1
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Wei FX, Yuan X, Jiang FQ, Wang Z, Deng YF, Xu CH, Fu LH, Lin BF. Hierarchical supramolecules composed of starch-based nanocluster aggregates with light-responsive mechanical strain for remotely rapid and precise actuation. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122314. [PMID: 38858012 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Hierarchical supramolecular systems, characterized by nanoscale sensitivity and macroscopic tangible changes, offer promising perspectives for the design of remotely controllable, rapid, and precise actuation materials, serving as a potential substitution for non-intelligent and complex actuation switches. Herein, we reported on the disassembly of orderly and rigid starch helical covalent structures, and their subsequent reassembly into a hierarchical supramolecular gel composed of nanocluster aggregates, integrating supramolecular interactions of three different scales. The incorporation of photo-sensitive FeIIITA, a complex of trivalent iron ions and tannic acid, significantly enhances the photo-responsive strain capacity of the hierarchical supramolecular gel. The supramolecular gel exhibits its features in a rapid light-responsive rate of hardness and viscosity, enabling the actuation of objects within 22 s under light exposure when employed as a remote actuation switch. Meanwhile, this actuation mechanism of the hierarchical supramolecular gel also has a promising perspective in precise control, identifying and actuating one of the two objects in distances of 0.8 mm even smaller scales. Our work provides a reliable reference for replacing complex actuation switches with intelligent materials for remote, rapid, and accurate actuation, and offers valuable insights for actuation in harsh and vacuum outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Feng-Qiong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yong-Fu Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chuan-Hui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Bao-Feng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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2
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Kiebala DJ, Dodero A, Weder C, Schrettl S. Optical Monitoring of Supramolecular Interactions in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405922. [PMID: 38860450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Many stimuli-responsive materials harness the reversible association of supramolecular binding motifs to enable advanced functionalities such as self-healing, switchable adhesion, or mechanical adaptation. Despite extensive research into the structure-property relationships of these materials, direct correlations between molecular-level changes in supramolecular binding and macroscopic material behaviors have mostly remained elusive. Here, we show that this challenge can be overcome with supramolecular binding motifs featuring integrated binding indicators. We demonstrate this using a novel motif that combines a hydrogen-bonding ureido-4-pyrimidinone (UPy) with two strategically placed pyrene fluorophores. Dimerization of this motif promotes pyrene excimer formation, facilitating the straightforward optical quantification of supramolecular assembly under various conditions. We exploit the new motif as a supramolecular cross-linker in poly(methyl acrylate)s to probe the extent of (dis)assembly as a function of cross-linker content, processing history, and applied stimuli. We demonstrate that the stimuli-induced dissociation of hydrogen-bonding linkages strongly depends on the initial cross-link density, which also dictates whether the force-induced dissociation in polymer films correlates with the applied stress or strain. Thus, beyond introducing a robust tool for the in situ study of dynamic (dis)assembly mechanisms in supramolecular systems, our findings provide new insights into the mechanoresponsive behavior of such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research Bio-inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Dodero
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research Bio-inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research Bio-inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Competence Center in Research Bio-inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
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3
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Sheng J, Danowski W, Sardjan AS, Hou J, Crespi S, Ryabchun A, Domínguez MP, Jan Buma W, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Formylation boosts the performance of light-driven overcrowded alkene-derived rotary molecular motors. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1330-1338. [PMID: 38671301 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors and machines constitute a critical element in the transition from individual molecular motion to the creation of collective dynamic molecular systems and responsive materials. The design of artificial light-driven molecular motors operating with high efficiency and selectivity constitutes an ongoing fundamental challenge. Here we present a highly versatile synthetic approach based on Rieche formylation that boosts the quantum yield of the forward photoisomerization reaction while reaching near-perfect selectivity in the steps involved in the unidirectional rotary cycle and drastically reducing competing photoreactions. This motor is readily accessible in its enantiopure form and operates with nearly quantitative photoconversions. It can easily be functionalized further and outperforms its direct predecessor as a reconfigurable chiral dopant in cholesteric liquid crystal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Supramolecular Science and Engineering (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andy S Sardjan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaxin Hou
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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van Vliet S, Sheng J, Stindt CN, Feringa BL. All-visible-light-driven salicylidene schiff-base-functionalized artificial molecular motors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6461. [PMID: 39085193 PMCID: PMC11291758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Light-driven rotary molecular motors are among the most promising classes of responsive molecular machines and take advantage of their intrinsic chirality which governs unidirectional rotation. As a consequence of their dynamic function, they receive considerable interest in the areas of supramolecular chemistry, asymmetric catalysis and responsive materials. Among the emerging classes of responsive photochromic molecules, multistate first-generation molecular motors driven by benign visible light remain unexplored, which limits the exploitation of the full potential of these mechanical light-powered systems. Herein, we describe a series of all-visible-light-driven first-generation molecular motors based on the salicylidene Schiff base functionality. Remarkable redshifts up to 100 nm in absorption are achieved compared to conventional first-generation motor structures. Taking advantage of all-visible-light-driven multistate motor scaffolds, adaptive behaviour is found as well, and potential application in multistate photoluminescence is demonstrated. These functional visible-light-responsive motors will likely stimulate the design and synthesis of more sophisticated nanomachinery with a myriad of future applications in powering dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Vliet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Lv X, Tao H, Yuan X, Wang Z, Ding C, Xu J, Shan D, Guo B. Multiresponse Liquid Metal Bionic Flexible Actuator. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39034611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The flexible actuator has attracted significant interest for its ability to respond flexibly to external stimuli, especially for renewable natural energy sources. However, the flexible actuator faces issues such as inadequate sensitivity and inability to achieve synergistic responses. Therefore, we prepared a highly sensitive flexible actuator by mixing liquid metal (LM) with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), graphene oxide (GO), and coating the resulting mixtures onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate materials using the rod coating process. The flexible actuator responds quickly to near-infrared light and humidity and can be rapidly transformed from flat to curved with a maximum angular change of 540°. By demonstrating the flexible actuator in action, it can be used to create a crawling robot that mimics the movement of an inchworm on a leaf, as well as a gripper capable of lifting objects 5 times its weight, and a crawling robot that moves forward, turns left, and then right. Flexible actuators hold significant promise for applications in emerging fields such as advanced bionics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xushuai Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - He Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ximin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chaogang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Debin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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6
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Hung KL, Cheung LH, Ren Y, Chau MH, Lam YY, Kajitani T, Leung FKC. Supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts as macroscopic soft scaffolds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1590-1603. [PMID: 39076292 PMCID: PMC11285068 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In the design of photoharvesting and photoresponsive supramolecular systems in aqueous medium, the fabrication of amphiphilic photoswitches enables a noninvasive functional response through photoirradiation. Although most aqueous supramolecular assemblies are driven by high-energy and biodamaging UV light, we have previously reported a design of amphiphilic donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) controlled by white light. Herein, we present a series of DASA amphiphiles (DAs) with minor structural modifications on the alkyl linker chain length connecting the DASA motif with the hydrophilic moiety. The excellent photoswitchability in organic medium and the photoresponsiveness in aqueous medium, driven by visible light, were investigated by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The assembled supramolecular nanostructures were confirmed by electron microscopy, while the supramolecular packing was revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Upon visible-light irradiation, significant transformations of the DA geometry enabled transformations of the supramolecular assemblies on a microscopic scale, subsequently disassembling macroscopic soft scaffolds of DAs. The current work shows promising use for the fabrication of visible-light-controlled macroscopic scaffolds, offering the next generation of biomedical materials with visible-light-controlled microenvironments and future soft-robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Lung Hung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leong-Hung Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yikun Ren
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Hin Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan-Yi Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- Open Facility Development Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Menke JM, Trapp O. Pronounced Self-Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism in Anisidine Amino Acid Diamides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400623. [PMID: 38656599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The emergent properties resulting from selective supramolecular interactions are of significant importance for materials and chemical systems. For the directed use of such properties, a fundamental understanding of the interaction mechanism and the resulting mode of function is necessary for a tailored design. The self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism effect (SIDA), which occurs in the intermolecular interaction of chiral molecules, generates unique properties such as chiral self-recognition and nonlinear effects. Here we show that anisidine amino acid diamides lead to extraordinary signal splitting in NMR spectra through supramolecular interaction and homochiral self-recognition. By systematic experiments we have investigated the underlying SIDA effect, explored its limits and finally successfully utilized it in the determination of enantiomeric ratios by NMR spectroscopy of chiral 'SIDA-inactive' compounds such as thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Menke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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8
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Yao X, Vishnu JA, Lupfer C, Hoenders D, Skarsetz O, Chen W, Dattler D, Perrot A, Wang WZ, Gao C, Giuseppone N, Schmid F, Walther A. Scalable Approach to Molecular Motor-Polymer Conjugates for Light-Driven Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403514. [PMID: 38613525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The integration of molecular machines and motors into materials represents a promising avenue for creating dynamic and functional molecular systems, with potential applications in soft robotics or reconfigurable biomaterials. However, the development of truly scalable and controllable approaches for incorporating molecular motors into polymeric matrices has remained a challenge. Here, it is shown that light-driven molecular motors with sensitive photo-isomerizable double bonds can be converted into initiators for Cu-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization enabling the synthesis of star-shaped motor-polymer conjugates. This approach enables scalability, precise control over the molecular structure, block copolymer structures, and high-end group fidelity. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these materials can be crosslinked to form gels with quasi-ideal network topology, exhibiting light-triggered contraction. The influence of arm length and polymer structure is investigated, and the first molecular dynamics simulation framework to gain deeper insights into the contraction processes is developed. Leveraging this scalable methodology, the creation of bilayer soft robotic devices and cargo-lifting artificial muscles is showcased, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of this advanced polymer chemistry approach. It is anticipated that the integrated experimental and simulation framework will accelerate scalable approaches for active polymer materials based on molecular machines, opening up new horizons in materials science and bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jude Ann Vishnu
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Lupfer
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Skarsetz
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Chuan Gao
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Friederike Schmid
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Kotha S, Sahu R, Chandrakant Yadav A, Bejagam KK, Reddy SK, Venkata Rao K. Pathway Selection in Temporal Evolution of Supramolecular Polymers of Ionic π-Systems: Amphiphilic Organic Solvent Dictates the Fate of Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303813. [PMID: 38648278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding solvent-solute interactions is essential to designing and synthesising soft materials with tailor-made functions. Although the interaction of the solute with the solvent mixture is more complex than the single solvent medium, solvent mixtures are exciting to unfold several unforeseen phenomena in supramolecular chemistry. Here, we report two unforeseen pathways observed during the hierarchical assembly of cationic perylene diimides (cPDIs) in water and amphiphilic organic solvent (AOS) mixtures. When the aqueous supramolecular polymers (SPs) of cPDIs are injected into AOS, initially kinetically trapped short SPs are formed, which gradually transform into thermodynamically stable high aspect ratio SP networks. Using various experimental and theoretical investigations, we found that this temporal evolution follows two distinct pathways depending on the nature of the water-AOS interactions. If the AOS is isopropanol (IPA), water is released from cPDIs into bulk IPA due to strong hydrogen bonding interactions, which further decreases the monomer concentration of cPDIs (Pathway-1). In the case of dioxane AOS, cPDI monomer concentration further increases as water is retained among cPDIs (Pathway-2) due to relatively weak interactions between dioxane and water. Interestingly, these two pathways are accelerated by external stimuli such as heat and mechanical agitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinu Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Rahul Sahu
- Centre for Computational and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Aditya Chandrakant Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Karteek K Bejagam
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA
| | - Sandeep K Reddy
- Centre for Computational and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Kotagiri Venkata Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502284, India
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10
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Lee KK, Celt N, Ardoña HAM. Looking both ways: Electroactive biomaterials with bidirectional implications for dynamic cell-material crosstalk. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021303. [PMID: 38736681 PMCID: PMC11087870 DOI: 10.1063/5.0181222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Cells exist in natural, dynamic microenvironmental niches that facilitate biological responses to external physicochemical cues such as mechanical and electrical stimuli. For excitable cells, exogenous electrical cues are of interest due to their ability to stimulate or regulate cellular behavior via cascade signaling involving ion channels, gap junctions, and integrin receptors across the membrane. In recent years, conductive biomaterials have been demonstrated to influence or record these electrosensitive biological processes whereby the primary design criterion is to achieve seamless cell-material integration. As such, currently available bioelectronic materials are predominantly engineered toward achieving high-performing devices while maintaining the ability to recapitulate the local excitable cell/tissue microenvironment. However, such reports rarely address the dynamic signal coupling or exchange that occurs at the biotic-abiotic interface, as well as the distinction between the ionic transport involved in natural biological process and the electronic (or mixed ionic/electronic) conduction commonly responsible for bioelectronic systems. In this review, we highlight current literature reports that offer platforms capable of bidirectional signal exchange at the biotic-abiotic interface with excitable cell types, along with the design criteria for such biomaterials. Furthermore, insights on current materials not yet explored for biointerfacing or bioelectronics that have potential for bidirectional applications are also provided. Finally, we offer perspectives aimed at bringing attention to the coupling of the signals delivered by synthetic material to natural biological conduction mechanisms, areas of improvement regarding characterizing biotic-abiotic crosstalk, as well as the dynamic nature of this exchange, to be taken into consideration for material/device design consideration for next-generation bioelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Kwangja Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Natalie Celt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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11
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Liu J, Huang YS, Liu Y, Zhang D, Koynov K, Butt HJ, Wu S. Reconfiguring hydrogel assemblies using a photocontrolled metallopolymer adhesive for multiple customized functions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1024-1033. [PMID: 38459235 PMCID: PMC11164683 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels with programmable shape changes are promising materials for soft robots, four-dimensional printing, biomedical devices and artificial intelligence systems. However, these applications require the fabrication of hydrogels with complex, heterogeneous and reconfigurable structures and customizable functions. Here we report the fabrication of hydrogel assemblies with these features by reversibly gluing hydrogel units using a photocontrolled metallopolymer adhesive. The metallopolymer adhesive firmly attached individual hydrogel units via metal-ligand coordination and polymer chain entanglement. Hydrogel assemblies containing temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogel units showed controllable shape changes and motions in response to these external stimuli. To reconfigure their structures, the hydrogel assemblies were disassembled by irradiating the metallopolymer adhesive with light; the disassembled hydrogel units were then reassembled using the metallopolymer adhesive with heating. The shape change and structure reconfiguration abilities allow us to reprogramme the functions of hydrogel assemblies. The development of reconfigurable hydrogel assemblies using reversible adhesives provides a strategy for designing intelligent materials and soft robots with user-defined functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yun-Shuai Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yazhi Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Si Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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12
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Shashikumar U, Saraswat A, Deshmukh K, Hussain CM, Chandra P, Tsai PC, Huang PC, Chen YH, Ke LY, Lin YC, Chawla S, Ponnusamy VK. Innovative technologies for the fabrication of 3D/4D smart hydrogels and its biomedical applications - A comprehensive review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 328:103163. [PMID: 38749384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Repairing and regenerating damaged tissues or organs, and restoring their functioning has been the ultimate aim of medical innovations. 'Reviving healthcare' blends tissue engineering with alternative techniques such as hydrogels, which have emerged as vital tools in modern medicine. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a practical manufacturing revolution that uses building strategies like molding as a viable solution for precise hydrogel manufacturing. Recent advances in this technology have led to the successful manufacturing of hydrogels with enhanced reproducibility, accuracy, precision, and ease of fabrication. Hydrogels continue to metamorphose as the vital compatible bio-ink matrix for AM. AM hydrogels have paved the way for complex 3D/4D hydrogels that can be loaded with drugs or cells. Bio-mimicking 3D cell cultures designed via hydrogel-based AM is a groundbreaking in-vivo assessment tool in biomedical trials. This brief review focuses on preparations and applications of additively manufactured hydrogels in the biomedical spectrum, such as targeted drug delivery, 3D-cell culture, numerous regenerative strategies, biosensing, bioprinting, and cancer therapies. Prevalent AM techniques like extrusion, inkjet, digital light processing, and stereo-lithography have been explored with their setup and methodology to yield functional hydrogels. The perspectives, limitations, and the possible prospects of AM hydrogels have been critically examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Shashikumar
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Aditya Saraswat
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Kalim Deshmukh
- New Technologies - Research Centre University of West Bohemia Univerzitní 2732/8, 30100, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), China Medical University (CMU), Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
| | - Shashi Chawla
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
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13
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Tang Y, Gao L, Fei J. Light-triggered AND logic tetrapeptide dynamic covalent assembly. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113885. [PMID: 38574405 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate light-triggered dynamic covalent assembly of a linear short tetrapeptide containing two terminal cysteine residues in an AND logic manner. A photobase generator is introduced to accomplish light-mediated pH regulation to increase the reduction potential of thiols in the tetrapeptide, which activates its oxidative polymerization through disulfide bonds. Interestingly, it is elucidated that under light irradiation, mere co-existence of photobase generator and the oxidizing agent permits the polymerization performance of this tetrapeptide. Hence, a light-triggered AND logic dynamic covalent assembly of a tetrapeptide is achieved. Further, upon redox response, the reversible aggregation and disaggregation can be transformed for numerous times due to the dynamic covalent feature of disulfide bond. As a comparison, no assembly occurs for a short peptide containing one terminal cysteine residue under the same stimuli condition. This work offers a new approach to remotely control programmable molecular assembly of short linear peptides based on dynamic covalent bond, holding great potential in wide bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Meng J, Cheung LH, Ren Y, Stuart MCA, Wang Q, Chen S, Chen J, Leung FKC. Aqueous Supramolecular Transformations of Motor Bola-Amphiphiles at Multiple Length-Scale. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400261. [PMID: 38805189 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motor amphiphiles have already been widely attempted for dynamic nanosystems across multiple length-scale for developments of small functional materials, including controlling macroscopic foam properties, amplifying motion as artificial molecular muscles, and serving as extracellular matrix mimicking cell scaffolds. However, limiting examples of bola-type molecular motor amphiphiles are considered for constructing macroscopic biomaterials. Herein, this work presents the designed two second generation molecular motor amphiphiles, motor bola-amphiphiles (MBAs). Aside from the photoinduced motor rotation of MBAs achieved in both organic and aqueous media, the rate of recovering thermal helix inversion step can be controlled by the rotor part with different steric hindrances. Dynamic assembled structures of MBAs are observed under (cryo)-transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This dynamicity assists MBAs in further assembling as macroscopic soft scaffolds by applying a shear-flow method. Upon photoirradiation, the phototropic bending function of MBA scaffolds is observed, demonstrating the amplification of molecular motion into macroscopic phototropic bending functions at the macroscopic length-scale. Since MBAs are confirmed with low cytotoxicity, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) can grow on the surface of MBA scaffolds. These results clearly demonstrate the concept of designing MBAs for developing photoresponsive dynamic functional materials to create new-generation soft robotic systems and cell-material interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Leong-Hung Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yikun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Centre for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, AG Groningen, 9747, Netherlands
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shaoyu Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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15
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Long G, Deng Y, Zhao W, Zhou G, Broer DJ, Feringa BL, Chen J. Photoresponsive Biomimetic Functions by Light-Driven Molecular Motors in Three Dimensionally Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13894-13902. [PMID: 38728606 PMCID: PMC11117400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fascinating developments in design and synthesis of artificial molecular machines operating at the nanoscales, translating molecular motion along multiple length scales and inducing mechanical motion of a three-dimensional macroscopic entity remains an important challenge. The key to addressing this amplification of motion relies on the effective organization of molecular machines in a well-defined environment. By taking advantage of long-range orientational order and hierarchical structures of liquid crystals and unidirectional rotation of light-driven molecular motors, we report here photoresponsive biomimetic functions of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) by the repetitive unidirectional rotation of molecular motors using 3D printing. Molecular motors were built in the main chain of liquid crystals oligomers to serve as photoactuators. The oligomers were then used as the ink, and liquid crystal elastomers with different morphologies were printed. The obtained LCEs are able to conduct multiple types of motions including bending, helical coiling, closing of petals, and flipping of wings of a butterfly upon UV illumination, which paves the way for future design of responsive materials with enhanced complex actuating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Long
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Yanping Deng
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-TUE
Joint lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology
& Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy
of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China
Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- SCNU-TUE
Joint lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology
& Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy
of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China
Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- SCNU-TUE
Joint lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology
& Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy
of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China
Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Stimuli-responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-UG
International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays,
National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Yau JCK, Hung KL, Ren Y, Kajitani T, Stuart MCA, Leung FKC. Red-light-controlled supramolecular assemblies of indigo amphiphiles at multiple length scales. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:391-403. [PMID: 38359503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Amphiphilic molecules functionalized with photoresponsive motifs have attractive prospects for applications in smart functional bio-material ranging from cell-material interfaces to drug delivery systems owing to the precisely controllable functionality of self-assembled hierarchical supramolecular structures in aqueous media by a non-invasive light stimulation with high temporal- and spatial-resolution. However, most of reported photoresponsive amphiphiles are triggered by bio-damaging UV-light, which greatly limits the potential in bio-related applications. Herein, we present newly designed red-light controlled N,N'-diaryl-substituted indigo amphiphiles (IA), exhibiting excellent photoswitchablity and photostability with dual red-/green-light in organic media. Meanwhile, aqueous solutions of IA assembled into supramolecular structures in both microscopic and macroscopic length-scale, though the photoresponsiveness of IA is slightly compromised in aqueous media. At macroscopic length-scale, morphological changes of IA macroscopic scaffold prepared by a shear-flow method can be fine adjusted upon red-light irradiation. Moreover, the preferential attachment of live h-MSCs to IA macroscopic scaffold surface also indicates a good biocompatibility of IA macroscopic scaffold. These results provide the potential for developing the next generation of red-light controlled soft functional materials with good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Chun-Kit Yau
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Lung Hung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yikun Ren
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- TC College Promotion Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Gisbert Y, Fellert M, Stindt CN, Gerstner A, Feringa BL. Molecular Motors' Magic Methyl and Its Pivotal Influence on Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12609-12619. [PMID: 38656891 PMCID: PMC11082891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motors have found a wide range of applications, powering a transition from molecules to dynamic molecular systems for which their motion must be precisely tuned. To achieve this adjustment, strategies involving laborious changes in their design are often used. Herein, we show that control over a single methyl group allows a drastic change in rotational properties. In this regard, we present the straightforward asymmetric synthesis of β-methylated first-generation overcrowded-alkene-based molecular motors. Both enantiomers of the new motors were prepared in good yields and high enantiopurities, and these motors were thoroughly studied by variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT-NMR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, showing a crucial influence of the methylation pattern on the rotational behavior of the motors. Starting from a common chiral precursor, we demonstrate that subsequent methylation can drastically reduce the speed of the motor and reverse the direction of the rotation. We show for the first time that complete unidirectionality can be achieved even when the energy difference between the stable and metastable states is small, resulting in the coexistence of both states under ambient conditions without hampering the energy ratcheting process. This discovery opens the way for the design of more advanced first-generation motors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Alexander Gerstner
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
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18
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Ariga K, Song J, Kawakami K. Molecular machines working at interfaces: physics, chemistry, evolution and nanoarchitectonics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13532-13560. [PMID: 38654597 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00724g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
As a post-nanotechnology concept, nanoarchitectonics combines nanotechnology with advanced materials science. Molecular machines made by assembling molecular units and their organizational bodies are also products of nanoarchitectonics. They can be regarded as the smallest functional materials. Originally, studies on molecular machines analyzed the average properties of objects dispersed in solution by spectroscopic methods. Researchers' playgrounds partially shifted to solid interfaces, because high-resolution observation of molecular machines is usually done on solid interfaces under high vacuum and cryogenic conditions. Additionally, to ensure the practical applicability of molecular machines, operation under ambient conditions is necessary. The latter conditions are met in dynamic interfacial environments such as the surface of water at room temperature. According to these backgrounds, this review summarizes the trends of molecular machines that continue to evolve under the concept of nanoarchitectonics in interfacial environments. Some recent examples of molecular machines in solution are briefly introduced first, which is followed by an overview of studies of molecular machines and similar supramolecular structures in various interfacial environments. The interfacial environments are classified into (i) solid interfaces, (ii) liquid interfaces, and (iii) various material and biological interfaces. Molecular machines are expanding their activities from the static environment of a solid interface to the more dynamic environment of a liquid interface. Molecular machines change their field of activity while maintaining their basic functions and induce the accumulation of individual molecular machines into macroscopic physical properties molecular machines through macroscopic mechanical motions can be employed to control molecular machines. Moreover, research on molecular machines is not limited to solid and liquid interfaces; interfaces with living organisms are also crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Jingwen Song
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohsaku Kawakami
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Daou D, Zarate Y, Maaloum M, Collin D, Fleith G, Constantin D, Moulin E, Giuseppone N. Out-of-Equilibrium Mechanical Disruption of β-Amyloid-Like Fibers using Light-Driven Molecular Motors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311293. [PMID: 38236822 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors have the potential to generate mechanical work on their environment by producing autonomous unidirectional motions when supplied with a source of energy. However, the harnessing of this mechanical work to subsequently activate various endoenergetic processes that can be useful in materials science remains elusive. Here, it is shown that by integrating a light-driven rotary motor through hydrogen bonds in a β-amyloid-like structure forming supramolecular hydrogels, the mechanical work generated during the constant rotation of the molecular machine under UV irradiation is sufficient to disrupt the β-amyloid fibers and to trigger a gel-to-sol transition at macroscopic scale. This melting of the gel under UV irradiation occurs 25 °C below the temperature needed to melt it by solely using thermal activation. In the dark, a reversible sol-gel transition is observed as the system fully recovers its original microstructure, thus illustrating the possible access to new kinds of motorized materials that can be controlled by advanced out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Daou
- SAMS Research Group, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Yohan Zarate
- SAMS Research Group, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Mounir Maaloum
- SAMS Research Group, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | | | - Doru Constantin
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75005, France
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20
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Chen S, Katsonis N, Leigh DA, Patanapongpibul M, Ryabchun A, Zhang L. Changing Liquid Crystal Helical Pitch with a Reversible Rotaxane Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401291. [PMID: 38445723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The transmission of chiral information between the molecular, meso and microscopic scales is a facet of biology that remains challenging to understand mechanistically and to mimic with artificial systems. Here we demonstrate that the dynamic change in the expression of the chirality of a rotaxane can be transduced into a change in pitch of a soft matter system. Shuttling the position of the macrocycle from far-away-from to close-to a point-chiral center on the rotaxane axle changes the expression of the chiral information that is transmitted across length scales; from nanometer scale constitutional chirality that affects the conformation of the macrocycle, to the centimeter scale chirality of the liquid crystal phase, significantly changing the pitch length of the chiral nematic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Manee Patanapongpibul
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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21
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van Ewijk C, Xu F, Maity S, Sheng J, Stuart MCA, Feringa BL, Roos WH. Light-Triggered Disassembly of Molecular Motor-based Supramolecular Polymers Revealed by High-Speed AFM. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319387. [PMID: 38372499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers have a major potential for applications in responsive materials that are externally triggered by light with spatio-temporal control of their polymerisation state. While changes in macroscopic properties revealed the adaptive nature of these materials, it remains challenging to capture the dynamic depolymerisation process at the molecular level, which requires fast observation techniques combined with in situ irradiation. By implementing in situ UV illumination into a High-Speed Atomic Force Microscope (HS-AFM) setup, we have been able to capture the disassembly of a light-driven molecular motor-based supramolecular polymer. The real-time visualisation of the light-triggered disassembly process not only reveals cooperative depolymerisation, it also shows that this process continues after illumination is halted. Combining the data with cryo-electron microscopy and spectroscopy approaches, we obtain a molecular-level description of the motor-based polymer dynamics reminiscent of actin chain-end depolymerisation. Our detailed understanding of supramolecular depolymerisation will drive the development of future responsive polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris van Ewijk
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Fan Xu
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Sourav Maity
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
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22
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Deng Y, Zhang Q, Feringa BL. Dynamic Chemistry Toolbox for Advanced Sustainable Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308666. [PMID: 38321810 PMCID: PMC11005721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Developing dynamic chemistry for polymeric materials offers chemical solutions to solve key problems associated with current plastics. Mechanical performance and dynamic function are equally important in material design because the former determines the application scope and the latter enables chemical recycling and hence sustainability. However, it is a long-term challenge to balance the subtle trade-off between mechanical robustness and dynamic properties in a single material. The rise of dynamic chemistry, including supramolecular and dynamic covalent chemistry, provides many opportunities and versatile molecular tools for designing constitutionally dynamic materials that can adapt, repair, and recycle. Facing the growing social need for developing advanced sustainable materials without compromising properties, recent progress showing how the toolbox of dynamic chemistry can be explored to enable high-performance sustainable materials by molecular engineering strategies is discussed here. The state of the art and recent milestones are summarized and discussed, followed by an outlook toward future opportunities and challenges present in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
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23
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Gao F, Yang X, Song W. Bioinspired Supramolecular Hydrogel from Design to Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300753. [PMID: 37599261 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nature offers a wealth of opportunities to solve scientific and technological issues based on its unique structures and function. The dynamic non-covalent interaction is considered to be the main base of living functions of creatures including humans, animals, and plants. Supramolecular hydrogels formed by non-covalent bonding interactions has become a unique platform for constructing promising materials for medicine, energy, electronic, and biological substitute. In this review, the self-assemble principle of supramolecular hydrogels is summarized. Next, the stimulation of external environment that triggers the assembly or disassembly of supramolecular hydrogels are recapitulated, including temperature, mechanics, light, pH, ions, etc. The main applications of bioinspired supramolecular hydrogels in terms of bionic objects including humans, animals, and plants are also described. Although so many efforts are done for revealing the synergized mechanism of the function and non-covalent interactions on the supramolecular hydrogel, the complexity and variability between stimulus and non-covalent bonding in the supramolecular system still require impeccable theories. As an outlook, the bioinspired supramolecular hydrogel is just beginning to exhibit its great potential in human life, offering significant opportunities in drug delivery and screening, implantable devices and substitutions, tissue engineering, micro-fluidic devices, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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24
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Wang B, Lu Y. Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:155. [PMID: 38499833 PMCID: PMC10948734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecular machines are key to cellular activity where they are involved in converting chemical and light energy into efficient mechanical work. During the last 60 years, designing molecular structures capable of generating unidirectional mechanical motion at the nanoscale has been the topic of intense research. Effective progress has been made, attributed to advances in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, biology and nanotechnology, and informatics. However, individual molecular machines are only capable of producing nanometer work and generally have only a single functionality. In order to address these problems, collective behaviors realized by integrating several or more of these individual mechanical units in space and time have become a new paradigm. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent developments in the collective behaviors of molecular machines. In particular, collective behavior is divided into two paradigms. One is the appropriate integration of molecular machines to efficiently amplify molecular motions and deformations to construct novel functional materials. The other is the construction of swarming modes at the supramolecular level to perform nanoscale or microscale operations. We discuss design strategies for both modes and focus on the modulation of features and properties. Subsequently, in order to address existing challenges, the idea of transferring experience gained in the field of micro/nano robotics is presented, offering prospects for future developments in the collective behavior of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Wang T, Fei J, Dong Z, Yu F, Li J. Nanoarchitectonics with a Membrane-Embedded Electron Shuttle Mimics the Bioenergy Anabolism of Mitochondria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319116. [PMID: 38225920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced bioenergy anabolism through transmembrane redox reactions in artificial systems remains a great challenge. Here, we explore synthetic electron shuttle to activate transmembrane chemo-enzymatic cascade reactions in a mitochondria-like nanoarchitecture for augmenting bioenergy anabolism. In this nanoarchitecture, a dendritic mesoporous silica microparticle as inner compartment possesses higher load capacity of NADH as proton source and allows faster mass transfer. In addition, the outer compartment ATP synthase-reconstituted proteoliposomes. Like natural enzymes in the mitochondrion respiratory chain, a small synthetic electron shuttle embedded in the lipid bilayer facilely mediates transmembrane redox reactions to convert NADH into NAD+ and a proton. These facilitate an enhanced outward proton gradient to drive ATP synthase to rotate for catalytic ATP synthesis with improved performance in a sustainable manner. This work opens a new avenue to achieve enhanced bioenergy anabolism by utilizing a synthetic electron shuttle and tuning inner nanostructures, holding great promise in wide-range ATP-powered bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Fanchen Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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26
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Deng Y, Long G, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhou G, Feringa BL, Chen J. Photo-responsive functional materials based on light-driven molecular motors. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:63. [PMID: 38429259 PMCID: PMC10907585 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the research and development of light-triggered molecular machines have mainly focused on developing molecular devices at the nanoscale. A key scientific issue in the field is how to amplify the controlled motion of molecules at the nanoscale along multiple length scales, such as the mesoscopic or the macroscopic scale, or in a more practical perspective, how to convert molecular motion into changes of properties of a macroscopic material. Light-driven molecular motors are able to perform repetitive unidirectional rotation upon irradiation, which offers unique opportunities for responsive macroscopic systems. With several reviews that focus on the design, synthesis and operation of the motors at the nanoscale, photo-responsive macroscopic materials based on light-driven molecular motors have not been comprehensively summarized. In the present review, we first discuss the strategy of confining absolute molecular rotation into relative rotation by grafting motors on surfaces. Secondly, examples of self-assemble motors in supramolecular polymers with high internal order are illustrated. Moreover, we will focus on building of motors in a covalently linked system such as polymeric gels and polymeric liquid crystals to generate complex responsive functions. Finally, a perspective toward future developments and opportunities is given. This review helps us getting a more and more clear picture and understanding on how complex movement can be programmed in light-responsive systems and how man-made adaptive materials can be invented, which can serve as an important guideline for further design of complex and advanced responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Deng
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Long
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhang
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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27
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van Beek CF, Feringa BL. Coupled Rotary Motion in Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5634-5642. [PMID: 38350104 PMCID: PMC10910502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Biological molecular machines play a pivotal role in sustaining life by producing a controlled and directional motion. Artificial molecular machines aim to mimic this motion, to exploit and tune the nanoscale produced motion to power dynamic molecular systems. The precise control, transfer, and amplification of the molecular-level motion is crucial to harness the potential of synthetic molecular motors. It is intriguing to establish how directional motor rotation can be utilized to drive secondary motions in other subunits of a multicomponent molecular machine. The challenge to design sophisticated synthetic machines involving multiple motorized elements presents fascinating opportunities for achieving unprecedented functions, but these remain almost unexplored due to their extremely intricate behavior. Here we show intrinsic coupled rotary motion in light-driven overcrowded-alkene based molecular motors. Thus far, molecular motors with two rotors have been understood to undergo independent rotation of each subunit. The new bridged-isoindigo motor design revealed an additional dimension to the motor's unidirectional operation mechanism where communication between the rotors occurs. An unprecedented double metastable state intermediate bridges the rotation cycles of the two rotor subunits. Our findings demonstrate how neighboring motorized subunits can affect each other and thereby drastically change the motor's functioning. Controlling the embedded entanglement of active intramolecular components sets the stage for more advanced artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn
L. F. van Beek
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, Netherlands
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28
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Wang Z, Han W, Shi R, Han X, Zheng Y, Xu J, Bu XH. Mechanoresponsive Flexible Crystals. JACS AU 2024; 4:279-300. [PMID: 38425899 PMCID: PMC10900217 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Flexible crystals have gained significant attention owing to their remarkable pliability, plasticity, and adaptability, making them highly popular in various research and application fields. The main challenges in developing flexible crystals lie in the rational design, preparation, and performance optimization of such crystals. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental origins of crystal flexibility is crucial for establishing evaluation criteria and design principles. This Perspective offers a retrospective analysis of the development of flexible crystals over the past two decades. It summarizes the elastic standards and possible plastic bending mechanisms tailored to diverse flexible crystals and analyzes the assessment of their theoretical basis and applicability. Meanwhile, the compatibility between crystal elasticity and plasticity has been discussed, unveiling the immense prospects of elastic/plastic crystals for applications in biomedicine, flexible electronic devices, and flexible optics. Furthermore, this Perspective presents state-of-the-art experimental avenues and analysis methods for investigating molecular interactions in molecular crystals, which is vital for the future exploration of the mechanisms of crystal flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Han
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rongchao Shi
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yongshen Zheng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary
Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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29
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den Hoed FM, Carlotti M, Palagi S, Raffa P, Mattoli V. Evolution of the Microrobots: Stimuli-Responsive Materials and Additive Manufacturing Technologies Turn Small Structures into Microscale Robots. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:275. [PMID: 38399003 PMCID: PMC10893381 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of functional microsystems and microrobots that have characterized the last decade is the result of a synergistic and effective interaction between the progress of fabrication techniques and the increased availability of smart and responsive materials to be employed in the latter. Functional structures on the microscale have been relevant for a vast plethora of technologies that find application in different sectors including automotive, sensing devices, and consumer electronics, but are now also entering medical clinics. Working on or inside the human body requires increasing complexity and functionality on an ever-smaller scale, which is becoming possible as a result of emerging technology and smart materials over the past decades. In recent years, additive manufacturing has risen to the forefront of this evolution as the most prominent method to fabricate complex 3D structures. In this review, we discuss the rapid 3D manufacturing techniques that have emerged and how they have enabled a great leap in microrobotic applications. The arrival of smart materials with inherent functionalities has propelled microrobots to great complexity and complex applications. We focus on which materials are important for actuation and what the possibilities are for supplying the required energy. Furthermore, we provide an updated view of a new generation of microrobots in terms of both materials and fabrication technology. While two-photon lithography may be the state-of-the-art technology at the moment, in terms of resolution and design freedom, new methods such as two-step are on the horizon. In the more distant future, innovations like molecular motors could make microscale robots redundant and bring about nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marco den Hoed
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
- Smart and Sustainable Polymeric Products, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Palagi
- BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, P.zza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Smart and Sustainable Polymeric Products, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy;
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30
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Stockerl WJ, Reißenweber L, Gerwien A, Bach NN, Thumser S, Mayer P, Gschwind RM, Dube H. Azotriptycenes: Photoswitchable Molecular Brakes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302267. [PMID: 37779321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The control of molecular motions is a central topic of molecular machine research. Molecular brakes are fundamental building blocks towards such goal as they allow deliberately decelerating specific motions after an outside stimulus is applied. Here we present azotriptycenes as structural framework for light-controlled molecular brakes. The intrinsic kinetics and their changes upon azotriptycene isomerization are scrutinized comprehensively by a mixed theoretical and variable temperature NMR approach. With azotriptycenes C-N bond rotation rates can be decelerated or accelerated reversibly by up to five orders of magnitude. Rate change effects are highly localized and are strongest for the C-N bond connecting a triptycene rotor fragment to the central diazo group. The detailed mechanistic insights provide a solid basis for further conscious design and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willibald J Stockerl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Reißenweber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai N Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Thumser
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Zhao X, Hua B, Shao L. Constructing a solid-state supramolecular polymer based on host-guest recognition between perethylated pillar[5]arene and tetrathiafulvalene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1164-1167. [PMID: 38193162 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03579d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein we present a novel linear supramolecular polymeric structure formed in both the solution and solid state, utilizing the host-guest recognition motif between perethylated pillar[5]arene and tetrathiafulvalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hua
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Textile Technology, Shaoxing, 312000, P. R. China
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32
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Cheung LH, To JC, Wong WK, Stuart MCA, Kajitani T, Keng VW, Leung FKC. Tailoring Multicontrolled Supramolecular Assemblies of Stiff-Stilbene Amphiphiles into Macroscopic Soft Scaffolds as Cell-Material Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4056-4070. [PMID: 38198650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biocompatible synthetic supramolecular systems have shed light on biomedical and tissue-regenerative material applications. The intrinsic functional applicability, tunability, and stimuli-responsiveness of synthetic supramolecular systems allow one to develop various multicontrolled supramolecular assemblies in aqueous media. However, it remains highly challenging to use state-of-the-art supramolecular assemblies of photoresponsive amphiphiles controlled by multiple stimulations in fabricating macroscopic materials. Herein, we demonstrate a stiff-stilbene amphiphile (SA) multicontrolled supramolecular assembling system that comprises two different charged end groups. The excellent photoswitchabilities of SA in both organic and aqueous media are demonstrated. Furthermore, multiple stimuli, i.e., light, pH, and counterions, are applied to control the supramolecular assembling behaviors, which are monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy and electron microscopies. This multicontrolled supramolecular system can be systematically assembled into macroscopic soft functional scaffolds, whose structural parameters are investigated by electron microscopies and X-ray diffraction techniques, suggesting the large aspect ratio of SA nanostructures assembled into macroscopic soft scaffolds. The fabricated soft functional scaffold is highly biocompatible for photocontrolled biotarget encapsulation/release selectively, as well as a cell-material interface for diverse cells' attachment. This new synthetic multicontrolled soft functional material provides a new strategy toward the development of next-generation controllable and biocompatible soft functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong-Hung Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jeffrey C To
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wai-Ki Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- TC College Promotion Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Vincent W Keng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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33
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Zhou L, Raza SHA, Gao Z, Hou S, Alwutayd KM, Aljohani ASM, Abdulmonem WA, Alghsham RS, Aloufi BH, Wang Z, Gui L. Fat deposition, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and differentially expressed genes in subcutaneous fat of Tibetan sheep fed wheat-based diets with and without xylanase supplementation. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:252-263. [PMID: 37773023 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Xylanase, an exogenous enzyme that plays an essential role in energy metabolism by hydrolysing xylan into xylose, has been shown to positively influence nutrient digestion and utilisation in ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of xylanase supplementation on the back-fat thickness, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the subcutaneous fat of Tibetan sheep. Sixty three-month-old rams with an average weight of 19.35 ± 2.18 kg were randomly assigned to control (no enzyme added, WH group) and xylanase (0.2% of diet on a dry matter basis, WE group) treatments. The experiment was conducted over 97 d, including 7 d of adaption to the diets. The results showed that xylanase supplementation in the diet increased adipocyte volume of subcutaneous fat (p < 0.05), shown by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Gas chromatography showed greater concentrations of C14:0 and C16:0 in the subcutaneous fat of controls compared with the enzyme-treated group (p < 0.05), while opposite trend was seen for the absolute contents of C18:1n9t, C20:1, C18:2n6c, C18:3, and C18:3n3 (p < 0.05). Compared with controls, supplementation with xylanase increased the activity of T-AOC significantly (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis showed the presence of 1630 DEGs between the two groups, of which 1023 were up-regulated and 607 were down-regulated, with enrichment in 4833 Gene Ontology terms, and significant enrichment in 31 terms (p < 0.05). The common DEGs were enriched in 295 pathways and significantly enriched in 26 pathways. Additionally, the expression of lipid-related genes, including fatty acid synthase, superoxide dismutase, fatty acid binding protein 5, carnitine palmytoyltransferase 1 A, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor A were verified via quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, dietary xylanase supplementation was found to reduce subcutaneous fat deposition in Tibetan sheep, likely through modulating the expression of lipid-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhong Gao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaih S Alghsham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Hamad Aloufi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsheng Gui
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
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34
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Johnson TG, Langton MJ. Molecular Machines For The Control Of Transmembrane Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27167-27184. [PMID: 38062763 PMCID: PMC10740008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nature embeds some of its molecular machinery, including ion pumps, within lipid bilayer membranes. This has inspired chemists to attempt to develop synthetic analogues to exploit membrane confinement and transmembrane potential gradients, much like their biological cousins. In this perspective, we outline the various strategies by which molecular machines─molecular systems in which a nanomechanical motion is exploited for function─have been designed to be incorporated within lipid membranes and utilized to mediate transmembrane ion transport. We survey molecular machines spanning both switches and motors, those that act as mobile carriers or that are anchored within the membrane, mechanically interlocked molecules, and examples that are activated in response to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby G. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Langton
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
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35
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Lee Y, Fracassi A, Devaraj NK. Light-Driven Membrane Assembly, Shape-Shifting, and Tissue Formation in Chemically Responsive Synthetic Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25815-25823. [PMID: 37963186 PMCID: PMC10690792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Living systems create remarkable complexity from a limited repertoire of biological building blocks by controlling assembly dynamics at the molecular, cellular, and multicellular level. An open question is whether simplified synthetic cells can gain similar complex functionality by being driven away from equilibrium. Here, we describe a dynamic synthetic cell system assembled using artificial lipids that are responsive to both light and chemical stimuli. Irradiation of disordered aggregates of lipids leads to the spontaneous emergence of giant cell-like vesicles, which revert to aggregates when illumination is turned off. Under irradiation, the synthetic cell membranes can interact with chemical building blocks, remodeling their composition and forming new structures that prevent the membranes from undergoing retrograde aggregation processes. The remodeled light-responsive synthetic cells reversibly alter their shape under irradiation, transitioning from spheres to rodlike shapes, mimicking energy-dependent functions normally restricted to living materials. In the presence of noncovalently interacting multivalent polymers, light-driven shape changes can be used to trigger vesicle cross-linking, leading to the formation of functional synthetic tissues. By controlling light and chemical inputs, the stepwise, one-pot transformation of lipid aggregates to multivesicular synthetic tissues is feasible. Our results suggest a rationale for why even early protocells may have required and evolved simple mechanisms to harness environmental energy sources to coordinate hierarchical assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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36
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Shan Y, Zhang Q, Sheng J, Stuart MCA, Qu DH, Feringa BL. Motorized Photomodulator: Making A Non-photoresponsive Supramolecular Gel Switchable by Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310582. [PMID: 37681477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Introducing photo-responsive molecules offers an attractive approach for remote and selective control and dynamic manipulation of material properties. However, it remains highly challenging how to use a minimal amount of photo-responsive units to optically modulate materials that are inherently inert to light irradiation. Here we show the application of a light-driven rotary molecular motor as a "motorized photo-modulator" to endow a typical H-bond-based gel system with the ability to respond to light irradiation and create a reversible sol-gel transition. The key molecular design feature is the introduction of a minimal amount (2 mol %) of molecular motors into the supramolecular network as photo-switchable non-covalent crosslinkers. Advantage is taken of the subtle interplay of the large geometry change during photo-isomerization of the molecular motor guest and the dynamic nature of a supramolecular gel host system. As a result, a tiny amount of molecular motors is enough to switch the mechanical modulus of the entire supramolecular systems. This study proves the concept of designing photo-responsive materials with minimum use of non-covalent light-absorbing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Shan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Xu H, Zhang B, Tao Y, Xu W, Hu B, Yan F, Wen J. Ultrafast Photocontrolled Rotation in a Molecular Motor Investigated by Machine Learning-Based Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7682-7693. [PMID: 37672626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermal helix inversion (THI) of the overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors determines the speed of the unidirectional rotation due to the high reaction barrier in the ground state, in comparison with the ultrafast photoreaction process. Recently, a phosphine-based motor has achieved all-photochemical rotation experimentally, promising to be controlled without a thermal step. However, the mechanism of this photochemical reaction has not yet been fully revealed. The comprehensive computational studies on photoisomerization still resort to nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations based on electronic structure calculations, which remains a high computational cost for large systems such as molecular motors. Machine learning (ML) has become an accelerating tool in NAMD simulations recently, where excited-state potential energy surfaces (PESs) are constructed analytically with high accuracy, providing an efficient approach for simulations in photochemistry. Herein the reaction pathway is explored by a spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) approach in combination with ML-based NAMD simulations. According to our computational simulations, we notice that one of the key factors of fulfilling all-photochemical rotation in the phosphine-based motor is that the excitation energies of four isomers are similar. Additionally, a shortcut photoinduced transformation between unstable isomers replaces the THI step, which shares the conical intersection (CI) with photoisomerization. In this study, we provide a practical approach to speed up the NAMD simulations in photochemical reactions for a large system that could be extended to other complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuanda Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weijia Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Feng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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38
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Sheng J, Pooler DRS, Feringa BL. Enlightening dynamic functions in molecular systems by intrinsically chiral light-driven molecular motors. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5875-5891. [PMID: 37581608 PMCID: PMC10464662 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental property which plays a major role in chemistry, physics, biological systems and materials science. Chiroptical artificial molecular motors (AMMs) are a class of molecules which can convert light energy input into mechanical work, and they hold great potential in the transformation from simple molecules to dynamic systems and responsive materials. Taking distinct advantages of the intrinsic chirality in these structures and the unique opportunity to modulate the chirality on demand, chiral AMMs have been designed for the development of light-responsive dynamic processes including switchable asymmetric catalysis, chiral self-assembly, stereoselective recognition, transmission of chirality, control of spin selectivity and biosystems as well as integration of unidirectional motion with specific mechanical functions. This review focuses on the recently developed strategies for chirality-led applications by the class of intrinsically chiral AMMs. Finally, some limitations in current design and challenges associated with recent systems are discussed and perspectives towards promising candidates for responsive and smart molecular systems and future applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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39
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Regen-Pregizer BL, Ozcelik A, Mayer P, Hampel F, Dube H. A photochemical method to evidence directional molecular motions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4595. [PMID: 37524701 PMCID: PMC10390485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Light driven synthetic molecular motors represent crucial building blocks for advanced molecular machines and their applications. A standing challenge is the development of very fast molecular motors able to perform rotations with kHz, MHz or even faster frequencies. Central to this challenge is the direct experimental evidence of directionality because analytical methods able to follow very fast motions rarely deliver precise geometrical insights. Here, a general photochemical method for elucidation of directional motions is presented. In a macrocyclization approach the molecular motor rotations are restricted and forced to proceed in two separate ~180° rotation-photoequilibria. Therefore, all four possible photoinduced rotation steps (clockwise and counterclockwise directions) can be quantified. Comparison of the corresponding quantum yields to the unrestricted motor delivers direct evidence for unidirectionality. This method can be used for any ultrafast molecular motor even in cases where no high energy intermediates are present during the rotation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lukas Regen-Pregizer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ani Ozcelik
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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40
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Singhania A, Kalita S, Chettri P, Ghosh S. Accounts of applied molecular rotors and rotary motors: recent advances. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3177-3208. [PMID: 37325522 PMCID: PMC10262963 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are nanoscale devices capable of performing mechanical works at molecular level. These systems could be a single molecule or a collection of component molecules that interrelate with one another to produce nanomechanical movements and resulting performances. The design of the components of molecular machine with bioinspired traits results in various nanomechanical motions. Some known molecular machines are rotors, motors, nanocars, gears, elevators, and so on based on their nanomechanical motion. The conversion of these individual nanomechanical motions to collective motions via integration into suitable platforms yields impressive macroscopic output at varied sizes. Instead of limited experimental acquaintances, the researchers demonstrated several applications of molecular machines in chemical transformation, energy conversion, gas/liquid separation, biomedical use, and soft material fabrication. As a result, the development of new molecular machines and their applications has accelerated over the previous two decades. This review highlights the design principles and application scopes of several rotors and rotary motor systems because these machines are used in real applications. This review also offers a systematic and thorough overview of current advancements in rotary motors, providing in-depth knowledge and predicting future problems and goals in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singhania
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sudeshna Kalita
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Prerna Chettri
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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41
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Corra S, Curcio M, Credi A. Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Motors. JACS AU 2023; 3:1301-1313. [PMID: 37234111 PMCID: PMC10207102 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of long-range motion at the molecular scale holds great potential for the development of ground-breaking applications in energy storage and bionanotechnology. The past decade has seen tremendous development in this area, with a focus on the directional operation away from thermal equilibrium, giving rise to tailored man-made molecular motors. As light is a highly tunable, controllable, clean, and renewable source of energy, photochemical processes are appealing to activate molecular motors. Nonetheless, the successful operation of molecular motors fueled by light is a highly challenging task, which requires a judicious coupling of thermal and photoinduced reactions. In this paper, we focus on the key aspects of light-driven artificial molecular motors with the aid of recent examples. A critical assessment of the criteria for the design, operation, and technological potential of such systems is provided, along with a perspective view on future advances in this exciting research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Curcio
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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42
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Ma J, Zhao D, Yu L, Jiang C, Lan Z, Li F. Simultaneously improving the efficiencies of photo- and thermal isomerization of an oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motor by a structural redesign. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12800-12809. [PMID: 37129050 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We designed a novel highly efficient light-driven molecular rotary motor theoretically by using electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, and it showed excellent performance for both photo- and thermal isomerization processes simultaneously. By the small structural modification based on 3-(2,7-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-1-methylindolin-2-one (DDIYM) synthesized by Feringa et al. recently, an oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motor, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrol-6(1H)-ylidene)-1-methylindolin-2-one (DDPYM), is proposed, which displays a significant electronic push-pull character and weak steric hindrance for double-bond isomerization. The newly designed motor DDPYM shows a remarkable improvement of the quantum yield for both EP → ZM and ZP → EM photoisomerization processes, compared to the original motor DDIYM. Furthermore, the rotary motion in photoisomerization processes of DDPYM behaves more like a pure axial rotational motion approximately, while that of DDIYM is an obvious precessional motion. The weakness of the steric hindrance reduces the energy barriers of the thermal helix EM → EP and ZM → ZP inversion steps, and would accelerate two ground-state isomerization steps significantly. Our results confirm the feasibility of simultaneously improving the efficiencies of photo- and thermal isomerization of oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motors and this design idea sheds light on the future development of more efficient molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fuli Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
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43
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Qin Y, Wang Y, Xiong J, Li Q, Zeng MH. Supramolecular Gel-to-Gel Transition Induced by Nanoscale Structural Perturbation via the Rotary Motion of Feringa's Motor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207785. [PMID: 37052516 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular rather than covalent molecular engineering on Feringa motors can provide an alternative toolkit for tuning the properties of motorized materials through appropriate supramolecular structural perturbations, which are underexplored. Herein, a multicomponent supramolecular gel system is successfully prepared by employing an ultra-low molecular weight gelator and a modulator-Feringa motor. The electron microscopic, spectroscopic, and rheological data revealed that the morphology and mechanical properties of the gel can be tuned via a crystallographic mismatch branching (CMB) mechanism simply by adding varied amounts of motor modulators. Notably, the rotary motion of the motor is preserved in such a multicomponent gel system, and the morphology and rheology of the gel can be further altered by the motor's rotary motion that promotes the structural perturbation, resulting in seldomly seen gel-to-gel transition events. The work shown here offers prospects to utilize a supramolecular perturbation strategy to deliver responsiveness from molecular motors to the corresponding bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yurou Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Quan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
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44
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Chau AKH, Leung FKC. Exploration of molecular machines in supramolecular soft robotic systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102892. [PMID: 37084547 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotic system, a new era of material science, is rapidly developing with advanced processing technology in soft matters, featured with biomimetic nature. An important bottom-up approach is through the implementation of molecular machines into polymeric materials, however, the synchronized molecular motions, acumination of strain across multiple length-scales, and amplification into macroscopic actuations remained highly challenging. This review presents the significances, key design strategies, and outlook of the hierarchical supramolecular systems of molecular machines to develop novel types of supramolecular-based soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Kwok-Hei Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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45
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Yang Z, Li J, Chen X, Fan Y, Huang J, Yu H, Yang S, Chen EQ. Precisely Controllable Artificial Muscle with Continuous Morphing based on "Breathing" of Supramolecular Columns. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211648. [PMID: 36634260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are natural motors executing sophisticated work through precise control of linear contraction. Although various liquid crystal polymers based artificial muscles have been designed, the mechanism based on mainly the order-disorder transition usually leads to discrete shape morphing, leaving arbitrary and precise deformation a huge challenge. Here, one novel photoresponsive hemiphasmidic side-chain liquid crystal polymer with a unique "breathing" columnar phase that enables continuous morphing is presented. Due to confinement inside the supramolecular columnar assembly, the cooperative movements of side-chains and backbones generate a significant negative thermal expansion and lead to temperature-controllable muscle-like elongation/contraction in the oriented polymer strip. The irreversible isomerization of the photoresponsive mesogens results in the synergistic phototunable bending and high-contrast fluorescence change. Based on the orthogonal responses to heat and light, controllable arm-like bending motions of this material, which is applicable in constructing advanced artificial muscles or intelligent soft robotics, are further demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiahua Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yining Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Mater Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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46
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Perrot A, Wang WZ, Buhler E, Moulin E, Giuseppone N. Bending Actuation of Hydrogels through Rotation of Light-Driven Molecular Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300263. [PMID: 36715696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The unidirectional rotation of chemically crosslinked light-driven molecular motors is shown to progressively shift the swelling equilibrium of hydrogels. The concentration of molecular motors and the initial strand density of the polymer network are key parameters to modulate the macroscopic contraction of the material, and both parameters can be tuned using polymer chains of different molecular weights. These findings led to the design of optimized hydrogels revealing a half-time contraction of approximately 5 min. Furthermore, under inhomogeneous stimulation, the local contraction event was exploited to design useful bending actuators with an energy output 400 times higher than for previously reported self-assembled systems involving rotary motors. In the present configuration, we measure that a single molecular motor can lift up loads of 200 times its own molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris Cité, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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47
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Xu C, Gao M, Yu X, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Zhu M. Fibrous Aerogels with Tunable Superwettability for High-Performance Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:64. [PMID: 36899127 PMCID: PMC10006392 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is an emerging technology for water desalination. Generally, double-layered structure with separate surface wettability properties is usually employed for evaporator construction. However, creating materials with tunable properties is a great challenge because the wettability of existing materials is usually monotonous. Herein, we report vinyltrimethoxysilane as a single molecular unit to hybrid with bacterial cellulose (BC) fibrous network, which can be built into robust aerogel with entirely distinct wettability through controlling assembly pathways. Siloxane groups or carbon atoms are exposed on the surface of BC nanofibers, resulting in either superhydrophilic or superhydrophobic aerogels. With this special property, single component-modified aerogels could be integrated into a double-layered evaporator for water desalination. Under 1 sun, our evaporator achieves high water evaporation rates of 1.91 and 4.20 kg m-2 h-1 under laboratory and outdoor solar conditions, respectively. Moreover, this aerogel evaporator shows unprecedented lightweight, structural robustness, long-term stability under extreme conditions, and excellent salt-resistance, highlighting the advantages in synthesis of aerogel materials from the single molecular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyue Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Xu F, Feringa BL. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Polymers: From Light-Controlled Small Molecules to Smart Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204413. [PMID: 36239270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers are well-organized assemblies based on highly oriented and reversible noncovalent interactions containing photosensitive molecules as (co-)monomers. They have attracted increasing interest in smart materials and dynamic systems with precisely controllable functions, such as light-driven soft actuators, photoresponsive fluorescent anticounterfeiting and light-triggered electronic devices. The present review discusses light-activated molecules used in photoresponsive supramolecular polymers with their main photo-induced changes, e.g., geometry, dipole moment, and chirality. Based on these distinct changes, supramolecular polymers formed by light-activated molecules exhibit photoresponsive disassembly and reassembly. As a consequence, photo-induced supramolecular polymerization, "depolymerization," and regulation of the lengths and topologies are observed. Moreover, the light-controlled functions of supramolecular polymers, such as actuation, emission, and chirality transfer along length scales, are highlighted. Furthermore, a perspective on challenges and future opportunities is presented. Besides the challenge of moving from harmful UV light to visible/near IR light avoiding fatigue, and enabling biomedical applications, future opportunities include light-controlled supramolecular actuators with helical motion, light-modulated information transmission, optically recyclable materials, and multi-stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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49
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Zbonikowski R, Mente P, Bończak B, Paczesny J. Adaptive 2D and Pseudo-2D Systems: Molecular, Polymeric, and Colloidal Building Blocks for Tailored Complexity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:855. [PMID: 36903733 PMCID: PMC10005801 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional and pseudo-2D systems come in various forms. Membranes separating protocells from the environment were necessary for life to occur. Later, compartmentalization allowed for the development of more complex cellular structures. Nowadays, 2D materials (e.g., graphene, molybdenum disulfide) are revolutionizing the smart materials industry. Surface engineering allows for novel functionalities, as only a limited number of bulk materials have the desired surface properties. This is realized via physical treatment (e.g., plasma treatment, rubbing), chemical modifications, thin film deposition (using both chemical and physical methods), doping and formulation of composites, or coating. However, artificial systems are usually static. Nature creates dynamic and responsive structures, which facilitates the formation of complex systems. The challenge of nanotechnology, physical chemistry, and materials science is to develop artificial adaptive systems. Dynamic 2D and pseudo-2D designs are needed for future developments of life-like materials and networked chemical systems in which the sequences of the stimuli would control the consecutive stages of the given process. This is crucial to achieving versatility, improved performance, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Here, we review the advancements in studies on adaptive, responsive, dynamic, and out-of-equilibrium 2D and pseudo-2D systems composed of molecules, polymers, and nano/microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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50
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Ovalle M, Kathan M, Toyoda R, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Light-Fueled Transformations of a Dynamic Cage-Based Molecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214495. [PMID: 36453623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In a chemical equilibrium, the formation of high-energy species-in a closed system-is inefficient due to microscopic reversibility. Here, we demonstrate how this restriction can be circumvented by coupling a dynamic equilibrium to a light-induced E/Z isomerization of an azobenzene imine cage. The stable E-cage resists intermolecular imine exchange reactions that would "open" it. Upon switching, the strained Z-cage isomers undergo imine exchange spontaneously, thus opening the cage. Subsequent isomerization of the Z-open compounds yields a high-energy, kinetically trapped E-open species, which cannot be efficiently obtained from the initial E-cage, thus shifting an imine equilibrium energetically uphill in a closed system. Upon heating, the nucleophile is displaced back into solution and an opening/closing cycle is completed by regenerating the stable all-E-cage. Using this principle, a light-induced cage-to-cage transformation is performed by the addition of a ditopic aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ovalle
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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