1
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Moon S, Zhao F, Uddin MN, Tucker CJ, Karmaus PWF, Fessler MB. Flotillin-2 dampens T cell antigen-sensitivity and functionality. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591344. [PMID: 38746431 PMCID: PMC11092481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) engagement triggers T cell responses, yet how TCR-mediated activation is regulated at the plasma membrane remains unclear. Here, we report that deleting the membrane scaffolding protein Flotillin-2 (Flot2) increases T cell antigen sensitivity, resulting in enhanced TCR signaling and effector function to weak TCR stimulation. T cell-specific Flot2-deficient mice exhibited reduced tumor growth and enhanced immunity to infection. Flot2-null CD4 + T cells exhibited increased T helper 1 polarization, proliferation, Nur77 induction, and phosphorylation of ZAP70 and LCK upon weak TCR stimulation, indicating a sensitized TCR-triggering threshold. Single cell-RNA sequencing suggested that Flot2 - null CD4 + T cells follow a similar route of activation as wild-type CD4 + T cells but exhibit higher occupancy of a discrete activation state under weak TCR stimulation. Given prior reports that TCR clustering influences sensitivity of T cells to stimuli, we evaluated TCR distribution with super-resolution microscopy. Flot2 ablation increased the number of surface TCR nanoclusters on naïve CD4 + T cells. Collectively, we posit that Flot2 modulates T cell functionality to weak TCR stimulation, at least in part, by regulating surface TCR clustering. Our findings have implications for improving T cell reactivity in diseases with poor antigenicity, such as cancer and chronic infections.
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2
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Fanelli G, Romano M, Lombardi G, Sacks SH. Soluble Collectin 11 (CL-11) Acts as an Immunosuppressive Molecule Potentially Used by Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Epithelial Cells to Modulate T Cell Response. Cells 2023; 12:1805. [PMID: 37443840 PMCID: PMC10341155 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell allotransplantation is seen as a possible solution to retinal diseases. However, the RPE-complement system triggered by the binding of collectin-11 (CL-11) is a potential barrier for RPE transplantation as the complement-mediated inflammatory response may promote T cell recognition. To address this, we investigated the role of CL-11 on T cell immuno-response. We confirmed that RPE cells up-regulated MHC class I and expressed MHC class II molecules in an inflammatory setting. Co-cultures of RPE cells with T cells led to the inhibition of T cell proliferation. We found that CL-11 was partially responsible for this effect as T cell binding of CL-11 inhibited T cell proliferation in association with the downregulation of CD28. We also found that the suppressive action of CL-11 was abrogated in the presence of the RGD peptide given to block the T cell binding of CL-11 by its collagen-like domain. Because RPE cells can bind and secrete CL-11 under stress conditions, we postulate that soluble CL-11 contributes to the immunosuppressive properties of RPE cells. The investigation of this dual biological activity of CL-11, namely as a trigger of the complement cascade and a modulator of T cell responses, may provide additional clues about the mechanisms that orchestrate the immunogenic properties of RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Fanelli
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College, London SE1 9RT, UK; (M.R.); (G.L.); (S.H.S.)
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3
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Kunkl M, Amormino C, Spallotta F, Caristi S, Fiorillo MT, Paiardini A, Kaempfer R, Tuosto L. Bivalent binding of staphylococcal superantigens to the TCR and CD28 triggers inflammatory signals independently of antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170821. [PMID: 37207220 PMCID: PMC10189049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) such as staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and B (SEB) are potent toxins stimulating T cells to produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines, thus causing toxic shock and sepsis. Here we used a recently released artificial intelligence-based algorithm to better elucidate the interaction between staphylococcal SAgs and their ligands on T cells, the TCR and CD28. The obtained computational models together with functional data show that SEB and SEA are able to bind to the TCR and CD28 stimulating T cells to activate inflammatory signals independently of MHC class II- and B7-expressing antigen presenting cells. These data reveal a novel mode of action of staphylococcal SAgs. By binding to the TCR and CD28 in a bivalent way, staphylococcal SAgs trigger both the early and late signalling events, which lead to massive inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raymond Kaempfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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4
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Quan M, Lv H, Liu Z, Li K, Zhang C, Shi L, Yang X, Lei P, Zhu Y, Ai D. MST1 Suppresses Disturbed Flow Induced Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2022; 131:748-764. [PMID: 36164986 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis occurs mainly at arterial branching points exposed to disturbed blood flow. How MST1 (mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1), the primary kinase in the mechanosensitive Hippo pathway modulates disturbed flow induced endothelial cells (ECs) activation and atherosclerosis remains unclear. METHODS To assess the role of MST1 in vivo, mice with EC-specific Mst1 deficiency on ApoE-/- background (Mst1iECKOApoE-/-) were used in an atherosclerosis model generated by carotid artery ligation. Mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay, and dye uptake assay were used to identify the functional substrate of MST1. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human aortic endothelial cells were subjected to oscillatory shear stress that mimic disturbed flow in experiments conducted in vitro. RESULTS We found that the phosphorylation of endothelial MST1 was significantly inhibited in oscillatory shear stress-exposed regions of human and mouse arteries and ECs. Ectopic lenti-mediated overexpression of wild-type MST1, but not a kinase-deficient mutant of MST1, reversed disturbed flow-caused EC activation and atherosclerosis in EC-specific Mst1 deficiency on ApoE-/- background (Mst1iECKOApoE-/-). Inhibition of MST1 by oscillatory shear stress led to reduced phosphorylation of Cx43 (connexin 43) at Ser255, the Cx43 hemichannel open, EC activation, and atherosclerosis, which were blocked by TAT-GAP19, a Cx43 hemichannel inhibitory peptide. Mass spectrometry studies identified that Filamin B fueled the translocation of Cx43 to lipid rafts for further hemichannel open. Finally, lenti-mediated overexpression of the Cx43S255 mutant into glutamate to mimic phosphorylation blunted disturbed flow-induced EC activation, thereby inhibiting the atherogenesis in both ApoE-/- and Mst1 iECKOApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that inhibition of the MST1-Cx43 axis is an essential driver of oscillatory shear stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, which provides a new therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixi Quan
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (M.Q., H.L., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Huizhen Lv
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (M.Q., H.L., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Zening Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Chenghu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences (L.S.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - XinYu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery (X.Y.), Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics (P.L.), Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University (M.Q., H.L., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (M.Q., H.L., Z.L., K.L., C.Z., Y.Z., D.A.), Tianjin Medical University, China
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5
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Molon B, Liboni C, Viola A. CD28 and chemokine receptors: Signalling amplifiers at the immunological synapse. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938004. [PMID: 35983040 PMCID: PMC9379342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are master regulators of the immune response tuning, among others, B cells, macrophages and NK cells. To exert their functions requiring high sensibility and specificity, T cells need to integrate different stimuli from the surrounding microenvironment. A finely tuned signalling compartmentalization orchestrated in dynamic platforms is an essential requirement for the proper and efficient response of these cells to distinct triggers. During years, several studies have depicted the pivotal role of the cytoskeleton and lipid microdomains in controlling signalling compartmentalization during T cell activation and functions. Here, we discuss mechanisms responsible for signalling amplification and compartmentalization in T cell activation, focusing on the role of CD28, chemokine receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. We also take into account the detrimental effect of mutations carried by distinct signalling proteins giving rise to syndromes characterized by defects in T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molon
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Molon,
| | - Cristina Liboni
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Pediatric Research Institute “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Ecker M, Schregle R, Kapoor-Kaushik N, Rossatti P, Betzler VM, Kempe D, Biro M, Ariotti N, Redpath GMI, Rossy J. SNX9-induced membrane tubulation regulates CD28 cluster stability and signalling. eLife 2022; 11:e67550. [PMID: 35050850 PMCID: PMC8786313 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires engagement of a cognate antigen by the T cell receptor (TCR) and the co-stimulatory signal of CD28. Both TCR and CD28 aggregate into clusters at the plasma membrane of activated T cells. While the role of TCR clustering in T cell activation has been extensively investigated, little is known about how CD28 clustering contributes to CD28 signalling. Here, we report that upon CD28 triggering, the BAR-domain protein sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) is recruited to CD28 clusters at the immunological synapse. Using three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy, we show that SNX9 generates membrane tubulation out of CD28 clusters. Our data further reveal that CD28 clusters are in fact dynamic structures and that SNX9 regulates their stability as well as CD28 phosphorylation and the resulting production of the cytokine IL-2. In summary, our work suggests a model in which SNX9-mediated tubulation generates a membrane environment that promotes CD28 triggering and downstream signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ecker
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Richard Schregle
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Natasha Kapoor-Kaushik
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Pascal Rossatti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
| | - Verena M Betzler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Gregory MI Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Jeremie Rossy
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of KonstanzKreuzlingenSwitzerland
- Department of Biology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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7
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Kunkl M, Amormino C, Caristi S, Tedeschi V, Fiorillo MT, Levy R, Popugailo A, Kaempfer R, Tuosto L. Binding of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) to B7 Receptors Triggers TCR- and CD28-Mediated Inflammatory Signals in the Absence of MHC Class II Molecules. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723689. [PMID: 34489975 PMCID: PMC8418141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) relies on its capacity to trigger polyclonal T-cell activation by binding both T-cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory receptor CD28 on T cells and MHC class II and B7 molecules on antigen presenting cells (APC). Previous studies highlighted that SEB may bind TCR and CD28 molecules independently of MHC class II, yet the relative contribution of these interactions to the pro-inflammatory function of SEB remained unclear. Here, we show that binding to MHC class II is dispensable for the inflammatory activity of SEB, whereas binding to TCR, CD28 and B7 molecules is pivotal, in both human primary T cells and Jurkat T cell lines. In particular, our finding is that binding of SEB to B7 molecules suffices to trigger both TCR- and CD28-mediated inflammatory signalling. We also provide evidence that, by strengthening the interaction between CD28 and B7, SEB favours the recruitment of the TCR into the immunological synapse, thus inducing lethal inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Amormino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Revital Levy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrey Popugailo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raymond Kaempfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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8
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Bandaru S, Ala C, Zhou AX, Akyürek LM. Filamin A Regulates Cardiovascular Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126555. [PMID: 34207234 PMCID: PMC8235345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNA) is a large actin-binding cytoskeletal protein that is important for cell motility by stabilizing actin networks and integrating them with cell membranes. Interestingly, a C-terminal fragment of FLNA can be cleaved off by calpain to stimulate adaptive angiogenesis by transporting multiple transcription factors into the nucleus. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that FLNA participates in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, in which the interaction of FLNA with transcription factors and/or cell signaling molecules dictate the function of vascular cells. Localized FLNA mutations associate with cardiovascular malformations in humans. A lack of FLNA in experimental animal models disrupts cell migration during embryogenesis and causes anomalies, including heart and vessels, similar to human malformations. More recently, it was shown that FLNA mediates the progression of myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. Thus, these latest findings identify FLNA as an important novel mediator of cardiovascular development and remodeling, and thus a potential target for therapy. In this update, we summarized the literature on filamin biology with regard to cardiovascular cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashidar Bandaru
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
| | - Chandu Ala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
| | - Alex-Xianghua Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
| | - Levent M. Akyürek
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (C.A.); (A.-X.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Schmidt NM, Wing PAC, Diniz MO, Pallett LJ, Swadling L, Harris JM, Burton AR, Jeffery-Smith A, Zakeri N, Amin OE, Kucykowicz S, Heemskerk MH, Davidson B, Meyer T, Grove J, Stauss HJ, Pineda-Torra I, Jolly C, Jury EC, McKeating JA, Maini MK. Targeting human Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase as a dual viral and T cell metabolic checkpoint. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2814. [PMID: 33990561 PMCID: PMC8121939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining divergent metabolic requirements of T cells, and the viruses and tumours they fail to combat, could provide new therapeutic checkpoints. Inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) has direct anti-carcinogenic activity. Here, we show that ACAT inhibition has antiviral activity against hepatitis B (HBV), as well as boosting protective anti-HBV and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) T cells. ACAT inhibition reduces CD8+ T cell neutral lipid droplets and promotes lipid microdomains, enhancing TCR signalling and TCR-independent bioenergetics. Dysfunctional HBV- and HCC-specific T cells are rescued by ACAT inhibitors directly ex vivo from human liver and tumour tissue respectively, including tissue-resident responses. ACAT inhibition enhances in vitro responsiveness of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells to PD-1 blockade and increases the functional avidity of TCR-gene-modified T cells. Finally, ACAT regulates HBV particle genesis in vitro, with inhibitors reducing both virions and subviral particles. Thus, ACAT inhibition provides a paradigm of a metabolic checkpoint able to constrain tumours and viruses but rescue exhausted T cells, rendering it an attractive therapeutic target for the functional cure of HBV and HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - James M Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nekisa Zakeri
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mirjam H Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Davidson
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joe Grove
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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10
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Schoppmeyer R, van Buul JD. The diapedesis synapse: dynamic leukocyte-endothelium interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Johnson DK, Magoffin W, Myers SJ, Finnell JG, Hancock JC, Orton TS, Persaud SP, Christensen KA, Weber KS. CD4 Inhibits Helper T Cell Activation at Lower Affinity Threshold for Full-Length T Cell Receptors Than Single Chain Signaling Constructs. Front Immunol 2021; 11:561889. [PMID: 33542711 PMCID: PMC7851051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.561889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are crucial for effective repression and elimination of cancer cells. Despite a paucity of CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) clinical studies, CD4+ T cells are primed to become important therapeutics as they help circumvent tumor antigen escape and guide multifactorial immune responses. However, because CD8+ T cells directly kill tumor cells, most research has focused on the attributes of CD8+ TCRs. Less is known about how TCR affinity and CD4 expression affect CD4+ T cell activation in full length TCR (flTCR) and TCR single chain signaling (TCR-SCS) formats. Here, we generated an affinity panel of TCRs from CD4+ T cells and expressed them in flTCR and three TCR-SCS formats modeled after chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to understand the contributions of TCR-pMHCII affinity, TCR format, and coreceptor CD4 interactions on CD4+ T cell activation. Strikingly, the coreceptor CD4 inhibited intermediate and high affinity TCR-construct activation by Lck-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These inhibition mechanisms had unique affinity thresholds dependent on the TCR format. Intracellular construct formats affected the tetramer staining for each TCR as well as IL-2 production. IL-2 production was promoted by increased TCR-pMHCII affinity and the flTCR format. Thus, CD4+ T cell therapy development should consider TCR affinity, CD4 expression, and construct format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Wyatt Magoffin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Sheldon J Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jordan G Finnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - John C Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Taylor S Orton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Stephen P Persaud
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth A Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
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12
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Wawrzyniak P, Noureddine N, Wawrzyniak M, Lucchinetti E, Krämer SD, Rogler G, Zaugg M, Hersberger M. Nutritional Lipids and Mucosal Inflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e1901269. [PMID: 32780927 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation in the intestine. Given their role in regulation of inflammation, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represent a potential supplementary therapeutic approach to current drug regimens used for IBD. Mechanistically, there is ample evidence for an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs after they incorporate into cell membrane phospholipids. They disrupt membrane rafts and when released from the membrane suppress inflammatory signaling by activating PPAR-γ and free fatty acid receptor 4; furthermore, they shift the lipid mediator profile from pro-inflammatory eicosanoids to specialized pro-resolving mediators. The allocation of long-chain n-3 PUFAs also leads to a higher microbiome diversity in the gut, increases short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, and improves intestinal barrier function by sealing epithelial tight junctions. In line with these mechanistic studies, most epidemiological studies support a beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs intake on reducing the incidence of IBD. However, the results from intervention trials on the prevention of relapse in IBD patients show no or only a marginal effect of long-chain n-3 PUFAs supplementation. In light of the current literature, international recommendations are supported that adequate diet-derived n-3 PUFAs might be beneficial in maintaining remission in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland
| | - Nazek Noureddine
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Lucchinetti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Stefanie D Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zaugg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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13
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Guedan S, Madar A, Casado-Medrano V, Shaw C, Wing A, Liu F, Young RM, June CH, Posey AD. Single residue in CD28-costimulated CAR-T cells limits long-term persistence and antitumor durability. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3087-3097. [PMID: 32069268 PMCID: PMC7260017 DOI: 10.1172/jci133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapies can eliminate relapsed and refractory tumors, but the durability of antitumor activity requires in vivo persistence. Differential signaling through the CAR costimulatory domain can alter the T cell metabolism, memory differentiation, and influence long-term persistence. CAR-T cells costimulated with 4-1BB or ICOS persist in xenograft models but those constructed with CD28 exhibit rapid clearance. Here, we show that a single amino acid residue in CD28 drove T cell exhaustion and hindered the persistence of CD28-based CAR-T cells and changing this asparagine to phenylalanine (CD28-YMFM) promoted durable antitumor control. In addition, CD28-YMFM CAR-T cells exhibited reduced T cell differentiation and exhaustion as well as increased skewing toward Th17 cells. Reciprocal modification of ICOS-containing CAR-T cells abolished in vivo persistence and antitumor activity. This finding suggests modifications to the costimulatory domains of CAR-T cells can enable longer persistence and thereby improve antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aviv Madar
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Wing
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Demetriou P, Dustin ML, Meyer-Hermann M. F-Actin-Driven CD28-CD80 Localization in the Immune Synapse. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1151-1162. [PMID: 30067972 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During immunological synapse (IS) formation, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling complexes, integrins, and costimulatory molecules exhibit a particular spatial localization. Here, we develop an agent-based model for the IS formation based on TCR peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) and leukocyte-function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) intracellular activation molecule 1 (ICAM-1) dynamics, including CD28 binding to a costimulatory ligand, coupling of molecules to the centripetal actin flow, and size-based segregation (SBS). A radial gradient of LFA-1 in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) toward the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) emerged as a combined consequence of actin binding and diffusion and modified the positioning of other molecules. The simulations predict a mechanism of CD28 movement, according to which CD28-CD80 complexes passively follow TCR-pMHC microclusters. However, the characteristic CD28-CD80 localization in a ring pattern around the cSMAC only emerges with a particular CD28-actin coupling strength that induces a centripetal motion. These results have implications for the understanding of T cell activation and fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Philippos Demetriou
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
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15
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Ramello MC, Benzaïd I, Kuenzi BM, Lienlaf-Moreno M, Kandell WM, Santiago DN, Pabón-Saldaña M, Darville L, Fang B, Rix U, Yoder S, Berglund A, Koomen JM, Haura EB, Abate-Daga D. An immunoproteomic approach to characterize the CAR interactome and signalosome. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/568/eaap9777. [PMID: 30755478 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aap9777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells that express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is an approved immunotherapy that may be curative for some hematological cancers. To better understand the therapeutic mechanism of action, we systematically analyzed CAR signaling in human primary T cells by mass spectrometry. When we compared the interactomes and the signaling pathways activated by distinct CAR-T cells that shared the same antigen-binding domain but differed in their intracellular domains and their in vivo antitumor efficacy, we found that only second-generation CARs induced the expression of a constitutively phosphorylated form of CD3ζ that resembled the endogenous species. This phenomenon was independent of the choice of costimulatory domains, or the hinge/transmembrane region. Rather, it was dependent on the size of the intracellular domains. Moreover, the second-generation design was also associated with stronger phosphorylation of downstream secondary messengers, as evidenced by global phosphoproteome analysis. These results suggest that second-generation CARs can activate additional sources of CD3ζ signaling, and this may contribute to more intense signaling and superior antitumor efficacy that they display compared to third-generation CARs. Moreover, our results provide a deeper understanding of how CARs interact physically and/or functionally with endogenous T cell molecules, which will inform the development of novel optimized immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ramello
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ismahène Benzaïd
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brent M Kuenzi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Maritza Lienlaf-Moreno
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Wendy M Kandell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Daniel N Santiago
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mibel Pabón-Saldaña
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sean Yoder
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Proteomics Core Facility, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel Abate-Daga
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. .,Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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16
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Abstract
Immune responses are controlled by the optimal balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. T-cell receptor (TCR) signals are modulated by co-signaling molecules, which are divided into co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. By expression at the appropriate time and location, co-signaling molecules positively and negatively control T-cell differentiation and function. For example, ligation of the CD28 on T cells provides a critical secondary signal along with TCR ligation for naive T-cell activation. In contrast, co-inhibitory signaling by the CD28-B7 family is important to regulate immune homeostasis and host defense, as these signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. At the same time, microorganisms or tumor cells can use these pathways to establish an immunosuppressive environment to inhibit the immune responses against themselves. Understanding these co-inhibitory pathways will support the development of new immunotherapy for the treatment of tumors and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here, we introduce diverse molecules belonging to the members of the CD28-B7 family.
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17
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Signal Transduction Via Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:85-133. [PMID: 31758532 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen-specific stimulation is essential for initiating T-cell activation. However, signaling through the TCR alone is not sufficient for inducing an effective response. In addition to TCR-mediated signaling, signaling through antigen-independent co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is critically important not only for the full activation and functional differentiation of T cells but also for the termination and suppression of T-cell responses. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways underlying the function of each molecular component. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have no kinase activity, but their cytoplasmic region contains unique functional motifs and potential phosphorylation sites. Engagement of co-stimulatory receptors leads to recruitment of specific binding partners, such as adaptor molecules, kinases, and phosphatases, via recognition of a specific motif. Consequently, each co-stimulatory receptor transduces a unique pattern of signaling pathways. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways provided by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, including B7:CD28 family members, immunoglobulin, and members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
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18
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Horst AK, Najjar SM, Wagener C, Tiegs G. CEACAM1 in Liver Injury, Metabolic and Immune Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103110. [PMID: 30314283 PMCID: PMC6213298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. CEACAM1 is a differentiation antigen involved in the maintenance of epithelial polarity that is induced during hepatocyte differentiation and liver regeneration. CEACAM1 regulates insulin sensitivity by promoting hepatic insulin clearance, and controls liver tolerance and mucosal immunity. Obese insulin-resistant humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease manifest loss of hepatic CEACAM1. In mice, deletion or functional inactivation of CEACAM1 impairs insulin clearance and compromises metabolic homeostasis which initiates the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis with other features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and adipogenesis in white adipose depot. This is followed by inflammation and endothelial and cardiovascular dysfunctions. In obstructive and inflammatory liver diseases, soluble CEACAM1 is shed into human bile where it can serve as an indicator of liver disease. On immune cells, CEACAM1 acts as an immune checkpoint regulator, and deletion of Ceacam1 gene in mice causes exacerbation of inflammation and hyperactivation of myeloid cells and lymphocytes. Hence, hepatic CEACAM1 resides at the central hub of immune and metabolic homeostasis in both humans and mice. This review focuses on the regulatory role of CEACAM1 in liver and biliary tract architecture in health and disease, and on its metabolic role and function as an immune checkpoint regulator of hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Irvine Hall, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Irvine Hall, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Christoph Wagener
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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CEACAM1 promotes CD8 + T cell responses and improves control of a chronic viral infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2561. [PMID: 29967450 PMCID: PMC6028648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells can lead to the development of chronic viral infection. Identifying mechanisms responsible for such T cell dysfunction is therefore of great importance to understand how to prevent persistent viral infection. Here we show using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection that carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is fundamental for recruiting lymphocyte-specific protein kinase (Lck) into the T cell receptor complex to form an efficient immunological synapse. CEACAM1 is essential for activation of CD8+ T cells, and the absence of CEACAM1 on virus-specific CD8+ T cells limits the antiviral CD8+ T cell response. Treatment with anti-CEACAM1 antibody stabilizes Lck in the immunological synapse, prevents CD8+ T cell exhaustion, and improves control of virus infection in vivo. Treatment of human virus-specific CD8+ T cells with anti-CEACAM1 antibody similarly enhances their proliferation. We conclude that CEACAM1 is an important regulator of virus-specific CD8+ T cell functions in mice and humans and represents a promising therapeutic target for modulating CD8+ T cells. Chronic viral infections are frequently associated with the dysfunction of CD8+ T cells which includes loss of function and results in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Here the authors show a role of CEACAM1 in promoting responsive CD8+ T cells in the context of a chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model.
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20
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Savinko T, Guenther C, Uotila LM, Llort Asens M, Yao S, Tojkander S, Fagerholm SC. Filamin A Is Required for Optimal T Cell Integrin-Mediated Force Transmission, Flow Adhesion, and T Cell Trafficking. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3109-3116. [PMID: 29581355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells traffic from the bloodstream into tissues to perform their functions in the immune system and are therefore subjected to a range of different mechanical forces. Integrins are essential for T cell trafficking into the tissues, as they mediate firm adhesion between the T cell and the endothelium under shear flow conditions. In addition, integrins are important for the formation of the contact between the T cell and the APC required for T cell activation. The actin-binding protein filamin A (FlnA) provides an important link between the integrin and the actin cytoskeleton. FlnA has been reported to function as an integrin inhibitor by competing with talin. However, its role in regulating integrin-dependent immune functions in vivo is currently poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of FlnA in T cells, using T cell-specific FlnA knockout mice. We report that FlnA is required for the formation of strong integrin-ligand bonds under shear flow and for the generation of integrin-mediated T cell traction forces on ligand-coated hydrogels. Consequently, absence of FlnA leads to a reduction in T cell adhesion to integrin ligands under conditions of shear flow, as well as reduced T cell trafficking into lymph nodes and sites of skin inflammation. In addition, FlnA is not needed for T cell activation in vivo, which occurs in shear-free conditions in lymphoid organs. Our results therefore reveal a role of FlnA in integrin force transmission and T cell trafficking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Savinko
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Carla Guenther
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Liisa M Uotila
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Marc Llort Asens
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Sean Yao
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; .,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; and
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21
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Hage-Sleiman R, Hamze AB, El-Hed AF, Attieh R, Kozhaya L, Kabbani S, Dbaibo G. Ceramide inhibits PKCθ by regulating its phosphorylation and translocation to lipid rafts in Jurkat cells. Immunol Res 2017; 64:869-86. [PMID: 26798039 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) is a novel, calcium-independent member of the PKC family of kinases that was identified as a central player in T cell signaling and proliferation. Upon T cell activation by antigen-presenting cells, PKCθ gets phosphorylated and activated prior to its translocation to the immunological synapse where it couples with downstream effectors. PKCθ may be regulated by ceramide, a crucial sphingolipid that is known to promote differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. To further investigate the mechanism, we stimulated human Jurkat T cells with either PMA or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies following induction of ceramide accumulation by adding exogenous ceramide, bacterial sphingomyelinase, or Fas ligation. Our results suggest that ceramide regulates the PKCθ pathway through preventing its critical threonine 538 (Thr538) phosphorylation and subsequent activation, thereby inhibiting the kinase's translocation to lipid rafts. Moreover, this inhibition is not likely to be a generic effect of ceramide on membrane reorganization. Other lipids, namely dihydroceramide, palmitate, and sphingosine, did not produce similar effects on PKCθ. Addition of the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A reversed the inhibition exerted by ceramide, and this suggests involvement of a ceramide-activated protein phosphatase. Such previously undescribed mechanism of regulation of PKCθ raises the possibility that ceramide, or one of its derivatives, and may prove valuable in novel therapeutic approaches for disorders involving autoimmunity or excessive inflammation-where PKCθ plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Hage-Sleiman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Asmaa B Hamze
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Global University, Batrakiyye, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aimée F El-Hed
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Randa Attieh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Kabbani
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
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22
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Zumerle S, Molon B, Viola A. Membrane Rafts in T Cell Activation: A Spotlight on CD28 Costimulation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1467. [PMID: 29163534 PMCID: PMC5675840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal compartmentalization of signaling pathways and second messengers is pivotal for cell biology and membrane rafts are, therefore, required for several lymphocyte functions. On the other hand, T cells have the specific necessity of tuning signaling amplification depending on the context in which the antigen is presented. In this review, we discuss of membrane rafts in the context of T cell signaling, focusing on CD28-mediated costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zumerle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Molon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Pediatric Research Institute "Citta della Speranza", Padova, Italy
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23
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Analysis of T Cell Activation by Confocal Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27787792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6548-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Antigen-recognition by T cells requires the physical association with an antigen presenting cell (APC). At the interface between a T cell and an APC, the orchestrated redistribution of lipids, membrane receptors, and intracellular adaptors assembles a highly specialized junction, controlling the communication between the two cells, named the immunologic synapse (IS). The proper organization of the IS is a key step in host defense. Indeed, an appropriate T cell-APC interaction ensures the elimination of a wide range of pathogens and aberrant cells, whereas a deregulated IS formation leads to pathological situations such as infections, tumor development, or autoimmunity. Over the last decades T-cell scientists pioneered new imaging approaches to investigate IS assembly and organization. Microscopy techniques enable researchers to directly monitor, in space and time, the dynamics regulating T cell activation.In this chapter, we describe in detail different microscopy protocols to visualize and analyze the recruitment of different molecules and organelles at the IS.
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Ballek O, Valečka J, Dobešová M, Broučková A, Manning J, Řehulka P, Stulík J, Filipp D. TCR Triggering Induces the Formation of Lck-RACK1-Actinin-1 Multiprotein Network Affecting Lck Redistribution. Front Immunol 2016; 7:449. [PMID: 27833610 PMCID: PMC5081367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of T-cell signaling is critically dependent on the function of the member of Src family tyrosine kinases, Lck. Upon T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggering, Lck kinase activity induces the nucleation of signal-transducing hubs that regulate the formation of complex signaling network and cytoskeletal rearrangement. In addition, the delivery of Lck function requires rapid and targeted membrane redistribution, but the mechanism underpinning this process is largely unknown. To gain insight into this process, we considered previously described proteins that could assist in this process via their capacity to interact with kinases and regulate their intracellular translocations. An adaptor protein, receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), was chosen as a viable option, and its capacity to bind Lck and aid the process of activation-induced redistribution of Lck was assessed. Our microscopic observation showed that T-cell activation induces a rapid, concomitant, and transient co-redistribution of Lck and RACK1 into the forming immunological synapse. Consistent with this observation, the formation of transient RACK1-Lck complexes were detectable in primary CD4+ T-cells with their maximum levels peaking 10 s after TCR-CD4 co-aggregation. Moreover, RACK1 preferentially binds to a pool of kinase active pY394Lck, which co-purifies with high molecular weight cellular fractions. The formation of RACK1-Lck complexes depends on functional SH2 and SH3 domains of Lck and includes several other signaling and cytoskeletal elements that transiently bind the complex. Notably, the F-actin-crosslinking protein, α-actinin-1, binds to RACK1 only in the presence of kinase active Lck suggesting that the formation of RACK1-pY394Lck-α-actinin-1 complex serves as a signal module coupling actin cytoskeleton bundling with productive TCR/CD4 triggering. In addition, the treatment of CD4+ T-cells with nocodazole, which disrupts the microtubular network, also blocked the formation of RACK1-Lck complexes. Importantly, activation-induced Lck redistribution was diminished in primary CD4+ T-cells by an adenoviral-mediated knockdown of RACK1. These results demonstrate that in T cells, RACK1, as an essential component of the multiprotein complex which upon TCR engagement, links the binding of kinase active Lck to elements of the cytoskeletal network and affects the subcellular redistribution of Lck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Ballek
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Valečka
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martina Dobešová
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Broučková
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jasper Manning
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řehulka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology , Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Stulík
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Pathology , Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR , Prague , Czech Republic
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Lee JH, Hsieh CF, Liu HW, Chen CY, Wu SC, Chen TW, Hsu CS, Liao YH, Yang CY, Shyu JF, Fischer WB, Lin CH. Lipid raft-associated stomatin enhances cell fusion. FASEB J 2016; 31:47-59. [PMID: 27663861 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600643r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusions that occur during vesicle transport, virus infection, and tissue development, involve receptors that mediate membrane contact and initiate fusion and effectors that execute membrane reorganization and fusion pore formation. Some of these fusogenic receptors/effectors are preferentially recruited to lipid raft membrane microdomains. Therefore, major constituents of lipid rafts, such as stomatin, may be involved in the regulation of cell-cell fusion. Stomatin produced in cells can be released to the extracellular environment, either through protein refolding to pass across lipid bilayer or through exosome trafficking. We report that cells expressing more stomatin or exposed to exogenous stomatin are more prone to undergoing cell fusion. During osteoclastogenesis, depletion of stomatin inhibited cell fusion but had little effect on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase production. Moreover, in stomatin transgenic mice, increased cell fusion leading to enhanced bone resorption and subsequent osteoporosis were observed. With its unique molecular topology, stomatin forms molecular assembly within lipid rafts or on the appositional plasma membranes, and promotes membrane fusion by modulating fusogenic protein engagement.-Lee, J.-H., Hsieh, C.-F., Liu, H.-W., Chen, C.-Y., Wu, S.-C., Chen, T.-W., Hsu, C.-S., Liao, Y.-H., Yang, C.-Y., Shyu, J.-F., Fischer, W. B., Lin, C.-H. Lipid raft-associated stomatin enhances cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hao Lee
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Hong-Wen Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology.,Chong Hin Loon Memorial Cancer and Biotherapy Research Center, and
| | - Chin-Yau Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Surgery, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wei Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Hsiu Liao
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Yang
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; and
| | - Jia-Fwu Shyu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang B Fischer
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; .,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology.,Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA. CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity 2016; 44:973-88. [PMID: 27192564 PMCID: PMC4932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ynes A Helou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Porciello N, Kunkl M, Viola A, Tuosto L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinases in the Regulation of T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:186. [PMID: 27242793 PMCID: PMC4865508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate kinases (PIP5Ks) are critical regulators of T cell activation being the main enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). PIP2 is indeed a pivotal regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, thus controlling T cell polarization and migration, stable adhesion to antigen-presenting cells, spatial organization of the immunological synapse, and co-stimulation. Moreover, PIP2 also serves as a precursor for the second messengers inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate, which are essential for the activation of signaling pathways regulating cytokine production, cell cycle progression, survival, metabolism, and differentiation. Here, we discuss the impact of PIP5Ks on several T lymphocyte functions with a specific focus on the role of CD28 co-stimulation in PIP5K compartimentalization and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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Comrie WA, Burkhardt JK. Action and Traction: Cytoskeletal Control of Receptor Triggering at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27014258 PMCID: PMC4779853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that F-actin dynamics drive the micron-scale cell shape changes required for migration and immunological synapse (IS) formation. In addition, recent evidence points to a more intimate role for the actin cytoskeleton in promoting T cell activation. Mechanotransduction, the conversion of mechanical input into intracellular biochemical changes, is thought to play a critical role in several aspects of immunoreceptor triggering and downstream signal transduction. Multiple molecules associated with signaling events at the IS have been shown to respond to physical force, including the TCR, costimulatory molecules, adhesion molecules, and several downstream adapters. In at least some cases, it is clear that the relevant forces are exerted by dynamics of the T cell actomyosin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, there is evidence that the cytoskeleton of the antigen-presenting cell also plays an active role in T cell activation, by countering the molecular forces exerted by the T cell at the IS. Since actin polymerization is itself driven by TCR and costimulatory signaling pathways, a complex relationship exists between actin dynamics and receptor activation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanosensitive aspects of T cell activation, paying specific attention to how F-actin-directed forces applied from both sides of the IS fit into current models of receptor triggering and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Porciello N, Tuosto L. CD28 costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation: Emerging functions beyond a qualitative and quantitative support to TCR signalling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 28:11-9. [PMID: 26970725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is one of the most important co-stimulatory receptors necessary for full T lymphocyte activation. By binding its cognate ligands, B7.1/CD80 or B7.2/CD86, expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APC), CD28 initiates several signalling cascades, which qualitatively and quantitatively support T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. More recent data evidenced that human CD28 can also act as a TCR-independent signalling unit, by delivering specific signals, which regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines. Despite the enormous progresses made in identifying the mechanisms and molecules involved in CD28 signalling properties, much remains to be elucidated, especially in the light of the functional differences observed between human and mouse CD28. In this review we provide an overview of the current mechanisms and molecules through which CD28 support TCR signalling and highlight recent findings on the specific signalling motifs that regulate the unique pro-inflammatory activity of human CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Hivroz C, Saitakis M. Biophysical Aspects of T Lymphocyte Activation at the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:46. [PMID: 26913033 PMCID: PMC4753286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte activation is a pivotal step of the adaptive immune response. It requires the recognition by T-cell receptors (TCR) of peptides presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) present at the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T lymphocyte activation also involves engagement of costimulatory receptors and adhesion molecules recognizing ligands on the APC. Integration of these different signals requires the formation of a specialized dynamic structure: the immune synapse. While the biochemical and molecular aspects of this cell–cell communication have been extensively studied, its mechanical features have only recently been addressed. Yet, the immune synapse is also the place of exchange of mechanical signals. Receptors engaged on the T lymphocyte surface are submitted to many tensile and traction forces. These forces are generated by various phenomena: membrane undulation/protrusion/retraction, cell mobility or spreading, and dynamic remodeling of the actomyosin cytoskeleton inside the T lymphocyte. Moreover, the TCR can both induce force development, following triggering, and sense and convert forces into biochemical signals, as a bona fide mechanotransducer. Other costimulatory molecules, such as LFA-1, engaged during immune synapse formation, also display these features. Moreover, T lymphocytes themselves are mechanosensitive, since substrate stiffness can modulate their response. In this review, we will summarize recent studies from a biophysical perspective to explain how mechanical cues can affect T lymphocyte activation. We will particularly discuss how forces are generated during immune synapse formation; how these forces affect various aspects of T lymphocyte biology; and what are the key features of T lymphocyte response to stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France; INSERM U932, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France; INSERM U932, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ, Rybakin V. Cell Type-Specific Regulation of Immunological Synapse Dynamics by B7 Ligand Recognition. Front Immunol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26870040 PMCID: PMC4740375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B7 proteins CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) are expressed on most antigen-presenting cells and provide critical co-stimulatory or inhibitory input to T cells via their T-cell-expressed receptors: CD28 and CTLA-4. CD28 is expressed on effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD28-dependent signals are required for optimum activation of effector T cell functions. CD28 ligation on effector T cells leads to formation of distinct molecular patterns and induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements at the immunological synapse (IS). CD28 plays a critical role in recruitment of protein kinase C (PKC)-θ to the effector T cell IS. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on the surface of Tregs, but it is expressed on effector T cells only after activation. As CTLA-4 binds to B7 proteins with significantly higher affinity than CD28, B7 ligand recognition by cells expressing both receptors leads to displacement of CD28 and PKC-θ from the IS. In Tregs, B7 ligand recognition leads to recruitment of CTLA-4 and PKC-η to the IS. CTLA-4 plays a role in regulation of T effector and Treg IS stability and cell motility. Due to their important roles in regulating T-cell-mediated responses, B7 receptors are emerging as important drug targets in oncology. In this review, we present an integrated summary of current knowledge about the role of B7 family receptor–ligand interactions in the regulation of spatial and temporal IS dynamics in effector and Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kallikourdis M, Trovato AE, Roselli G, Muscolini M, Porciello N, Tuosto L, Viola A. Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase β Controls Recruitment of Lipid Rafts into the Immunological Synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1955-63. [PMID: 26773155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) is critical for T lymphocyte activation serving as a substrate for the generation of second messengers and the remodeling of actin cytoskeleton necessary for the clustering of lipid rafts, TCR, and costimulatory receptors toward the T:APC interface. Spatiotemporal analysis of PIP2 synthesis in T lymphocytes suggested that distinct isoforms of the main PIP2-generating enzyme, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K), play a differential role on the basis of their distinct localization. In this study, we analyze the contribution of PIP5Kβ to T cell activation and show that CD28 induces the recruitment of PIP5Kβ to the immunological synapse, where it regulates filamin A and lipid raft accumulation, as well as T cell activation, in a nonredundant manner. Finally, we found that Vav1 and the C-terminal 83 aa of PIP5Kβ are pivotal for the PIP5Kβ regulatory functions in response to CD28 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Kallikourdis
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy; Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Anna Elisa Trovato
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Giuliana Roselli
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Michela Muscolini
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Nicla Porciello
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Huranova M, Stepanek O. Role of actin cytoskeleton at multiple levels of T cell activation. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.4.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Tuosto L, Capuano C, Muscolini M, Santoni A, Galandrini R. The multifaceted role of PIP2 in leukocyte biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4461-74. [PMID: 26265181 PMCID: PMC11113228 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) represents about 1 % of plasma membrane phospholipids and behaves as a pleiotropic regulator of a striking number of fundamental cellular processes. In recent years, an increasing body of literature has highlighted an essential role of PIP2 in multiple aspects of leukocyte biology. In this emerging picture, PIP2 is envisaged as a signalling intermediate itself and as a membrane-bound regulator and a scaffold of proteins with specific PIP2 binding domains. Indeed PIP2 plays a key role in several functions. These include directional migration in neutrophils, integrin-dependent adhesion in T lymphocytes, phagocytosis in macrophages, lysosomes secretion and trafficking at immune synapse in cytolytic effectors and secretory cells, calcium signals and gene transcription in B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and mast cells. The coordination of these different aspects relies on the spatio-temporal organisation of distinct PIP2 pools, generated by the main PIP2 generating enzyme, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K). Three different isoforms of PIP5K, named α, β and γ, and different splice variants have been described in leukocyte populations. The isoform-specific coupling of specific isoforms of PIP5K to different families of activating receptors, including integrins, Fc receptors, toll-like receptors and chemokine receptors, is starting to be reported. Furthermore, PIP2 is turned over by multiple metabolising enzymes including phospholipase C (PLC) γ and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which, along with Rho family small G proteins, is widely involved in strategic functions within the immune system. The interplay between PIP2, lipid-modifying enzymes and small G protein-regulated signals is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Muscolini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ricciarda Galandrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Dupré L, Houmadi R, Tang C, Rey-Barroso J. T Lymphocyte Migration: An Action Movie Starring the Actin and Associated Actors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:586. [PMID: 26635800 PMCID: PMC4649030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is composed of a dynamic filament meshwork that builds the architecture of the cell to sustain its fundamental properties. This physical structure is characterized by a continuous remodeling, which allows cells to accomplish complex motility steps such as directed migration, crossing of biological barriers, and interaction with other cells. T lymphocytes excel in these motility steps to ensure their immune surveillance duties. In particular, actin cytoskeleton remodeling is a key to facilitate the journey of T lymphocytes through distinct tissue environments and to tune their stop and go behavior during the scanning of antigen-presenting cells. The molecular mechanisms controlling actin cytoskeleton remodeling during T lymphocyte motility have been only partially unraveled, since the function of many actin regulators has not yet been assessed in these cells. Our review aims to integrate the current knowledge into a comprehensive picture of how the actin cytoskeleton drives T lymphocyte migration. We will present the molecular actors that control actin cytoskeleton remodeling, as well as their role in the different T lymphocyte motile steps. We will also highlight which challenges remain to be addressed experimentally and which approaches appear promising to tackle them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
| | - Raïssa Houmadi
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
| | - Catherine Tang
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Master BIOTIN, Université Montpellier I , Montpellier , France
| | - Javier Rey-Barroso
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; CNRS, UMR 5282 , Toulouse , France
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TCR-induced sumoylation of the kinase PKC-θ controls T cell synapse organization and T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1195-203. [PMID: 26390157 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation regulates many cellular processes, but its role in signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) remains unknown. We found that the kinase PKC-θ was sumoylated upon costimulation with antigen or via the TCR plus the coreceptor CD28, with Lys325 and Lys506 being the main sumoylation sites. We identified the SUMO E3 ligase PIASxβ as a ligase for PKC-θ. Analysis of primary mouse and human T cells revealed that sumoylation of PKC-θ was essential for T cell activation. Desumoylation did not affect the catalytic activity of PKC-θ but inhibited the association of CD28 with PKC-θ and filamin A and impaired the assembly of a mature immunological synapse and central co-accumulation of PKC-θ and CD28. Our findings demonstrate that sumoylation controls TCR-proximal signaling and that sumoylation of PKC-θ is essential for the formation of a mature immunological synapse and T cell activation.
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Na BR, Kim HR, Piragyte I, Oh HM, Kwon MS, Akber U, Lee HS, Park DS, Song WK, Park ZY, Im SH, Rho MC, Hyun YM, Kim M, Jun CD. TAGLN2 regulates T cell activation by stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton at the immunological synapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:143-62. [PMID: 25869671 PMCID: PMC4395477 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201407130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
TAGLN2 stabilizes cortical F-actin and thereby maintains F-actin contents at the immunological synapse, which allows T cell activation following T cell receptor stimulation. The formation of an immunological synapse (IS) requires tight regulation of actin dynamics by many actin polymerizing/depolymerizing proteins. However, the significance of actin stabilization at the IS remains largely unknown. In this paper, we identify a novel function of TAGLN2—an actin-binding protein predominantly expressed in T cells—in stabilizing cortical F-actin, thereby maintaining F-actin contents at the IS and acquiring LFA-1 (leukocyte function-associated antigen-1) activation after T cell receptor stimulation. TAGLN2 blocks actin depolymerization and competes with cofilin both in vitro and in vivo. Knockout of TAGLN2 (TAGLN2−/−) reduced F-actin content and destabilized F-actin ring formation, resulting in decreased cell adhesion and spreading. TAGLN2−/− T cells displayed weakened cytokine production and cytotoxic effector function. These findings reveal a novel function of TAGLN2 in enhancing T cell responses by controlling actin stability at the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ra Na
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Indre Piragyte
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Oh
- Bioindustrial Process Research Center, Korea Research Institute Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 580-185, South Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Uroos Akber
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Su Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Do-Sim Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, South Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Zee-Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
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Helou YA, Petrashen AP, Salomon AR. Vav1 Regulates T-Cell Activation through a Feedback Mechanism and Crosstalk between the T-Cell Receptor and CD28. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2963-75. [PMID: 26043137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vav1, a Rac/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor and a critical component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylated rapidly in response to T-cell activation. Vav1 has established roles in proliferation, cytokine secretion, Ca(2+) responses, and actin cytoskeleton regulation; however, its function in the regulation of phosphorylation of TCR components, including the ζ chain, the CD3 δ, ε, γ chains, and the associated kinases Lck and ZAP-70, is not well established. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of the role of Vav1 in receptor proximal signaling, we performed a wide-scale characterization of Vav1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation events using quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of Vav1-deficient T cells across a time course of TCR stimulation. Importantly, this study revealed a new function for Vav1 in the negative feedback regulation of the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs within the ζ chains, CD3 δ, ε, γ chains, as well as activation sites on the critical T cell tyrosine kinases Itk, Lck, and ZAP-70. Our study also uncovered a previously unappreciated role for Vav1 in crosstalk between the CD28 and TCR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynes A Helou
- †Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology and ‡Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Anna P Petrashen
- †Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology and ‡Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- †Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology and ‡Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
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40
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Curthoys NM, Parent M, Mlodzianoski M, Nelson AJ, Lilieholm J, Butler MB, Valles M, Hess ST. Dances with Membranes: Breakthroughs from Super-resolution Imaging. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:59-123. [PMID: 26015281 PMCID: PMC5584789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological membrane organization mediates numerous cellular functions and has also been connected with an immense number of human diseases. However, until recently, experimental methodologies have been unable to directly visualize the nanoscale details of biological membranes, particularly in intact living cells. Numerous models explaining membrane organization have been proposed, but testing those models has required indirect methods; the desire to directly image proteins and lipids in living cell membranes is a strong motivation for the advancement of technology. The development of super-resolution microscopy has provided powerful tools for quantification of membrane organization at the level of individual proteins and lipids, and many of these tools are compatible with living cells. Previously inaccessible questions are now being addressed, and the field of membrane biology is developing rapidly. This chapter discusses how the development of super-resolution microscopy has led to fundamental advances in the field of biological membrane organization. We summarize the history and some models explaining how proteins are organized in cell membranes, and give an overview of various super-resolution techniques and methods of quantifying super-resolution data. We discuss the application of super-resolution techniques to membrane biology in general, and also with specific reference to the fields of actin and actin-binding proteins, virus infection, mitochondria, immune cell biology, and phosphoinositide signaling. Finally, we present our hopes and expectations for the future of super-resolution microscopy in the field of membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki M. Curthoys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Matthew Parent
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Nelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Jennifer Lilieholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael B. Butler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Matthew Valles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Samuel T. Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Combinatorial proteomic analysis of intercellular signaling applied to the CD28 T-cell costimulatory receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1594-603. [PMID: 25829543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503286112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic characterization of intercellular signaling approximating the physiological conditions of stimulation that involve direct cell-cell contact is challenging. We describe a proteomic strategy to analyze physiological signaling mediated by the T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28. We identified signaling pathways activated by CD28 during direct cell-cell contact by global analysis of protein phosphorylation. To define immediate CD28 targets, we used phosphorylated forms of the CD28 cytoplasmic region to obtain the CD28 interactome. The interaction profiles of selected CD28-interacting proteins were further characterized in vivo for amplifying the CD28 interactome. The combination of the global phosphorylation and interactome analyses revealed broad regulation of CD28 and its interactome by phosphorylation. Among the cellular phosphoproteins influenced by CD28 signaling, CapZ-interacting protein (CapZIP), a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, was implicated by functional studies. The combinatorial approach applied herein is widely applicable for characterizing signaling networks associated with membrane receptors with short cytoplasmic tails.
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Astro V, de Curtis I. Plasma membrane-associated platforms: Dynamic scaffolds that organize membrane-associated events. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re1. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Muscolini M, Camperio C, Porciello N, Caristi S, Capuano C, Viola A, Galandrini R, Tuosto L. Phosphatidylinositol 4–Phosphate 5–Kinase α and Vav1 Mutual Cooperation in CD28-Mediated Actin Remodeling and Signaling Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1323-1333. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5–biphosphate (PIP2) is a cell membrane phosphoinositide crucial for cell signaling and activation. Indeed, PIP2 is a pivotal source for second messenger generation and controlling the activity of several proteins regulating cytoskeleton reorganization. Despite its critical role in T cell activation, the molecular mechanisms regulating PIP2 turnover remain largely unknown. In human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, we have recently demonstrated that CD28 costimulatory receptor is crucial for regulating PIP2 turnover by allowing the recruitment and activation of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4–phosphate 5–kinase (PIP5Kα). We also identified PIP5Kα as a key modulator of CD28 costimulatory signals leading to the efficient T cell activation. In this study, we extend these data by demonstrating that PIP5Kα recruitment and activation is essential for CD28-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement necessary for organizing a complete signaling compartment leading to downstream signaling functions. We also identified Vav1 as the linker molecule that couples the C-terminal proline-rich motif of CD28 to the recruitment and activation of PIP5Kα, which in turn cooperates with Vav1 in regulating actin polymerization and CD28 signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Muscolini
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Camperio
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicla Porciello
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caristi
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Capuano
- †Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- ‡The Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova 35129, Italy; and
- §Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | | | - Loretta Tuosto
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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44
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Suzuki KG. New Insights into the Organization of Plasma Membrane and Its Role in Signal Transduction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:67-96. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Schieffer D, Naware S, Bakun W, Bamezai AK. Lipid raft-based membrane order is important for antigen-specific clonal expansion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:58. [PMID: 25494999 PMCID: PMC4270042 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid rafts are cholesterol and saturated lipid-rich, nanometer sized membrane domains that are hypothesized to play an important role in compartmentalization and spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signaling. Lipid rafts contribute to the plasma membrane order and to its spatial asymmetry, as well. The raft nanodomains on the surface of CD4+ T lymphocytes coalesce during their interaction with antigen presenting cells (APCs). Sensing of foreign antigen by the antigen receptor on CD4+ T cells occurs during these cell-cell interactions. In response to foreign antigen the CD4+ T cells proliferate, allowing the expansion of few antigen-specific primary CD4+ T cell clones. Proliferating CD4+ T cells specialize in their function by undergoing differentiation into appropriate effectors tailored to mount an effective adaptive immune response against the invading pathogen. Results To investigate the role of lipid raft-based membrane order in the clonal expansion phase of primary CD4+ T cells, we have disrupted membrane order by incorporating an oxysterol, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), into the plasma membrane of primary CD4+ T cells expressing a T cell receptor specific to chicken ovalbumin323–339 peptide sequence and tested their antigen-specific response. We report that 7-KC, at concentrations that disrupt lipid rafts, significantly diminish the c-Ovalbumin323–339 peptide-specific clonal expansion of primary CD4+ T cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that lipid raft-based membrane order is important for clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells in response to a model peptide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-014-0058-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schieffer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA. .,Current Address: DeNovix Inc, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA.
| | - Sanya Naware
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA. .,Current Address: M.D. Program, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Walter Bakun
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| | - Anil K Bamezai
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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46
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Kwiatek JM, Hinde E, Gaus K. Microscopy approaches to investigate protein dynamics and lipid organization. Mol Membr Biol 2014; 31:141-51. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2014.937469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Boomer JS, Deppong CM, Shah DD, Bricker TL, Green JM. Cutting edge: A double-mutant knockin of the CD28 YMNM and PYAP motifs reveals a critical role for the YMNM motif in regulation of T cell proliferation and Bcl-xL expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3465-9. [PMID: 24639356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is a critical regulator of T cell function, augmenting proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cell survival. Our previous work using knockin mice expressing point mutations in CD28 demonstrated that the distal proline motif was primarily responsible for much of CD28 function, whereas in marked contrast to prior studies, mutation of the PI3K-binding motif had little discernible effect. In this study, we examined the phenotype of mice in which both motifs are simultaneously mutated. We found that mutation of the PYAP motif unmasks a critical role for the proximal tyrosine motif in regulating T cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-xL but not cytokine secretion. In addition, we demonstrated that, although function is more severely impaired in the double mutant than in either single mutant, there remained residual CD28-dependent responses, definitively establishing that additional motifs can partially mediate CD28 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Boomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
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48
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Kapus A, Janmey P. Plasma membrane--cortical cytoskeleton interactions: a cell biology approach with biophysical considerations. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1231-81. [PMID: 23897686 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
From a biophysical standpoint, the interface between the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton is an intriguing site where a "two-dimensional fluid" interacts with an exceedingly complex three-dimensional protein meshwork. The membrane is a key regulator of the cytoskeleton, which not only provides docking sites for cytoskeletal elements through transmembrane proteins, lipid binding-based, and electrostatic interactions, but also serves as the source of the signaling events and molecules that control cytoskeletal organization and remolding. Conversely, the cytoskeleton is a key determinant of the biophysical and biochemical properties of the membrane, including its shape, tension, movement, composition, as well as the mobility, partitioning, and recycling of its constituents. From a cell biological standpoint, the membrane-cytoskeleton interplay underlies--as a central executor and/or regulator--a multitude of complex processes including chemical and mechanical signal transduction, motility/migration, endo-/exo-/phagocytosis, and other forms of membrane traffic, cell-cell, and cell-matrix adhesion. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the tight structural and functional coupling between the membrane and the cytoskeleton. As biophysical approaches, both theoretical and experimental, proved to be instrumental for our understanding of the membrane/cytoskeleton interplay, this review will "oscillate" between the cell biological phenomena and the corresponding biophysical principles and considerations. After describing the types of connections between the membrane and the cytoskeleton, we will focus on a few key physical parameters and processes (force generation, curvature, tension, and surface charge) and will discuss how these contribute to a variety of fundamental cell biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kapus
- Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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49
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Tan YX, Zikherman J, Weiss A. Novel tools to dissect the dynamic regulation of TCR signaling by the kinase Csk and the phosphatase CD45. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 78:131-139. [PMID: 24100586 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the biochemical events induced by T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering have been well studied, both the mediators and function of basal signaling in T cells remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms by which MHC-peptide interaction with the TCR disrupt the basal equilibrium to induce downstream signaling are also unclear. Here we describe novel approaches to understand the basal state of T cells and the mechanisms of TCR triggering by perturbing regulation of the Src family kinases (SFKs). The SFKs are critical proximal mediators of TCR signaling that are in turn tightly regulated by the tyrosine kinase Csk and the receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45. We have developed a small-molecule analog-sensitive allele of Csk and an allelic series of mice in which expression of CD45 is varied across a broad range. Our studies have unmasked contributions of Csk and CD45 to maintain the basal state of T cells and also suggest that dynamic regulation of Csk may be involved in TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xim Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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50
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Abstract
Anergy is a long-term stable state of T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness to antigenic stimulation associated with the blockade of IL-2 production and proliferation. Anergy is a pathway of peripheral tolerance formation. In this review, mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerization are considered in a classical in vitro model of clonal anergy, and these mechanisms are compared with different pathways of anergy induction in vivo. Special attention is given to regulatory T-lymphocytes because, on one hand, anergy is a specific feature of these cells, and on the other hand anergy is also a mechanism of their action on target cells - effector T-lymphocytes. The role of this phenomenon in the differentiation of regulatory T-cells and also in the development of activation-induced apoptosis in effector T-lymphocytes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kuklina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia.
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