1
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La Grua A, Rao I, Susani L, Lucchini F, Raimondi E, Vezzoni P, Paulis M. Chromosome Transplantation: Opportunities and Limitations. Cells 2024; 13:666. [PMID: 38667281 PMCID: PMC11048979 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There are thousands of rare genetic diseases that could be treated with classical gene therapy strategies such as the addition of the defective gene via viral or non-viral delivery or by direct gene editing. However, several genetic defects are too complex for these approaches. These "genomic mutations" include aneuploidies, intra and inter chromosomal rearrangements, large deletions, or inversion and copy number variations. Chromosome transplantation (CT) refers to the precise substitution of an endogenous chromosome with an exogenous one. By the addition of an exogenous chromosome and the concomitant elimination of the endogenous one, every genetic defect, irrespective of its nature, could be resolved. In the current review, we analyze the state of the art of this technique and discuss its possible application to human pathology. CT might not be limited to the treatment of human diseases. By working on sex chromosomes, we showed that female cells can be obtained from male cells, since chromosome-transplanted cells can lose either sex chromosome, giving rise to 46,XY or 46,XX diploid cells, a modification that could be exploited to obtain female gametes from male cells. Moreover, CT could be used in veterinary biology, since entire chromosomes containing an advantageous locus could be transferred to animals of zootechnical interest without altering their specific genetic background and the need for long and complex interbreeding. CT could also be useful to rescue extinct species if only male cells were available. Finally, the generation of "synthetic" cells could be achieved by repeated CT into a recipient cell. CT is an additional tool for genetic modification of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela La Grua
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Ilaria Rao
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Lucia Susani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.S.)
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Lucchini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Elena Raimondi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Paolo Vezzoni
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.S.)
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Paulis
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (I.R.); (L.S.)
- UOS Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, 20138 Milan, Italy
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2
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Papaioannou VE, Behringer RR. Isolation of XO Subclones from XY Murine Embryonic Stem Cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:108038. [PMID: 37932090 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot108038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
This is a simple procedure to isolate XO subclones from XY murine embryonic stem cells in situations that require transmission of a mutation through the female germline-for example, if the mutation adversely affects spermatogenesis. XY cells are plated at clonal density, and resulting colonies are genotyped by polymerase chain reaction for a Y-specific probe to identify clones that have spontaneously lost the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Chen Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Liu H, Han J, Zhang H, Cheng L, Lin G. Short C-terminal Musashi-1 proteins regulate pluripotency states in embryonic stem cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113308. [PMID: 37858462 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein Musashi-1 (MSI1) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. However, its role in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and early embryonic development remains poorly understood. Here, we report the presence of short C-terminal MSI1 (MSI1-C) proteins in early mouse embryos and mouse ESCs, but not in human ESCs, under conventional culture conditions. In mouse embryos and mESCs, deletion of MSI1-C together with full-length MSI1 causes early embryonic developmental arrest and pluripotency dissolution. MSI1-C is induced upon naive induction and facilitates hESC naive pluripotency acquisition, elevating the pluripotency of primed hESCs toward a formative-like state. MSI1-C proteins are nuclear localized and bind to RNAs involved in DNA-damage repair (including MLH1, BRCA1, and MSH2), conferring on hESCs better survival in human-mouse interspecies cell competition and prolonged ability to form blastoids. This study identifies MSI1-C as an essential regulator in ESC pluripotency states and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhen Han
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Clinical Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Hayes BH, Zhu PK, Wang M, Pfeifer CR, Xia Y, Phan S, Andrechak JC, Du J, Tobin MP, Anlas A, Dooling LJ, Vashisth M, Irianto J, Lampson MA, Discher DE. Confinement plus myosin-II suppression maximizes heritable loss of chromosomes, as revealed by live-cell ChReporters. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260753. [PMID: 37288769 PMCID: PMC10309578 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical environment of a cell can have many effects, but whether it impacts the DNA sequence of a cell has remained unexamined. To investigate this, we developed a live-cell method to measure changes in chromosome numbers. We edited constitutive genes with GFP or RFP tags on single alleles and discovered that cells that lose Chromosome reporters (ChReporters) become non-fluorescent. We applied our new tools to confined mitosis and to inhibition of the putative tumor suppressor myosin-II. We quantified compression of mitotic chromatin in vivo and demonstrated that similar compression in vitro resulted in cell death, but also rare and heritable ChReptorter loss. Myosin-II suppression rescued lethal multipolar divisions and maximized ChReporter loss during three-dimensional (3D) compression and two-dimensional (2D) lateral confinement, but not in standard 2D culture. ChReporter loss was associated with chromosome mis-segregation, rather than just the number of divisions, and loss in vitro and in mice was selected against in subsequent 2D cultures. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) caused ChReporter loss in 2D culture, as expected, but not during 3D compression, suggesting a SAC perturbation. Thus, ChReporters enable diverse studies of viable genetic changes, and show that confinement and myosin-II affect DNA sequence and mechano-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H. Hayes
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Kuangzheng Zhu
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mai Wang
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Phan
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason C. Andrechak
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Junhong Du
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P. Tobin
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alisya Anlas
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Dooling
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manasvita Vashisth
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A. Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Bayerl J, Laird DJ. Eggs made from male mouse stem cells using error-prone culture. Nature 2023; 615:805-807. [PMID: 36922658 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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6
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Murakami K, Hamazaki N, Hamada N, Nagamatsu G, Okamoto I, Ohta H, Nosaka Y, Ishikura Y, Kitajima TS, Semba Y, Kunisaki Y, Arai F, Akashi K, Saitou M, Kato K, Hayashi K. Generation of functional oocytes from male mice in vitro. Nature 2023; 615:900-906. [PMID: 36922585 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosome disorders severely compromise gametogenesis in both males and females. In oogenesis, the presence of an additional Y chromosome or the loss of an X chromosome disturbs the robust production of oocytes1-5. Here we efficiently converted the XY chromosome set to XX without an additional Y chromosome in mouse pluripotent stem (PS) cells. In addition, this chromosomal alteration successfully eradicated trisomy 16, a model of Down's syndrome, in PS cells. Artificially produced euploid XX PS cells differentiated into mature oocytes in culture with similar efficiency to native XX PS cells. Using this method, we differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells from the tail of a sexually mature male mouse into fully potent oocytes, which gave rise to offspring after fertilization. This study provides insights that could ameliorate infertility caused by sex chromosome or autosomal disorders, and opens the possibility of bipaternal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Murakami
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Okamoto
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nosaka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikura
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya S Kitajima
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Kunisaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Arai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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7
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Unbalanced development and progressive repair in human early mosaic and chimeric embryos. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Wakayama S, Ito D, Hayashi E, Ishiuchi T, Wakayama T. Healthy cloned offspring derived from freeze-dried somatic cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3666. [PMID: 35790715 PMCID: PMC9256722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining biodiversity is an essential task, but storing germ cells as genetic resources using liquid nitrogen is difficult, expensive, and easily disrupted during disasters. Our aim is to generate cloned mice from freeze-dried somatic cell nuclei, preserved at -30 °C for up to 9 months after freeze drying treatment. All somatic cells died after freeze drying, and nucleic DNA damage significantly increased. However, after nuclear transfer, we produced cloned blastocysts from freeze-dried somatic cells, and established nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines. Using these cells as nuclear donors for re-cloning, we obtained healthy cloned female and male mice with a success rate of 0.2-5.4%. Here, we show that freeze-dried somatic cells can produce healthy, fertile clones, suggesting that this technique may be important for the establishment of alternative, cheaper, and safer liquid nitrogen-free bio-banking solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan. .,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan.
| | - Daiyu Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Erika Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishiuchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan. .,Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, 400-8510, Japan.
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9
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Hirata W, Tomoda T, Yuri S, Isotani A. Generation of the Y-chromosome linked red fluorescent protein transgenic mouse model and sexing at the preimplantation stage. Exp Anim 2022; 71:82-89. [PMID: 34544911 PMCID: PMC8828399 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, sexual fate is determined by the chromosomes of the male and female gametes during fertilization. Males (XY) or females (XX) are produced when a sperm containing a Y or X-chromosome respectively fertilizes an X-chromosome-containing unfertilized egg. However, sexing of preimplantation stage embryos cannot be conducted visually. To address this, transgenic male mouse models with the ubiquitously expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene on X- (X-GFP) or Y-chromosomes (Y-GFP) have been established. However, when crossed with wild-type females, sexing of the preimplantation stage embryos by observing the GFP signal is problematic in some cases due to X-inactivation, loss of Y-chromosome (LOY), or loss of transgene fluorescence. In this study, a mouse model with the ubiquitously expressed red fluorescent protein (RFP) transgene on the Y-chromosome was generated since RFP is easily distinguishable from GFP signals. Unfortunately, the ubiquitously expressed tdTomato RFP transgene on the Y-chromosome (Y-RFP) mouse showed the lethal phenotype after birth. No lethal phenotypes were observed when the mitochondrial locating signal N-terminal of tdTomato (mtRFP) was included in the transgene construct. Almost half of the collected fertilized eggs from Y-mtRFP male mice crossed with wild-type females had an RFP signal at the preimplantation stage (E1.5). Therefore, XY eggs were recognized as RFP-positive embryos at the preimplantation stage. Furthermore, 100% sexing was observed at the preimplantation stage using the X-linked GFP/Y-linked RFP male mouse. The established Y-mtRFP mouse models may be used to study sex chromosome related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Hirata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taiki Tomoda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yuri
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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10
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Qin Y, Geng F, Wen D. Generation of sex-reversed female clonal mice via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Y chromosome deletion in male embryonic stem cells. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 170:203-210. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Fu H, Zhang W, Li N, Yang J, Ye X, Tian C, Lu X, Liu L. Elevated retrotransposon activity and genomic instability in primed pluripotent stem cells. Genome Biol 2021; 22:201. [PMID: 34243810 PMCID: PMC8268579 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent two different pluripotent states. Primed PSCs following in vitro culture exhibit lower developmental potency as evidenced by failure in germline chimera assays, unlike mouse naïve PSCs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the lower developmental competency of primed PSCs remain elusive. RESULTS We examine the regulation of telomere maintenance, retrotransposon activity, and genomic stability of primed PSCs and compare them with naïve PSCs. Surprisingly, primed PSCs only minimally maintain telomeres and show fragile telomeres, associated with declined DNA recombination and repair activity, in contrast to naïve PSCs that robustly elongate telomeres. Also, we identify LINE1 family integrant L1Md_T as naïve-specific retrotransposon and ERVK family integrant IAPEz to define primed PSCs, and their transcription is differentially regulated by heterochromatic histones and Dnmt3b. Notably, genomic instability of primed PSCs is increased, in association with aberrant retrotransposon activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that fragile telomere, retrotransposon-associated genomic instability, and declined DNA recombination repair, together with reduced function of cell cycle and mitochondria, increased apoptosis, and differentiation properties may link to compromised developmental potency of primed PSCs, noticeably distinguishable from naïve PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Niannian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Ye X, Tian C, Liu L, Feng G, Jin K, Wang H, Chen J, Liu L. Oncostatin M Maintains Naïve Pluripotency of mESCs by Tetraploid Embryo Complementation (TEC) Assay. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675411. [PMID: 34124061 PMCID: PMC8189179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is essential for maintaining naïve pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines which share gp130 as a receptor subunit, and the OSM-gp130 complex can recruit either LIF receptor β or OSM receptor β. Here we show that OSM can completely replace LIF to maintain naïve pluripotency of ESCs. Mouse ESCs (mESCs) cultured in the presence of LIF or OSM not only express pluripotency genes at similar levels but also exhibit the same developmental pluripotency as evidenced by the generation of germline competent chimeras, supporting previous findings. Moreover, we demonstrate by tetraploid embryo complementation assay, the most stringent functional test of authentic pluripotency that mESCs cultured in OSM produce viable all-ESC pups. Furthermore, telomere length and telomerase activity, which are also crucial for unlimited self-renewal and genomic stability of mESCs, do not differ in mESCs cultured under OSM or LIF. The transcriptome of mESCs cultured in OSM overall is very similar to that of LIF, and OSM activates Stat3 signaling pathway, like LIF. Additionally, OSM upregulates pentose and glucuronate interconversion, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, and steroid and retinol metabolic pathways. Although the significance of these pathways remains to be determined, our data shows that OSM can maintain naïve pluripotent stem cells in the absence of LIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guofeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kairang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Posfai E, Lanner F, Mulas C, Leitch HG. All models are wrong, but some are useful: Establishing standards for stem cell-based embryo models. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1117-1141. [PMID: 33979598 PMCID: PMC8185978 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed studies of the embryo allow an increasingly mechanistic understanding of development, which has proved of profound relevance to human disease. The last decade has seen in vitro cultured stem cell-based models of embryo development flourish, which provide an alternative to the embryo for accessible experimentation. However, the usefulness of any stem cell-based embryo model will be determined by how accurately it reflects in vivo embryonic development, and/or the extent to which it facilitates new discoveries. Stringent benchmarking of embryo models is thus an important consideration for this growing field. Here we provide an overview of means to evaluate both the properties of stem cells, the building blocks of most embryo models, as well as the usefulness of current and future in vitro embryo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Center for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carla Mulas
- Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry G Leitch
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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14
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Depletion of aneuploid cells in human embryos and gastruloids. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:314-321. [PMID: 33837289 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability leading to aneuploidy is pervasive in early human embryos1-3 and is considered as a major cause of infertility and pregnancy wastage4,5. Here we provide several lines of evidence that blastocysts containing aneuploid cells are worthy of in vitro fertilization transfer. First, we show clinically that aneuploid embryos can lead to healthy births, suggesting the presence of an in vivo mechanism to eliminate aneuploidy. Second, early development and cell specification modelled in micropatterned human 'gastruloids' grown in confined geometry show that aneuploid cells are depleted from embryonic germ layers, but not from extraembryonic tissue, by apoptosis in a bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)-dependent manner. Third, a small percentage of euploid cells rescues embryonic tissue in mosaic gastruloids when mixed with aneuploid cells. Finally, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of early human embryos revealed a decline of aneuploidy beginning on day 3. Our findings challenge two current dogmas: that a single trophectoderm biopsy at blastocyst stage to perform prenatal genetic testing can accurately determine the chromosomal make-up of a human embryo, and that aneuploid embryos should be withheld from embryo transfer in association with in vitro fertilization.
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15
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Mostafa Nayel D, Salah El Din Mahrous H, El Din Khalifa E, Kholeif S, Mohamed Elhady G. The Effect of Teratozoospermia on Sex Chromosomes in Human Embryos. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:125-144. [PMID: 33732009 PMCID: PMC7959001 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s299349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of abnormal semen morphology on the frequency of sex chromosomal abnormalities in embryos obtained by ICSI, which represents the first to be studied in Egyptian population. Methods Forty-two couples suffering from male infertility due to teratozoospermia were divided into two groups: patients with severe and moderate teratozoospermia (group A and B, respectively). All involved couples were subjected to careful history taking and had a normal clinical examination and karyotype. Females were subjected to hormonal assays, pelvic ultrasound, hysterosalpingography and yielded normal results, while male partners were subjected to computerized semen analysis. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was performed for all suitably developed embryos including embryo biopsy, fixation of biopsied cells and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Results Couples included in the two groups were found to be homogenous in terms of age of both partners and duration of infertility. Interpretation of FISH results was performed by evaluation of embryos’ chromosomal constitution as regards abnormalities in chromosomes X, Y and 18. Twenty-seven embryos (48.2%) were found chromosomally abnormal in group A, while only 14 embryos (25.0%) were found chromosomally abnormal in group B. Aneuploidies involved only sex chromosomes were tripled in group A embryos when compared to their frequency in group B embryos (26.8% and 8.3%, respectively) with statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.002). Monosomies were the most common type of aneuploidy and were significantly higher in group A (14.3%) when compared to group B (3.6%) (p=0.047). Embryos with mosaic abnormalities were more common in group A (12.5%) when compared to group B (3.6%), however not statistically significantly different (p= 0.162). A significant difference between the two studied groups as regards the total number of potentially viable chromosomal abnormalities detected and the potentially viable sex chromosomal aneuploidies detected (p<0.001 and p=0.002), respectively. Conclusion The cases with severe teratozoospermia undergoing ICSI treatment can display a higher rate of sex chromosome aneuploidies in their embryos (threefold) than cases with moderate teratozoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Mostafa Nayel
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Emad El Din Khalifa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soha Kholeif
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mohamed Elhady
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Qin Y, Wong B, Zhong L, Geng F, Parada LF, Wen D. Generation of Sex-Reversed Female Clonal Mice via CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Y Chromosome Deletion in Male Embryonic Stem Cells. CRISPR J 2021; 4:147-154. [PMID: 33567216 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2020.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice derived entirely from embryonic stem (ES) cells can be generated through tetraploid complementation. Although XY male ES cell lines are commonly used in this system, occasionally, monosomic XO female mice are produced through spontaneous Y chromosome loss. Here, we describe an efficient method to obtain monosomic XO ES cells by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of the Y chromosome, allowing generation of female clonal mice by tetraploid complementation. The monosomic XO female mice are viable and able to produce normal male and female offspring. Direct generation of clonal mice in both sexes can significantly accelerate the production of complex genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Qin
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bokey Wong
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Liangwen Zhong
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fuqiang Geng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luis F Parada
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Duancheng Wen
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Groff AF, Resetkova N, DiDomenico F, Sakkas D, Penzias A, Rinn JL, Eggan K. RNA-seq as a tool for evaluating human embryo competence. Genome Res 2019; 29:1705-1718. [PMID: 31548358 PMCID: PMC6771404 DOI: 10.1101/gr.252981.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The majority of embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) do not implant. It seems plausible that rates of implantation would improve if we had a better understanding of molecular factors affecting embryo competence. Currently, the process of selecting an embryo for uterine transfer uses an ad hoc combination of morphological criteria, the kinetics of development, and genetic testing for aneuploidy. However, no single criterion can ensure selection of a viable embryo. In contrast, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of embryos could yield high-dimensional data, which may provide additional insight and illuminate the discrepancies among current selection criteria. Recent advances enabling the production of RNA-seq libraries from single cells have facilitated the application of this technique to the study of transcriptional events in early human development. However, these studies have not assessed the quality of their constituent embryos relative to commonly used embryological criteria. Here, we perform proof-of-principle advancement to embryo selection procedures by generating RNA-seq libraries from a trophectoderm biopsy as well as the remaining whole embryo. We combine state-of-the-art embryological methods with low-input RNA-seq to develop the first transcriptome-wide approach for assessing embryo competence. Specifically, we show the capacity of RNA-seq as a promising tool in preimplantation screening by showing that biopsies of an embryo can capture valuable information available in the whole embryo from which they are derived. Furthermore, we show that this technique can be used to generate a RNA-based digital karyotype and to identify candidate competence-associated genes. Together, these data establish the foundation for a future RNA-based diagnostic in IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail F Groff
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nina Resetkova
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Boston IVF, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Francesca DiDomenico
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - Alan Penzias
- Boston IVF, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, BioFrontiers, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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18
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Kaczmarczyk L, Bansal V, Rajput A, Rahman RU, Krzyżak W, Degen J, Poll S, Fuhrmann M, Bonn S, Jackson WS. Tagger-A Swiss army knife for multiomics to dissect cell type-specific mechanisms of gene expression in mice. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000374. [PMID: 31393866 PMCID: PMC6701817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A deep understanding of how regulation of the multiple levels of gene expression in mammalian tissues give rise to complex phenotypes has been impeded by cellular diversity. A handful of techniques were developed to tag-select nucleic acids of interest in specific cell types, thereby enabling their capture. We expanded this strategy by developing the Tagger knock-in mouse line bearing a quad-cistronic transgene combining enrichment tools for nuclei, nascent RNA, translating mRNA, and mature microRNA (miRNA). We demonstrate that Tagger can capture the desired nucleic acids, enabling multiple omics approaches to be applied to specific cell types in vivo using a single transgenic mouse line. This Methods and Resources paper describes Tagger, a knock-in mouse line bearing a quad-cistronic transgene that enables the capture of translating mRNAs, mature miRNAs, pulse-labeled total RNA, and the nucleus, all from specific cells of complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lech Kaczmarczyk
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raza-ur Rahman
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiesław Krzyżak
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Degen
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Poll
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SB); (WSJ)
| | - Walker Scot Jackson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (SB); (WSJ)
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19
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Li Y, Kang XJ, Pang JKS, Soh BS, Yu Y, Fan Y. Human germline editing: Insights to future clinical treatment of diseases. Protein Cell 2019; 10:470-475. [PMID: 30430420 PMCID: PMC6588666 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Li
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Xiang Jin Kang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Soh
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Yang Yu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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20
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Permissiveness to form pluripotent stem cells may be an evolutionarily derived characteristic in Mus musculus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14706. [PMID: 30279419 PMCID: PMC6168588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mus musculus is the only known species from which embryonic stem cells (ESC) can be isolated under conditions requiring only leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Other species are non-permissive in LIF media, and form developmentally primed epiblast stem cells (EpiSC) similar to cells derived from post-implantation, egg cylinders. To evaluate whether non-permissiveness extends to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we derived iPSC from the eight founder strains of the mouse Collaborative Cross. Two strains, NOD/ShiLtJ and the WSB/EiJ, were non-permissive, consistent with the previous classification of NOD/ShiLtJ as non-permissive to ESC derivation. We determined non-permissiveness is recessive, and that non-permissive genomes do not compliment. We overcame iPSC non-permissiveness by using GSK3B and MEK inhibitors with serum, a technique we termed 2iS reprogramming. Although used for ESC derivation, GSK3B and MEK inhibitors have not been used during iPSC reprogramming because they inhibit survival of progenitor differentiated cells. iPSC derived in 2iS are more transcriptionally similar to ESC than EpiSC, indicating that 2iS reprogramming acts to overcome genetic background constraints. Finally, of species tested for ESC or iPSC derivation, only some M. musculus strains are permissive under LIF culture conditions suggesting that this is an evolutionarily derived characteristic in the M. musculus lineage.
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21
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Feeders facilitate telomere maintenance and chromosomal stability of embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2620. [PMID: 29976922 PMCID: PMC6033898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeder cells like mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been widely applied for culture of pluripotent stem cells, but their roles remain elusive. Noticeably, ESCs cultured on the feeders display transcriptional heterogeneity. We investigated roles of feeder cells by examining the telomere maintenance. Here we show that telomere is longer in mESCs cultured with than without the feeders. mESC cultures without MEF feeders exhibit telomere loss, chromosomal fusion, and aneuploidy with increasing passages. Notably, feeders facilitate heterogeneous transcription of 2-cell genes including Zscan4 and telomere elongation. Moreover, feeders produce Fstl1 that together with BMP4 periodically activate Zscan4. Interestingly, Zscan4 is repressed in mESCs cultured in 2i (inhibitors of Mek and Gsk3β signaling) media, associated with shorter telomeres and increased chromosome instability. These data suggest the important role of feeders in maintaining telomeres for long-term stable self-renewal and developmental pluripotency of mESCs. Feeder cells are widely used for the culture of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but their specific effects are not well known. Here, the authors demonstrate that mouse ESCs exhibit telomere loss and chromosomal aberrations associated with reduced Zscan4 with increasing passages in the absence of feeders
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22
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Scott GJ, Gruzdev A, Hagler TB, Ray MK. Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29912196 DOI: 10.3791/56955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.
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23
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Hirota T, Ohta H, Powell BE, Mahadevaiah SK, Ojarikre OA, Saitou M, Turner JMA. Fertile offspring from sterile sex chromosome trisomic mice. Science 2017; 357:932-935. [PMID: 28818972 PMCID: PMC5581950 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Having the correct number of chromosomes is vital for normal development and health. Sex chromosome trisomy affects 0.1% of the human population and is associated with infertility. We show that during reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), fibroblasts from sterile trisomic XXY and XYY mice lose the extra sex chromosome through a phenomenon we term trisomy-biased chromosome loss (TCL). Resulting euploid XY iPSCs can be differentiated into the male germ cell lineage and functional sperm that can be used in intracytoplasmic sperm injection to produce chromosomally normal, fertile offspring. Sex chromosome loss is comparatively infrequent during mouse XX and XY iPSC generation. TCL also applies to other chromosomes, generating euploid iPSCs from cells of a Down syndrome mouse model. It can also create euploid iPSCs from human trisomic patient fibroblasts. The findings have relevance to overcoming infertility and other trisomic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hirota
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Benjamin E Powell
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Obah A Ojarikre
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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24
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Lee JH, Laronde S, Collins TJ, Shapovalova Z, Tanasijevic B, McNicol JD, Fiebig-Comyn A, Benoit YD, Lee JB, Mitchell RR, Bhatia M. Lineage-Specific Differentiation Is Influenced by State of Human Pluripotency. Cell Rep 2017; 19:20-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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25
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Kaczmarczyk L, Mende Y, Zevnik B, Jackson WS. Manipulating the Prion Protein Gene Sequence and Expression Levels with CRISPR/Cas9. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154604. [PMID: 27128441 PMCID: PMC4851410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian prion protein (PrP, encoded by Prnp) is most infamous for its central role in prion diseases, invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans, food animals, and animals in the wild. However, PrP is also hypothesized to be an important receptor for toxic protein conformers in Alzheimer's disease, and is associated with other clinically relevant processes such as cancer and stroke. Thus, key insights into important clinical areas, as well as into understanding PrP functions in normal physiology, can be obtained from studying transgenic mouse models and cell culture systems. However, the Prnp locus is difficult to manipulate by homologous recombination, making modifications of the endogenous locus rarely attempted. Fortunately in recent years genome engineering technologies, like TALENs or CRISPR/Cas9 (CC9), have brought exceptional new possibilities for manipulating Prnp. Herein, we present our observations made during systematic experiments with the CC9 system targeting the endogenous mouse Prnp locus, to either modify sequences or to boost PrP expression using CC9-based synergistic activation mediators (SAMs). It is our hope that this information will aid and encourage researchers to implement gene-targeting techniques into their research program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lech Kaczmarczyk
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ylva Mende
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Branko Zevnik
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Walker S. Jackson
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Czerwinska AM, Grabowska I, Archacka K, Bem J, Swierczek B, Helinska A, Streminska W, Fogtman A, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Koblowska M, Ciemerych MA. Myogenic Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells That Lack a Functional Pax7 Gene. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:285-300. [PMID: 26649785 PMCID: PMC4761802 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax7 plays a key role during embryonic myogenesis and sustains the proper function of satellite cells, which serve as adult skeletal muscle stem cells. Overexpression of Pax7 has been shown to promote the myogenic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, the effects of the absence of functional Pax7 in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have not yet been directly tested. Herein, we studied mouse stem cells that lacked a functional Pax7 gene and characterized the differentiation of these stem cells under conditions that promoted the derivation of myoblasts in vitro. We analyzed the expression of myogenic factors, such as myogenic regulatory factors and muscle-specific microRNAs, in wild-type and mutant cells. Finally, we compared the transcriptome of both types of cells and did not find substantial differences in the expression of genes related to the regulation of myogenesis. As a result, we showed that the absence of functional Pax7 does not prevent the in vitro myogenic differentiation of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areta M Czerwinska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bem
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Swierczek
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Helinska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- 2 Laboratory of Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- 1 Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Barakat TS, Gribnau J. Generation of knockout alleles by RFLP based BAC targeting of polymorphic embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1227:143-80. [PMID: 25239745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1652-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of germ line competent mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells and the ability to modify the genome by homologous recombination has revolutionized life science research. Since its initial discovery, several approaches have been introduced to increase the efficiency of homologous recombination, including the use of isogenic DNA for the generation of targeting constructs, and the use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs). BACs have the advantage of combining long stretches of homologous DNA, thereby increasing targeting efficiencies, with the possibilities delivered by BAC recombineering approaches, which provide the researcher with almost unlimited possibilities to efficiently edit the genome in a controlled fashion. Despite these advantages of BAC targeting approaches, a widespread use has been hampered, mainly because of the difficulties in identifying BAC-targeted knockout alleles by conventional methods like Southern Blotting. Recently, we introduced a novel BAC targeting strategy, in which Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) are targeted in polymorphic mouse ES cells, enabling an efficient and easy PCR-based readout to identify properly targeted alleles. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the generation of targeting constructs, targeting of ES cells, and convenient PCR-based analysis of targeted clones, which enable the user to generate knockout ES cells of almost every gene in the mouse genome within a 2-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Room Ee 09-71, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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Abstract
Production of the germline-competent chimeras using genetically modified ES cell lines is an essential step in the establishment of novel mouse models. In addition chimeras provide a powerful tool to study the cell lineage and to analyze complex phenotypes of mutant mice. Mouse chimeras with tetraploid embryos are used to rescue extraembryonic defects, to analyze an impact of gene function on specific lineage, to study the interaction between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues, and to produce mutant embryos and mice for the phenotype analysis. Tetraploid embryos are generated by the fusion of two blastomeres of the mouse embryo. The applications of tetraploid complementation assay and the protocol are described below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gertsenstein
- Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics (TCP), Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 3H7,
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29
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Gärtner A, Pereira T, Simões MJ, Armada-da-Silva PA, França ML, Sousa R, Bompasso S, Raimondo S, Shirosaki Y, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa S, Osakah A, Porto B, Luís AL, Varejão AS, Maurício AC. Use of hybrid chitosan membranes and human mesenchymal stem cells from the Wharton jelly of umbilical cord for promoting nerve regeneration in an axonotmesis rat model. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2247-58. [PMID: 25538746 PMCID: PMC4268725 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.29.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been dedicated to the development of scaffolds for improving post-traumatic nerve regeneration. The goal of this study was to assess the effect on nerve regeneration, associating a hybrid chitosan membrane with non-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord, in peripheral nerve reconstruction after crush injury. Chromosome analysis on human mesenchymal stem cell line from Wharton's jelly was carried out and no structural alterations were found in metaphase. Chitosan membranes were previously tested in vitro, to assess their ability in supporting human mesenchymal stem cell survival, expansion, and differentiation. For the in vivo testing, Sasco Sprague adult rats were divided in 4 groups of 6 or 7 animals each: Group 1, sciatic axonotmesis injury without any other intervention (Group 1-Crush); Group 2, the axonotmesis lesion of 3 mm was infiltrated with a suspension of 1 250–1 500 human mesenchymal stem cells (total volume of 50 μL) (Group 2-CrushCell); Group 3, axonotmesis lesion of 3 mm was enwrapped with a chitosan type III membrane covered with a monolayer of non-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells (Group 3-CrushChitIIICell) and Group 4, axonotmesis lesion of 3 mm was enwrapped with a chitosan type III membrane (Group 4-CrushChitIII). Motor and sensory functional recovery was evaluated throughout a healing period of 12 weeks using sciatic functional index, static sciatic index, extensor postural thrust, and withdrawal reflex latency. Stereological analysis was carried out on regenerated nerve fibers. Results showed that infiltration of human mesenchymal stem cells, or the combination of chitosan membrane enwrapment and human mesenchymal stem cell enrichment after nerve crush injury provide a slight advantage to post-traumatic nerve regeneration. Results obtained with chitosan type III membrane alone confirmed that they significantly improve post-traumatic axonal regrowth and may represent a very promising clinical tool in peripheral nerve reconstructive surgery. Yet, umbilical cord human mesenchymal stem cells, that can be expanded in culture and induced to form several different types of cells, may prove, in future experiments, to be a new source of cells for cell therapy, including targets such as peripheral nerve and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gärtner
- Animal Science and Study Centre / Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, Porto University, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Veterinary Clinics Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pereira
- Animal Science and Study Centre / Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, Porto University, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Veterinary Clinics Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Maria João Simões
- Animal Science and Study Centre / Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, Porto University, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Veterinary Clinics Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Paulo As Armada-da-Silva
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada - Dafundo, 1499-002, Portugal
| | - Miguel L França
- Animal Science and Study Centre / Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, Porto University, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Veterinary Clinics Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Rosa Sousa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Cytogenetic Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Simone Bompasso
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10010, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10010, Turin, Italy
| | - Yuki Shirosaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Osakah
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Beatriz Porto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Cytogenetic Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Luís
- Animal Science and Study Centre / Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, Porto University, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Veterinary Clinics Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
| | - Artur Sp Varejão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Animal Science and Study Centre / Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute, Porto University, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Veterinary Clinics Department, Porto University, Porto 4099-003, Portugal
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30
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Vereide DT, Vickerman V, Swanson SA, Chu LF, McIntosh BE, Thomson JA. An expandable, inducible hemangioblast state regulated by fibroblast growth factor. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1043-57. [PMID: 25458896 PMCID: PMC4264065 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the hematopoietic and vascular lineages are thought to descend from common mesodermal progenitors called hemangioblasts. Here we identify six transcription factors, Gata2, Lmo2, Mycn, Pitx2, Sox17, and Tal1, that “trap” murine cells in a proliferative state and endow them with a hemangioblast potential. These “expandable” hemangioblasts (eHBs) are capable, once released from the control of the ectopic factors, to give rise to functional endothelial cells, multilineage hematopoietic cells, and smooth muscle cells. The eHBs can be derived from embryonic stem cells, from fetal liver cells, or poorly from fibroblasts. The eHBs reveal a central role for fibroblast growth factor, which not only promotes their expansion, but also facilitates their ability to give rise to endothelial cells and leukocytes, but not erythrocytes. This study serves as a demonstration that ephemeral progenitor states can be harnessed in vitro, enabling the creation of tractable progenitor cell lines. Gata2, Lmo2, Mycn, Pitx2, Sox17, and Tal1 induce and maintain a hemangioblast state FGF2 promotes the expansion of these progenitors and impacts their potency
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Vereide
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | | | - Li-Fang Chu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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31
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Cooper DJ, Walter CA, McCarrey JR. Co-regulation of pluripotency and genetic integrity at the genomic level. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:508-19. [PMID: 25451711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Disposable Soma Theory holds that genetic integrity will be maintained at more pristine levels in germ cells than in somatic cells because of the unique role germ cells play in perpetuating the species. We tested the hypothesis that the same concept applies to pluripotent cells compared to differentiated cells. Analyses of transcriptome and cistrome databases, along with canonical pathway analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed differential expression of DNA repair and cell death genes in embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells relative to fibroblasts, and predicted extensive direct and indirect interactions between the pluripotency and genetic integrity gene networks in pluripotent cells. These data suggest that enhanced maintenance of genetic integrity is fundamentally linked to the epigenetic state of pluripotency at the genomic level. In addition, these findings demonstrate how a small number of key pluripotency factors can regulate large numbers of downstream genes in a pathway-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
| | - Christi A Walter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA.
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32
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Yamamoto S, Nagao Y, Kuroiwa K, Hakamata Y, Ichida M, Saito-Ohara F, Tominaga K, Endo H. Rapid selection of XO embryonic stem cells using Y chromosome-linked GFP transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:757-65. [PMID: 25008421 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We developed a transgenic mouse line with Y chromosome-linked green fluorescent protein expressing transgenes (Y-GFP) by the conventional microinjection into the pronucleus of C57BL/6J fertilized oocytes. Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from Y-GFP mice enabled not only sexing but also the identification of 39, XO karyotype by the lack of Y chromosome. Actually, when fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was applied to Y-GFP ES cells, non-fluorescent ES cells were conveniently collected and showed the lack of Y chromosome by PCR genotyping and Southern blot analysis. FACS analysis revealed Y chromosome loss occurred at 2.9 % of 40, XY ES cells after five passages. These Y-GFP ES cells are potentially applicable to reduce the time, cost and effort needed to generate the gene-targeted mice by the production of male and female mice derived from the same ES cell clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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33
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Menzorov A, Pristyazhnyuk I, Kizilova H, Yunusova A, Battulin N, Zhelezova A, Golubitsa A, Serov O. Cytogenetic analysis and Dlk1-Dio3 locus epigenetic status of mouse embryonic stem cells during early passages. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:61-71. [PMID: 24969018 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are widely used in early development studies and for transgenic animal production; however, a stable karyotype is a prerequisite for their use. We derived 32 ES cell lines of outbred mice (129 × BALB (1B), C57BL × 1B, and DD × 1B F1 hybrids). Pluripotency was assessed by utilizing stem-cell-marker gene expression, teratoma formation assays and the formation of chimeras. It was shown that only 21 of the 32 ES cell lines had a diploid modal number of chromosomes of 40. In these lines, the percentage of diploid cells varied from 30.3 to 78.9 %, and trisomy of chromosomes 1, 8 and 11 was observed in some cells in 16.7, 36.7 and 20.0 % of the diploid ES cell lines, respectively. Some cells had trisomy of chromosomes 6, 9, 12, 14, 18 and 19. In situ hybridization with an X chromosome paint probe revealed that 7 of the 11 XX-cell lines had X chromosome rearrangements in some cells. Analysis of the methylation status of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus showed that imprinting was altered in 4 of the 18 ES cell lines. Thus, mouse ES cell lines are prone to chromosome abnormalities even at early passages. Therefore, routine cytogenetic and imprinting analyses are necessary for ES cell characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Menzorov
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Inna Pristyazhnyuk
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Helen Kizilova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yunusova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman Battulin
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Antonina Zhelezova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleftina Golubitsa
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg Serov
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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34
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Wen D, Saiz N, Rosenwaks Z, Hadjantonakis AK, Rafii S. Completely ES cell-derived mice produced by tetraploid complementation using inner cell mass (ICM) deficient blastocysts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94730. [PMID: 24733255 PMCID: PMC3986396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraploid complementation is often used to produce mice from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by injection of diploid (2n) ESCs into tetraploid (4n) blastocysts (ESC-derived mice). This method has also been adapted to mouse cloning and the derivation of mice from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of the tetraploid complementation remains largely unclear. Whether this approach can give rise to completely ES cell-derived mice is an open question, and has not yet been unambiguously proven. Here, we show that mouse tetraploid blastocysts can be classified into two groups, according to the presence or absence of an inner cell mass (ICM). We designate these as type a (presence of ICM at blastocyst stage) or type b (absence of ICM). ESC lines were readily derived from type a blastocysts, suggesting that these embryos retain a pluripotent epiblast compartment; whereas the type b blastocysts possessed very low potential to give rise to ESC lines, suggesting that they had lost the pluripotent epiblast. When the type a blastocysts were used for tetraploid complementation, some of the resulting mice were found to be 2n/4n chimeric; whereas when type b blastocysts were used as hosts, the resulting mice are all completely ES cell-derived, with the newborn pups displaying a high frequency of abdominal hernias. Our results demonstrate that completely ES cell-derived mice can be produced using ICM-deficient 4n blastocysts, and provide evidence that the exclusion of tetraploid cells from the fetus in 2n/4n chimeras can largely be attributed to the formation of ICM-deficient blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duancheng Wen
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DW); (SR)
| | - Nestor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DW); (SR)
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Bushman DM, Chun J. The genomically mosaic brain: aneuploidy and more in neural diversity and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:357-69. [PMID: 23466288 PMCID: PMC3637860 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Genomically identical cells have long been assumed to comprise the human brain, with post-genomic mechanisms giving rise to its enormous diversity, complexity, and disease susceptibility. However, the identification of neural cells containing somatically generated mosaic aneuploidy - loss and/or gain of chromosomes from a euploid complement - and other genomic variations including LINE1 retrotransposons and regional patterns of DNA content variation (DCV), demonstrate that the brain is genomically heterogeneous. The precise phenotypes and functions produced by genomic mosaicism are not well understood, although the effects of constitutive aberrations, as observed in Down syndrome, implicate roles for defined mosaic genomes relevant to cellular survival, differentiation potential, stem cell biology, and brain organization. Here we discuss genomic mosaicism as a feature of the normal brain as well as a possible factor in the weak or complex genetic linkages observed for many of the most common forms of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M. Bushman
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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36
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Liu J, Yang Z, Qiu M, Luo Y, Pang M, Wu Y, Zhang Y. Developmental potential of cloned goat embryos from an SSEA3(+) subpopulation of skin fibroblasts. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:159-65. [PMID: 23441574 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that skin stem cells expressing the pluripotency marker stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA3) are easier to reprogram into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) than skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, it is widely speculated that the undifferentiated state may make stem cells more efficient donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In this study, we isolated SSEA3(+) cells from goat skin fibroblast cells (SFCs) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and examined expression of pluripotency markers and in vitro development of cloned embryos following SCNT. Results showed that cell clusters from SSEA3(+) cells were consistently positive for alkaline phosphatase staining and pluripotency markers, Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, and SSEA3. The cleavage rate of cloned embryos derived from SSEA3(+) cells did not differ compared with SFCs (70.5±0.8% and 68.4±2.1%, respectively), but was significantly higher compared with SSEA3(-) cells (64.9±1.6%, p<0.05). The blastocyst rate was significantly increased in the SSEA3(+) cell group compared with the SFC and SSEA3(-) cell groups (30.3±1.2% vs. 21.2±0.9 and 19.0±1.0%, respectively, p<0.05). The quality of cloned blastocysts from SSEA3(+) cells was higher compared with SFCs and SSEA3(-) cells, based on total cell number and number of apoptotic cells per blastocyst. These findings suggest that using SSEA3(+) cells as donors for SCNT is beneficial for enhancing in vitro development and quality of cloned goat embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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37
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Mantikou E, Wong KM, Repping S, Mastenbroek S. Molecular origin of mitotic aneuploidies in preimplantation embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1921-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Dutta R, Malakar D, Khate K, Sahu S, Akshey Y, Mukesh M. A comparative study on efficiency of adult fibroblast, putative embryonic stem cell and lymphocyte as donor cells for production of handmade cloned embryos in goat and characterization of putative ntES cells obtained from these embryos. Theriogenology 2011; 76:851-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Normal human pluripotent stem cell lines exhibit pervasive mosaic aneuploidy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23018. [PMID: 21857983 PMCID: PMC3156708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines have been considered to be homogeneously euploid. Here we report that normal hPSC – including induced pluripotent - lines are karyotypic mosaics of euploid cells intermixed with many cells showing non-clonal aneuploidies as identified by chromosome counting, spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of interphase/non-mitotic cells. This mosaic aneuploidy resembles that observed in progenitor cells of the developing brain and preimplantation embryos, suggesting that it is a normal, rather than pathological, feature of stem cell lines. The karyotypic heterogeneity generated by mosaic aneuploidy may contribute to the reported functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of hPSCs lines, as well as their therapeutic efficacy and safety following transplantation.
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40
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Teven CM, Liu X, Hu N, Tang N, Kim SH, Huang E, Yang K, Li M, Gao JL, Liu H, Natale RB, Luther G, Luo Q, Wang L, Rames R, Bi Y, Luo J, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Reid RR, He TC. Epigenetic regulation of mesenchymal stem cells: a focus on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:201371. [PMID: 21772852 PMCID: PMC3137957 DOI: 10.4061/2011/201371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their capability to self-renew and terminally differentiate into multiple cell types. Somatic or adult stem cells have a finite self-renewal capacity and are lineage-restricted. The use of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes has been a topic of recent interest given the ethical considerations associated with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, or myogenic lineages. Owing to their ease of isolation and unique characteristics, MSCs have been widely regarded as potential candidates for tissue engineering and repair. While various signaling molecules important to MSC differentiation have been identified, our complete understanding of this process is lacking. Recent investigations focused on the role of epigenetic regulation in lineage-specific differentiation of MSCs have shown that unique patterns of DNA methylation and histone modifications play an important role in the induction of MSC differentiation toward specific lineages. Nevertheless, MSC epigenetic profiles reflect a more restricted differentiation potential as compared to ES cells. Here we review the effect of epigenetic modifications on MSC multipotency and differentiation, with a focus on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. We also highlight clinical applications of MSC epigenetics and nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Teven
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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41
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van Echten-Arends J, Mastenbroek S, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Korevaar JC, Heineman MJ, van der Veen F, Repping S. Chromosomal mosaicism in human preimplantation embryos: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:620-7. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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Akshey YS, Malakar D, De AK, Jena MK, Garg S, Dutta R, Pawar SK, Mukesh M. Hand-made cloned goat (Capra hircus) embryos—a comparison of different donor cells and culture systems. Cell Reprogram 2011; 12:581-8. [PMID: 20818994 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transfer is a very effective method for propagation of valuable, extinct, and endangered animals. Hand-made cloning (HMC) is an efficient alternative to the conventional micromanipulator-based technique in some domestic species. The present study was carried out for the selection of suitable somatic cells as a nuclear donor and development of an optimum culture system for in vitro culture of zona-free goat cloned embryos. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were observed 72.06 ± 2.94% and 0% for fresh cumulus cells, 81.95 ± 3.40% and 12.74 ± 2.12% for cultured cumulus cells, and 92.94 ± 0.91% and 23.78 ± 3.33% for fetal fibroblast cells, respectively. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in blastocyst production in goats when cultured on a flat surface (FS) (23.78 ± 3.33 %) than well of wells (WOW) (15.84 ± 2.12 %) and microdrops (MD) (0.7 ± 0.7%). Furthermore, cleavage and blastocyst production rates were significantly (p < 0.05) more in the WOW (15.84 ± 2.12%) than the MD (0.7 ± 0.7%) system. The quality of HMC blastocysts was studied by differential staining. Genetic similarity was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification of the second exon of the MHC class II DRB gene, which gave similar bands in electrophoresis (286 bp) both in cloned embryos and donor cells. In conclusion, the present study describes that the fetal fibroblast cell is a suitable candidate as nuclear donor, and the flat surface culture system is suitable for zona-free blastocyst development by the hand-made cloning technique in the goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S Akshey
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Huang J, Wang F, Okuka M, Liu N, Ji G, Ye X, Zuo B, Li M, Liang P, Ge WW, Tsibris JC, Keefe DL, Liu L. Association of telomere length with authentic pluripotency of ES/iPS cells. Cell Res 2011; 21:779-92. [PMID: 21283131 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase and telomeres are important for indefinite replication of stem cells. Recently, telomeres of somatic cells were found to be reprogrammed to elongate in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The role of telomeres in developmental pluripotency in vivo of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or iPSCs, however, has not been directly addressed. We show that ESCs with long telomeres exhibit authentic developmental pluripotency, as evidenced by generation of complete ESC pups as well as germline-competent chimeras, the most stringent tests available in rodents. ESCs with short telomeres show reduced teratoma formation and chimera production, and fail to generate complete ESC pups. Telomere lengths are highly correlated (r > 0.8) with the developmental pluripotency of ESCs. Short telomeres decrease the proliferative rate or capacity of ESCs, alter the expression of genes related to telomere epigenetics, down-regulate genes important for embryogenesis and disrupt germ cell differentiation. Moreover, iPSCs with longer telomeres generate chimeras with higher efficiency than those with short telomeres. Our data show that functional telomeres are essential for the developmental pluripotency of ESCs/iPSCs and suggest that telomere length may provide a valuable marker to evaluate stem cell pluripotency, particularly when the stringent tests are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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44
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Popova E, Bader M, Krivokharchenko A. Effects of electric field on early preimplantation development in vitro in mice and rats. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:662-70. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Oh HJ, Park JE, Kim MJ, Hong SG, Ra JC, Jo JY, Kang SK, Jang G, Lee BC. Recloned dogs derived from adipose stem cells of a transgenic cloned beagle. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1221-31. [PMID: 21220163 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have postulated that efficiency in mammalian cloning is inversely correlated with donor cell differentiation status and may be increased by using undifferentiated cells as nuclear donors. Here, we attempted the recloning of dogs by nuclear transfer of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAd-MSCs) from a transgenic cloned beagle to determine if cAd-MSCs can be a suitable donor cell type. In order to isolate cAd-MSCs, adipose tissues were collected from a transgenic cloned beagle produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of canine fetal fibroblasts modified genetically with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene. The cAd-MSCs expressed the RFP gene and cell-surface marker characteristics of MSCs including CD29, CD44 and thy1.1. Furthermore, cAd-MSCs underwent osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic differentiation when exposed to specific differentiation-inducing conditions. In order to investigate the developmental potential of cAd-MSCs, we carried out SCNT. Fused-couplets (82/109, 75.2%) were chemically activated and transferred into the uterine tube of five naturally estrus-synchronized surrogates. One of them (20%) maintained pregnancy and subsequently gave birth to two healthy cloned pups. The present study demonstrated for the first time the successful production of cloned beagles by nuclear transfer of cAd-MSCs. Another important outcome of the present study is the successful recloning of RFP-expressing transgenic cloned beagle pups by nuclear transfer of cells derived from a transgenic cloned beagle. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that adipose stem cells can be a good nuclear donor source for dog cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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46
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47
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Abstract
In this issue of Biology of Reproduction, Deng and colleagues present a method by which offspring originating from two male mouse genomes can efficiently be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Boer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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48
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Deng JM, Satoh K, Wang H, Chang H, Zhang Z, Stewart MD, Cooney AJ, Behringer RR. Generation of viable male and female mice from two fathers. Biol Reprod 2010; 84:613-8. [PMID: 21148107 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.088831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In sexual species, fertilization of oocytes produces individuals with alleles derived from both parents. Here we use pluripotent stem cells derived from somatic cells to combine the haploid genomes from two males to produce viable sons and daughters. Male (XY) mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (Father #1) were used to isolate subclones that had spontaneously lost the Y chromosome to become genetically female (XO). These male-derived XO stem cells were used to generate female chimeras that were bred with genetically distinct males (Father #2), yielding progeny possessing genetic information that was equally derived from both fathers. Thus, functional oocytes can be generated from male somatic cells after reprogramming and spontaneous sex reversal. These findings have novel implications for mammalian reproduction and assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Min Deng
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Frendewey D, Chernomorsky R, Esau L, Om J, Xue Y, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Valenzuela DM. The loss-of-allele assay for ES cell screening and mouse genotyping. Methods Enzymol 2010; 476:295-307. [PMID: 20691873 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)76017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting vectors used to create directed mutations in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells consist, in their simplest form, of a gene for drug selection flanked by mouse genomic sequences, the so-called homology arms that promote site-directed homologous recombination between the vector and the target gene. The VelociGene method for the creation of targeted mutations in ES cells employs targeting vectors, called BACVecs, that are based on bacterial artificial chromosomes. Compared with conventional short targeting vectors, BacVecs provide two major advantages: (1) their much larger homology arms promote high targeting efficiencies without the need for isogenicity or negative selection strategies; and (2) they enable deletions and insertions of up to 100kb in a single targeting event, making possible gene-ablating definitive null alleles and other large-scale genomic modifications. Because of their large arm sizes, however, BACVecs do not permit screening by conventional assays, such as long-range PCR or Southern blotting, that link the inserted targeting vector to the targeted locus. To exploit the advantages of BACVecs for gene targeting, we inverted the conventional screening logic in developing the loss-of-allele (LOA) assay, which quantifies the number of copies of the native locus to which the mutation was directed. In a correctly targeted ES cell clone, the LOA assay detects one of the two native alleles (for genes not on the X or Y chromosome), the other allele being disrupted by the targeted modification. We apply the same principle in reverse as a gain-of-allele assay to quantify the copy number of the inserted targeting vector. The LOA assay reveals a correctly targeted clone as having lost one copy of the native target gene and gained one copy of the drug resistance gene or other inserted marker. The combination of these quantitative assays makes LOA genotyping unequivocal and amenable to automated scoring. We use the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as our method of allele quantification, but any method that can reliably distinguish the difference between one and two copies of the target gene can be used to develop an LOA assay. We have designed qPCR LOA assays for deletions, insertions, point mutations, domain swaps, conditional, and humanized alleles and have used the insert assays to quantify the copy number of random insertion BAC transgenics. Because of its quantitative precision, specificity, and compatibility with high throughput robotic operations, the LOA assay eliminates bottlenecks in ES cell screening and mouse genotyping and facilitates maximal speed and throughput for knockout mouse production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Frendewey
- VelociGene Division, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
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50
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Liu N, Enkemann SA, Liang P, Hersmus R, Zanazzi C, Huang J, Wu C, Chen Z, Looijenga LHJ, Keefe DL, Liu L. Genome-wide gene expression profiling reveals aberrant MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways associated with early parthenogenesis. J Mol Cell Biol 2010; 2:333-44. [PMID: 20926514 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjq029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian parthenogenesis could not survive but aborted during mid-gestation, presumably because of lack of paternal gene expression. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the failure of parthenogenesis at early stages of development, we performed global gene expression profiling and functional analysis of parthenogenetic blastocysts in comparison with those of blastocysts from normally fertilized embryos. Parthenogenetic blastocysts exhibited changes in the expression of 749 genes, of which 214 had lower expression and 535 showed higher expressions than fertilized embryos using a minimal 1.8-fold change as a cutoff. Genes important for placenta development were decreased in their expression in parthenote blastocysts. Some maternally expressed genes were up-regulated and paternal-related genes were down-regulated. Moreover, aberrantly increased Wnt signaling and reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were associated with early parthenogenesis. The protein level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) was low in parthenogenetic blastocysts compared with that of fertilized blastocysts 120 h after fertilization. 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, a specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor, significantly decreased embryo hatching. The expression of several imprinted genes was altered in parthenote blastocysts. Gene expression also linked reduced expression of Xist to activation of X chromosome. Our findings suggest that failed X inactivation, aberrant imprinting, decreased ERK/MAPK signaling and possibly elevated Wnt signaling, and reduced expression of genes for placental development collectively may contribute to abnormal placenta formation and failed fetal development in parthenogenetic embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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