roles in Functional Dyspepsia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858612. [PMID: 35527812 PMCID: PMC9072791 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve is crucial in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. It is involved in the modulation of a variety of gut and brain functions. Human studies indicate that the descending vagal signaling from the brain is impaired in functional dyspepsia. Growing evidence indicate that the vagal signaling from gut to brain may also be altered, due to the alteration of a variety of gut signals identified in this disorder. The pathophysiological roles of vagal signaling in functional dyspepsia is still largely unknown, although some studies suggested it may contribute to reduced food intake and gastric motility, increased psychological disorders and pain sensation, nausea and vomiting. Understanding the alteration in vagal signaling and its pathophysiological roles in functional dyspepsia may provide information for new potential therapeutic treatments of this disorder. In this review, we summarize and speculate possible alterations in vagal gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut signaling and the potential pathophysiological roles in functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Hui Li,
| | - Amanda J. Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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25
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ATAYIK E, AYTEKİN G. Can anti-IgE and anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies be protective against household transmission of SARS-CoV-2? JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.1026619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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26
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Bhesania N, Selvakumar PKC, Patel S. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A review of the pediatric population and consideration of upcoming therapies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:420-427. [PMID: 34655451 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disease entity that has become increasingly recognized in the pediatric population over the last decade and was first recognized as early as 1990. EoE is a clinicopathologic diagnosis with signs and symptoms varying between age groups. The clinical presentation of EoE is variable ranging from milder nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and dyspepsia, to more severe presentations such as failure to thrive, dysphagia and even food impaction and is dependent on age of diagnosis 2. There is growing body of evidence with regards to the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for EoE in the past decade. In this review article, we aim to discuss the disease burden, pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies, and currently available treatment options for EoE based on existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Bhesania
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Sophia Patel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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27
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Neonatal LTβR signaling is required for the accumulation of eosinophils in the inflamed adult mesenteric lymph node. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:418-427. [PMID: 35181738 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although eosinophils are important contributors to mucosal immune responses, mechanisms that regulate their accumulation in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues remain ill-defined. Combining bone marrow chimeras and pharmacological inhibition approaches, here we find that lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) signaling during the neonatal period is required for the accumulation of eosinophils in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) during an enteric viral infection in adult male and female mice. We demonstrate that MLN stromal cells express genes that are important for eosinophil migration and survival, such as Ccl-11 (eotaxin-1), Ccl7, Ccl9, and Cxcl2, and that expression of most of these genes is downregulated as a consequence of neonatal LTβR blockade. We also find that neonatal LTβR signaling is required for the generation of a rotavirus-specific IgA antibody response in the adult MLN, but eosinophils are dispensable for this response. Collectively, our studies reveal a role for neonatal LTβR signaling in regulating eosinophil numbers in the adult MLN.
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28
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Maina JN, Icardo JM, Zaccone G, Aragona M, Lauriano ER, Alesci A, Albano M, Guerrera MC, Germana A, Fernandes JMO, Kiron V, Capillo G. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of the immune cell system and epithelial surfaces of the respiratory organs in the bimodally-breathing African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3212-3229. [PMID: 35142056 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ach, represents the old neurotransmitter in central and peripheral nervous system. Its muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs) constitute an independent cholinergic system that is found in immune cells and playsa key role in regulation of the immune function and cytokine production. Gas exchanging surfaces of the gills and air-breathing organs (ABOs) of the sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus were investigated using ultrastructural and confocal immunofluorescence techniques. This study was predominantly focused on the structure of the immune cell types, the expression of their neurotransmitters, including the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 1, and the functional significance of respiratory gas exchange epithelia. A network of immune cells (monocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells) was observed in the gill and theABO epithelia. Eosinophils containing 5HT immunoreactivity were seen in close association with mast cells expressing acetylcholine (Ach), 5HT, nNOS and piscidin 1. A rich and dense cholinergic innervation dispersing across the islet capillaries of the gas exchange barrier, and the localization of Ach in the squamous pavement cells covering the capillaries, were evidenced byVAChT antibodies.We report for the first time that piscidin 1(Pis 1) positive mast cells interact with Pis 1 positive nerves found in the epithelia of the respiratory organs.Pis 1 immunoreactivity was also observed in the covering respiratory epithelium of the ABOs and associated with a role in local mucosal immune defense . The above results anticipate future studies on the neuro-immune interactions at mucosal barrier surfaces, like the gill and the skin of fish, areas densely populated by different immune cells and sensory nerves that constantly sense and adapt to tissue-specific environmental challenges. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ndegwa Maina
- Department of Zoology, Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jose Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Germana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy
| | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, University of Messina, Italy.,Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM) , National Research Council (CNR), Section of Messina, Messina, Italy
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29
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Wang S, Wang X, Hua X, Jiang S, Xie Y, Liu H. Adjusted association between type 2 immunity and low risk thyroid nodules: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:2. [PMID: 34983483 PMCID: PMC8725489 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses, especially type 2 immunity, might be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules, while the key regulators and potential pathways are remaining largely unknown. In addition, the immune status of individuals could be affected by mixed metabolic background. Herein our aim was to investigate the adjusted association between ultrasound-diagnosed low risk thyroid nodules and immune responses, excluding the interference of metabolic effects on immunity. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 1764 subjects who underwent a thorough thyroid ultrasound examination. To eliminate the interference of confounders, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to match age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, parameters that are related with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Then the potential effectors of immune responses involved in the laboratorial assays were evaluated. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent predictors of thyroid nodules in a multivariate manner. RESULTS The 1172 subjects were remained after PSM, and differences of demographic background between subjects with and without thyroid nodules were eliminated. Metabolic parameters comprising blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and serum uric acid were shown no significant difference between post-PSM subjects with and without thyroid nodules. Among the biochemistry and hematological parameters, white blood cell count and the positive rate of eosinophil percentage were increased in subjects with thyroid nodules than in those without thyroid nodules. In contrast, the positive rate of basophil percentage was lower in subjects with thyroid nodules than in those without thyroid nodules. In addition, the thyroid function test results showed that subjects with thyroid nodules had higher positive rates of antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) than subjects without thyroid nodules. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the positive value of TgAb as well as high level of white blood cell count and BMI could serve as independent risk factors of thyroid nodules. CONCLUSIONS The type 2 immune responses mediated by increased level of eosinophils, along with positive value of TgAb and TPOAb were associated with the presence of thyroid nodules. In addition, the potential role of basophils in protecting against thyroid nodules and the pathogenesis of immune-metabolic status remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanxing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Hongying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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30
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Nomura N, Matsumoto H, Yokoyama A, Nishimura Y, Asano K, Niimi A, Tohda Y, Harada N, Nagase H, Nagata M, Inoue H, Kondo M, Horiguchi T, Miyahara N, Hizawa N, Hojo M, Hattori N, Hashimoto N, Yamasaki A, Kadowaki T, Kimura T, Miki M, Taniguchi H, Toyoshima M, Kawamura T, Matsuno O, Sato Y, Sunadome H, Nagasaki T, Oguma T, Hirai T. Nationwide survey of refractory asthma with bronchiectasis by inflammatory subtypes. Respir Res 2022; 23:365. [PMID: 36539765 PMCID: PMC9763800 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis are differential diagnoses of asthma; moreover, they are factors associated with worse asthma control. OBJECTIVE We determined clinical courses of bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis-complicated asthma by inflammatory subtypes as well as factors affecting them. METHODS We conducted a survey of refractory asthma with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis in Japan. Cases were classified into three groups, based on the latest fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) level (32 ppb for the threshold) and blood eosinophil counts (320/µL for the threshold): high (type 2-high) or low (type 2-low) FeNO and eosinophil and high FeNO or eosinophil (type 2-intermediate). Clinical courses in groups and factors affecting them were analysed. RESULTS In total, 216 cases from 81 facilities were reported, and 142 were stratified: 34, 40 and 68 into the type 2-high, -intermediate and -low groups, respectively. The frequency of bronchopneumonia and exacerbations requiring antibiotics and gram-negative bacteria detection rates were highest in the type 2-low group. Eighty-seven cases had paired latest and oldest available data of FeNO and eosinophil counts; they were analysed for inflammatory transition patterns. Among former type 2-high and -intermediate groups, 32% had recently transitioned to the -low group, to which relatively low FeNO in the past and oral corticosteroid use contributed. Lastly, in cases treated with moderate to high doses of inhaled corticosteroids, the frequencies of exacerbations requiring antibiotics were found to be higher in cases with more severe airway lesions and lower FeNO. CONCLUSIONS Bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis-complicated refractory asthma is heterogeneous. In patients with sputum symptoms and low FeNO, airway colonisation of pathogenic bacteria and infectious episodes are common; thus, corticosteroids should be carefully used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Nomura
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisako Matsumoto
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.258622.90000 0004 1936 9967Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka Japan
| | - Akihito Yokoyama
- grid.278276.e0000 0001 0659 9825Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akio Niimi
- grid.260433.00000 0001 0728 1069Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Tohda
- grid.258622.90000 0004 1936 9967Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- grid.264706.10000 0000 9239 9995Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Inoue
- grid.258333.c0000 0001 1167 1801Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Kondo
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyota Regional Medical Center, Toyota, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hizawa
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hojo
- grid.45203.300000 0004 0489 0290Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Hashimoto
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yamasaki
- grid.265107.70000 0001 0663 5064Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toru Kadowaki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Hospital Organization Matsue Medical Center, Matsue, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- grid.417192.80000 0004 1772 6756Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Tosei General Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Miki
- grid.416803.80000 0004 0377 7966Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- grid.417235.60000 0001 0498 6004Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mikio Toyoshima
- grid.413556.00000 0004 1773 8511Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hamamatsu Rosai Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamura
- grid.414101.10000 0004 0569 3280Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center, Himeji, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsuno
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatoid disease, Osaka Habikino Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yuuai Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sunadome
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Nagasaki
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Oguma
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Matsumoto H. Bronchiectasis in severe asthma and asthmatic components in bronchiectasis. Respir Investig 2021; 60:187-196. [PMID: 34924307 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and bronchiectasis are different diseases; however, differentiating them can be difficult because they share several symptomatic and physiological similarities. Approximately 20% of patients with bronchiectasis have eosinophilic inflammation, 34% show wheezing, and 7-46% have comorbid asthma, although comorbidity with severe asthma may be limited as shown in 3.3% of cases of bronchiectasis. Meanwhile, 25-68% of patients with severe asthma have comorbid bronchiectasis, and at least two phenotypes are present in the accompanying bronchiectasis: eosinophilic bronchiectasis and chronic infectious bronchiolitis/bronchiectasis. Recent studies show that type-2-targeted biologics are effective for eosinophilic bronchiectasis and theoretically effective for some of the remaining cases when used before oral corticosteroids. Further studies are needed to identify treatment strategies for severe asthma with comorbid bronchiectasis and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohno-higashi, Osakasayama City, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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32
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Dunn JLM, Rothenberg ME. 2021 year in review: Spotlight on eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:517-524. [PMID: 34838883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of eosinophils and eosinophilic diseases, particularly eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases during the last year. The increasing incidence of diseases marked by eosinophilia has been documented and highlighted the need to understand eosinophil biology and eosinophilic contributions to disease. Significant insight into the nature of eosinophilic diseases has been achieved using next-generation sequencing technologies, proteomic analysis, and machine learning to analyze tissue biopsies. These technologies have elucidated mechanistic underpinnings of eosinophilic inflammation, delineated patient endotypes, and identified patient responses to therapeutic intervention. Importantly, recent clinical studies using mAbs that interfere with type 2 cytokine signaling or deplete eosinophils point to multiple and complex roles of eosinophils in tissues. Several studies identified distinct activation features of eosinophils in different tissues and disease states. The confluence of these studies supports a new paradigm of tissue-resident eosinophils that have pro- and anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory roles in allergic disease. Improved understanding of unique eosinophil activation states is now poised to identify novel therapeutic targets for eosinophilic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L M Dunn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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33
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Eosinophils participate in modulation of liver immune response and tissue damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Cytokine 2021; 149:155701. [PMID: 34741881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The severity of chronic schistosomiasis has been mainly associated with the intensity and extension of the inflammatory response induced by egg-secreted antigens in the host tissue, especially in the liver and intestine. During acute schistosomiasis, eosinophils account for approximately 50% of the cells that compose the liver granulomas; however, the role of this cell-type in the pathology of schistosomiasis remains controversial. In the current study, we compared the parasite burden and liver immunopathological changes during experimental schistosomiasis in wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice and BALB/c mice selectively deficient for the differentiation of eosinophils (ΔdblGATA). Our data demonstrated that the absence of eosinophil differentiation did not alter the S. mansoni load or the liver retention of parasite eggs; however, there were significant changes in the liver immune response profile and tissue damage. S. mansoni infection in ΔdblGATA mice resulted in significantly lower liver concentrations of IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β and higher concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α, as compared to WT mice. The changes in liver immune response observed in infected ΔdblGATA mice were accompanied by lower collagen deposition, but higher liver damage and larger granulomas. Moreover, the absence of eosinophils resulted in a higher mortality rate in mice infected with a high parasite load. Therefore, the data indicated that eosinophils participate in the establishment and/or amplification of liver Th-2 and regulatory response induced by S. mansoni, which is necessary for the balance between liver damage and fibrosis, which in turn is essential for modulating disease severity.
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34
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Li N, Mirzakhani H, Kiefer A, Koelle J, Vuorinen T, Rauh M, Yang Z, Krammer S, Xepapadaki P, Lewandowska-Polak A, Lukkarinen H, Zhang N, Stanic B, Zimmermann T, Kowalski ML, Jartti T, Bachert C, Akdis M, Papadopoulos NG, Raby BA, Weiss ST, Finotto S. Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) drives the resolution of allergic asthma. iScience 2021; 24:103163. [PMID: 34693221 PMCID: PMC8511896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
RANTES is implicated in allergic asthma and in T cell-dependent clearance of infection. RANTES receptor family comprises CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5, which are G-protein-coupled receptors consisting of seven transmembrane helices. Infections with respiratory viruses like Rhinovirus cause induction of RANTES production by epithelial cells. Here, we studied the role of RANTES in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in cohorts of children with and without asthma and validated and extended this study to the airways of adults with and without asthma. We further translated these studies to a murine model of asthma induced by house dust mite allergen in wild-type RANTES and CCR5-deficient mice. Here we show an unpredicted therapeutic role of RANTES in the resolution of allergen-induced asthma by orchestrating the transition of effector GATA-3+CD4+ T cells into immune-regulatory-type T cells and inflammatory eosinophils into resident eosinophils as well as increased IL-10 production in the lung. RANTES is associated with allergic asthma and T cell-dependent clearance of infections RANTES is upregulated in asthmatic airways reflecting ongoing airway cell activation Rhinovirus inhibited and antiviral agonist induced RANTES in PBMCs from asthmatics Experimental treatment with RANTES (rRANTES) in the airways reduced local eosinophils
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Li
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hoomann Mirzakhani
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Kiefer
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Koelle
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Medical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Institut of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zuqin Yang
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Krammer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Department of Allergy, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Heikki Lukkarinen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Otorhinolaryngology, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Stanic
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Otorhinolaryngology, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Herman-Burchard-Strasse 9, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Department of Allergy, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Centre for Respiratory Medicine & Allergy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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35
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Bohrer AC, Castro E, Hu Z, Queiroz AT, Tocheny CE, Assmann M, Sakai S, Nelson C, Baker PJ, Ma H, Wang L, Zilu W, du Bruyn E, Riou C, Kauffman KD, Moore IN, Del Nonno F, Petrone L, Goletti D, Martineau AR, Lowe DM, Cronan MR, Wilkinson RJ, Barry CE, Via LE, Barber DL, Klion AD, Andrade BB, Song Y, Wong KW, Mayer-Barber KD. Eosinophils are part of the granulocyte response in tuberculosis and promote host resistance in mice. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210469. [PMID: 34347010 PMCID: PMC8348215 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires the activities of multiple leukocyte subsets, yet the roles of the different innate effector cells during tuberculosis are incompletely understood. Here we uncover an unexpected association between eosinophils and Mtb infection. In humans, eosinophils are decreased in the blood but enriched in resected human tuberculosis lung lesions and autopsy granulomas. An influx of eosinophils is also evident in infected zebrafish, mice, and nonhuman primate granulomas, where they are functionally activated and degranulate. Importantly, using complementary genetic models of eosinophil deficiency, we demonstrate that in mice, eosinophils are required for optimal pulmonary bacterial control and host survival after Mtb infection. Collectively, our findings uncover an unexpected recruitment of eosinophils to the infected lung tissue and a protective role for these cells in the control of Mtb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C. Bohrer
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Artur T.L. Queiroz
- The KAB group, Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador Brazil
| | - Claire E. Tocheny
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maike Assmann
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christine Nelson
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zilu
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elsa du Bruyn
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Riou
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tuberculosis Imaging Program
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani,” Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Adrian R. Martineau
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark R. Cronan
- In Vivo Cell Biology of Infection Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Imaging Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy D. Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- The KAB group, Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador Brazil
| | - Yanzheng Song
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Tuberculosis Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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36
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Kobayashi T, Isohashi F, Eino D, Tanaka K, Sawada K, Ueda Y, Kobayashi E, Tomimatsu T, Kimura T, Ogawa K. Correlation Between the Transient Elevation of Peripheral Eosinophil Count During Radiotherapy and Acute Diarrhea. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2021; 1:331-337. [PMID: 35403139 PMCID: PMC8988959 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM This study aimed to evaluate the association between the change in peripheral eosinophil count during postoperative pelvic radiotherapy and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities in patients with cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The medical records of 163 patients with cervical cancer who underwent postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy between 2000 and 2016 were analyzed. RESULTS Among the peripheral blood cell counts, transient elevation of the eosinophil count was observed during radiotherapy. Of the 163 patients, 117 developed grade ≥2 diarrhea during radiotherapy, and 25 patients developed grade ≥2 late GI toxicities. In multivariate analysis, the maximum eosinophil count and age emerged as independent predictors of grade ≥2 acute diarrhea during radiotherapy, while bowel bag V 40 Gy and age were predictive of grade ≥2 late GI toxicities. CONCLUSION Early detection of transient elevation of eosinophil may facilitate early treatment of acute diarrhea during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kobayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Isohashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Eino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tanaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sawada
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ueda
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takuji Tomimatsu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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37
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Harms M, Habib MM, Nemska S, Nicolò A, Gilg A, Preising N, Sokkar P, Carmignani S, Raasholm M, Weidinger G, Kizilsavas G, Wagner M, Ständker L, Abadi AH, Jumaa H, Kirchhoff F, Frossard N, Sanchez-Garcia E, Münch J. An optimized derivative of an endogenous CXCR4 antagonist prevents atopic dermatitis and airway inflammation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2694-2708. [PMID: 34589390 PMCID: PMC8463264 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling is involved in many pathophysiological processes such as cancer and inflammatory diseases. A natural fragment of serum albumin, named EPI-X4, has previously been identified as endogenous peptide antagonist and inverse agonist of CXCR4 and is a promising compound for the development of improved analogues for the therapy of CXCR4-associated diseases. To generate optimized EPI-X4 derivatives we here performed molecular docking analysis to identify key interaction motifs of EPI-X4/CXCR4. Subsequent rational drug design allowed to increase the anti-CXCR4 activity of EPI-X4. The EPI-X4 derivative JM#21 bound CXCR4 and suppressed CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infection more efficiently than the clinically approved small molecule CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. EPI-X4 JM#21 did not exert toxic effects in zebrafish embryos and suppressed allergen-induced infiltration of eosinophils and other immune cells into the airways of animals in an asthma mouse model. Moreover, topical administration of the optimized EPI-X4 derivative efficiently prevented inflammation of the skin in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Thus, rationally designed EPI-X4 JM#21 is a novel potent antagonist of CXCR4 and the first CXCR4 inhibitor with therapeutic efficacy in atopic dermatitis. Further clinical development of this new class of CXCR4 antagonists for the therapy of atopic dermatitis, asthma and other CXCR4-associated diseases is highly warranted.
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38
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Molecular mechanisms and treatment modalities in equine Culicoides hypersensitivity. Vet J 2021; 276:105741. [PMID: 34416400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH) is the most common allergic condition in horses affecting the skin. This review focuses on immunopathology and molecular mechanisms of equine CH. The role of eosinophils is emphasized, as well as disease severity and the influence of long-term chronic allergen exposure on T helper (Th) 2 cells. Using current knowledge from human allergic disorders, similar effects are hypothesized in equine patients. Key aspects of CH diagnosis and treatment are discussed, focusing on allergen specific immunotherapy and allergen-independent approaches, such as targeting hypereosinophilia through interleukin-5 and allergic non-histaminic pruritus though interleukin-31.
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39
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Komlósi ZI, van de Veen W, Kovács N, Szűcs G, Sokolowska M, O'Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:100995. [PMID: 34364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million children and young adults in Europe. Asthma is a complex, partially heritable disease with a marked heterogeneity. Its development is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. The most common, as well as the most well characterized subtype of asthma is allergic eosinophilic asthma, which is characterized by a type 2 airway inflammation. The prevalence of asthma has substantially increased in industrialized countries during the last 60 years. The mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are incompletely understood, however increased exposure to various environmental pollutants probably plays a role. Disease inception is thought to be enabled by a disadvantageous shift in the balance between protective and harmful lifestyle and environmental factors, including exposure to protective commensal microbes versus infection with pathogens, collectively leading to airway epithelial cell damage and disrupted barrier integrity. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines are one of the main drivers of the type 2 immune response against innocuous allergens, ultimately leading to infiltration of lung tissue with type 2 T helper (TH2) cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), M2 macrophages and eosinophils. This review outlines the mechanisms responsible for the orchestration of type 2 inflammation and summarizes the novel findings, including but not limited to dysregulated epithelial barrier integrity, alarmin release and innate lymphoid cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt I Komlósi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Lung Health Hospital, Munkácsy Mihály Str. 70, 2045, Törökbálint, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Tömő Str. 25-29, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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Votto M, De Filippo M, Caminiti L, Carella F, de Castro G, Landi M, Olcese R, Vernich M, Marseglia GL, Ciprandi G, Barberi S. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and allergen immunotherapy: Lights and shadows. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:814-823. [PMID: 33503273 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases, such as IgE-mediated food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, are relevant health problems worldwide and show an increasing prevalence. Therapies for food allergies are food avoidance and the prompt administration of intramuscular epinephrine in anaphylaxis occurring after accidental exposure. However, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is being investigated as a new potential tool for treating severe food allergies. Effective oral immunotherapy (OIT) and epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) induce desensitization and restore immune tolerance to the causal allergen. While immediate side effects are well known, the long-term effects of food AIT are still underestimated. In this regard, eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), mainly eosinophilic esophagitis, have been reported as putative complications of OIT for food allergy and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for allergic asthma and rhinitis. Fortunately, these complications are usually reversible and the patient recovers after AIT discontinuation. This review summarizes current knowledge on the possible causative link between eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and AIT, highlighting recent evidence and controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Votto
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria De Filippo
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Caminiti
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Carella
- Pediatric Unit, Azienza Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Landi
- Pediatric National Healthcare System, Turin - Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia molecolare, Italian National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Olcese
- Allergy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Sarbinowska J, Wiatrak B, Waśko-Czopnik D. Searching for Noninvasive Predictors of the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Eosinophilic Esophagitis-The Importance of Biomarkers of the Inflammatory Reaction Involving Eosinophils. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060890. [PMID: 34203871 PMCID: PMC8232675 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Invasive and costly endoscopic diagnosis is obligatory for the diagnosis and monitoring of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of serum biomarkers involved in eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the management of EoE. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 58 patients with dysphagia. Each participant completed a health questionnaire, underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with esophageal biopsy for histopathological examination and assessment of total, inflammatory and fibrostenotic Eosinophilic Esophagitis Reference Score (EREFS). Serum levels of interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 13 (IL-13), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), major basic protein (MBP), and eotaxin 3 were determined by enzyme immunoassays. Total of 16 patients meeting the histological criteria for EoE were treated with proton pump inhibitors for 8 weeks, and then the same diagnostics was performed again. Results: Statistically significantly higher concentrations of MBP and TGF-β1 were demonstrated in the group of patients with EoE, while MBP and eotaxin 3 correlated with the peak eosinophil count (PEC). Baseline MBP levels and eotaxin 3 after treatment significantly positively correlated with EREFS. There was a negative correlation between IL-13 and fibrostenotic EREFS. Additionally, after treatment, a negative correlation TGF-β1 was noted with the inflammatory EREFS and a positive correlation with the fibrostenotic EREFS. Conclusions: The potential role of MBP in predicting the diagnosis of EoE, eotaxin 3 in predicting the advancement and correlation of IL-13 and TGF-β1 in differentiating the inflammatory and fibrotic course of the disease may facilitate the management and individualization of EoE therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sarbinowska
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (D.W.-C.)
| | - Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717-841-438
| | - Dorota Waśko-Czopnik
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.S.); (D.W.-C.)
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42
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Manohar M, Kandikattu HK, Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S, Yadavalli CS, Mishra A. Eosinophils in the pathogenesis of pancreatic disorders. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:411-422. [PMID: 33783592 PMCID: PMC8249347 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils comprise approximately 1-4% of total blood leukocytes that reside in the intestine, bone marrow, mammary gland, and adipose tissues to maintain innate immunity in healthy individuals. Eosinophils have four toxic granules known as major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and upon degranulation, these granules promote pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases like allergy, asthma, dermatitis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, the role of eosinophils is underscored in exocrine disorders including pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disorder that occurs due to the alcohol consumption, blockage of the pancreatic duct, and trypsinogen mutation. Eosinophil levels are detected in higher numbers in both CP and pancreatic cancer patients compared with healthy individuals. The mechanistic understanding of chronic inflammation-induced pancreatic malignancy has not yet been reached and requires further exploration. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of eosinophil-associated pancreatic disorders and further summarizes current evidence regarding risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and prognosis of eosinophilic pancreatitis (EP) and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murli Manohar
- School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Hepatology Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Yadavalli
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Anil Mishra
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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43
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Cook A, Harrington J, Simpson JL, Wark P. Mepolizumab asthma treatment failure due to refractory airway eosinophilia, which responded to benralizumab. Respirol Case Rep 2021; 9:e00743. [PMID: 33815803 PMCID: PMC8013786 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies directed against interleukin (IL)-5, such as mepolizumab and benralizumab, are an effective and established treatment for severe eosinophilic asthma. Here, we present a patient with eosinophilic asthma with a partial clinical response to mepolizumab initially, as measured by these biomarkers, who when investigated was found to have refractory airway eosinophilia. Escalation of the mepolizumab dose led to further but still only partial response. A treatment trial with benralizumab was more successful and led to suppression of airway eosinophilia. We review the literature, focusing on eosinophil biology at the tissues and the different mechanisms of action of the two agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Cook
- Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
- Department of Respiratory MedicineJohn Hunter HospitalNewcastleNSWAustralia
| | - John Harrington
- Department of Respiratory MedicineJohn Hunter HospitalNewcastleNSWAustralia
| | - Jodie L. Simpson
- Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
| | - Peter Wark
- Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNSWAustralia
- Department of Respiratory MedicineJohn Hunter HospitalNewcastleNSWAustralia
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44
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Cui K, Hu S, Mei X, Cheng M. Innate Immune Cells in the Esophageal Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654731. [PMID: 33995371 PMCID: PMC8113860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common mucosa-associated tumors, and is characterized by aggressiveness, poor prognosis, and unfavorable patient survival rates. As an organ directly exposed to the risk of foodborne infection, the esophageal mucosa harbors distinct populations of innate immune cells, which play vital roles in both maintenance of esophageal homeostasis and immune defense and surveillance during mucosal anti-infection and anti-tumor responses. In this review, we highlight recent progress in research into innate immune cells in the microenvironment of EC, including lymphatic lineages, such as natural killer and γδT cells, and myeloid lineages, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Further, putative innate immune cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tumor occurrence and progression are discussed, to highlight potential directions for the development of new biomarkers and effective intervention targets, which can hopefully be applied in long-term multilevel clinical EC treatment. Fully understanding the innate immunological mechanisms involved in esophageal mucosa carcinogenesis is of great significance for clinical immunotherapy and prognosis prediction for patients with EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kele Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
- Cancer Immunotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shouxin Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
- Cancer Immunotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Mei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
- Cancer Immunotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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45
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Lessons learned from targeting eosinophils in human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:459-475. [PMID: 33891135 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a minor subset of the granulocyte lineage distinguished by their unique morphology, phenotype, cytoplasmic contents, and function. Evolutionarily, these are ancient cells whose existence has been conserved within vertebrates for millions of years, suggesting that their contribution to innate immunity and other pathologic and homeostatic responses are important to the host. Knowledge regarding the role of eosinophils in health and disease took a leap forward in 2004 with the creation of mouse strains deficient in eosinophils. This advance was paralleled in humans using pharmacology, namely, with the development of drugs capable of selectively reducing and sometimes even eliminating human eosinophils in those receiving these agents. As a result, a more definitive picture of what eosinophils do, and do not do, is emerging. This review will summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of eosinophils in human disease by focusing mainly on data from clinical studies with anti-eosinophil therapies, even though the first of such agents, mepolizumab, was only approved in the USA in November 2015. Information regarding both efficacy and safety will be highlighted, and where relevant, intriguing data from animal models will also be mentioned, especially if there are conflicting effects seen in humans.
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46
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Li J, Ren S, Li M, Bi J, Yang G, Li E. Paeoniflorin protects against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice through inhibition of inflammation and eosinophil infiltration. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107667. [PMID: 33887576 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract. The treatment commonly includes anti-inflammatory agents like 5-aminosalicylic acid or corticosteroids or biologics for people with UC who are no longer responding to corticosteroids. The radices of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or similar plants of the Paeonia genus have been used in Chinese medicine to treat certain diseases that resemble the symptoms of UC. Paeoniflorin, a terpenoid glycoside, is a major active component for the anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of paeoniflorin (PF) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and found that PF exhibited protective activity against colitis. PF treatment suppressed NF-κB pathway activation, resulting down regulation of pro-inflammatory factor expression. In addition, we detected reduction in eosinophil-related chemokine gene expression and eosinophil infiltration. The treatment also reversed Treg cell population suppression. Although PF treatment did not block COX2 induction, the compound weakly inhibited COX2 activity in an enzymatic assay. Taken together, PF exerts its therapeutic activity against UC through inhibition of inflammation and eosinophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; Jiangsu Topcel Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Suiyuan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Meng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Jingai Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erguang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China.
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47
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Wang X, Tsai T, Wei X, Zuo B, Davis E, Rehberger T, Hernandez S, Jochems EJ, Maxwell CV, Zhao J. Effect of Lactylate and Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance, Peripheral Blood Cell Profile, and Gut Microbiota of Nursery Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040803. [PMID: 33920300 PMCID: PMC8070655 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of lactylate and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, complete blood cell count, and microbial changes, 264 weaning pigs were assigned to four treatments (1) control (Con) basal diets that met the nutrient requirement for each phase, (2) 0.2% lactylate (LA), (3) 0.05% Bacillus subtilis strains mixtures (BM), or (4) the combination of LA and BM (LA+BM) added to the control basal diet at their respective inclusion rates in each of the three phases. Dietary lactylate tended to increase weight gain, significantly increased feed intake, and reduced fecal total E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli counts during Phase 1. Pigs fed Bacillus subtilis had a greater gain to feed ratio (G:F) during Phases 1 and 2. Pigs fed lactylate had an increased peripheral absolute neutrophil count on D14 but a decreased eosinophil percentage. Pigs fed Bacillus subtilis had an elevated peripheral total white blood cell count at study completion. The addition of lactylate increased microbiota richness, reduced E. coli, and increased Prevotella, Christensenellaceae, and Succinivibrio. Bacillus subtilis supplementation-enriched f_Ruminococcaceae_unclassified and S24-7_ unclassified had positive relationships with feed efficiency. Collectively, these findings suggested that lactylate can be added to diets to balance gut microbiota and improve growth performance during the early postweaning period. The combination of lactylate and Bacillus subtilis strains exerted a synergic effect on the growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Tsungcheng Tsai
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Ellen Davis
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight, Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA; (E.D.); (T.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Tom Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight, Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA; (E.D.); (T.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Samantha Hernandez
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight, Inc., Waukesha, WI 53186, USA; (E.D.); (T.R.); (S.H.)
| | | | - Charles V. Maxwell
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (X.W.); (B.Z.); (C.V.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S, Manohar M, Kandikattu HK, Mishra A. Experimental Modeling of Eosinophil-Associated Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2241:275-291. [PMID: 33486743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1095-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are an important subtype of leukocytes derived from bone marrow multipotent hematopoietic stem cells and represent about 1% of leukocytes in circulating blood. In homeostatic conditions, eosinophils reside in the intestine to maintain the balance of immune responses by communicating with gut microbes without causing inflammation. However, under the stressed or diseased condition, eosinophils degranulate, releasing their granule-derived cytotoxic proteins that are involved in inflammatory responses. Various eosinophil-associated inflammatory diseases are eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG), and eosinophilic colitis (EC), together called EGID, asthma, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). Eosinophil degranulation results in the release of their four toxic proteins [major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)] which promote disease pathogenesis. Pancreatitis is the inflammatory disease of the pancreas that arises due to blockage of the pancreatic duct, trypsinogen mutation, alcohol consumption, and repeated occurrence of pancreatitis leading to chronic pancreatitis (CP); subsequently some CP patients may also develop pancreatic cancer. The presence of eosinophils is now shown in various case reports with acute, recurrent acute, and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer indicating the role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of various pancreatic inflammatory disorders. However, the details of eosinophil accumulation during pancreatic diseases are not well explored and need further attention. Overall, the chapter provides the current understanding of reported eosinophils associated with inflammatory diseases like EGID diseases, asthma, and pancreatic disorders, i.e., acute, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. This knowledge will be helpful for future studies to develop novel treatment options for the eosinophils associated diseases. Therefore, more efforts are needed to perform preclinical and clinical studies in this field for the successful development of eosinophil-targeting treatments for a variety of eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anil Mishra
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center (TEDC), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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CD101 as an indicator molecule for pathological changes at the interface of host-microbiota interactions. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151497. [PMID: 33773220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota signal to local and distant tissues in the body. Thus, they also regulate biochemical, metabolic and immunological processes in the gut and in the pancreas. Vice versa, eating habits or the immune system of the host shape the intraluminal microbiota. Disruptions of these versatile host-microbiota interactions underlie the pathogenesis of complex immune-mediated disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or type 1 diabetes (T1D). Consequently, dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability associated with both disorders change the biology of underlying tissues, as evidenced, for example, by an altered expression of surface markers such as CD101 on immune cells located at these dynamic host-microbiota interfaces. CD101, a heavily glycosylated member of the immunoglobulin superfamiliy, is predominantly detected on myeloid cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the gut. The expression of CD101 on both myeloid cells and T lymphocytes protects from experimental enterocolitis and T1D. The improved outcome of both diseases is associated with an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and a reduced expansion of T cells. However, distinct bacteria suppress the expression of CD101 on myeloid cells, similar as does inflammation on T cells. Thus, the reduced CD101 expression in T1D and IBD patients might be a consequence of an altered composition of the intestinal microbiota, enhanced bacterial translocation and a subsequent primining of local and systemic inflammatory immune responses.
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50
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Arnold IC, Artola-Boran M, Gurtner A, Bertram K, Bauer M, Frangez Z, Becher B, Kopf M, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Tzankov A, Müller A. The GM-CSF-IRF5 signaling axis in eosinophils promotes antitumor immunity through activation of type 1 T cell responses. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152117. [PMID: 32970801 PMCID: PMC7953737 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of eosinophils represents an efficient strategy to alleviate allergic asthma, but the consequences of prolonged eosinophil deficiency for human health remain poorly understood. We show here that the ablation of eosinophils severely compromises antitumor immunity in syngeneic and genetic models of colorectal cancer (CRC), which can be attributed to defective Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses. The specific loss of GM-CSF signaling or IRF5 expression in the eosinophil compartment phenocopies the loss of the entire lineage. GM-CSF activates IRF5 in vitro and in vivo and can be administered recombinantly to improve tumor immunity. IL-10 counterregulates IRF5 activation by GM-CSF. CRC patients whose tumors are infiltrated by large numbers of eosinophils also exhibit robust CD8 T cell infiltrates and have a better prognosis than patients with eosinophillow tumors. The combined results demonstrate a critical role of eosinophils in tumor control in CRC and introduce the GM-CSF–IRF5 axis as a critical driver of the antitumor activities of this versatile cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Bertram
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziva Frangez
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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