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Zhang Y, Xu J, Li P, Luo B, Tang H. Activation of Wnt signaling mitigates blood-brain barrier disruption by inhibiting vesicular transcytosis after traumatic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114782. [PMID: 38641126 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Elevated transport of Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) vesicles within vascular endothelial cells constitutes a significant secondary pathogenic event contributing to the compromise of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). While Wnt/β-catenin signaling is recognized for its critical involvement in angiogenesis and the maintenance of BBB integrity, its influence on vascular endothelial transcytosis in the aftermath of TBI is not well-defined. This study aims to elucidate the impact of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on cerebrovascular vesicular transcytosis following TBI. In this experiment, adult male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice underwent various interventions. TBI was induced utilizing the controlled cortical impact technique. Post-TBI, mice were administered either an inhibitor or an agonist of Wnt signaling via intraperitoneal injection. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) was administered intracerebroventricularly to modulate the expression of the CAV-1 inhibitory protein, Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (Mfsd2a). This research utilized Evans blue assay, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and neurobehavioral assessments. Post-TBI observations revealed substantial increases in macromolecule (Evans blue and albumin) leakage, CAV-1 transport vesicle count, astrocyte end-feet edema, and augmented aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression, culminating in BBB disruption. The findings indicate that Wnt signaling pathway inhibition escalates CAV-1 transport vesicle activity and aggravates BBB compromise. Conversely, activating this pathway could alleviate BBB damage by curtailing CAV-1 vesicle presence. Post-TBI, there is a diminution in Mfsd2a expression, which is directly influenced by the modulation of WNT signals. Employing a viral approach to regulate Mfsd2a, we established that its down-regulation undermines the protective benefits derived from reducing CAV-1 transport vesicles through WNT signal enhancement. Moreover, we verified that the WNT signaling agonist LiCl notably ameliorates neurological deficits following TBI in mice. Collectively, our data imply that Wnt/β-catenin signaling presents a potential therapeutic target for safeguarding against BBB damage and enhancing neurological function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Neurosurgery of the Third People's Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Bo Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.
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2
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Huang X, Mu N, Ding Y, Huang R, Wu W, Li L, Chen T. Tumor microenvironment targeting for glioblastoma multiforme treatment via hybrid cell membrane coating supramolecular micelles. J Control Release 2024; 366:194-203. [PMID: 38142965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common primary intracranial tumors in the central nervous system with poor prognosis, high invasiveness, risk of recurrence and low survival rate. Thus, it is urgent and vital to develop drug effective delivery systems that efficiently to traverse the blood-brain barrier and targeted transport therapeutic agents into the GBM tumor site for the treatment of brain tumors. Recently, amphiphilic cucurbit[7]uril-polyethylene glycol-hydrophobic Chlorin e6 (CB[7]-PEG-Ce6) polymer was designed, prepared, and self-assembled into micells (CPC) in an aqueous solution, and chemo drug methyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (MTIC), loaded into the cavity of CB[7] was subsequently coated with hybrid membrane mUMH (HMC3 membrane: macrophage membrane: U87MG membrane = 1:1:2) to afford mUMH@CPC@MTIC. The surface hybrid membrane mUMH potentially enhance the targeted delivery of CPC@MTIC to GBM tissue. Bioactive MTIC was released from the cavity of CB[7] in response to the high spermine level in GBM tumor microenvironments for effective tumor chemotherapy. The biomimetic mUMH@CPC@MTIC exhibited superior antitumor efficacy against GBM in mice. These findings provide new strategies for the design of biomimetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and promising therapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Huang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.266 Fangzheng Avenue, Beibei District, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanfu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.266 Fangzheng Avenue, Beibei District, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Li Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.266 Fangzheng Avenue, Beibei District, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China; Glioma Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
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3
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Hong Y, Chen P, Gao J, Lin Y, Chen L, Shang X. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: From pathophysiology to clinical management. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110800. [PMID: 37619410 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy, which presents as delirium and coma, is a significant complication of sepsis characterized by acute brain dysfunction. The presence of inflammatory pathological changes in the brain of sepsis patients and animal models has been recognized since the 1920 s, initially attributed to the entry of microbial toxins into the brain. In the early 2000 s, attention shifted towards the impact of oxidative stress, the cholinergic system, and cytokines on brain function following sepsis onset. More recently, sepsis-associated encephalopathy has been defined as a diffuse brain dysfunction not directly caused by pathogenic infection of the brain. Currently, there is no evidence-based standard for diagnosing sepsis-associated encephalopathy, and clinical management is primarily focused on symptomatic and supportive measures. This review aims to explore the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and establish the connection between pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical characteristics. We hope that this work will spark the interest of researchers from various fields and contribute to the advancement of sepsis-associated encephalopathy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Hong
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiling Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingqi Gao
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linfang Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Shang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; The Third Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Center for Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
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4
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Xue S, Zhou X, Yang ZH, Si XK, Sun X. Stroke-induced damage on the blood-brain barrier. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1248970. [PMID: 37840921 PMCID: PMC10569696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a functional phenotype exhibited by the neurovascular unit (NVU). It is maintained and regulated by the interaction between cellular and non-cellular matrix components of the NVU. The BBB plays a vital role in maintaining the dynamic stability of the intracerebral microenvironment as a barrier layer at the critical interface between the blood and neural tissues. The large contact area (approximately 20 m2/1.3 kg brain) and short diffusion distance between neurons and capillaries allow endothelial cells to dominate the regulatory role. The NVU is a structural component of the BBB. Individual cells and components of the NVU work together to maintain BBB stability. One of the hallmarks of acute ischemic stroke is the disruption of the BBB, including impaired function of the tight junction and other molecules, as well as increased BBB permeability, leading to brain edema and a range of clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the cellular composition of the BBB and describes the protein composition of the barrier functional junction complex and the mechanisms regulating acute ischemic stroke-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xin Sun
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Fei J, Yamada S, Satoh T, Koyama T. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Zonarol, a Marine Algal Hydroquinone, in Mice Using HPLC with Fluorescence Detection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1013. [PMID: 37370332 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zonarol, which was discovered in the brown algae Dictyopteris undulata, has antibiotic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective hydroquinone properties. Additionally, a daily treatment of zonarol taken orally has been proven to prevent ulcerative colitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in experimentally induced mice models. In this study, to elucidate the physiological behavior of zonarol in vivo, the establishment of quantitative methods for the determination of zonarol in biological samples and basic pharmacokinetics parameters after oral or intravenous administration with purified zonarol to mice were investigated. The zonarol (20-600 ng/mL) in this study was dose-dependently detected using an HPLC-FI system as a single peak on the ODS column with 80% aqueous methanol at 332 nm with an excitation of 293 nm. The pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from a non-compartment analysis of the plasma concentration of zonarol following oral or intravenous treatment in mice. The absolute bioavailability of zonarol was calculated as 25.0%. Interestingly, the maximal distribution of zonarol in the brain (2.525 ± 1.334 µg/g tissue) at 30 min was observed to be higher and slower than that in the liver and kidney at 15 min after bolus intravenous administrations to the mice (10 mg/kg BW). Based on these results, zonarol might be a candidate for a potential drug, an effective tool for drug delivery, or enhancing the treatment of cerebral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Fei
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koyama
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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6
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Chen H, Zhang S, Fang Q, He H, Ren J, Sun D, Lai J, Ma A, Chen Z, Liu L, Liang R, Cai L. Biomimetic Nanosonosensitizers Combined with Noninvasive Ultrasound Actuation to Reverse Drug Resistance and Sonodynamic-Enhanced Chemotherapy against Orthotopic Glioblastoma. ACS NANO 2023; 17:421-436. [PMID: 36573683 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating brain tumor and highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Herein, we introduce biomimetic nanosonosensitizer systems (MDNPs) combined with noninvasive ultrasound (US) actuation for orthotopic GBM-targeted delivery and sonodynamic-enhanced chemotherapy. MDNPs were fabricated with biodegradable and pH-sensitive polyglutamic acid (PGA) and the chemotherapeutic agent and sonosensitizer doxorubicin (DOX), camouflaged with human GBM U87 cell membranes. MDNPs presented homologous targeting accumulation and in vivo long-term circulation ability. They effectively passed through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under US assistance and reached the orthotopic GBM site. MDNPs exhibited controllable US-elicited sonodynamic effect by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS not only induced cancer cell apoptosis but also downregulated drug-resistance-related factors to disrupt chemoresistance and increase sensitivity to chemotherapy. The in vivo study of orthotopic GBM treatments further proved that MDNPs exhibited US-augmented synergistic antitumor efficacy and strongly prolonged the survival rate of mice. The use of low-dose DOX and the safety of US enabled repeated treatment (4 times) without obvious cardiotoxicity. This effective and safe US-enhanced chemotherapy strategy with the advantages of noninvasive brain delivery and high drug sensitivity holds great promise for deep-seated and drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Quan Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Huamei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Da Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jiazheng Lai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Aiqing Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Formulation Technology, Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ze Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ruijing Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab for Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai 519000, P.R. China
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7
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Feng W, Zhang Y, Sun P, Xiao M. Acquired immunity and Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:15-29. [PMID: 36165328 PMCID: PMC9898041 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive defects. The role of the central immune system dominated by microglia in the progression of AD has been extensively investigated. However, little is known about the peripheral immune system in AD pathogenesis. Recently, with the discovery of the meningeal lymphatic vessels and glymphatic system, the roles of the acquired immunity in the maintenance of central homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases have attracted an increasing attention. The T cells not only regulate the function of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells, but also participate in the clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Apart from producing antibodies to bind Aβ peptides, the B cells affect Aβ-related cascades via a variety of antibody-independent mechanisms. This review systemically summarizes the recent progress in understanding pathophysiological roles of the T cells and B cells in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,Weixi Feng, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25-86869338; E-mail:
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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8
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Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Li C, Li X, Chu Y, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Xia W, Liu P, Chen H, Wang Y, Li C, Sun T, Jiang C. Microenvironment-tailored micelles restrain carcinoma-astrocyte crosstalk for brain metastasis. J Control Release 2022; 349:520-532. [PMID: 35820539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast-to-brain metastatic cells can interact with the surrounding cells, including astrocytes and microglia, to generate a pro-tumorigenic niche. Breast-to-brain metastasis can be treated using a dual strategy of eliminating metastatic tumor cells and normalizing their localized microenvironment. The effective accumulation of drugs at the action site of metastasis is crucial to realizing the above strategy, especially when dealing with the blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrating and tumor-targeting tactics. Here, we establish an in-situ microenvironment-tailored micelle (T-M/siRNA) to co-deliver therapeutic siRNA and paclitaxel (PTX) into the breast-to-brain metastasis. Anchored with a D-type cyclic peptide, T-M/siRNA can penetrate the BBB and subsequently target the brain metastases. Upon internalization by metastatic tumor cells, T-M/siRNA can release PTX in the high-level glutathione (GSH), resulting in killing cancer cells. Meanwhile, the micellar structure is dissociated, resulting in lowering the charge density to release the loaded siRNA that can targeted downregulate the expression of protocadherin 7 (PCDH7). Treatment of model mice revealed that T-M/siRNA can inhibit the abnormal activation of astrocytes and immunosuppressive activation of microglia, resulting in significantly enhanced synergistic anti-tumor efficacy. This study indicates that the micelle system can serve as a hopeful strategy to treat breast-to-brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongchao Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiyi Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peixin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chufeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, China.
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9
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An insilico study of KLK-14 protein and its inhibition with curcumin and its derivatives. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Xiong M, Feng Y, Huang S, Lv S, Deng Y, Li M, Wang P, Luo M, Wen H, Zhang W. Teriparatide induces angiogenesis in ischemic cerebral infarction zones of rats through AC/PKA signaling and reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112728. [PMID: 35220030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Teriparatide is a commonly used drug indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Teriparatide can also upregulate Ang-1 expression through the AC/PKA signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis. At present, promoting angiogenesis is a promising but unrealized strategy for the treatment of ischemic cerebral infarction. However, there are few studies on the application of teriparatide in the treatment of cerebral infarction. We used teriparatide to treat ischemic cerebral infarction in rats and obtained three major findings. First, teriparatide can promote angiogenesis, reduce cerebral infarct size, and increase cerebral perfusion by upregulating Ang-1 expression. Second, teriparatide can promote the expression of HO1, SOD2 and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 by upregulating Nrf2 expression. Third, we further found that teriparatide can mitigate blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema by downregulating the expressions of MMP9, Ang-2 and AQP4. Our results indicate that teriparatide is neuroprotective through multiple mechanisms of action that include promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, protecting blood-brain barrier, and reducing brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moliang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of the 74th Group Army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Shujie Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Siyuan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuhao Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Minjie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Huangtao Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wangming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510282, China.
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11
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Shao S, Cheng X, Zheng R, Zhang S, Yu Z, Wang H, Wang W, Ye Q. Sex-related deposition and metabolism of vanisulfane, a novel vanillin-derived pesticide, in rats and its hepatotoxic and gonadal effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152545. [PMID: 34952065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of vanillin derivatives have recently been synthesized as effective candidate antiviral agents, with vanisulfane exhibiting pronounced curative and protective activities against cucumber mosaic virus and potato virus Y. However, research on some new pesticides usually ignores their various metabolites and sex-related toxicity. Assisted by 14C labeling, a trial was conducted to investigate the tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of vanisulfane in male and female rats for the first time. The results showed that 83.30-87.51% of applied 14C activity was excreted in urine and feces within 24 h of oral administration, and 14C was most abundant in the liver and kidney in both sexes. Interestingly, sex differences were observed in the experiment, with lower body clearance in males than in females 24 h after treatment and preferences for biliary and renal excretion of the pesticide in male and female rats, respectively. A high degradation rate was found for vanisulfane in the plasma; thus, the metabolites of vanisulfane were investigated using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) combined with 14C labeling. One glucuronic acid conjugate and two oxidation metabolites were detected, supporting the monitoring of vanisulfane in vivo. Additionally, rats exposed to vanisulfane exhibited hepatic steatosis in both sexes, along with mild gonadal effects in males. This research offers an effective method for conducting environmental behavioral research and provides new insights for evaluating the potential risks of novel pesticides in mammals from a sex perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Shao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ruonan Zheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Walter FR, Santa-Maria AR, Mészáros M, Veszelka S, Dér A, Deli MA. Surface charge, glycocalyx, and blood-brain barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1904773. [PMID: 34003072 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1904773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative surface charge of brain microvessel endothelial cells is derived from the special composition of their membrane lipids and the thick endothelial surface glycocalyx. They are important elements of the unique defense systems of the blood-brain barrier. The tissue-specific properties, components, function and charge of the brain endothelial glycocalyx have only been studied in detail in the past 15 years. This review highlights the importance of the negative surface charge in the permeability of macromolecules and nanoparticles as well as in drug interactions. We discuss surface charge and glycoxalyx changes in pathologies related to the brain microvasculature and protective measures against glycocalyx shedding and damage. We present biophysical techniques, including a microfluidic chip device, to measure surface charge of living brain endothelial cells and imaging methods for visualization of surface charge and glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana R Santa-Maria
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Dér
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Zhang Q, Zheng M, Betancourt CE, Liu L, Sitikov A, Sladojevic N, Zhao Q, Zhang JH, Liao JK, Wu R. Increase in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Permeability Is Regulated by MMP3 via the ERK Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6655122. [PMID: 33859779 PMCID: PMC8026308 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the exchange of molecules between the brain and peripheral blood and is composed primarily of microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), which form the lining of cerebral blood vessels and are linked via tight junctions (TJs). The BBB is regulated by components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) remodels the ECM's basal lamina, which forms part of the BBB. Oxidative stress is implicated in activation of MMPs and impaired BBB. Thus, we investigated whether MMP3 modulates BBB permeability. METHODS Experiments included in vivo assessments of isoflurane anesthesia and dye extravasation from brain in wild-type (WT) and MMP3-deficient (MMP3-KO) mice, as well as in vitro assessments of the integrity of monolayers of WT and MMP3-KO BMVECs and the expression of junction proteins. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, measurements of isoflurane usage and anesthesia induction time were higher in MMP3-KO mice and lower in WT that had been treated with MMP3 (WT+MMP3), while anesthesia emergence times were shorter in MMP3-KO mice and longer in WT+MMP3 mice than in WT. Extravasation of systemically administered dyes was also lower in MMP3-KO mouse brains and higher in WT+MMP3 mouse brains, than in the brains of WT mice. The results from both TEER and Transwell assays indicated that MMP3 deficiency (or inhibition) increased, while MMP3 upregulation reduced barrier integrity in either BMVEC or the coculture. MMP3 deficiency also increased the abundance of TJs and VE-cadherin proteins in BMVECs, and the protein abundance declined when MMP3 activity was upregulated in BMVECs, but not when the cells were treated with an inhibitor of extracellular signal related-kinase (ERK). CONCLUSION MMP3 increases BBB permeability following the administration of isoflurane by upregulating the ERK signaling pathway, which subsequently reduces TJ and VE-cadherin proteins in BMVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | | | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Albert Sitikov
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Nikola Sladojevic
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, USA
| | - John H. Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Rongxue Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences Division-Cardiology, University of Chicago, USA
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14
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Zang L, Yang B, Zhang M, Cui J, Ma X, Wei L. Trelagliptin Mitigates Macrophage Infiltration by Preventing the Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Brain of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1016-1023. [PMID: 33728903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a significant cardiovascular disease that influences the health of human beings all over the world, especially the elderly population. It is reported that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be easily destroyed by stroke, which is one of the main factors responsible for macrophage infiltration and central nervous inflammation. Here, we report the protective effects of Trelagliptin against BBB injury and macrophage infiltration. Our results indicate that the infraction volume, the neurological score, and macrophage infiltration staining with CD68 were increased in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice but significantly reversed by treatment with Trelagliptin. Additionally, Trelagliptin reduced the permeability of the BBB by increasing the expression of the tight junction zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) in the cerebral cortex. In an in vitro hypoxia model of endothelial cells, the increased migration of macrophages, enlarged permeability of endothelial monolayer, downregulation of ZO-1, and elevated expression level of CXCL1 by hypoxic conditions were all reversed by treatment with Trelagliptin in a dose-dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that Trelagliptin might mitigate macrophage infiltration by preventing the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in the brains of MCAO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li'e Zang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Jingwen Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
| | - Linlin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
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15
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Abd-Allah H, Nasr M, Ahmed-Farid OAH, El-Marasy SA, Bakeer RM, Ahmed RF. Biological and Pharmacological Characterization of Ascorbic Acid and Nicotinamide Chitosan Nanoparticles against Insulin-Resistance-Induced Cognitive Defects: A Comparative Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3587-3601. [PMID: 33585742 PMCID: PMC7876703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High consumption of industrialized food with high fat content is generally associated with insulin resistance, which in turn causes memory impairment and cognitive decline. Nicotinamide and ascorbic acid are among the promising neuroprotective molecules; however, an appreciable therapeutic activity necessitates the administration of a large dose of either. Therefore, the study aimed to assess if loading them in chitosan nanoparticles in doses 5-10 times lower than the unencapsulated forms would achieve comparable therapeutic results. Animals were fed a high-fat-high-fructose (HFHF) diet for 75 days. The vitamins in their conventional form (100 mg/kg) and the nanoparticles under investigation (10 and 20 mg/kg) were given orally concomitantly with the diet in the last 15 days. The intake of HFHF diet for 75 days led to an insulin-resistant state, with memory impairment, which was verified behaviorally through the object recognition test. This was accompanied by significant reduction in brain insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), increased acetylcholine esterase activity, increase in the serotonin and dopamine turnover ratio, and increase in oxidative stress and 8-OHdG, indicating cellular DNA fragmentation. Cellular energy was also decreased, and immunohistochemical examination verified the high immunoreactivity in both the cortex and hippocampus of the brain. The administration of nanoparticulated nicotinamide or ascorbic acid with a 10 times lesser dose than the unencapsulated forms managed to reverse all aforementioned harmful effects, with an even lesser immunoreactivity score than the unencapsulated form. Therefore, it can be concluded that nicotinamide or ascorbic acid chitosan nanoparticles can be recommended as daily supplements for neuroprotection in patients suffering from insulin resistance after conduction of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Abd-Allah
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Organization Unity Street, 11561 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Organization Unity Street, 11561 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar A. H. Ahmed-Farid
- Department
of Physiology, National Organization for
Drug Control and Research, 35521 Giza, Egypt
| | - Salma A. El-Marasy
- Department
of Pharmacology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Rofanda M. Bakeer
- Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan
University, 11795 Helwan, Egypt
- October
University of Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) University, 12451 6th October
City, Egypt
| | - Rania F. Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmacology, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt
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16
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Liu L, Li Y, Peng H, Liu R, Ji W, Shi Z, Shen J, Ma G, Zhang X. Targeted exosome coating gene-chem nanocomplex as "nanoscavenger" for clearing α-synuclein and immune activation of Parkinson's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eaba3967. [PMID: 33310840 PMCID: PMC7732192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The most critical problem in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is brain neuronal protection, which can be overcome by clearing pathological substances and regulating the immune environment. In the above treatment strategies, the traditional poor drug delivery problem is inevitable. Here, we show an engineering core-shell hybrid system named rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) peptide-modified exosome (EXO) curcumin/phenylboronic acid-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate) nanoparticle/small interfering RNA targeting SNCA (REXO-C/ANP/S). It is a nanoscavenger for clearing α-synuclein aggregates and reducing their cytotoxicity in Parkinson's disease neurons. The motor behavior of Parkinson's disease mice is substantially improved after REXO-C/ANP/S treatment. In particular, we demonstrate that REXO-C/ANP/S is also a nanoscavenger for clearing immune activation due to its natural immature dendritic cell EXO coating. Our findings show that REXO-C/ANP/S may serve as a platform for neurodegenerative diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhuyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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17
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Razmara E, Azimi H, Tavasoli AR, Fallahi E, Sheida SV, Eidi M, Bitaraf A, Farjami Z, Daneshmand MA, Garshasbi M. Novel neuroclinical findings of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly 15 in a consanguineous Iranian family. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104096. [PMID: 33186761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2A (MFSD2A) is required for brain uptake of Docosahexaenoic acid and Lysophosphatidylcholine, both are essential for the normal neural development and function. Mutations in MFSD2A dysregulate the activity of this transporter in brain endothelial cells and can lead to microcephaly. In this study, we describe an 11-year-old male who is affected by autosomal recessive primary microcephaly 15. This patient also shows severe intellectual disability, recurrent respiratory and renal infections, low birth weight, and developmental delay. After doing clinical and neuroimaging evaluations, due to heterogeneity of neurogenetic disorders, no narrow clinical diagnosis was possible, therefore, we utilized targeted-exome sequencing to identify any causative genetic factors. This revealed a homozygous in-frame deletion (NM_001136493.1: c.241_243del; p.(Val81del)) in the MFSD2A gene as the most likely disease-susceptibility variant which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Neuroimaging revealed lateral ventricular asymmetry, corpus callosum hypoplasia, type B of cisterna magna, and widening of Sylvian fissures. All of these novel phenotypes are associated with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-15 (MCPH15). According to the genotype-phenotype data, p.(Val81del) can be considered a likely pathogenic variant leading to non-lethal microcephaly. However, further cumulative data and molecular approaches are required to accurately identify genotype-phenotype correlations in MFSD2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeyra Azimi
- Pediatrician-official Genetic Counselor, Dr. Azimi Genetic Counseling Center, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Fallahi
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Valeh Sheida
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Eidi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Bitaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Farjami
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Wang Z, Liu CH, Huang S, Fu Z, Tomita Y, Britton WR, Cho SS, Chen CT, Sun Y, Ma JX, He X, Chen J. Wnt signaling activates MFSD2A to suppress vascular endothelial transcytosis and maintain blood-retinal barrier. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7457. [PMID: 32923627 PMCID: PMC7455181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) causes retinal edema and vision loss. We investigated the role of Wnt signaling in maintaining the BRB by limiting transcytosis. Mice lacking either the Wnt co-receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5-/- ) or the Wnt ligand Norrin (Ndpy/- ) exhibit increased retinal vascular leakage and enhanced endothelial transcytosis. Wnt signaling directly controls the transcription of an endothelium-specific transcytosis inhibitor, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A), in a β-catenin-dependent manner. MFSD2A overexpression reverses Wnt deficiency-induced transcytosis in endothelial cells and in retinas. Moreover, Wnt signaling mediates MFSD2A-dependent vascular endothelium transcytosis through a caveolin-1 (CAV-1)-positive caveolae pathway. In addition, levels of omega-3 fatty acids are also decreased in Wnt signaling-deficient retinas, reflecting the basic function of MFSD2A as a lipid transporter. Our findings uncovered the Wnt/β-catenin/MFSD2A/CAV-1 axis as a key pathway governing endothelium transcytosis and inner BRB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William R. Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve S. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chuck T. Chen
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xi He
- The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Ghali MGZ, Marchenko V, Yaşargil MG, Ghali GZ. Structure and function of the perivascular fluid compartment and vertebral venous plexus: Illumining a novel theory on mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, cerebral small vessel, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105022. [PMID: 32687942 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood dynamically and richly supplies the cerebral tissue via microvessels invested in pia matter perforating the cerebral substance. Arteries penetrating the cerebral substance derive an investment from one or two successive layers of pia mater, luminally apposed to the pial-glial basal lamina of the microvasculature and abluminally apposed to a series of aquaporin IV-studded astrocytic end feet constituting the soi-disant glia limitans. The full investment of successive layers forms the variably continuous walls of the periarteriolar, pericapillary, and perivenular divisions of the perivascular fluid compartment. The pia matter disappears at the distal periarteriolar division of the perivascular fluid compartment. Plasma from arteriolar blood sequentially transudates into the periarteriolar division of the perivascular fluid compartment and subarachnoid cisterns in precession to trickling into the neural interstitium. Fluid from the neural interstitium successively propagates into the venules through the subarachnoid cisterns and perivenular division of the perivascular fluid compartment. Fluid fluent within the perivascular fluid compartment flows gegen the net direction of arteriovenular flow. Microvessel oscillations at the central tendency of the cerebral vasomotion generate corresponding oscillations of within the surrounding perivascular fluid compartment, interposed betwixt the abluminal surface of the vessels and internal surface of the pia mater. The precise microanatomy of this most fascinating among designable spaces has eluded the efforts of various investigators to interrogate its structure, though most authors non-consensusly concur the investing layers effectively and functionally segregate the perivascular and subarachnoid fluid compartments. Enlargement of the perivascular fluid compartment in a variety of neurological disorders, including senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type and cerebral small vessel disease, may alternately or coordinately constitute a correlative marker of disease severity and a possible cause implicated in the mechanistic pathogenesis of these conditions. Venular pressures modulating oscillatory dynamic flow within the perivascular fluid compartment may similarly contribute to the development of a variety among neurological disorders. An intimate understanding of subtle features typifying microanatomy and microphysiology of the investing structures and spaces of the cerebral microvasculature may powerfully inform mechanistic pathophysiology mediating a variety of neurovascular ischemic, neuroinfectious, neuroautoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael George Zaki Ghali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
| | - Vitaliy Marchenko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States; Department of Neurophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Neuroscience, Московский государственный университет имени М. В., Ломоносова GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - M Gazi Yaşargil
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Zaki Ghali
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, Virginia, USA; Emeritus Professor of Toxicology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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21
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Hachem M, Belkouch M, Lo Van A, Picq M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. Brain targeting with docosahexaenoic acid as a prospective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and its passage across blood brain barrier. Biochimie 2020; 170:203-211. [PMID: 32014503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the main omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain tissues necessary for common brain growth and function. DHA can be provided to the body through two origins: an exogenous origin, from direct dietary intakes and an endogenous one, from the bioconversion of the essential α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) in the liver. In humans, the biosynthesis of DHA from its precursor ALA is very low. A reduction in the cerebral amount of DHA is detected in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Considering the vital functions of DHA for the brain, new methodologies to target the brain with DHA offers encouraging perceptions in the improvement of precautionary and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review was to provide better understanding of the cerebral uptake of DHA in different form including free fatty acids, Lysophosphatidylcholines LysoPC-DHA as well as structured phospholipids. First, we explored the special structure of the blood-brain barrier BBB, BBB being a physical and metabolic barrier with restrictive properties. Then, we discussed the incorporation of DHA into the membrane phospholipids of the brain, the neuroprotective and therapeutic effect of DHA for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Hachem
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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22
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Neumann EK, Ellis JF, Triplett AE, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Lipid Analysis of 30 000 Individual Rodent Cerebellar Cells Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7871-7878. [PMID: 31122012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell measurements aid our understanding of chemically heterogeneous systems such as the brain. Lipids are one of the least studied chemical classes, and their cell-to-cell heterogeneity remains largely unexplored. We adapted microscopy-guided single-cell profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to profile the lipid composition of over 30 000 individual rat cerebellar cells. We detected 520 lipid features, many of which were found in subsets of cells; Louvain clustering identified 101 distinct groups that can be correlated to neuronal and astrocytic classifications and lipid classes. Overall, the two most common lipids found were [PC(32:0)+H]+ and [PC(34:1)+H]+, which were present within 98.9 and 89.5% of cells, respectively; lipid signals present in <1% of cells were also detected, including [PC(34:1)+K]+ and [PG(40:2(OH))+Na]+. These results illustrate the vast lipid heterogeneity found within rodent cerebellar cells and hint at the distinct functional consequences of this heterogeneity.
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23
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Yu S, Xu X, Feng J, Liu M, Hu K. Chitosan and chitosan coating nanoparticles for the treatment of brain disease. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:282-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:21-78. [PMID: 30280653 PMCID: PMC6335099 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00050.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1086] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the brain. At the same time, the BBB regulates transport of molecules into and out of the central nervous system (CNS), which maintains tightly controlled chemical composition of the neuronal milieu that is required for proper neuronal functioning. In this review, we first examine molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the BBB. Then, we focus on BBB transport physiology, endothelial and pericyte transporters, and perivascular and paravascular transport. Next, we discuss rare human monogenic neurological disorders with the primary genetic defect in BBB-associated cells demonstrating the link between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration. Then, we review the effects of genes underlying inheritance and/or increased susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on BBB in relation to other pathologies and neurological deficits. We next examine how BBB dysfunction relates to neurological deficits and other pathologies in the majority of sporadic AD, PD, and ALS cases, multiple sclerosis, other neurodegenerative disorders, and acute CNS disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and epilepsy. Lastly, we discuss BBB-based therapeutic opportunities. We conclude with lessons learned and future directions, with emphasis on technological advances to investigate the BBB functions in the living human brain, and at the molecular and cellular level, and address key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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25
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Ju F, Ran Y, Zhu L, Cheng X, Gao H, Xi X, Yang Z, Zhang S. Increased BBB Permeability Enhances Activation of Microglia and Exacerbates Loss of Dendritic Spines After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:236. [PMID: 30123113 PMCID: PMC6085918 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can induce rapid disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB). It has been suggested that increased BBB permeability can affect the pathological progression of ischemic tissue. However, the impact of increased BBB permeability on microglial activation and synaptic structures following reperfusion after ischemia remains unclear. In this study, we investigated microglial activation, dendritic damage and plasticity of dendritic spines after increasing BBB permeability following transient global cerebral ischemia in the somatosensory cortices in mice. Bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCAL) was used to induce transient global cerebral ischemia. Mannitol was used to increase the BBB permeability. Intravital two-photon imaging was performed to image the dendritic structures and BBB extravasation. Microglial morphology was quantitated using a skeletonization analysis method. To evaluate inflammation of cerebral cortex, the mRNA expression levels of integrin alpha M (CD11b), CD68, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (IP10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured by fluorescent quantitative PCR. Intravital two-photon imaging revealed that mannitol caused a drastic increase in BBB extravasation during reperfusion after transient global ischemia. Increased BBB permeability induced by mannitol had no significant effect on inflammation and dendritic spines in healthy mice but triggered a marked de-ramification of microglia; importantly, in ischemic animals, mannitol accelerated de-ramification of microglia and aggravated inflammation at 3 h but not at 3 days following reperfusion after ischemia. Although mannitol did not cause significant change in the percentage of blebbed dendrites and did not affect the reversible recovery of the dendritic structures, excessive extravasation was accompanied with significant decrease in spine formation and increase in spine elimination during reperfusion in ischemic mice. These findings suggest that increased BBB permeability induced by mannitol can lead to acute activation of microglia and cause excessive loss of dendritic spines after transient global cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Ju
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ran
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lirui Zhu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cheng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanli Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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26
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Jiang Y, Yang W, Zhang J, Meng F, Zhong Z. Protein Toxin Chaperoned by LRP-1-Targeted Virus-Mimicking Vesicles Induces High-Efficiency Glioblastoma Therapy In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800316. [PMID: 29893017 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a most intractable and high-mortality malignancy because of its extremely low drug accessibility resulting from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, it is reported that angiopep-2-directed and redox-responsive virus-mimicking polymersomes (ANG-PS) (angiopep-2 is a peptide targeting to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1)) can efficiently and selectively chaperone saporin (SAP), a highly potent natural protein toxin, to orthotopic human glioblastoma xenografts in nude mice. Unlike chemotherapeutics, free SAP has a low cytotoxicity. SAP-loaded ANG-PS displays, however, a striking antitumor activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 30.2 × 10-9 m) toward U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells in vitro as well as high BBB transcytosis and glioblastoma accumulation in vivo. The systemic administration of SAP-loaded ANG-PS to U-87 MG orthotopic human-glioblastoma-bearing mice brings about little side effects, effective tumor inhibition, and significantly improved survival rate. The protein toxins chaperoned by LRP-1-targeted virus-mimicking vesicles emerge as a novel and highly promising treatment modality for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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27
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Watanabe Y, Kobayashi I, Ohnaka T, Watanabe S. In vitro synthesis of phospholipids with yeast phospholipase B, a phospholipid deacylating enzyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:e00250. [PMID: 29876301 PMCID: PMC5989593 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae PLB enzyme was expressed in E. coli. Purified Scplb1p exhibited deacylation activity. Purified Scplb1p transacylated LPC to PC and esterified LPC with FFA.
The gene encoding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phospholipid deacylation enzyme, phospholipase B (ScPLB1), was successfully expressed in E. coli. The enzyme (Scplb1p) was engineered to have a histidine-tag at the C-terminal end and was purified by metal (Ni) affinity chromatography. Enzymatic properties, optimal pH, and substrate specificity were similar to those reported previously. For example, deacylation activity was observed in acidic pH in the absence of Ca2+ and was additive in neutral pH in the presence of Ca2+, and the enzyme had the same substrate priority as reported previously, with the exception of PE, suggesting that yeast phospholipase B could be produced in its native structure in bacterial cells. Scplb1p retained transacylation activity in aqueous medium, and esterified lysophosphatidylcholine with free fatty acid to form phosphatidylcholine in a non-aqueous, glycerin medium. We propose that phospholipase B could serve as an additional tool for in vitro enzyme-mediated phospholipid synthesis.
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Key Words
- CL, cardiolipin
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELSD, evaporated light scattering detector
- Enzyme-mediated phospholipid synthesis
- Esterification
- FFA, free fatty acid
- HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PLB, phospholipase B
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- Phospholipid deacylating enzyme
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae phospholipase B
- Transacylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Itsuki Kobayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takanori Ohnaka
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Seiya Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
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28
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Dragoni S, Turowski P. Polarised VEGFA Signalling at Vascular Blood–Neural Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051378. [PMID: 29734754 PMCID: PMC5983809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At blood–neural barriers, endothelial VEGFA signalling is highly polarised, with entirely different responses being triggered by luminal or abluminal stimulation. These recent findings were made in a field which is still in its mechanistic infancy. For a long time, endothelial polarity has intuitively been presumed, and likened to that of epithelial cells, but rarely demonstrated. In the cerebral and the retinal microvasculature, the uneven distribution of VEGF receptors 1 and 2, with the former predominant on the luminal and the latter on the abluminal face of the endothelium, leads to a completely polarised signalling response to VEGFA. Luminal VEGFA activates VEGFR1 homodimers and AKT, leading to a cytoprotective response, whilst abluminal VEGFA induces vascular leakage via VEGFR2 homodimers and p38. Whilst these findings do not provide a complete picture of VEGFA signalling in the microvasculature—there are still unclear roles for heterodimeric receptor complexes as well as co-receptors—they provide essential insight into the adaptation of vascular systems to environmental cues that are naturally different, depending on whether they are present on the blood or tissue side. Importantly, sided responses are not only restricted to VEGFA, but exist for other important vasoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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29
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Dumpati R, Ramatenki V, Vadija R, Vellanki S, Vuruputuri U. Structural insights into suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 protein- identification of new leads for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2706. [PMID: 29630758 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study considers the Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) protein as a novel Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) drug target. T2DM in human beings is also triggered by the over expression of SOCS proteins. The SOCS1 acts as a ubiquitin ligase (E3), degrades Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 and 2 (IRS1 and IRS2) proteins, and causes insulin resistance. Therefore, the structure of the SOCS1 protein was evaluated using homology-modeling and molecular dynamics methods and validated using standard computational protocols. The Protein-Protein docking study of SOCS1 with its natural substrates, IRS1 and IRS2, and subsequent solvent accessible surface area analysis gave insight into the binding region of the SOCS1 protein. The in silico active site prediction tools highlight the residues Val155 to Ile211 in SOCS1 being implicated in the ubiquitin mediated protein degradation of the proteins IRS1 and IRS2. Virtual screening in the active site region, using large structural databases, results in selective lead structures with 3-Pyridinol, Xanthine, and Alanine moieties as Pharmacophore. The virtual screening study shows that the residues Glu149, Gly187, Arg188, Leu191, and Ser205 of the SOCS1 are important for binding. The docking study with current anti-diabetic therapeutics shows that the drugs Glibenclamide and Glyclopyramide have a partial affinity towards SOCS1. The predicted ADMET and IC50 properties for the identified ligands are within the acceptable range with drug-like properties. The structural data of SOCS1, its active site, and the identified lead structures are expedient in the development of new T2DM therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Dumpati
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Vishwanath Ramatenki
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Rajender Vadija
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Santhiprada Vellanki
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Uma Vuruputuri
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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30
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Ramalho AF, Bombassaro B, Dragano NR, Solon C, Morari J, Fioravante M, Barbizan R, Velloso LA, Araujo EP. Dietary fats promote functional and structural changes in the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface-the protective role for BDNF. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 29316939 PMCID: PMC5761204 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of large amounts of dietary fats activates an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, damaging key neurons involved in the regulation of caloric intake and energy expenditure. It is currently unknown why the mediobasal hypothalamus is the main target of diet-induced brain inflammation. We hypothesized that dietary fats can damage the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface. METHODS Swiss mice were fed on a high-fat diet, and molecular and structural studies were performed employing real-time PCR, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and metabolic measurements. RESULTS The consumption of a high fat diet was sufficient to increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the median eminence, preceding changes in other circumventricular regions. In addition, it led to an early loss of the structural organization of the median eminence β1-tanycytes. This was accompanied by an increase in the hypothalamic expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The immunoneutralization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor worsened diet-induced functional damage of the median eminence blood/spinal fluid interface, increased diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, and increased body mass gain. CONCLUSIONS The median eminence/spinal fluid interface is affected at the functional and structural levels early after introduction of a high-fat diet. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor provides an early protection against damage, which is lost upon a persisting consumption of large amounts of dietary fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina F Ramalho
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bombassaro
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R Dragano
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Carina Solon
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Milena Fioravante
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Roberta Barbizan
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- LAV, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil.
| | - Eliana P Araujo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
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31
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Montagne A, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Alzheimer's disease: A matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction? J Exp Med 2017; 214:3151-3169. [PMID: 29061693 PMCID: PMC5679168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Montagne et al. examine the role of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder in transgenic models with human APP, PSEN1 and TAU mutations, APOE4 (major genetic risk), and pericyte degeneration causing loss of BBB integrity. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) keeps neurotoxic plasma-derived components, cells, and pathogens out of the brain. An early BBB breakdown and/or dysfunction have been shown in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before dementia, neurodegeneration and/or brain atrophy occur. However, the role of BBB breakdown in neurodegenerative disorders is still not fully understood. Here, we examine BBB breakdown in animal models frequently used to study the pathophysiology of AD, including transgenic mice expressing human amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin 1, and tau mutations, and apolipoprotein E, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. We discuss the role of BBB breakdown and dysfunction in neurodegenerative process, pitfalls in BBB measurements, and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder. Finally, we comment on future approaches and models to better define, at the cellular and molecular level, the underlying mechanisms between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration as a basis for developing new therapies for BBB repair to control neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Haddad-Tóvolli R, Dragano NRV, Ramalho AFS, Velloso LA. Development and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Context of Metabolic Control. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:224. [PMID: 28484368 PMCID: PMC5399017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the brain consumes over 20% of the whole body energy supply. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows dynamic interactions between blood capillaries and the neuronal network in order to provide an adequate control of molecules that are transported in and out of the brain. Alterations in the BBB structure and function affecting brain accessibility to nutrients and exit of toxins are found in a number of diseases, which in turn may disturb brain function and nutrient signaling. In this review we explore the major advances obtained in the understanding of the BBB development and how its structure impacts on function. Furthermore, we focus on the particularities of the barrier permeability in the hypothalamus, its role in metabolic control and the potential impact of hypothalamic BBB abnormities in metabolic related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of CampinasCampinas, Brazil
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Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Is Regulated by Lipid Transport-Dependent Suppression of Caveolae-Mediated Transcytosis. Neuron 2017; 94:581-594.e5. [PMID: 28416077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a constant homeostatic brain environment that is essential for proper neural function. An unusually low rate of vesicular transport (transcytosis) has been identified as one of the two unique properties of CNS endothelial cells, relative to peripheral endothelial cells, that maintain the restrictive quality of the BBB. However, it is not known how this low rate of transcytosis is achieved. Here we provide a mechanism whereby the regulation of CNS endothelial cell lipid composition specifically inhibits the caveolae-mediated transcytotic route readily used in the periphery. An unbiased lipidomic analysis reveals significant differences in endothelial cell lipid signatures from the CNS and periphery, which underlie a suppression of caveolae vesicle formation and trafficking in brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, lipids transported by Mfsd2a establish a unique lipid environment that inhibits caveolae vesicle formation in CNS endothelial cells to suppress transcytosis and ensure BBB integrity.
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Huang N, Cheng S, Zhang X, Tian Q, Pi J, Tang J, Huang Q, Wang F, Chen J, Xie Z, Xu Z, Chen W, Zheng H, Cheng Y. Efficacy of NGR peptide-modified PEGylated quantum dots for crossing the blood-brain barrier and targeted fluorescence imaging of glioma and tumor vasculature. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:83-93. [PMID: 27682740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of imaging agents to brain glioma is challenging because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions as a physiological checkpoint guarding the central nervous system from circulating large molecules. Moreover, the ability of existing probes to target glioma has been insufficient and needs to be improved. In present study, PEG-based long circulation, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs)-based nanoscale and fluorescence, asparagines-glycine-arginine peptides (NGR)-based specific CD13 recognition were integrated to design and synthesize a novel nanoprobe by conjugating biotinylated NGR peptides to avidin-PEG-coated QDs. Our data showed that the NGR-PEG-QDs were nanoscale with less than 100 nm and were stable in various pH (4.0~8.0). These nanomaterials with non-toxic concentrations could cross the BBB and target CD13-overexpressing glioma and tumor vasculature in vitro and in vivo, contributing to fluorescence imaging of this brain malignancy. These achievements allowed groundbreaking technological advances in targeted fluorescence imaging for the diagnosis and surgical removal of glioma, facilitating potential transformation toward clinical nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangli Pi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongye Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weifu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huzhi Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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35
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Chow BW, Gu C. The molecular constituents of the blood-brain barrier. Trends Neurosci 2016; 38:598-608. [PMID: 26442694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains the optimal microenvironment in the central nervous system (CNS) for proper brain function. The BBB comprises specialized CNS endothelial cells with fundamental molecular properties essential for the function and integrity of the BBB. The restrictive nature of the BBB hinders the delivery of therapeutics for many neurological disorders. In addition, recent evidence shows that BBB dysfunction can precede or hasten the progression of several neurological diseases. Despite the physiological significance of the BBB in health and disease, major discoveries of the molecular regulators of BBB formation and function have occurred only recently. This review highlights recent findings describing the molecular determinants and core cellular pathways that confer BBB properties on CNS endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wai Chow
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MN 02115, USA
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MN 02115, USA.
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. In vitro screening of nanomedicines through the blood brain barrier: A critical review. Biomaterials 2016; 103:229-255. [PMID: 27392291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier accounts for the high attrition rate of the treatments of most brain disorders, which therefore remain one of the greatest health-care challenges of the twenty first century. Against this background of hindrance to brain delivery, nanomedicine takes advantage of the assembly at the nanoscale of available biomaterials to provide a delivery platform with potential to raising brain levels of either imaging or therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, to prevent later failure due to ineffective drug levels at the target site, researchers have been endeavoring to develop a battery of in vitro screening procedures that can predict earlier in the drug discovery process the ability of these cutting-edge drug delivery platforms to cross the blood-brain barrier for biomedical purposes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the currently available in vitro blood-brain barrier models (both cell-based and non-cell-based) with the focus on their suitability for understanding the biological brain distribution of forthcoming nanomedicines. The relationship between experimental factors and underlying physiological assumptions that would ultimately lead to a more predictive capacity of their in vivo performance, and those methods already assayed for the evaluation of the brain distribution of nanomedicines are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Zhao Z, Nelson AR, Betsholtz C, Zlokovic BV. Establishment and Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cell 2016; 163:1064-1078. [PMID: 26590417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 992] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional brain connectivity, synaptic activity, and information processing require highly coordinated signal transduction between different cell types within the neurovascular unit and intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions. Here, we examine the mechanisms regulating the formation and maintenance of the BBB and functions of BBB-associated cell types. Furthermore, we discuss the growing evidence associating BBB breakdown with the pathogenesis of inherited monogenic neurological disorders and complex multifactorial diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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38
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Quek DQY, Nguyen LN, Fan H, Silver DL. Structural Insights into the Transport Mechanism of the Human Sodium-dependent Lysophosphatidylcholine Transporter MFSD2A. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9383-94. [PMID: 26945070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A (MFSD2A) was recently characterized as a sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine transporter expressed at the blood-brain barrier endothelium. It is the primary route for importation of docosohexaenoic acid and other long-chain fatty acids into fetal and adult brain and is essential for mouse and human brain growth and function. Remarkably, MFSD2A is the first identified major facilitator superfamily member that uniquely transports lipids, implying that MFSD2A harbors unique structural features and transport mechanism. Here, we present three three-dimensional structural models of human MFSD2A derived by homology modeling using MelB- and LacY-based crystal structures and refined by biochemical analysis. All models revealed 12 transmembrane helices and connecting loops and represented the partially outward-open, outward-partially occluded, and inward-open states of the transport cycle. In addition to a conserved sodium-binding site, three unique structural features were identified as follows: a phosphate headgroup binding site, a hydrophobic cleft to accommodate a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail, and three sets of ionic locks that stabilize the outward-open conformation. Ligand docking studies and biochemical assays identified Lys-436 as a key residue for transport. It is seen forming a salt bridge with the negative charge on the phosphate headgroup. Importantly, MFSD2A transported structurally related acylcarnitines but not a lysolipid without a negative charge, demonstrating the necessity of a negatively charged headgroup interaction with Lys-436 for transport. These findings support a novel transport mechanism by which lysophosphatidylcholines are "flipped" within the transporter cavity by pivoting about Lys-436 leading to net transport from the outer to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Q Y Quek
- From the Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Long N Nguyen
- the Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and
| | - Hao Fan
- the Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138671 Singapore, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, and
| | - David L Silver
- From the Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857,
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39
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Mfsd2a-based pharmacological strategies for drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier. Pharmacol Res 2016; 104:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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40
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Johnson KD, Kong G, Gao X, Chang YI, Hewitt KJ, Sanalkumar R, Prathibha R, Ranheim EA, Dewey CN, Zhang J, Bresnick EH. Cis-regulatory mechanisms governing stem and progenitor cell transitions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500503. [PMID: 26601269 PMCID: PMC4643771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cis-element encyclopedias provide information on phenotypic diversity and disease mechanisms. Although cis-element polymorphisms and mutations are instructive, deciphering function remains challenging. Mutation of an intronic GATA motif (+9.5) in GATA2, encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, underlies an immunodeficiency associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas an inversion relocalizes another GATA2 cis-element (-77) to the proto-oncogene EVI1, inducing EVI1 expression and AML, whether this reflects ectopic or physiological activity is unknown. We describe a mouse strain that decouples -77 function from proto-oncogene deregulation. The -77(-/-) mice exhibited a novel phenotypic constellation including late embryonic lethality and anemia. The -77 established a vital sector of the myeloid progenitor transcriptome, conferring multipotentiality. Unlike the +9.5(-/-) embryos, hematopoietic stem cell genesis was unaffected in -77(-/-) embryos. These results illustrate a paradigm in which cis-elements in a locus differentially control stem and progenitor cell transitions, and therefore the individual cis-element alterations cause unique and overlapping disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby D. Johnson
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Guangyao Kong
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kyle J. Hewitt
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rajendran Sanalkumar
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rajalekshmi Prathibha
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Colin N. Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Blood Research Program, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
The brain, which represents 2% of body mass but consumes 20% of body energy at rest, has a limited capacity to store energy and is therefore highly dependent on oxygen and glucose supply from the blood stream. Normal functioning of neural circuits thus relies on adequate matching between metabolic needs and blood supply. Moreover, not only does the brain need to be densely vascularized, it also requires a tightly controlled environment free of toxins and pathogens to provide the proper chemical composition for synaptic transmission and neuronal function. In this review, we focus on three major factors that ensure optimal brain perfusion and function: the patterning of vascular networks to efficiently deliver blood and nutrients, the function of the blood-brain barrier to maintain brain homeostasis, and the regulation of cerebral blood flow to adequately couple energy supply to neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Andreone
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , ,
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Saeed AA, Genové G, Li T, Hülshorst F, Betsholtz C, Björkhem I, Lütjohann D. Increased flux of the plant sterols campesterol and sitosterol across a disrupted blood brain barrier. Steroids 2015; 99:183-8. [PMID: 25683892 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The intact blood-brain barrier in mammalians prevents exchange of cholesterol loaden particles between periphery and brain and thus nearly all cholesterol in this organ originates from de novo synthesis. Dietary cholesterol homologues from plants, campesterol and sitosterol, are known to get enriched to some extent in the mammalian brain. We recently showed that Pdgfb(ret)(/)(ret) mice, with a pericyte deficiency and a leaking blood-brain barrier phenotype, have significantly higher levels of plant sterols in the brain compared to their heterozygous Pdgfb(ret)(/)(+) controls keeping the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In order to further study the protective functionality of the BBB we synthesized a mixture of [(2)H6]campesterol/sitosterol and fed it for 10-40days to genetically different types of animals. There was a significant enrichment of both deuterium stable isotope labeled plant sterols in the brain of both strains of mice, however, with a lower enrichment in the controls. As expected, the percentage and absolute enrichment was higher for [(2)H6]campesterol than for the more lipophilic [(2)H6]sitosterol. The results confirm that a leaking BBB causes increased flux of plant sterols into the brain. The significant flux of the labeled plant sterols into the brain of the control mice illustrates that the presence of an alkyl group in the 24-position of the steroid side chain markedly increases the ability of cholesterol to pass an intact BBB. We discuss the possibility that there is a specific transport mechanism involved in the flux of alkylated cholesterol species across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Saeed
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute Huddinge, 14186 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Guillem Genové
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Hülshorst
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute Huddinge, 14186 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Mauro C, De Rosa V, Marelli-Berg F, Solito E. Metabolic syndrome and the immunological affair with the blood-brain barrier. Front Immunol 2015; 5:677. [PMID: 25601869 PMCID: PMC4283608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal an increased incidence of obesity worldwide, which is associated with increased prevalence and severity of cognitive disorders. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents the interface between the peripheral circulation and the brain, and plays a fundamental role in the cross-talk between these two compartments. The homeostatic function of the BBB is the protection of the brain from peripheral insult/inflammation. Alterations in the function of the BBB lead to pathologies of the central nervous system. Recently, metabolic imbalance has been shown to be an important risk factor associated with the decline of BBB integrity and function. This has direct etiological consequences on a variety of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies with great impact to society. Priority areas for future preclinical research include strategies to improve clinicians’ ability to diagnose, prevent, and manage BBB abnormalities. In sharp contrast with epidemiological studies and clinical needs, little is known about the mechanisms that link metabolic syndrome to BBB functionality and cognitive disorders. Our view is that immune responses caused by metabolic stress might play a major role in this conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto Per L'Endocrinologia e L'Oncologia Sperimentale "G.Salvatore" - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) , Naples , Italy
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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Chouinard-Watkins R, Plourde M. Fatty acid metabolism in carriers of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele: is it contributing to higher risk of cognitive decline and coronary heart disease? Nutrients 2014; 6:4452-71. [PMID: 25333200 PMCID: PMC4210928 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein playing a pivotal role in lipid homeostasis since it regulates cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism in the blood and the brain. APOE gene regulates the expression of this protein and has three different alleles: ε2, ε3 and ε4. Carrying an APOE4 allele is recognised as a genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Consuming fatty fish, rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LC omega-3), seems to be associated with risk reduction of developing LOAD and CHD but this link seems not to hold in APOE4 carriers, at least in LOAD. In CHD trials, APOE4 carriers supplemented with LC omega-3 were categorized as differential responders to the treatment with regards to CHD risk markers. This is potentially because fatty acid metabolism is disturbed in APOE4 carriers compared to the non-carriers. More specifically, homeostasis of LC omega-3 is disrupted in carriers of APOE4 allele and this is potentially because they β-oxidize more LC omega-3 than the non-carriers. Therefore, there is a potential shift in fatty acid selection for β-oxidation towards LC omega-3 which are usually highly preserved for incorporation into cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada.
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada.
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45
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Adler EM. Of cytokine receptor scissors, grasping bacterial hands, and movement across the blood–brain barrier. J Gen Physiol 2014; 144:5-6. [PMID: 24981227 PMCID: PMC4076517 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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