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Mathewson KE, Kuziek JP, Scanlon JEM, Robles D. The moving wave: Applications of the mobile EEG approach to study human attention. Psychophysiology 2024:e14603. [PMID: 38798056 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although historically confined to traditional research laboratories, electroencephalography (EEG) paradigms are now being applied to study a wide array of behaviors, from daily activities to specialized tasks in diverse fields such as sports science, neurorehabilitation, and education. This transition from traditional to real-world mobile research can provide new tools for understanding attentional processes as they occur naturally. Early mobile EEG research has made progress, despite the large size and wired connections. Recent developments in hardware and software have expanded the possibilities of mobile EEG, enabling a broader range of applications. Despite these advancements, limitations influencing mobile EEG remain that must be overcome to achieve adequate reliability and validity. In this review, we first assess the feasibility of mobile paradigms, including electrode selection, artifact correction techniques, and methodological considerations. This review underscores the importance of ecological, construct, and predictive validity in ensuring the trustworthiness and applicability of mobile EEG findings. Second, we explore studies on attention in naturalistic settings, focusing on replicating classic P3 component studies in mobile paradigms like stationary biking in our lab, and activities such as walking, cycling, and dual-tasking outside of the lab. We emphasize how the mobile approach complements traditional laboratory paradigms and the types of insights gained in naturalistic research settings. Third, we discuss promising applications of portable EEG in workplace safety and other areas including road safety, rehabilitation medicine, and brain-computer interfaces. In summary, this review explores the expanding possibilities of mobile EEG while recognizing the existing challenges in fully realizing its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Mathewson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Kuziek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Robles
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lee S, Liang X, Kim JS, Yokota T, Fukuda K, Someya T. Permeable Bioelectronics toward Biointegrated Systems. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6543-6591. [PMID: 38728658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics integrates electronics with biological organs, sustaining the natural functions of the organs. Organs dynamically interact with the external environment, managing internal equilibrium and responding to external stimuli. These interactions are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, biological organs possess a soft and stretchable nature; encountering objects with differing properties can disrupt their function. Therefore, when electronic devices come into contact with biological objects, the permeability of these devices, enabling interactions and substance exchanges with the external environment, and the mechanical compliance are crucial for maintaining the inherent functionality of biological organs. This review discusses recent advancements in soft and permeable bioelectronics, emphasizing materials, structures, and a wide range of applications. The review also addresses current challenges and potential solutions, providing insights into the integration of electronics with biological organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Lee
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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4
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Guo H, Lin Y, Gu S, Hu G, Wang Q, Bai C, Sun Y, Yang C, Fang T, Chen X, Li D, Kong D. Stretchable and Breathable Electroluminescent Displays Based on Ultrathin Nanocomposite Designs. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5904-5912. [PMID: 38700588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electroluminescent devices represent an emerging optoelectronic technology for future wearables. However, their typical construction on sub-millimeter-thick elastomers has limited moisture permeability, leading to discomfort during long-term skin attachment. Although breathable textile displays may partially address this issue, they often have distinct visual appearances with discrete emissions from fibers or fiber junctions. This study introduces a convenient procedure to create stretchable, permeable displays with continuous luminous patterns. The design utilizes ultrathin nanocomposite devices embedded in a porous elastomeric microfoam to achieve high moisture permeability. These displays also exhibit excellent deformability, low-voltage operation, and excellent durability. Additionally, the device is decorated with fluorinated silica nanoparticles to achieve self-cleaning and washable capabilities. The practical implementation of these nanocomposite devices is demonstrated by creating an epidermal counter display that allows intimate integration with the human body. These developments provide an effective design of stretchable and breathable displays for comfortable wearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaoqiang Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chong Bai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Dongchan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Li J, Zhang F, Lyu H, Yin P, Shi L, Li Z, Zhang L, Di CA, Tang P. Evolution of Musculoskeletal Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2303311. [PMID: 38561020 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system, constituting the largest human physiological system, plays a critical role in providing structural support to the body, facilitating intricate movements, and safeguarding internal organs. By virtue of advancements in revolutionized materials and devices, particularly in the realms of motion capture, health monitoring, and postoperative rehabilitation, "musculoskeletal electronics" has actually emerged as an infancy area, but has not yet been explicitly proposed. In this review, the concept of musculoskeletal electronics is elucidated, and the evolution history, representative progress, and key strategies of the involved materials and state-of-the-art devices are summarized. Therefore, the fundamentals of musculoskeletal electronics and key functionality categories are introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in musculoskeletal electronics are presented from the perspectives of "in vitro" to "in vivo" signal detection, interactive modulation, and therapeutic interventions for healing and recovery. Additionally, nine strategy avenues for the development of advanced musculoskeletal electronic materials and devices are proposed. Finally, concise summaries and perspectives are proposed to highlight the directions that deserve focused attention in this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houchen Lyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853, China
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6
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Rao Y, Lu N. The wearable electronic patch that's impervious to sweat. Nature 2024; 628:39-40. [PMID: 38538887 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
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7
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Zhang B, Li J, Zhou J, Chow L, Zhao G, Huang Y, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Yiu CK, Li J, Chun F, Huang X, Gao Y, Wu P, Jia S, Li H, Li D, Liu Y, Yao K, Shi R, Chen Z, Khoo BL, Yang W, Wang F, Zheng Z, Wang Z, Yu X. A three-dimensional liquid diode for soft, integrated permeable electronics. Nature 2024; 628:84-92. [PMID: 38538792 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wearable electronics with great breathability enable a comfortable wearing experience and facilitate continuous biosignal monitoring over extended periods1-3. However, current research on permeable electronics is predominantly at the stage of electrode and substrate development, which is far behind practical applications with comprehensive integration with diverse electronic components (for example, circuitry, electronics, encapsulation)4-8. Achieving permeability and multifunctionality in a singular, integrated wearable electronic system remains a formidable challenge. Here we present a general strategy for integrated moisture-permeable wearable electronics based on three-dimensional liquid diode (3D LD) configurations. By constructing spatially heterogeneous wettability, the 3D LD unidirectionally self-pumps the sweat from the skin to the outlet at a maximum flow rate of 11.6 ml cm-2 min-1, 4,000 times greater than the physiological sweat rate during exercise, presenting exceptional skin-friendliness, user comfort and stable signal-reading behaviour even under sweating conditions. A detachable design incorporating a replaceable vapour/sweat-discharging substrate enables the reuse of soft circuitry/electronics, increasing its sustainability and cost-effectiveness. We demonstrated this fundamental technology in both advanced skin-integrated electronics and textile-integrated electronics, highlighting its potential for scalable, user-friendly wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingkun Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lung Chow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yawen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fengjun Chun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuyu Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengxin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenlin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
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8
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Ding Y, Jiang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Porous Conductive Textiles for Wearable Electronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1535-1648. [PMID: 38373392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have made significant strides in the development of novel flexible/stretchable and conductive materials, enabling the creation of cutting-edge electronic devices for wearable applications. Among these, porous conductive textiles (PCTs) have emerged as an ideal material platform for wearable electronics, owing to their light weight, flexibility, permeability, and wearing comfort. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress and state of the art of utilizing PCTs for the design and fabrication of a wide variety of wearable electronic devices and their integrated wearable systems. To begin with, we elucidate how PCTs revolutionize the form factors of wearable electronics. We then discuss the preparation strategies of PCTs, in terms of the raw materials, fabrication processes, and key properties. Afterward, we provide detailed illustrations of how PCTs are used as basic building blocks to design and fabricate a wide variety of intrinsically flexible or stretchable devices, including sensors, actuators, therapeutic devices, energy-harvesting and storage devices, and displays. We further describe the techniques and strategies for wearable electronic systems either by hybridizing conventional off-the-shelf rigid electronic components with PCTs or by integrating multiple fibrous devices made of PCTs. Subsequently, we highlight some important wearable application scenarios in healthcare, sports and training, converging technologies, and professional specialists. At the end of the Review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives on future research directions and give overall conclusions. As the demand for more personalized and interconnected devices continues to grow, PCT-based wearables hold immense potential to redefine the landscape of wearable technology and reshape the way we live, work, and play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yingsi Wu
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Zhou
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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9
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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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10
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Xu M, Liu Y, Yang K, Li S, Wang M, Wang J, Yang D, Shkunov M, Silva SRP, Castro FA, Zhao Y. Minimally invasive power sources for implantable electronics. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20220106. [PMID: 38854488 PMCID: PMC10867386 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
As implantable medical electronics (IMEs) developed for healthcare monitoring and biomedical therapy are extensively explored and deployed clinically, the demand for non-invasive implantable biomedical electronics is rapidly surging. Current rigid and bulky implantable microelectronic power sources are prone to immune rejection and incision, or cannot provide enough energy for long-term use, which greatly limits the development of miniaturized implantable medical devices. Herein, a comprehensive review of the historical development of IMEs and the applicable miniaturized power sources along with their advantages and limitations is given. Despite recent advances in microfabrication techniques, biocompatible materials have facilitated the development of IMEs system toward non-invasive, ultra-flexible, bioresorbable, wireless and multifunctional, progress in the development of minimally invasive power sources in implantable systems has remained limited. Here three promising minimally invasive power sources summarized, including energy storage devices (biodegradable primary batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors), human body energy harvesters (nanogenerators and biofuel cells) and wireless power transfer (far-field radiofrequency radiation, near-field wireless power transfer, ultrasonic and photovoltaic power transfer). The energy storage and energy harvesting mechanism, configurational design, material selection, output power and in vivo applications are also discussed. It is expected to give a comprehensive understanding of the minimally invasive power sources driven IMEs system for painless health monitoring and biomedical therapy with long-term stable functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Yuheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Kai Yang
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Shaoyin Li
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Manman Wang
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Dong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education School of Life Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Maxim Shkunov
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | - Fernando A Castro
- Advanced Technology Institute University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
- National Physical Laboratory Teddington Middlesex UK
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- National Physical Laboratory Teddington Middlesex UK
- Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London London UK
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11
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Yang K, Zhang S, Hu X, Li J, Zhang Y, Tong Y, Yang H, Guo K. Stretchable, Flexible, Breathable, Self-Adhesive Epidermal Hand sEMG Sensor System. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:146. [PMID: 38391632 PMCID: PMC10886124 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand function rehabilitation training typically requires monitoring the activation status of muscles directly related to hand function. However, due to factors such as the small surface area for hand-back electrode placement and significant skin deformation, the continuous real-time monitoring of high-quality surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals on the hand-back skin still poses significant challenges. We report a stretchable, flexible, breathable, and self-adhesive epidermal sEMG sensor system. The optimized serpentine structure exhibits a sufficient stretchability and filling ratio, enabling the high-quality monitoring of signals. The carving design minimizes the distribution of connecting wires, providing more space for electrode reservation. The low-cost fabrication design, combined with the cauterization design, facilitates large-scale production. Integrated with customized wireless data acquisition hardware, it demonstrates the real-time multi-channel sEMG monitoring capability for muscle activation during hand function rehabilitation actions. The sensor provides a new tool for monitoring hand function rehabilitation treatments, assessing rehabilitation outcomes, and researching areas such as prosthetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Yang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Xuhui Hu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Jiuqiang Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215011, China
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12
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Kim H, Lee J, Heo U, Jayashankar DK, Agno KC, Kim Y, Kim CY, Oh Y, Byun SH, Choi B, Jeong H, Yeo WH, Li Z, Park S, Xiao J, Kim J, Jeong JW. Skin preparation-free, stretchable microneedle adhesive patches for reliable electrophysiological sensing and exoskeleton robot control. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk5260. [PMID: 38232166 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
High-fidelity and comfortable recording of electrophysiological (EP) signals with on-the-fly setup is essential for health care and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Microneedle electrodes allow direct access to the epidermis and eliminate time-consuming skin preparation. However, existing microneedle electrodes lack elasticity and reliability required for robust skin interfacing, thereby making long-term, high-quality EP sensing challenging during body movement. Here, we introduce a stretchable microneedle adhesive patch (SNAP) providing excellent skin penetrability and a robust electromechanical skin interface for prolonged and reliable EP monitoring under varying skin conditions. Results demonstrate that the SNAP can substantially reduce skin contact impedance under skin contamination and enhance wearing comfort during motion, outperforming gel and flexible microneedle electrodes. Our wireless SNAP demonstration for exoskeleton robot control shows its potential for highly reliable HMIs, even under time-dynamic skin conditions. We envision that the SNAP will open new opportunities for wearable EP sensing and its real-world applications in HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesoo Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Heo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Karen-Christian Agno
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Byun
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyung Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Wang Q, Li Y, Lin Y, Sun Y, Bai C, Guo H, Fang T, Hu G, Lu Y, Kong D. A Generic Strategy to Create Mechanically Interlocked Nanocomposite/Hydrogel Hybrid Electrodes for Epidermal Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:87. [PMID: 38214840 PMCID: PMC10786775 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body. As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices, metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin. Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces. However, chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding, which can alter their original properties. To overcome this limitation, this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes. In this physical process, soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface, which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel. The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers. The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids. These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels. They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing muscle contractions. Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Bai
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haorun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaohua Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Liu Y, Xu B, Xie Z, Yang J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Xu H. Intrinsically Stretchable, Self-Healing, and Large-Scale Epidermal Bioelectrode Arrays for Electrophysiology and Gesture Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59787-59794. [PMID: 38097388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological (EP) signals, referred to as low-level biopotentials driven by active or passive human movements, are of great importance for kinesiology, rehabilitation, and human-machine interaction. To capture high-fidelity EP signals, bioelectrodes should possess high conductivity, high stretchability, and high conformability to skin. While traditional metal bioelectrodes are endowed with stretchability via complex structural designs, they are vulnerable to external or internal inference due to their low fracture strain and large modulus. Here, we report a self-healing elastic composite of silver nanowire (AgNW), graphite nanosheet, and styrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene, which exhibits high stretchability of ε = 500%, high conductivity of σ = ∼1923 S·cm-1, and low resistance change (ΔR/R0) of 0.14 at ε = 40% while its resistance increases ∼0.8% after a 24 h stretching operation at ε = 50%. We employed the elastic composites for accurate and stable monitoring of electrocardiograph and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. Further, we demonstrate an all-solution and printable process to obtain a large-scale sEMG bioelectrode array, enabling highly conformal adhesion on skin and high-fidelity gesture recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Baobao Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhixin Xie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yiyi Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haihua Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen 518060, China
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen 518060, China
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15
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Xue Y, Wang Z, Dutta A, Chen X, Gao P, Li R, Yan J, Niu G, Wang Y, Du S, Cheng H, Yang L. Superhydrophobic, stretchable kirigami pencil-on-paper multifunctional device platform. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2023; 465:142774. [PMID: 37484163 PMCID: PMC10361402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics with applications in healthcare, human-machine interfaces, and robotics often explore complex manufacturing procedures and are not disposable. Although the use of conductive pencil patterns on cellulose paper provides inexpensive, disposable sensors, they have limited stretchability and are easily affected by variations in the ambient environment. This work presents the combination of pencil-on-paper with the hydrophobic fumed SiO2 (Hf-SiO2) coating and stretchable kirigami structures from laser cutting to prepare a superhydrophobic, stretchable pencil-on-paper multifunctional sensing platform. The resulting sensor exhibits a large response to NO2 gas at elevated temperature from self-heating, which is minimally affected by the variations in the ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as mechanical deformations such as bending and stretching states. The integrated temperature sensor and electrodes with the sensing platform can accurately detect temperature and electrophysiological signals to alert for adverse thermal effects and cardiopulmonary diseases. The thermal therapy and electrical stimulation provided by the platform can also deliver effective means to battle against inflammation/infection and treat chronic wounds. The superhydrophobic pencil-onpaper multifunctional device platform provides a low-cost, disposable solution to disease diagnostic confirmation and early treatment for personal and population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Electronic Information, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Runze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Guangyu Niu
- Department of Architecture and Art, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shuaijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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16
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Kwon S, Kim HS, Kwon K, Kim H, Kim YS, Lee SH, Kwon YT, Jeong JW, Trotti LM, Duarte A, Yeo WH. At-home wireless sleep monitoring patches for the clinical assessment of sleep quality and sleep apnea. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9671. [PMID: 37224243 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although many people suffer from sleep disorders, most are undiagnosed, leading to impairments in health. The existing polysomnography method is not easily accessible; it's costly, burdensome to patients, and requires specialized facilities and personnel. Here, we report an at-home portable system that includes wireless sleep sensors and wearable electronics with embedded machine learning. We also show its application for assessing sleep quality and detecting sleep apnea with multiple patients. Unlike the conventional system using numerous bulky sensors, the soft, all-integrated wearable platform offers natural sleep wherever the user prefers. In a clinical study, the face-mounted patches that detect brain, eye, and muscle signals show comparable performance with polysomnography. When comparing healthy controls to sleep apnea patients, the wearable system can detect obstructive sleep apnea with an accuracy of 88.5%. Furthermore, deep learning offers automated sleep scoring, demonstrating portability, and point-of-care usability. At-home wearable electronics could ensure a promising future supporting portable sleep monitoring and home healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Kwon
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hyeon Seok Kim
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kangkyu Kwon
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hodam Kim
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yun Soung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Young-Tae Kwon
- Metal Powder Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lynn Marie Trotti
- Emory Sleep Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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17
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Wu H, Li Z, Xu Z, Huang X, Guo W, Zhao J, Zhang J, Liu S, Tang M, Qiu Y, Yang G, Zhu J, Liu L, Wu Y, Lei W, Zhou P, Yin Z, Chen Z, Liu Y. On-skin biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of postoperative free flaps and replanted digits. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq1634. [PMID: 37099631 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe soft tissue defects and amputated digits are clinically common injuries. Primary treatments include surgical free flap transfer and digit replantation, but these can fail because of vascular compromise. Postoperative monitoring is therefore crucial for timely detection of vessel obstruction and survival of replanted digits and free flaps. However, current postoperative clinical monitoring methods are labor intensive and highly dependent on the experience of nurses and surgeons. Here, we developed on-skin biosensors for noninvasive and wireless postoperative monitoring based on pulse oximetry. The on-skin biosensor was made of polydimethylsiloxane with gradient cross-linking to create a self-adhesive and mechanically robust substrate that interfaces with skin. The substrate was shown to exhibit appropriate adhesion on one side for both high-fidelity measurements of the sensor and low risk of peeling injury to delicate tissues. The other side demonstrated mechanical integrity to facilitate flexible hybrid integration of the sensor. Validation studies using a model of vascular obstruction in rats demonstrated the effectiveness of the sensor in vivo. Clinical studies indicated that the on-skin biosensor was accurate and more responsive than current clinical monitoring methods in identifying microvascular conditions. Comparisons with existing monitoring techniques, including laser Doppler flowmetry and micro-lightguide spectrophotometry, further verified the sensor's accuracy and ability to identify both arterial and venous insufficiency. These findings suggest that this on-skin biosensor may improve postoperative outcomes in free flap and replanted digit surgeries by providing sensitive and unbiased data directly from the surgical site that can be remotely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Miao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqi Qiu
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Juntong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Zhouping Yin
- Flexible Electronics Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
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18
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Deng Z, Guo L, Chen X, Wu W. Smart Wearable Systems for Health Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23052479. [PMID: 36904682 PMCID: PMC10007426 DOI: 10.3390/s23052479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearable systems for health monitoring are highly desired in personal wisdom medicine and telemedicine. These systems make the detecting, monitoring, and recording of biosignals portable, long-term, and comfortable. The development and optimization of wearable health-monitoring systems have focused on advanced materials and system integration, and the number of high-performance wearable systems has been gradually increasing in recent years. However, there are still many challenges in these fields, such as balancing the trade-off between flexibility/stretchability, sensing performance, and the robustness of systems. For this reason, more evolution is required to promote the development of wearable health-monitoring systems. In this regard, this review summarizes some representative achievements and recent progress of wearable systems for health monitoring. Meanwhile, a strategy overview is presented about selecting materials, integrating systems, and monitoring biosignals. The next generation of wearable systems for accurate, portable, continuous, and long-term health monitoring will offer more opportunities for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Deng
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Huayang, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Lihao Guo
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
| | - Ximeng Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensors, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China
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19
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Xue X, Zhang B, Moon S, Xu GX, Huang CC, Sharma N, Jiang X. Development of a Wearable Ultrasound Transducer for Sensing Muscle Activities in Assistive Robotics Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:134. [PMID: 36671969 PMCID: PMC9855872 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Robotic prostheses and powered exoskeletons are novel assistive robotic devices for modern medicine. Muscle activity sensing plays an important role in controlling assistive robotics devices. Most devices measure the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal for myoelectric control. However, sEMG is an integrated signal from muscle activities. It is difficult to sense muscle movements in specific small regions, particularly at different depths. Alternatively, traditional ultrasound imaging has recently been proposed to monitor muscle activity due to its ability to directly visualize superficial and at-depth muscles. Despite their advantages, traditional ultrasound probes lack wearability. In this paper, a wearable ultrasound (US) transducer, based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and a polyimide substrate, was developed for a muscle activity sensing demonstration. The fabricated PZT-5A elements were arranged into a 4 × 4 array and then packaged in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In vitro porcine tissue experiments were carried out by generating the muscle activities artificially, and the muscle movements were detected by the proposed wearable US transducer via muscle movement imaging. Experimental results showed that all 16 elements had very similar acoustic behaviors: the averaged central frequency, -6 dB bandwidth, and electrical impedance in water were 10.59 MHz, 37.69%, and 78.41 Ω, respectively. The in vitro study successfully demonstrated the capability of monitoring local muscle activity using the prototyped wearable transducer. The findings indicate that ultrasonic sensing may be an alternative to standardize myoelectric control for assistive robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Xue
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bohua Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sunho Moon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guo-Xuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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20
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Park S, Ban S, Zavanelli N, Bunn AE, Kwon S, Lim HR, Yeo WH, Kim JH. Fully Screen-Printed PI/PEG Blends Enabled Patternable Electrodes for Scalable Manufacturing of Skin-Conformal, Stretchable, Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2092-2103. [PMID: 36594669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in soft materials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. At the same time, printing technologies have been demonstrated to be efficient and compatible with polymeric materials for manufacturing wearable electronics. However, wearable device manufacturing still counts on a costly, complex, multistep, and error-prone cleanroom process. Here, we present fully screen-printable, skin-conformal electrodes for low-cost and scalable manufacturing of wearable electronics. The screen printing of the polyimide (PI) layer enables facile, low-cost, scalable, high-throughput manufacturing. PI mixed with poly(ethylene glycol) exhibits a shear-thinning behavior, significantly improving the printability of PI. The premixed Ag/AgCl ink is then used for conductive layer printing. The serpentine pattern of the screen-printed electrode accommodates natural deformation under stretching (30%) and bending conditions (180°), which are verified by computational and experimental studies. Real-time wireless electrocardiogram monitoring is also successfully demonstrated using the printed electrodes with a flexible printed circuit. The algorithm developed in this study can calculate accurate heart rates, respiratory rates, and heart rate variability metrics for arrhythmia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Park
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Seunghyeb Ban
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Nathan Zavanelli
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Andrew E Bunn
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
| | - Shinjae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering at the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington98686, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
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21
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Cheng S, Lou Z, Zhang L, Guo H, Wang Z, Guo C, Fukuda K, Ma S, Wang G, Someya T, Cheng HM, Xu X. Ultrathin Hydrogel Films toward Breathable Skin-Integrated Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206793. [PMID: 36267034 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electronics that offer revolutionary capabilities in personalized diagnosis, therapeutics, and human-machine interfaces require seamless integration between the skin and electronics. A common question remains whether an ideal interface can be introduced to directly bridge thin-film electronics with the soft skin, allowing the skin to breathe freely and the skin-integrated electronics to function stably. Here, an ever-thinnest hydrogel is reported that is compliant to the glyphic lines and subtle minutiae on the skin without forming air gaps, produced by a facile cold-lamination method. The hydrogels exhibit high water-vapor permeability, allowing nearly unimpeded transepidermal water loss and free breathing of the skin underneath. Hydrogel-interfaced flexible (opto)electronics without causing skin irritation or accelerated device performance deterioration are demonstrated. The long-term applicability is recorded for over one week. With combined features of extreme mechanical compliance, high permeability, and biocompatibility, the ultrathin hydrogel interface promotes the general applicability of skin-integrated electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Cheng
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zirui Lou
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haotian Guo
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zitian Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuanfei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science and Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Center for Emergent Matter Science and Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School and Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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22
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Takemoto A, Araki T, Nishimura K, Akiyama M, Uemura T, Kiriyama K, Koot JM, Kasai Y, Kurihira N, Osaki S, Wakida S, den Toonder JM, Sekitani T. Fully Transparent, Ultrathin Flexible Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Additive Integration for Bioelectronic Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204746. [PMID: 36373679 PMCID: PMC9839865 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical transparency is highly desirable in bioelectronic sensors because it enables multimodal optical assessment during electronic sensing. Ultrathin (<5 µm) organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) can be potentially used as a highly efficient bioelectronic transducer because they demonstrate high transconductance during low-voltage operation and close conformability to biological tissues. However, the fabrication of fully transparent ultrathin OECTs remains a challenge owing to the harsh etching processes of nanomaterials. In this study, fully transparent, ultrathin, and flexible OECTs are developed using additive integration processes of selective-wetting deposition and thermally bonded lamination. These processes are compatible with Ag nanowire electrodes and conducting polymer channels and realize unprecedented flexible OECTs with high visible transmittance (>90%) and high transconductance (≈1 mS) in low-voltage operations (<0.6 V). Further, electroencephalogram acquisition and nitrate ion sensing are demonstrated in addition to the compatibility of simultaneous assessments of optical blood flowmetry when the transparent OECTs are worn, owing to the transparency. These feasibility demonstrations show promise in contributing to human stress monitoring in bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashuya Takemoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Teppei Araki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishimura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Mihoko Akiyama
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Kazuki Kiriyama
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Johan M. Koot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Yuko Kasai
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Naoko Kurihira
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
| | - Shuto Osaki
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Wakida
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
| | - Jaap M.J. den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN)Osaka UniversityIbaraki567‐0047Japan
- Department of Applied PhysicsGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation LaboratoryAIST‐Osaka UniversitySuita565‐0871Japan
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23
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The Challenges of O 2 Detection in Biological Fluids: Classical Methods and Translation to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415971. [PMID: 36555613 PMCID: PMC9786805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is deeply involved in preserving the life of cellular tissues and human beings due to its key role in cellular metabolism: its alterations may reflect important pathophysiological conditions. DO levels are measured to identify pathological conditions, explain pathophysiological mechanisms, and monitor the efficacy of therapeutic approaches. This is particularly relevant when the measurements are performed in vivo but also in contexts where a variety of biological and synthetic media are used, such as ex vivo organ perfusion. A reliable measurement of medium oxygenation ensures a high-quality process. It is crucial to provide a high-accuracy, real-time method for DO quantification, which could be robust towards different medium compositions and temperatures. In fact, biological fluids and synthetic clinical fluids represent a challenging environment where DO interacts with various compounds and can change continuously and dynamically, and further precaution is needed to obtain reliable results. This study aims to present and discuss the main oxygen detection and quantification methods, focusing on the technical needs for their translation to clinical practice. Firstly, we resumed all the main methodologies and advancements concerning dissolved oxygen determination. After identifying the main groups of all the available techniques for DO sensing based on their mechanisms and applicability, we focused on transferring the most promising approaches to a clinical in vivo/ex vivo setting.
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Abstract
Permeable electronics possess the capability of permeating gas and/or liquid while performing the device functionality when attached to human bodies. The permeability of wearable electronics can not only minimize the thermophysiological disturbance to the human body but also ensure a biocompatible human-device interface for long-term, continuous, and real-time health monitoring. To date, how to simultaneously acquire high permeability and multifunctionality is the major challenge of wearable electronics. Here, a critical discussion on the future development of wearable electronics toward permeability is presented. In this perspective, the critical metrics of permeable electronics are discussed, and the historical evolution of wearable technologies is reviewed with highlights of representative examples. The materials and structural strategies for developing high-performance permeable electronics are then analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems (RI-IWEAR), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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25
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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26
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Ullah H, Wahab MA, Will G, Karim MR, Pan T, Gao M, Lai D, Lin Y, Miraz MH. Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080630. [PMID: 36005025 PMCID: PMC9406032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electrode and the body to reduce the health risk arising from any short circuit. This review focuses on the development of wearable, flexible capacitive sensors for monitoring electrophysiological conditions, including the electrode materials and configuration, the sensing mechanisms, and the fabrication strategies. In addition, several design strategies of flexible/stretchable electrodes, body-to-electrode signal transduction, and measurements have been critically evaluated. We have also highlighted the gaps and opportunities needed for enhancing the suitability and practical applicability of wearable capacitive sensors. Finally, the potential applications, research challenges, and future research directions on stretchable and wearable capacitive sensors are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadaate Ullah
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Md A. Wahab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Will
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- Biomedical Imaging and Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Corporation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mahdi H. Miraz
- School of Computing and Data Science, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- School of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL112AW, UK
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Yang Y, Cui T, Li D, Ji S, Chen Z, Shao W, Liu H, Ren TL. Breathable Electronic Skins for Daily Physiological Signal Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:161. [PMID: 35943631 PMCID: PMC9362661 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the aging of society and the increase in people's concern for personal health, long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand. In recent years, electronic skin (e-skin) for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations. Among them, the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life. In this review, the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed. By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes, breathable e-skin sensors, and breathable e-skin systems, we sort out their design ideas, manufacturing processes, performances, and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life. In addition, the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wancheng Shao
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Houfang Liu
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit, and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Brown MS, Browne K, Kirchner N, Koh A. Adhesive-Free, Stretchable, and Permeable Multiplex Wound Care Platform. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1996-2005. [PMID: 35797971 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The wound healing process remains a poorly understood biological mechanism. The high morbidity and mortality rates associated with chronic wounds are a critical concern to the health care industry. Although assessments and treatment options exist, these strategies have primarily relied on static wound dressings that do not consider the dynamic physicochemical microenvironment and can often create additional complications through the frequent dressing changing procedure. Inspired by the need for engineering "smart" bandages, this study resulted in a multifaceted approach to developing an adhesive-free, permeable, and multiplex sensor system. The electronic-extracellular matrix (e-ECM) platform is capable of noninvasively monitoring chemical and physical changes in real-time on a flexible, stretchable, and permeable biointegrated platform. The multiplex sensors are constructed atop a soft, thin, and microfibrous substrate of silicone to yield a conformal, adhesive-free, convective, or diffusive wound exudate flow, and passive gas transfer for increased cellular epithelization and unobstructed physical and chemical sensor monitoring at the wound site. This platform emulates the native epidermal mechanics and physical extracellular matrix architecture for intimate bio-integration. The multiple biosensor array can continuously examine inflammatory biomarker such as lactate, glucose, pH, oxygen, and wound temperature that correlates to the wound healing status. Additionally, a heating element was incorporated to maintain the optimal thermal conditions at the wound bed. The e-ECM electrochemical biosensors were tested in vitro, within phosphate-buffered saline, and ex vivo, within wound exudate. The "smart" wound bandage combines biocompatible materials, treatments, and monitoring modalities on a microfibrous platform for complex wound dynamic control and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Karen Browne
- Decker College of Nursing and Health Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Johnson City, New York 13790, United States.,Wound, Ostomy, Continence Inpatient Department, United Health Services Hospital, Johnson City, New York 13790, United States
| | - Nancy Kirchner
- Wound, Ostomy, Continence Inpatient Department, United Health Services Hospital, Johnson City, New York 13790, United States
| | - Ahyeon Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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29
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Wang X, Liu Y, Cheng H, Ouyang X. Surface Wettability for Skin-Interfaced Sensors and Devices. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2200260. [PMID: 36176721 PMCID: PMC9514151 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of skin-interfaced sensors and devices in daily life hinge on the rational design of surface wettability to maintain device integrity and achieve improved sensing performance under complex hydrated conditions. Various bio-inspired strategies have been implemented to engineer desired surface wettability for varying hydrated conditions. Although the bodily fluids can negatively affect the device performance, they also provide a rich reservoir of health-relevant information and sustained energy for next-generation stretchable self-powered devices. As a result, the design and manipulation of the surface wettability are critical to effectively control the liquid behavior on the device surface for enhanced performance. The sensors and devices with engineered surface wettability can collect and analyze health biomarkers while being minimally affected by bodily fluids or ambient humid environments. The energy harvesters also benefit from surface wettability design to achieve enhanced performance for powering on-body electronics. In this review, we first summarize the commonly used approaches to tune the surface wettability for target applications toward stretchable self-powered devices. By considering the existing challenges, we also discuss the opportunities as a small fraction of potential future developments, which can lead to a new class of skin-interfaced devices for use in digital health and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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30
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Namkoong M, Guo H, Rahman MS, Wang D, Pfeil CJ, Hager S, Tian L. Moldable and Transferrable Conductive Nanocomposites for Epidermal Electronics. NPJ FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2022; 6:41. [PMID: 35996439 PMCID: PMC9393028 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-022-00170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Skin-inspired soft and stretchable electronic devices based on functional nanomaterials have broad applications such as health monitoring, human-machine interface, and the Internet of things. Solution-processed conductive nanocomposites have shown great promise as a building block of soft and stretchable electronic devices. However, realizing conductive nanocomposites with high conductivity, electromechanical stability, and low modulus over a large area at sub-100 μm resolution remains challenging. Here, we report a moldable, transferrable, high-performance conductive nanocomposite comprised of an interpenetrating network of silver nanowires and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate). The stacked structure of the nanocomposite synergistically integrates the complementary electrical and mechanical properties of the individual components. We patterned the nanocomposite via a simple, low-cost micromolding process and then transferred the patterned large-area electrodes onto various substrates to realize soft, skin-interfaced electrophysiological sensors. Electrophysiological signals measured using the nanocomposite electrodes exhibit a higher signal-to-noise ratio than standard gel electrodes. The nanocomposite design and fabrication approach presented here can be broadly employed for soft and stretchable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Limei Tian
- Corresponding Author Dr. Limei Tian, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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31
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Ye Z, Ling Y, Yang M, Xu Y, Zhu L, Yan Z, Chen PY. A Breathable, Reusable, and Zero-Power Smart Face Mask for Wireless Cough and Mask-Wearing Monitoring. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5874-5884. [PMID: 35298138 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We herein introduce a lightweight and zero-power smart face mask, capable of wirelessly monitoring coughs in real time and identifying proper mask wearing in public places during a pandemic. The smart face mask relies on the compact, battery-free radio frequency (RF) harmonic transponder, which is attached to the inner layer of the mask for detecting its separation from the face. Specifically, the RF transponder composed of miniature antennas and passive frequency multiplier is made of spray-printed silver nanowires (AgNWs) coated with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) passivation layer and the recently discovered multiscale porous polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS) substrate. Unlike conventional on-chip or on-board wireless sensors, the SEBS-AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS-based RF transponder is lightweight, stretchable, breathable, and comfortable. In addition, this wireless device has excellent resilience and robustness in long-term and repeated usages (i.e., repeated placement and removal of the soft transponder on the mask). We foresee that this wireless smart face mask, providing simultaneous cough and mask-wearing monitoring, may mitigate virus-transmissive events by tracking the potential contagious person and identifying mask-wearing conditions. Moreover, the ability to wirelessly assess cough frequencies may improve diagnosis accuracy for dealing with several diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilu Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Minye Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yadong Xu
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Pai-Yen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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32
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Yang L, Ji H, Meng C, Li Y, Zheng G, Chen X, Niu G, Yan J, Xue Y, Guo S, Cheng H. Intrinsically Breathable and Flexible NO 2 Gas Sensors Produced by Laser Direct Writing of Self-Assembled Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17818-17825. [PMID: 35394746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The surge in air pollution and respiratory diseases across the globe has spurred significant interest in the development of flexible gas sensors prepared by low-cost and scalable fabrication methods. However, the limited breathability in the commonly used substrate materials reduces the exchange of air and moisture to result in irritation and a low level of comfort. This study presents the design and demonstration of a breathable, flexible, and highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor based on the silver (Ag)-decorated laser-induced graphene (LIG) foam. The scalable laser direct writing transforms the self-assembled block copolymer and resin mixture with different mass ratios into highly porous LIG with varying pore sizes. Decoration of Ag nanoparticles on the porous LIG further increases the specific surface area and conductivity to result in a highly sensitive and selective composite to detect nitrogen oxides. The as-fabricated Ag/LIG gas sensor on a flexible polyethylene substrate exhibits a large response of -12‰, a fast response/recovery of 40/291 s, and a low detection limit of a few parts per billion at room temperature. Integrating the Ag/LIG composite on diverse fabric substrates further results in breathable gas sensors and intelligent clothing, which allows permeation of air and moisture to provide long-term practical use with an improved level of comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Huadong Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guanghao Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Guangyu Niu
- School of Architecture and Art Design, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ye Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Shijie Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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33
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Kim H, Kim E, Choi C, Yeo WH. Advances in Soft and Dry Electrodes for Wearable Health Monitoring Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040629. [PMID: 35457934 PMCID: PMC9029742 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology signals are crucial health status indicators as they are related to all human activities. Current demands for mobile healthcare have driven considerable interest in developing skin-mounted electrodes for health monitoring. Silver-Silver chloride-based (Ag-/AgCl) wet electrodes, commonly used in conventional clinical practice, provide excellent signal quality, but cannot monitor long-term signals due to gel evaporation and skin irritation. Therefore, the focus has shifted to developing dry electrodes that can operate without gels and extra adhesives. Compared to conventional wet electrodes, dry ones offer various advantages in terms of ease of use, long-term stability, and biocompatibility. This review outlines a systematic summary of the latest research on high-performance soft and dry electrodes. In addition, we summarize recent developments in soft materials, biocompatible materials, manufacturing methods, strategies to promote physical adhesion, methods for higher breathability, and their applications in wearable biomedical devices. Finally, we discuss the developmental challenges and advantages of various dry electrodes, while suggesting research directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Kim
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chanyeong Choi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (H.K.); (E.K.); (C.C.)
- IEN Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-385-5710
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34
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Cho S, Chang T, Yu T, Lee CH. Smart Electronic Textiles for Wearable Sensing and Display. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040222. [PMID: 35448282 PMCID: PMC9029731 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand of using everyday clothing in wearable sensing and display has synergistically advanced the field of electronic textiles, or e-textiles. A variety of types of e-textiles have been formed into stretchy fabrics in a manner that can maintain their intrinsic properties of stretchability, breathability, and wearability to fit comfortably across different sizes and shapes of the human body. These unique features have been leveraged to ensure accuracy in capturing physical, chemical, and electrophysiological signals from the skin under ambulatory conditions, while also displaying the sensing data or other immediate information in daily life. Here, we review the emerging trends and recent advances in e-textiles in wearable sensing and display, with a focus on their materials, constructions, and implementations. We also describe perspectives on the remaining challenges of e-textiles to guide future research directions toward wider adoption in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungse Cho
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Taehoo Chang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Tianhao Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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35
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Wang HL, Guo ZH, Pu X, Wang ZL. Ultralight Iontronic Triboelectric Mechanoreceptor with High Specific Outputs for Epidermal Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:86. [PMID: 35352206 PMCID: PMC8964870 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit to mimic skin exteroceptive ability has motivated the endeavors for epidermal artificial mechanoreceptors. Artificial mechanoreceptors are required to be highly sensitive to capture imperceptible skin deformations and preferably to be self-powered, breathable, lightweight and deformable to satisfy the prolonged wearing demands. It is still struggling to achieve these traits in single device, as it remains difficult to minimize device architecture without sacrificing the sensitivity or stability. In this article, we present an all-fiber iontronic triboelectric mechanoreceptor (ITM) to fully tackle these challenges, enabled by the high-output mechano-to-electrical energy conversion. The proposed ITM is ultralight, breathable and stretchable and is quite stable under various mechanical deformations. On the one hand, the ITM can achieve a superior instantaneous power density; on the other hand, the ITM shows excellent sensitivity serving as epidermal sensors. Precise health status monitoring is readily implemented by the ITM calibrating by detecting vital signals and physical activities of human bodies. The ITM can also realize acoustic-to-electrical conversion and distinguish voices from different people, and biometric application as a noise dosimeter is demonstrated. The ITM therefore is believed to open new sights in epidermal electronics and skin prosthesis fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Hao Guo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Pu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
- CUSTech Institute of Technology, Wenzhou, 325024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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36
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Spanu A, Mascia A, Baldazzi G, Fenech-Salerno B, Torrisi F, Viola G, Bonfiglio A, Cosseddu P, Pani D. Parylene C-Based, Breathable Tattoo Electrodes for High-Quality Bio-Potential Measurements. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:820217. [PMID: 35402402 PMCID: PMC8983861 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.820217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A breathable tattoo electrode for bio-potential recording based on a Parylene C nanofilm is presented in this study. The proposed approach allows for the fabrication of micro-perforated epidermal submicrometer-thick electrodes that conjugate the unobtrusiveness of Parylene C nanofilms and the very important feature of breathability. The electrodes were fully validated for electrocardiography (ECG) measurements showing performance comparable to that of conventional disposable gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes, with no visible negative effect on the skin even many hours after their application. This result introduces interesting perspectives in the field of epidermal electronics, particularly in applications where critical on-body measurements are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Spanu, ; Piero Cosseddu,
| | - Antonello Mascia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Baldazzi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering Genova, University of Genova, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Benji Fenech-Salerno
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graziana Viola
- Division of Cardiology, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Piero Cosseddu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Spanu, ; Piero Cosseddu,
| | - Danilo Pani
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhang J, Ma X, Cao S, Sun Y, Feng S, Fang T, Kong D. A Highly Stretchable and Permeable Liquid Metal Micromesh Conductor by Physical Deposition for Epidermal Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13713-13721. [PMID: 35262322 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics allow functional devices to integrate with human skin seamlessly in an emerging wearable platform termed epidermal electronics. Compliant conductors represent key building components for functional devices. Among the various candidates, gallium-based liquid metals stand out with metallic conductivity and inherent deformability. Currently, the widespread applications of liquid metals in epidermal electronics are hindered by the low steam permeability and hence unpleasant wearing perceptions. In this study, a facile physical deposition approach is established to create a liquid metal micromesh over an elastomer sponge, which exhibits low sheet resistance (∼0.5 Ω sq-1), high stretchability (400% strain), and excellent durability. The porous micromesh shows textile-level permeability to achieve long-term wearing comfort. The conformal interaction of the liquid metal micromesh with the skin gives rise to a low contact impedance. An integrated epidermal sensing sleeve is demonstrated as a human-machine interface to distinguish different hand gestures by recording muscle contractions. The reported stretchable and permeable liquid metal conductor shows promising potentials in next-generation epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Zhang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitai Cao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Sun
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxuan Feng
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Kong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
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38
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Liu Y, Cheng Y, Shi L, Wang R, Sun J. Breathable, Self-Adhesive Dry Electrodes for Stable Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring During Exercise. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12812-12823. [PMID: 35234456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes with high air permeability, low thickness, low elastic modulus, and high adhesion are essential for biomedical signal recordings, which provide data for sports management and biomedical applications. However, nanothickness electrodes interacting with the skin by van der Waals force can be interfered with by sweating, and elastomers with high adhesion prepared by modification are not satisfactory in terms of air permeability. Here, a dry electrode with high stretchability (598%), low elastic modulus (5 MPa), high air permeability (726 g m-2 d-1), and high adhesion (6.33 kPa) was fabricated by semi-embedding Ag nanowires into nonyl and glycerol-modified polyvinyl alcohol. Furthermore, a small amount of 40 wt % ethanol was sprayed on the skin to facilitate microdissolution of the substrate and form immediate conformability with skin texture. The dry electrodes can record high-quality electrocardiogram and electromyogram signals through a robust contact with the skin under skin deformation, with a water stream, or after running for 1 h. The film can also be served as the substrate for self-adhesive strain sensors to monitor motion with higher quality than nonadhesive polydimethylsilane-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Liangjing Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Huang Z, Yang J. A New Class of Electronic Devices Based on Flexible Porous Substrates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105084. [PMID: 35038244 PMCID: PMC8895116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Internet of Things era, the connection between electronic devices and humans is getting closer and closer. New-concept electronic devices including e-skins, nanogenerators, brain-machine interfaces, and implantable medical devices, can work on or inside human bodies, calling for wearing comfort, super flexibility, biodegradability, and stability under complex deformations. However, conventional electronics based on metal and plastic substrates cannot effectively meet these new application requirements. Therefore, a series of advanced electronic devices based on flexible porous substrates (e.g., paper, fabric, electrospun nanofibers, wood, and elastic polymer sponge) is being developed to address these challenges by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, breathability, deformability, and robustness. The porous structure of these substrates can not only improve device performance but also enable new functions, but due to their wide variety, choosing the right porous substrate is crucial for preparing high-performance electronics for specific applications. Herein, the properties of different flexible porous substrates are summarized and their basic principles of design, manufacture, and use are highlighted. Subsequently, various functionalization methods of these porous substrates are briefly introduced and compared. Then, the latest advances in flexible porous substrate-based electronics are demonstrated. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Tengyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Zhandong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen518000P. R. China
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40
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Chang T, Akin S, Kim MK, Murray L, Kim B, Cho S, Huh S, Teke S, Couetil L, Jun MBG, Lee CH. A Programmable Dual-Regime Spray for Large-Scale and Custom-Designed Electronic Textiles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108021. [PMID: 34951073 PMCID: PMC8897238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for wearable healthcare synergistically advances the field of electronic textiles, or e-textiles, allowing for ambulatory monitoring of vital health signals. Despite great promise, the pragmatic deployment of e-textiles in clinical practice remains challenged due to the lack of a method in producing custom-designed e-textiles at high spatial resolution across a large area. To this end, a programmable dual-regime spray that enables the direct custom writing of functional nanoparticles into arbitrary fabrics at sub-millimeter resolution over meter scale is employed. The resulting e-textiles retain the intrinsic fabric properties in terms of mechanical flexibility, water-vapor permeability, and comfort against multiple uses and laundry cycles. The e-textiles tightly fit various body sizes and shapes to support the high-fidelity recording of physiological and electrophysiological signals on the skin under ambulatory conditions. Pilot field tests in a remote health-monitoring setting with a large animal, such as a horse, demonstrate the scalability and utility of the e-textiles beyond conventional devices. This approach will be suitable for the rapid prototyping of custom e-textiles tailored to meet various clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoo Chang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Semih Akin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Laura Murray
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical & System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, South Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sena Huh
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sengul Teke
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Secant Group LLC, Telford, PA, 18969, USA
| | - Laurent Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Martin Byung-Guk Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Indiana Manufacturing Competitiveness Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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41
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Design and optimization strategies of metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures for advanced formaldehyde sensors. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Cheng K, Chortos A, Lewis JA, Clarke DR. Photoswitchable Covalent Adaptive Networks Based on Thiol-Ene Elastomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4552-4561. [PMID: 35006669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent adaptive networks combine the advantages of cross-linked elastomers and dynamic bonding in a single system. In this work, we demonstrate a simple one-pot method to prepare thiol-ene elastomers that exhibit reversible photoinduced switching from an elastomeric gel to fluid state. This behavior can be generalized to thiol-ene cross-linked elastomers composed of different backbone chemistries (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene glycol, and polyurethane) and vinyl groups (e.g., allyl, vinyl ether, and acrylate). Photoswitching from the gel to fluid state occurs in seconds upon exposure to UV light and can be repeated over at least 180 cycles. These thiol-ene elastomers also exhibit the ability to heal, remold, and serve as reversible adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezi Cheng
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jennifer A Lewis
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David R Clarke
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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43
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Xu R, He P, Lan G, Behrouzi K, Peng Y, Wang D, Jiang T, Lee A, Long Y, Lin L. Facile Fabrication of Multilayer Stretchable Electronics via a Two-mode Mechanical Cutting Process. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1533-1546. [PMID: 34939410 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A time- and cost-effective fabrication methodology via a two-mode mechanical cutting process for multilayer stretchable electronics has been developed without using the conventional photolithography-based processes. A commercially available vinyl cutter is used for defining complex patterns on designated material layers by adjusting the applied force and the depth of the cutting blade. Two distinct modes of mechanical cutting can be achieved and employed to establish the basic fabrication procedures for common features in stretchable electronics, such as the metal interconnects, contact pads, and openings by the "tunnel cut" mode, and the flexible overall structure by the "through cut" mode. Three robust and resilient stretchable systems have been demonstrated, including a water-resistant, omnidirectionally stretchable supercapacitor array, a stretchable mesh applicable in sweat extraction and sensing, and a skin-mountable human breathing monitoring patch. Results show excellent electronic performances of these devices made of multilayer functional materials after repetitive large deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxiao Xu
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peisheng He
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Guangchen Lan
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kamyar Behrouzi
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yande Peng
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dongkai Wang
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ashley Lee
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yu Long
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liwei Lin
- Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
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44
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Sang M, Kang K, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Kim K, Cho M, Shin J, Hong JH, Kim T, Lee SK, Yeo WH, Lee JW, Lee T, Xu B, Yu KJ. Ultrahigh Sensitive Au-Doped Silicon Nanomembrane Based Wearable Sensor Arrays for Continuous Skin Temperature Monitoring with High Precision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105865. [PMID: 34750868 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the body temperature with high accuracy provides a fast, facile, yet powerful route about the human body in a wide range of health information standards. Here, the first ever ultrasensitive and stretchable gold-doped silicon nanomembrane (Au-doped SiNM) epidermal temperature sensor array is introduced. The ultrasensitivity is achieved by shifting freeze-out region to intrinsic region in carrier density and modulation of fermi energy level of p-type SiNM through the development of a novel gold-doping strategy. The Au-doped SiNM is readily transferred onto an ultrathin polymer layer with a well-designed serpentine mesh structure, capable of being utilized as an epidermal temperature sensor array. Measurements in vivo and in vitro show temperature coefficient of resistance as high as -37270.72 ppm °C-1 , 22 times higher than existing metal-based temperature sensors with similar structures, and one of the highest thermal sensitivity among the inorganic material based temperature sensors. Applications in the continuous monitoring of body temperature and respiration rate during exercising are demonstrated with a successful capture of information. This work lays a foundation for monitoring body temperature, potentially useful for precision diagnosis (e.g., continuous monitoring body temperature in coronavirus disease 2019 cases) and management of disease relevance to body temperature in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Sang
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyowon Kang
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Zhang
- Xu Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- Xu Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Kiho Kim
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongki Cho
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoon Shin
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Hong
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemin Kim
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kyu Lee
- Functional Oxide Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Bio-Interfaced Translational Nanoengineering Group, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- Energy Materials for Soft Electronics Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- YU-KIST Institute, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- NanoBio Device Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Baoxing Xu
- Xu Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Ki Jun Yu
- Functional Bio-integrated Electronics and Energy Management Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- YU-KIST Institute, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemungu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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45
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Xiong Y, Han J, Wang Y, Wang ZL, Sun Q. Emerging Iontronic Sensing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9867378. [PMID: 36072274 PMCID: PMC9414182 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9867378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iontronic sensors represent a novel class of soft electronics which not only replicate the biomimetic structures and perception functions of human skin but also simulate the mechanical sensing mechanism. Relying on the similar mechanism with skin perception, the iontronic sensors can achieve ion migration/redistribution in response to external stimuli, promising iontronic sensing to establish more intelligent sensing interface for human-robotic interaction. Here, a comprehensive review on advanced technologies and diversified applications for the exploitation of iontronic sensors toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence is provided. By virtue of the excellent stretchability, high transparency, ultrahigh sensitivity, and mechanical conformality, numerous attempts have been made to explore various novel ionic materials to fabricate iontronic sensors with skin-like perceptive properties, such as self-healing and multimodal sensing. Moreover, to achieve multifunctional artificial skins and intelligent devices, various mechanisms based on iontronics have been investigated to satisfy multiple functions and human interactive experiences. Benefiting from the unique material property, diverse sensing mechanisms, and elaborate device structure, iontronic sensors have demonstrated a variety of applications toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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46
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Cho KW, Sunwoo SH, Hong YJ, Koo JH, Kim JH, Baik S, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Soft Bioelectronics Based on Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5068-5143. [PMID: 34962131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanostructured materials and unconventional device designs have transformed the bioelectronics from a rigid and bulky form into a soft and ultrathin form and brought enormous advantages to the bioelectronics. For example, mechanical deformability of the soft bioelectronics and thus its conformal contact onto soft curved organs such as brain, heart, and skin have allowed researchers to measure high-quality biosignals, deliver real-time feedback treatments, and lower long-term side-effects in vivo. Here, we review various materials, fabrication methods, and device strategies for flexible and stretchable electronics, especially focusing on soft biointegrated electronics using nanomaterials and their composites. First, we summarize top-down material processing and bottom-up synthesis methods of various nanomaterials. Next, we discuss state-of-the-art technologies for intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites composed of nanostructured materials incorporated in elastomers or hydrogels. We also briefly discuss unconventional device design strategies for soft bioelectronics. Then individual device components for soft bioelectronics, such as biosensing, data storage, display, therapeutic stimulation, and power supply devices, are introduced. Afterward, representative application examples of the soft bioelectronics are described. A brief summary with a discussion on remaining challenges concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Won Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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47
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Chen G, Xiao X, Zhao X, Tat T, Bick M, Chen J. Electronic Textiles for Wearable Point-of-Care Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3259-3291. [PMID: 34939791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional public health systems are suffering from limited, delayed, and inefficient medical services, especially when confronted with the pandemic and the aging population. Fusing traditional textiles with diagnostic, therapeutic, and protective medical devices can unlock electronic textiles (e-textiles) as point-of-care platform technologies on the human body, continuously monitoring vital signs and implementing round-the-clock treatment protocols in close proximity to the patient. This review comprehensively summarizes the research advances on e-textiles for wearable point-of-care systems. We start with a brief introduction to emphasize the significance of e-textiles in the current healthcare system. Then, we describe textile sensors for diagnosis, textile therapeutic devices for medical treatment, and textile protective devices for prevention, by highlighting their working mechanisms, representative materials, and clinical application scenarios. Afterward, we detail e-textiles' connection technologies as the gateway for real-time data transmission and processing in the context of 5G technologies and Internet of Things. Finally, we provide new insights into the remaining challenges and future directions in the field of e-textiles. Fueled by advances in chemistry and materials science, textile-based diagnostic devices, therapeutic devices, protective medical devices, and communication units are expected to interact synergistically to construct intelligent, wearable point-of-care textile platforms, ultimately illuminating the future of healthcare system in the Internet of Things era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Bick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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48
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Nguyen TD, Lee JS. Recent Development of Flexible Tactile Sensors and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010050. [PMID: 35009588 PMCID: PMC8747637 DOI: 10.3390/s22010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of society in recent decades, the wearable sensor has attracted attention for motion-based health care and artificial applications. However, there are still many limitations to applying them in real life, particularly the inconvenience that comes from their large size and non-flexible systems. To solve these problems, flexible small-sized sensors that use body motion as a stimulus are studied to directly collect more accurate and diverse signals. In particular, tactile sensors are applied directly on the skin and provide input signals of motion change for the flexible reading device. This review provides information about different types of tactile sensors and their working mechanisms that are piezoresistive, piezocapacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric. Moreover, this review presents not only the applications of the tactile sensor in motion sensing and health care monitoring, but also their contributions in the field of artificial intelligence in recent years. Other applications, such as human behavior studies, are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Seop Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5814; Fax: +82-31-750-5389
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49
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Chen S, Qi J, Fan S, Qiao Z, Yeo JC, Lim CT. Flexible Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100116. [PMID: 33960133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest mortality globally, but recent advances in wearable technologies may potentially change how these illnesses are diagnosed and managed. In particular, continuous monitoring of cardiovascular vital signs for early intervention is highly desired. To this end, flexible wearable sensors that can be comfortably worn over long durations are gaining significant attention. In this review, advanced flexible wearable sensors for monitoring cardiovascular vital signals are outlined and discussed. Specifically, the functional materials, configurations, mechanisms, and recent advances of these flexible sensors for heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and blood glucose monitoring are highlighted. Different mechanisms in bioelectric, mechano-electric, optoelectric, and ultrasonic wearable sensors are presented to monitor cardiovascular vital signs from different body locations. Present challenges, possible strategies, and future directions of these wearable sensors are also discussed. With rapid development, these flexible wearable sensors will potentially be applicable for both medical diagnosis and daily healthcare use in tackling cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Chen
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Jiaming Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Joo Chuan Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore 117411 Singapore
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50
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Abstract
Soft wearable electronics are rapidly developing through exploration of new materials, fabrication approaches, and design concepts. Although there have been many efforts for decades, a resurgence of interest in liquid metals (LMs) for sensing and wiring functional properties of materials in soft wearable electronics has brought great advances in wearable electronics and materials. Various forms of LMs enable many routes to fabricate flexible and stretchable sensors, circuits, and functional wearables with many desirable properties. This review article presents a systematic overview of recent progresses in LM-enabled wearable electronics that have been achieved through material innovations and the discovery of new fabrication approaches and design architectures. We also present applications of wearable LM technologies for physiological sensing, activity tracking, and energy harvesting. Finally, we discuss a perspective on future opportunities and challenges for wearable LM electronics as this field continues to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Won
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design / Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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