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Pinto TNC, Fernandes JR, Arruda LB, Duarte AJDS, Benard G. Cost-Effective Trap qPCR Approach to Evaluate Telomerase Activity: an Important Tool for Aging, Cancer, and Chronic Disease Research. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2432. [PMID: 33567048 PMCID: PMC7847253 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Telomeres are a terminal "DNA cap" that prevent chromosomal fusion and degradation. However, aging is inherent to life, and so is the loss of terminal sequences. Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase encoded by self-splicing introns that counteract chromosome erosion. Telomerase activity is observed during early embryonic development, but after the blastocyst stage, the expression of telomerase reduces. The consequences of either insufficient or unrestrained telomerase activity underscore the importance of ongoing studies aimed at elucidating the regulation of telomerase activity in humans. In the present study, we aimed to standardize a simplified telomerase repeat-amplification protocol (TRAP) assay to detect telomerase activity in unstimulated and PHA-stimulated mononuclear cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Our optimized qPCR-based can efficiently evaluate telomerase activity. Quantification of protein and DNA between unstimulated and PHA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed cellular activation and cell-cycle entry. The assay also showed that relative telomerase activity is significantly different between these two conditions, supporting the applicability of the assay. Furthermore, our findings corroborated that telomerase activity decreases with age. CONCLUSIONS Telomeres and telomerase are implicated in aging and development of chronic diseases and cancer; however, difficulty in accessing commercial kits to investigate these aspects is a critical constraint in health surveillance studies. Our optimized assay was successfully used to differentiate telomerase activity between unstimulated and stimulated cells, clearly showing the reactivation of telomerase upon cell activation. This assay is affordable, reproducible, and can be executed in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalyta Nery Carvalho Pinto
- Laboratorio de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias (LIM56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Juliana Ruiz Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias (LIM56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Liã Barbara Arruda
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital Campus, LondonUniversity College London UK
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratorio de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias (LIM56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratorio de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias (LIM56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Laboratorio de Micologia Medica, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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2
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Qiu S, Zhao F, Zenasni O, Li J, Shih WC. Catalytic assembly of DNA nanostructures on a nanoporous gold array as 3D architectures for label-free telomerase activity sensing. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:217-224. [PMID: 32260643 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, an enzyme known to catalyze telomere elongation by adding TTAGGG [thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G)] repeats to the end of telomeres, is vital for cell proliferation. Overexpression of telomerase has been found in most tumor cells, resulting in telomere dysfunction and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Thus, telomerase has been considered as a potential cancer biomarker, as well as a potential target in cancer therapy. In this study, telomerase-catalyzed growth of tandem G-quadruplex (G4) assembled on a nanoporous gold array (NPGA) resulted in the formation of three-dimensional hybrid nanoarchitectures. The generated nanostructure then captured malachite green (MG) (reporter molecule) without the need of a complicated labeling process. Upon laser irradiation, the captured MG molecules produced a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal that was generated by an abundant amount of plasmonic hot spots in the NPGA substrates. A limit of detection (LOD) of 10-10 IU along with a linear range, which was 3 orders of magnitude, was achieved, which was equivalent to the telomerase amount extracted from 20 HeLa cells. The LOD is 2 orders of magnitude better than that of the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and it approaches that of the most sensitive technique, telomeric repeat amplification protocols (TRAP), which require a laborious and equipment-intensive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to chemically identify and quantify the telomerase activity on the sensitized NPGA surface. Furthermore, the sensor was applied to screen the effectiveness of anti-telomerase drugs such as zidovudine, thus demonstrating the potential use of the sensor in telomerase-based diagnosis and drug development. Moreover, the framework represents a novel paradigm of collaborative plasmonic intensification and catalytic multiplication (c-PI/CM) for label-free biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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3
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Menyhárt O, Harami-Papp H, Sukumar S, Schäfer R, Magnani L, de Barrios O, Győrffy B. Guidelines for the selection of functional assays to evaluate the hallmarks of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:300-319. [PMID: 27742530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer capture the most essential phenotypic characteristics of malignant transformation and progression. Although numerous factors involved in this multi-step process are still unknown to date, an ever-increasing number of mutated/altered candidate genes are being identified within large-scale cancer genomic projects. Therefore, investigators need to be aware of available and appropriate techniques capable of determining characteristic features of each hallmark. We review the methods tailored to experimental cancer researchers to evaluate cell proliferation, programmed cell death, replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, genome instability, and reprogramming of energy metabolism. Selecting the ideal method is based on the investigator's goals, available equipment and also on financial constraints. Multiplexing strategies enable a more in-depth data collection from a single experiment - obtaining several results from a single procedure reduces variability and saves time and relative cost, leading to more robust conclusions compared to a single end point measurement. Each hallmark possesses characteristics that can be analyzed by immunoblot, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, RNA microarray or RNA-seq. In general, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and multiwell readers are extremely versatile tools and, with proper sample preparation, allow the detection of a vast number of hallmark features. Finally, we also provide a list of hallmark-specific genes to be measured in transcriptome-level studies. Although our list is not exhaustive, we provide a snapshot of the most widely used methods, with an emphasis on methods enabling the simultaneous evaluation of multiple hallmark features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg and Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Invalidenstr. 80, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Oriol de Barrios
- Group of Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression, Department of Oncology and Hematology, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
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4
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Hjerpe A, Ascoli V, Bedrossian CWM, Boon ME, Creaney J, Davidson B, Dejmek A, Dobra K, Fassina A, Field A, Firat P, Kamei T, Kobayashi T, Michael CW, Önder S, Segal A, Vielh P. Guidelines for the Cytopathologic Diagnosis of Epithelioid and Mixed-Type Malignant Mesothelioma: a secondary publication. Cytopathology 2016; 26:142-56. [PMID: 26052757 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide practical guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. DATA SOURCES Cytopathologists with an interest in the field involved in the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) and the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) contributed to this update. Reference material includes peer-reviewed publications and textbooks. RATIONALE This article is the result of discussions during and after the IMIG 2012 conference in Boston, followed by thorough discussions during the 2013 IAC meeting in Paris. Additional contributions have been obtained from cytopathologists and scientists who could not attend these meetings, with final discussions and input during the IMIG 2014 conference in Cape Town.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hjerpe
- Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - V Ascoli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - M E Boon
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Lieveren, The Netherlands
| | - J Creaney
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Disease, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - B Davidson
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Dejmek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K Dobra
- Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - A Fassina
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Field
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincents Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Firat
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Kamei
- Division of Pathology, Yamaguchi Grand Medical Center, Hofu, Japan
| | - T Kobayashi
- Cancer Education and Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - C W Michael
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Önder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Segal
- Department of Tissue Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QE2 Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P Vielh
- Department of Biopathology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
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5
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Hjerpe A, Ascoli V, Bedrossian CWM, Boon ME, Creaney J, Davidson B, Dejmek A, Dobra K, Fassina A, Field A, Firat P, Kamei T, Kobayashi T, Michael CW, Önder S, Segal A, Vielh P. Guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of epithelioid and mixed-type malignant mesothelioma: Complementary Statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group, Also Endorsed by the International Academy of Cytology and the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 43:563-76. [PMID: 26100969 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide practical guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. DATA SOURCES Cytopathologists with an interest in the field involved in the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) and the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) contributed to this update. Reference material includes peer-reviewed publications and textbooks. RATIONALE This article is the result of discussions during and after the IMIG 2012 conference in Boston, followed by thorough discussions during the 2013 IAC meeting in Paris. Additional contributions have been obtained from cytopathologists and scientists who could not attend these meetings, with final discussions and input during the IMIG 2014 conference in Cape Town.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hjerpe
- Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valeria Ascoli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mathilde E Boon
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Lieveren, The Netherlands
| | - Jenette Creaney
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Disease, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, W.A, Australia
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Dejmek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Andrew Field
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincents Hospital, Sydney, N.S.W, Australia
| | - Pinar Firat
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Toshiaki Kamei
- Division of Pathology, Yamaguchi Grand Medical Center, Hofu
| | - Tadao Kobayashi
- Cancer Education and Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claire W Michael
- Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sevgen Önder
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amanda Segal
- Department of Tissue Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QE2 Medical Centre, Perth, W.A, Australia
| | - Philippe Vielh
- Department of Biopathology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
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Shi M, Zheng J, Liu C, Tan G, Qing Z, Yang S, Yang J, Tan Y, Yang R. SERS assay of telomerase activity at single-cell level and colon cancer tissues via quadratic signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:673-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Hjerpe A, Ascoli V, Bedrossian C, Boon M, Creaney J, Davidson B, Dejmek A, Dobra K, Fassina A, Field A, Firat P, Kamei T, Kobayashi T, Michael CW, Önder S, Segal A, Vielh P. Guidelines for cytopathologic diagnosis of epithelioid and mixed type malignant mesothelioma. Complementary statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group, also endorsed by the International Academy of Cytology and the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology. Cytojournal 2015; 12:26. [PMID: 26681974 PMCID: PMC4678521 DOI: 10.4103/1742-6413.170726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide practical guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma (MM). Cytopathologists involved in the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) and the International Academy of Cytology (IAC), who have an interest in the field contributed to this update. Reference material includes peer-reviewed publications and textbooks. This article is the result of discussions during and after the IMIG 2012 conference in Boston, followed by thorough discussions during the 2013 IAC meeting in Paris. Additional contributions have been obtained from cytopathologists and scientists, who could not attend these meetings, with final discussions and input during the IMIG 2014 conference in cape town. During the previous IMIG biennial meetings, thorough discussions have resulted in published guidelines for the pathologic diagnosis of MM. However, previous recommendations have stated that the diagnosis of MM should be based on histological material only.[12] Accumulating evidence now indicates that the cytological diagnosis of MM supported by ancillary techniques is as reliable as that based on histopathology, although the sensitivity with cytology may be somewhat lower.[345] Recognizing that noninvasive diagnostic modalities benefit both the patient and the health system, future recommendations should include cytology as an accepted method for the diagnosis of this malignancy.[67] The article describes the consensus of opinions of the authors on how cytology together with ancillary testing can be used to establish a reliable diagnosis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hjerpe
- Address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valeria Ascoli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlos Bedrossian
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mathilde Boon
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jenette Creaney
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Disease, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, WA 6009, Sydney
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Dejmek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pathology/Cytology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrew Field
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincents Hospital, Sydney
| | - Pinar Firat
- Department of Pathology, İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Capa, Fatih 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Toshiaki Kamei
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi Grand Medical Center, Hofu City, Yamaguchi Pref, 747-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadao Kobayashi
- Cancer Education and Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Claire W Michael
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, MSPTH 5077, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sevgen Önder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amanda Segal
- Department of Tissue Pathology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, QE2 Medical Centre, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Philippe Vielh
- Department of Biopathology, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, 94805 Vilejuif Cedex, France
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Hjerpe A, Ascoli V, Bedrossian CWM, Boon ME, Creaney J, Davidson B, Dejmek A, Dobra K, Fassina A, Field A, Firat P, Kamei T, Kobayashi T, Michael CW, Önder S, Segal A, Vielh P. Guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of epithelioid and mixed-type malignant mesothelioma. Complementary statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group, also endorsed by the International Academy of Cytology and the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology. Acta Cytol 2015; 59:2-16. [PMID: 25824655 DOI: 10.1159/000377697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide practical guidelines for the cytopathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. DATA SOURCES Cytopathologists with an interest in the field involved in the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) and the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) contributed to this update. Reference material includes peer-reviewed publications and textbooks. RATIONALE This article is the result of discussions during and after the IMIG 2012 conference in Boston, followed by thorough discussions during the 2013 IAC meeting in Paris. Additional contributions have been obtained from cytopathologists and scientists who could not attend these meetings, with final discussions and input during the IMIG 2014 conference in Cape Town.
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Adell E, Dejmek A. Telomerase activity analyzed with TRAP in situ provides additional information in effusions remaining equivocal after immunocytochemistry and hyaluronan analysis. Diagn Cytopathol 2014; 42:1051-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Adell
- Clinical Pathology; University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne; SUS Malmö Sweden
| | - Annika Dejmek
- Clinical Pathology; University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne; SUS Malmö Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
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Zhang HR, Wu MS, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Signal-on dual-potential electrochemiluminescence based on luminol-gold bifunctional nanoparticles for telomerase detection. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3834-40. [PMID: 24646287 DOI: 10.1021/ac403960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel type of signal-on dual-potential electrochemiluminescence (ECL) approach for telomerase detection based on bifunctionalized luminol-gold nanoparticles (L-Au NPs). In this approach, CdS nanocrystals (NCs) were first coated on glassy carbon electrode, and then thiol-modified telomerase primer was attached on CdS NCs via Cd-S bond. In the presence of telomerase and dNTPs, the primer could be extended. Telomerase primer would hybridize with its complementary DNA, and the extended part would hybridize with the capture DNA which was tagged with L-Au NPs. In the presence of coreactant H2O2, the L-Au NPs could not only enhance the ECL intensity of CdS NCs at -1.25 V (vs SCE) induced by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au NPs but also produce a new ECL signal at +0.45 V (vs SCE) that resulted from luminol in L-Au NPs. Both signals at two potentials increased with the increase of telomerase concentration. This method could be used to detect the telomerase from 100 to 9000 HL-60 cells and investigate the apoptosis of tumor cells. The ratio of the two signal increments (ΔECL(Luminol)/ΔECL(CdS NCs)), which showed a high consistency value for different numbers of cells, could be used to verify the reliability of tests. This dual-potential ECL strategy showed great promise in avoiding false positive or negative results in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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Rodriguez-Panadero F, Romero-Romero B. Current and future options for the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:275-87. [PMID: 23550710 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.786038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a frequent problem faced by clinicians, but tumor pleural involvement can be seen without effusion. AREAS COVERED Imaging, pleural fluid analysis, biomarkers for MPE, needle pleural biopsy and thoracoscopy. To prepare this review, we performed a search using keywords: 'diagnosis' + 'malignant' + 'pleural' + 'effusion' (all fields) in PubMed, and found 4106 articles overall (until 16 January 2013, 881 in the last 5 years). EXPERT OPINION Ultrasound techniques will stay as valuable tools for pleural effusions. Biomarkers in pleural fluid do not currently provide an acceptable yield for MPE. In subjects with past history of asbestos exposure, some serum or plasma markers (soluble mesothelin, fibulin) might help in selecting cases for close follow-up, to detect mesothelioma early. Needle pleural biopsy is justified only if used with image-techniques (ultrasound or CT) guidance, and thoracoscopy is better for both diagnosis and immediate palliative treatment (pleurodesis). Animal models of MPE and 'spheroids' are promising for research involving both pathophysiology and therapy. Considering the possibility of direct pleural delivery of nanotechnology-developed compounds-fit to both diagnosis and therapy purposes ('theranostics')-MPE and mesothelioma in particular are likely to benefit sooner than later from this exciting perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodriguez-Panadero
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias (UMQUER), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.
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Hernroth B, Farahani F, Brunborg G, Dupont S, Dejmek A, Sköld HN. Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:457-68. [PMID: 20700890 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to most vertebrates, invertebrate deuterostome echinoderms, such as the sea star Asterias rubens, undergo regeneration of lost body parts. The current hypothesis suggests that differentiated cells are the main source for regenerating arm in sea stars, but there is little information regarding the origin and identity of these cells. Here, we show that several organs distant to the regenerating arm responded by proliferation, most significantly in the coelomic epithelium and larger cells of the pyloric caeca. Analyzing markers for proliferating cells and parameters indicating cell ageing, such as levels of DNA damage, pigment, and lipofuscin contents as well as telomere length and telomerase activity, we suggest that cells contributing to the new arm likely originate from progenitors rather than differentiated cells. This is the first study showing that cells of mixed origin may be recruited from more distant sources of stem/progenitor cells in a sea star, and the first described indication of a role for pyloric caeca in arm regeneration. Data on growth rate during arm regeneration further indicate that regeneration is at the expense of whole animal growth. We propose a new working hypothesis for arm regeneration in sea stars involving four phases: wound healing by coelomocytes, migration of distant progenitor cells of mixed origin including from pyloric caeca, proliferation in these organs to compensate for cell loss, and finally, local proliferation in the regenerating arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Hernroth
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Kristineberg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
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Hansson M, Zendehrokh N, Ohyashiki J, Ohyashiki K, Westman UB, Roos G, Dejmek A. Telomerase activity in effusions: a comparison between telomere repeat amplification protocol in situ and conventional telomere repeat amplification protocol assay. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1896-902. [PMID: 19061286 DOI: 10.5858/132.12.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT We previously found telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) in situ helpful in the diagnosis of malignancy in effusions, whereas varying sensitivities and specificities for malignancy were reported by investigators using extract-based TRAP. OBJECTIVE To compare the 2 methods and to elucidate the discrepancies between them. DESIGN Twenty-three effusions were analyzed. Telomerase activity of whole cell lysate was measured with a Telo TAGGG telomerase polymerase chain reaction ELISA PLUS kit with modifications to exclude polymerase chain reaction inhibitors. TRAP in situ was performed on cytospins. An estimate of total TRAP activity in the specimen was made based on the amount of positive cells, their fluorescence intensity, and the proportion of different cell types in the specimen. The estimate was compared with the level of telomerase activity in cell lysate-based TRAP. RESULTS TRAP in situ: Thirteen of 14 malignant cases and 2 of 2 equivocal cases showed moderate/strong reactivity. Five of 7 benign effusions were negative; in 2 of 7, mesothelial cells showed weak reactivity. Cell lysate-based TRAP assay: In 4 cases no internal standard was detected, indicating the presence of polymerase chain reaction inhibitors. The relative telomerase activities were 33.1 to 72.7 with a considerable overlap between malignant (48 +/- 9, mean +/- SD) and benign (43 +/- 9) cases. CONCLUSIONS The TRAP in situ results correlated to final diagnoses, whereas the cell lysate-based TRAP assay did not differentiate between malignant and benign cases. The varying proportions of positive cells and the variation in fluorescence intensity in the TRAP in situ slides explained some of the discrepancies. The problems encountered with TRAP performed on cell lysates are partly overcome using TRAP in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Hansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Asfour IA, Fayek MH, El-Kourashy SAEA, Youssef SR, El-Gohary GMT, Mohamed OF. Correlation of telomerase activity to apoptosis and survival in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an Egyptian single-center study. Ann Hematol 2008; 87:213-21. [PMID: 18175116 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is activated in most tumors, but suppressed in normal human somatic cells. Current evidence indicates that telomerase reactivation is a critical step in carcinogenesis, with a close relationship to apoptosis. The goal of this study was to investigate the levels and relationship of telomerase activity to apoptosis and its impact on the survival of Egyptian adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Telomerase activity was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while apoptosis was measured at the single-cell level by fluorescence in situ detection using flow cytometry in 15 control subjects and 40 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients at presentation. Telomerase activity in ALL patients was negatively correlated to apoptosis [percent and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)] (p < 0.001 for percent and p < 0.001 for MFI) and to the 4-year survival rate (p < 0.05), to which apoptosis (percent and MFI) was consequently positively correlated (p < 0.001 for percent and p < 0.05 for MFI). For telomerase, the highest positive predictive value (PPV) for mortality (93.3%) was at a cut-off value of 13 amol/ml, while those for apoptosis (85% for percent of apoptotic cells and 90.9% for MFI) were at a cut-off of 8% and 0.19 MFI. This makes the measurement of telomerase activity in ALL patients a potential tool to predict disease with unfavorable outcome and a candidate tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Ahmed Asfour
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Haematology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Botchkina IL, Rivadeneira DE, Watkins K, Karpeh MS, Botchkina GI. Clinical significance of telomerase activity in peritoneal disseminated cells: gastrointestinal cancers. Mol Med 2007; 14:45-54. [PMID: 17973027 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00069.botchkina] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and accurate staging of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether telomerase activity (TA) in exfoliated/disseminated epithelial cells could be used as a reliable marker for GI cancers. TA was evaluated with the real-time RTQ-TRAP in immunomagnetically sorted peritoneal epithelial cells from 60 patients undergoing surgical treatment. Thirty-two patients were clinically diagnosed with a variety of GI cancers: 1 had premalignant disease, 2 had history of GI cancers, and 25 patients were clinically negative for cancer. Here we report that all types and all cases of gastrointestinal cancers were telomerase positive, thereby demonstrating 100% sensitivity for cancer. Eighteen of 25 nonmalignant cases had undetectable levels of TA, 2 had low, and 5 of 25 expressed high TA levels. Because normal epithelial cells usually have low TA and a lesser tendency to exfoliate compared with cancer cells, it is of great importance to have close follow-up for these patients to exclude possible malignant disease. We conclude that RTQ-TRAP assessment of TA in immunomagnetically sorted peritoneal epithelial cells has 100% sensitivity and 100% negative predictive value for GI cancers, and therefore, can be considered as a valuable tool and useful addition to current standard diagnostic methods. Clinical significance of unusually high telomerase activity in some clinically negative for cancer cases requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna L Botchkina
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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16
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Chiesa-Vottero AG, Malpica A, Deavers MT, Broaddus R, Nuovo GJ, Silva EG. Immunohistochemical Overexpression of p16 and p53 in Uterine Serous Carcinoma and Ovarian High-grade Serous Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26:328-33. [PMID: 17581420 DOI: 10.1097/01.pgp.0000235065.31301.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression pattern of p16 in biopsy samples has been useful as part of a panel to distinguish adenocarcinomas arising from the endometrium from those arising from the endocervix. However, no information is available on the expression of p16 in uterine serous carcinoma (USC) or ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma that could be used for diagnostic purposes. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of p16 in 11 cases of USC (5 pure and 6 mixed with endometrioid adenocarcinoma) and 10 cases of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma and compared p16 expression with that of p53 in the same samples. p16 was strongly expressed by 100% of tumor cells in all 11 uterine specimens and in 5 of the 10 ovarian specimens; of the other 5 ovarian specimens, 4 showed strong positivity in 20% to 80% of tumor cells, and 1 case showed only weak expression. Positivity for p53 was strong and diffuse (100% of tumor cells) in 5 uterine tumors and in 3 ovarian tumors. p53 expression in 6 of the uterine specimens and 7 of the ovarian specimens was present in fewer tumor cells, of weak intensity, or both. We also performed human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in situ hybridization in 4 uterine pure serous carcinomas; all 4 were negative. The negative results were confirmed by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that p16, owing to its diffuse expression in USC, should not be interpreted as indicating cervical origin or HPV-induced carcinogenesis; however, p16 may be a better marker (albeit unspecific) than p53 for identifying USC. The overexpression of p16 in USC is unrelated to HPV. Further studies are necessary to determine whether p16 expression is useful in the differential diagnosis of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.
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Da MX, Wu XT, Guo TK, Zhao ZG, Luo T, Qian K, Zhang MM, Wang J. Clinical significance of telomerase activity in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer and its relationship with cellular proliferation. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3122-7. [PMID: 17589931 PMCID: PMC4172622 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i22.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of telomerase activity assay and peritoneal lavage cytology (PLC) examination in peritoneal lavage fluid for the prediction of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients, and to explore the relationship between telomerase activity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression.
METHODS: Telomeric repeated amplification protocol (TRAP)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the telomerase activity in 60 patients with gastric cancer and 50 with peptic ulcer. PLC analysis of the 60 patients with gastric cancer was used for comparison. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in gastric carcinoma was immunohistochemically examined.
RESULTS: The telomerase activity and PLC positive rate in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer was 41.7% (25/60), and 25.0% (15/60), respectively. The positive rate of telomerase activity was significantly higher than that of PLC in the group of pT4 (15/16 vs 9/16, P < 0.05), P1-3 (13/13 vs 9/13, P < 0.05) and diffuse type (22/42 vs 13/42, P < 0.05). The patients with positive telomerase activity, peritoneal metastasis, and serosal invasion had significantly higher levels of average PCNA proliferation index (PI), (55.00 ± 6.59 vs 27.43 ± 7.72, 57.26 ± 10.18 vs 29.15 ± 8.31, and 49.82 ± 6.74 vs 24.65 ± 7.33, respectively, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The TRAP assay for telomerase activity is a useful adjunct for cytologic method in the diagnosis of peritoneal micrometastasis and well related to higher proliferating activity of gastric cancer. The results of this study also suggest a promising future therapeutic strategy for treating peritoneal dissemination based on telomerase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xu Da
- Department of General Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
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