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Peláez JN, Bernstein S, Okoro J, Rodas E, Liang I, Leipertz A, Marion-Poll F, Whiteman NK. Taste evolution in an herbivorous drosophilid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582299. [PMID: 38464294 PMCID: PMC10925181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites pose a challenge for generalist herbivorous insects because they are not only potentially toxic, they also may trigger aversion. On the contrary, some highly specialized herbivorous insects evolved to use these same compounds as 'token stimuli' for unambiguous determination of their host plants. Two questions that emerge from these observations are how recently derived herbivores evolve to overcome this aversion to plant secondary metabolites and the extent to which they evolve increased attraction to these same compounds. In this study, we addressed these questions by focusing on the evolution of bitter taste preferences in the herbivorous drosophilid Scaptomyza flava, which is phylogenetically nested deep in the paraphyletic Drosophila. We measured behavioral and neural responses of S. flava and a set of non-herbivorous species representing a phylogenetic gradient (S. pallida, S. hsui, and D. melanogaster) towards host- and non-host derived bitter plant compounds. We observed that S. flava evolved a shift in bitter detection, rather than a narrow shift towards glucosinolates, the precursors of mustard-specific defense compounds. In a dye-based consumption assay, S. flava exhibited shifts in aversion toward the non-mustard bitter, plant-produced alkaloids caffeine and lobeline, and reduced aversion towards glucosinolates, whereas the non-herbivorous species each showed strong aversion to all bitter compounds tested. We then examined whether these changes in bitter preferences of S. flava could be explained by changes in sensitivity in the peripheral nervous system and compared electrophysiological responses from the labellar sensilla of S. flava, S. pallida, and D. melanogaster. Using scanning electron microscopy, we also created a map of labellar sensilla in S. flava and S. pallida. We assigned each sensillum to a functional sensilla class based on their morphology and initial response profiles to bitter and sweet compounds. Despite a high degree of conservation in the morphology and spatial placement of sensilla between S. flava and S. pallida, electrophysiological studies revealed that S. flava had reduced sensitivity to glucosinolates to varying degrees. We found this reduction only in I type sensilla. Finally, we speculate on the potential role that evolutionary genetic changes in gustatory receptors between S. pallida and S. flava may play in driving these patterns. Specifically, we hypothesize that the evolution of bitter receptors expressed in I type sensilla may have driven the reduced sensitivity observed in S. flava, and ultimately, its reduced bitter aversion. The S. flava system showcases the importance of reduced aversion to bitter defense compounds in relatively young herbivorous lineages, and how this may be achieved at the molecular and physiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Peláez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan Bernstein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Judith Okoro
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Leipertz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frédéric Marion-Poll
- Evolution, Genomes, Behaviour and Ecology, IDEEV, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, IRD, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Yu D, Wiens JJ. The causes of species richness patterns among clades. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232436. [PMID: 38262607 PMCID: PMC10805600 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Two major types of species richness patterns are spatial (e.g. the latitudinal diversity gradient) and clade-based (e.g. the dominance of angiosperms among plants). Studies have debated whether clade-based richness patterns are explained primarily by larger clades having faster rates of species accumulation (speciation minus extinction over time; diversification-rate hypothesis) or by simply being older (clade-age hypothesis). However, these studies typically compared named clades of the same taxonomic rank, such as phyla and families. This study design is potentially biased against the clade-age hypothesis, since clades of the same rank may be more similar in age than randomly selected clades. Here, we analyse the causes of clade-based richness patterns across the tree of life using a large-scale, time-calibrated, species-level phylogeny and random sampling of clades. We find that within major groups of organisms (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, archaeans), richness patterns are most strongly related to clade age. Nevertheless, weaker relationships with diversification rates are present in animals and plants. These overall results contrast with similar large-scale analyses across life based on named clades, which showed little effect of clade age on richness. More broadly, these results help support the overall importance of time for explaining diverse types of species richness patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
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3
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Guo L, Qiao X, Haji D, Zhou T, Liu Z, Whiteman NK, Huang J. Convergent resistance to GABA receptor neurotoxins through plant-insect coevolution. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1444-1456. [PMID: 37460839 PMCID: PMC10482695 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of coevolution between plants and insects remain elusive. GABA receptors are targets of many neurotoxic terpenoids, which represent the most diverse array of natural products known. Over deep evolutionary time, as plant terpene synthases diversified in plants, so did plant terpenoid defence repertoires. Here we show that herbivorous insects and their predators evolved convergent amino acid changing substitutions in duplicated copies of the Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) gene that encodes the GABA receptor, and that the evolution of duplicated Rdl and terpenoid-resistant GABA receptors is associated with the diversification of moths and butterflies. These same substitutions also evolved in pests exposed to synthetic insecticides that target the GABA receptor. We used in vivo genome editing in Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate the fitness effects of each putative resistance mutation and found that pleiotropy both facilitates and constrains the evolution of GABA receptor resistance. The same genetic changes that confer resistance to terpenoids across 300 Myr of insect evolution have re-evolved in response to synthetic analogues over one human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Diler Haji
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jia Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Luna D, Mohanbabu N, Johnson J, Althoff DM. Host use by 2 sibling species of bogus yucca moths in relation to plant hardness and saponin content. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:659-666. [PMID: 37338184 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses allow plants to deter or kill their insect herbivores and are considered to be a major driver of host use for herbivorous insects in both ecological and evolutionary time. Many closely related species of insect herbivores differ in their ability to respond to plant defenses and in some cases are specialized to specific plant species. Here we tested whether both mechanical and chemical plant defenses are a major factor in determining the host range of 2 sibling species of Prodoxid bogus yucca moths, Prodoxus decipiens (Riley) and Prodoxus quinquepunctellus (Chambers) that feed within the inflorescence stalk of Yucca species. These 2 moth species have separate suites of host plant species, yet narrowly overlap geographically and share 1 Yucca species, Y. glauca. We surveyed the lignin and cellulose content, the force required to the puncture the stalk tissue, and saponin concentration across 5 Yucca species used as hosts. Lignin, cellulose concentrations, and stalk hardness differed among Yucca species but did not correlate with host use patterns by the moths. Saponin concentrations in the stalk tissue were relatively low for yuccas (<1%) and did not differ among species. The results suggest that these moth species should be able to use each other's hosts for egg deposition. Additional factors such as larval development or competition among larvae for feeding space may serve to keep moth species from expanding onto plants used by its sibling species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luna
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Neha Mohanbabu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Josiah Johnson
- Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aikens, SC, USA
| | - David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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5
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Peláez JN, Gloss AD, Goldman-Huertas B, Kim B, Lapoint RT, Pimentel-Solorio G, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Nelson Dittrich AC, Singhal M, Suzuki HC, Matsunaga T, Armstrong EE, Charboneau JLM, Groen SC, Hembry DH, Ochoa CJ, O’Connor TK, Prost S, Zaaijer S, Nabity PD, Wang J, Rodas E, Liang I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad133. [PMID: 37317982 PMCID: PMC10411586 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genomic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families-genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses-underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many insect lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago (mya)), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several nonherbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza has among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant-binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on living plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (fermenting plant volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N Peláez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrew D Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bernard Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard T Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna C Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Malvika Singhal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Hiromu C Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellie E Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L M Charboneau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simon C Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX 79762, USA
| | - Christopher J Ochoa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy K O’Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Zaaijer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, USA
- FIND Genomics, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Paul D Nabity
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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6
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Wisniewski AL, Nations JA, Slater GJ. Bayesian Prediction of Multivariate Ecology from Phenotypic Data Yields New Insights into the Diets of Extant and Extinct Taxa. Am Nat 2023; 202:192-215. [PMID: 37531278 DOI: 10.1086/725055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMorphology often reflects ecology, enabling the prediction of ecological roles for taxa that lack direct observations, such as fossils. In comparative analyses, ecological traits, like diet, are often treated as categorical, which may aid prediction and simplify analyses but ignores the multivariate nature of ecological niches. Furthermore, methods for quantifying and predicting multivariate ecology remain rare. Here, we ranked the relative importance of 13 food items for a sample of 88 extant carnivoran mammals and then used Bayesian multilevel modeling to assess whether those rankings could be predicted from dental morphology and body size. Traditional diet categories fail to capture the true multivariate nature of carnivoran diets, but Bayesian regression models derived from living taxa have good predictive accuracy for importance ranks. Using our models to predict the importance of individual food items, the multivariate dietary niche, and the nearest extant analogs for a set of data-deficient extant and extinct carnivoran species confirms long-standing ideas for some taxa but yields new insights into the fundamental dietary niches of others. Our approach provides a promising alternative to traditional dietary classifications. Importantly, this approach need not be limited to diet but serves as a general framework for predicting multivariate ecology from phenotypic traits.
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7
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Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1022-1044. [PMID: 37202501 PMCID: PMC10333129 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification. Here, using data on 1,850 microbe-insect symbioses across 402 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to specialize on a range of nutrient-imbalanced diets, including phloem, blood and wood. Across diets, the only limiting nutrient consistently associated with the evolution of obligate symbiosis was B vitamins. The shift to new diets, facilitated by symbionts, had mixed consequences for insect diversification. In some cases, such as herbivory, it resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve widespread nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche that is invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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8
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Pelaez JN, Gloss AD, Goldman-Huertas B, Kim B, Lapoint RT, Pimentel-Solorio G, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Dittrich ACN, Singhal M, Suzuki HC, Matsunaga T, Armstrong EE, Charboneau JL, Groen SC, Hembry DH, Ochoa CJ, O’Connor TK, Prost S, Zaaijer S, Nabity PD, Wang J, Rodas E, Liang I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of chemosensory and detoxification gene families across herbivorous Drosophilidae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.532987. [PMID: 36993186 PMCID: PMC10055167 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.532987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are exceptionally diverse, accounting for a quarter of all known eukaryotic species, but the genetic basis of adaptations that enabled this dietary transition remains poorly understood. Many studies have suggested that expansions and contractions of chemosensory and detoxification gene families - genes directly mediating interactions with plant chemical defenses - underlie successful plant colonization. However, this hypothesis has been challenging to test because the origins of herbivory in many lineages are ancient (>150 million years ago [mya]), obscuring genomic evolutionary patterns. Here, we characterized chemosensory and detoxification gene family evolution across Scaptomyza, a genus nested within Drosophila that includes a recently derived (<15 mya) herbivore lineage of mustard (Brassicales) specialists and carnation (Caryophyllaceae) specialists, and several non-herbivorous species. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that herbivorous Scaptomyza have among the smallest chemosensory and detoxification gene repertoires across 12 drosophilid species surveyed. Rates of gene turnover averaged across the herbivore clade were significantly higher than background rates in over half of the surveyed gene families. However, gene turnover was more limited along the ancestral herbivore branch, with only gustatory receptors and odorant binding proteins experiencing strong losses. The genes most significantly impacted by gene loss, duplication, or changes in selective constraint were those involved in detecting compounds associated with feeding on plants (bitter or electrophilic phytotoxins) or their ancestral diet (yeast and fruit volatiles). These results provide insight into the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of plant-feeding adaptations and highlight strong gene candidates that have also been linked to other dietary transitions in Drosophila .
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Pelaez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrew D. Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bernard Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard T. Lapoint
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I. Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica M. Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna C. Nelson Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Malvika Singhal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, OR, CA 97403, USA
| | - Hiromu C. Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Joseph L.M. Charboneau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David H. Hembry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX 79762, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ochoa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy K. O’Connor
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Zaaijer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jacobs Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY 10044, USA
- FIND Genomics, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Paul D. Nabity
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Esteban Rodas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Irene Liang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Blaimer BB, Santos BF, Cruaud A, Gates MW, Kula RR, Mikó I, Rasplus JY, Smith DR, Talamas EJ, Brady SG, Buffington ML. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1212. [PMID: 36869077 PMCID: PMC9984522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its diversification is still unknown. We assembled the largest time-calibrated phylogeny of Hymenoptera to date and investigated the origin and possible correlation of particular morphological and behavioral innovations with diversification in the order: the wasp waist of Apocrita; the stinger of Aculeata; parasitoidism, a specialized form of carnivory; and secondary phytophagy, a reversal to plant-feeding. Here, we show that parasitoidism has been the dominant strategy since the Late Triassic in Hymenoptera, but was not an immediate driver of diversification. Instead, transitions to secondary phytophagy (from parasitoidism) had a major influence on diversification rate in Hymenoptera. Support for the stinger and the wasp waist as key innovations remains equivocal, but these traits may have laid the anatomical and behavioral foundations for adaptations more directly associated with diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael W Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert R Kula
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David R Smith
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
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10
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Recart W, Bernhard R, Ng I, Garcia K, Fleming-Davies AE. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Insect Pathogens: Implications for Plant Reproduction. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020347. [PMID: 36839619 PMCID: PMC9958737 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive work on both insect disease and plant reproduction, there is little research on the intersection of the two. Insect-infecting pathogens could disrupt the pollination process by affecting pollinator population density or traits. Pathogens may also infect insect herbivores and change herbivory, potentially altering resource allocation to plant reproduction. We conducted a meta-analysis to (1) summarize the literature on the effects of pathogens on insect pollinators and herbivores and (2) quantify the extent to which pathogens affect insect traits, with potential repercussions for plant reproduction. We found 39 articles that fit our criteria for inclusion, extracting 218 measures of insect traits for 21 different insect species exposed to 25 different pathogens. We detected a negative effect of pathogen exposure on insect traits, which varied by host function: pathogens had a significant negative effect on insects that were herbivores or carried multiple functions but not on insects that solely functioned as pollinators. Particular pathogen types were heavily studied in certain insect orders, with 7 of 11 viral pathogen studies conducted in Lepidoptera and 5 of 9 fungal pathogen studies conducted in Hymenoptera. Our results suggest that most studies have focused on a small set of host-pathogen pairs. To understand the implications for plant reproduction, future work is needed to directly measure the effects of pathogens on pollinator effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilnelia Recart
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rover Bernhard
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, 615 S. Palatine Hill Road, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Isabella Ng
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Katherine Garcia
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0021, USA
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11
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Macroevolutionary analyses point to a key role of hosts in diversification of the highly speciose eriophyoid mite superfamily. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 179:107676. [PMID: 36535519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily Eriophyoidea includes >5000 named species of very small phytophagous mites. As for many groups of phytophagous invertebrates, factors responsible for diversification of eriophyoid mites are unclear. Here, we used an inferred phylogeny of 566 putative species of eriophyoid mites based on fragments of two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes to examine factors associated with their massive evolutionary diversification through time. Our dated phylogeny indicates a Carboniferous origin for gymnosperm-associated Eriophyoidea with subsequent diversification involving multiple host shifts to angiosperms-first to dicots, and then to monocots or shifts back to gymnosperms-beginning in the Cretaceous period when angiosperms diverged. Speciation rates increased more rapidly in the Eriophyidae + Diptilomiopidae (mostly infesting angiosperms) than in the Phytoptidae (mostly infesting gymnosperms). Phylogenetic signal, speciation rates, dispersal and vicariance results combined with inferred topologies show that hosts played a key role in the evolution of eriophyoid mites. Speciation constrained by hosts was probably the main driver behind eriophyoid mite diversification worldwide. We demonstrate monophyly of the Eriophyoidea, whereas all three families, most subfamilies, tribes, and most genera are not monophyletic. Our time-calibrated tree provides a framework for further evolutionary studies of eriophyoid mites and their interactions with host plants as well as taxonomic revisions above the species level.
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12
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Reiter KE, Perkovich C, Smith KN, Feng J, Kritsky G, Lehnert MS. Comparative Material and Mechanical Properties among Cicada Mouthparts: Cuticle Enhanced with Inorganic Elements Facilitates Piercing through Woody Stems for Feeding. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020207. [PMID: 36829484 PMCID: PMC9953083 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adult cicadas pierce woody stems with their mouthparts to feed on xylem, suggesting the presence of cuticular adaptations that could increase hardness and elastic modulus. We tested the following hypotheses: (a) the mouthpart cuticle includes inorganic elements, which augment the mechanical properties; (b) these elements are abundant in specific mouthpart structures and regions responsible for piercing wood; (c) there are correlations among elements, which could provide insights into patterns of element colocalization. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate mouthpart morphology and quantify the elemental composition of the cuticle among four cicada species, including periodical cicadas (Magicicada sp.). Nanoindentation was used to quantify hardness and elastic modulus of the mandibles. We found 12 inorganic elements, including colocalized manganese and zinc in the distal regions of the mandible, the structure most responsible for piercing through wood; nanoindentation determined that these regions were also significantly harder and had higher elastic modulus than other regions. Manganese and zinc abundance relates to increased hardness and stiffness as in the cuticle of other invertebrates; however, this is one of the first reports of cuticular metals among insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts (>100,000 described species). The present investigation provides insight into the feeding mechanism of cicadas, an important but understudied component of their life traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Reiter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Cynthia Perkovich
- Biology and Toxicology Department, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | - Katelynne N. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | - Jiansheng Feng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Gene Kritsky
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH 45233, USA
| | - Matthew S. Lehnert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Stark, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Does Ungulate Herbivory Translate into Diversity of Woody Plants? A Long-Term Study in a Montane Forest Ecosystem in Austria. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different species-specific traits of woody plant species, feeding preferences of herbivores together with resulting effects on plant competition are expected to translate into different plant community structures and expressions of biodiversity. We studied the diversity of woody plant species (trees and shrubs) and structural diversity of forest trees, using a 30-year and an 18-year dataset of ungulate exclosure-control plot pairs in a mixed alpine forest community in Austria. We surveyed the tallest individuals per tree species and plot and analyzed the collective of top-height individuals per plot pair. Incidence data for exclosure and control plots were aggregated. Comparing species diversity and diversity of height classes on the plots throughout time, we calculated diversity profiles based on Hill numbers. Diversity of top height individuals and structural diversity, expressed by height classes, were two diversity aspects that differed between exclosures and control plots. Other diversity estimates of woody plant species showed huge variation without significant differences between plots. Height growth was significantly suppressed by ungulate herbivory. Effects of ungulate herbivores in forest ecosystems are highly complex and context-dependent and thus not reducible to simple top-down forces. Long-term surveys provide data that reflect “ultimate” effects of herbivory interacting with other drivers of community dynamics.
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14
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Mulhair PO, Crowley L, Boyes DH, Harper A, Lewis OT, Holland PW. Diversity, duplication, and genomic organization of homeobox genes in Lepidoptera. Genome Res 2023; 33:32-44. [PMID: 36617663 PMCID: PMC9977156 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277118.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes encode transcription factors with essential roles in patterning and cell fate in developing animal embryos. Many homeobox genes, including Hox and NK genes, are arranged in gene clusters, a feature likely related to transcriptional control. Sparse taxon sampling and fragmentary genome assemblies mean that little is known about the dynamics of homeobox gene evolution across Lepidoptera or about how changes in homeobox gene number and organization relate to diversity in this large order of insects. Here we analyze an extensive data set of high-quality genomes to characterize the number and organization of all homeobox genes in 123 species of Lepidoptera from 23 taxonomic families. We find most Lepidoptera have around 100 homeobox loci, including an unusual Hox gene cluster in which the lab gene is repositioned and the ro gene is next to pb A topologically associating domain spans much of the gene cluster, suggesting deep regulatory conservation of the Hox cluster arrangement in this insect order. Most Lepidoptera have four Shx genes, divergent zen-derived loci, but these loci underwent dramatic duplication in several lineages, with some moths having over 165 homeobox loci in the Hox gene cluster; this expansion is associated with local LINE element density. In contrast, the NK gene cluster content is more stable, although there are differences in organization compared with other insects, as well as major rearrangements within butterflies. Our analysis represents the first description of homeobox gene content across the order Lepidoptera, exemplifying the potential of newly generated genome assemblies for understanding genome and gene family evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O. Mulhair
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas H. Boyes
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom;,UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Harper
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter W.H. Holland
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Peláez JN, Gloss AD, Ray JF, Chaturvedi S, Haji D, Charboneau JLM, Verster KI, Whiteman NK. Evolution and genomic basis of the plant-penetrating ovipositor: a key morphological trait in herbivorous Drosophilidae. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221938. [PMID: 36350206 PMCID: PMC9653217 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects are extraordinarily diverse, yet are found in only one-third of insect orders. This skew may result from barriers to plant colonization, coupled with phylogenetic constraint on plant-colonizing adaptations. The plant-penetrating ovipositor, however, is one trait that surmounts host plant physical defences and may be evolutionarily labile. Ovipositors densely lined with hard bristles have evolved repeatedly in herbivorous lineages, including within the Drosophilidae. However, the evolution and genetic basis of this innovation has not been well studied. Here, we focused on the evolution of this trait in Scaptomyza, a genus sister to Hawaiian Drosophila, that contains a herbivorous clade. Our phylogenetic approach revealed that ovipositor bristle number increased as herbivory evolved in the Scaptomyza lineage. Through a genome-wide association study, we then dissected the genomic architecture of variation in ovipositor bristle number within S. flava. Top-associated variants were enriched for transcriptional repressors, and the strongest associations included genes contributing to peripheral nervous system development. Individual genotyping supported the association at a variant upstream of Gαi, a neural development gene, contributing to a gain of 0.58 bristles/major allele. These results suggest that regulatory variation involving conserved developmental genes contributes to this key morphological trait involved in plant colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. Peláez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Gloss
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Julianne F. Ray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Samridhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA
| | - Diler Haji
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA
| | | | - Kirsten I. Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA
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16
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Cabral H, Guedes TB, Santana DJ. Functional traits and phylogeny explain snake distribution in the world's largest dry forest ecoregion, the Gran Chaco. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9503. [PMID: 36407904 PMCID: PMC9666913 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroecological studies describe large‐scale diversity patterns through analyses of species distribution patterns and allows us to elucidate how species differing in ecology, physical requirements, and life histories are distributed in a multidimensional space. These patterns of distributions can be explained by vegetation, and climatic factors, and are determined by historical and current factors. The continuous accumulation of information on the distribution patterns of species is essential to understand the history and evolution of the biota. In this study, we aimed to identify functional and evolutionary drivers that explain the geographic patterns of vertical stratification. We compiled morphological, ecological, and distribution data of 140 species of Chacoan snakes and constructed null models to map their geographic pattern. We used a range of environmental variables to assess which drivers are influencing these biogeographic patterns. Lastly, we used evolutionary data to build the first map of the phylogenetic regions of Chacoan snakes. We found a latitudinal pattern, with a marked verticality in the snake assemblies in the Chaco. Verticality and long‐tailed species richness increased in areas with high stratified habitats and stable temperature. Fossoriality is driven mainly by soil conditions, especially soils with fewer sand particles and less stratified habitat. Phylogenetic regions in the Chaco showed a marked latitudinal pattern, like that observed in the geographic pattern of verticality. The distribution pattern of Chacoan snakes also reflects their evolutionary history, with a marked phylogenetic regionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cabral
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista São José do Rio Preto Brazil
- Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay Asunción Paraguay
- Mapinguari – Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Répteis, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Thaís B. Guedes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center and Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Diego J. Santana
- Mapinguari – Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Répteis, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande Brazil
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17
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Insect herbivory within modern forests is greater than fossil localities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202852119. [PMID: 36215482 PMCID: PMC9586316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202852119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossilized leaves provide the longest running record of hyperdiverse plant-insect herbivore associations. Reconstructions of these relationships over deep time indicate strong links between environmental conditions, herbivore diversity, and feeding damage on leaves. However, herbivory has not been compared between the past and the modern era, which is characterized by intense anthropogenic environmental change. Here, we present estimates for damage frequencies and diversities on fossil leaves from the Late Cretaceous (66.8 Ma) through the Pleistocene (2.06 Ma) and compare these estimates with Recent (post-1955) leaves collected via paleobotanical methods from modern ecosystems: Harvard Forest, United States; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, United States; and La Selva, Costa Rica. Total damage frequency, measured as the percentage of leaves with any herbivore damage, within modern ecosystems is greater than any fossil locality within this record. This pattern is driven by increased frequencies across nearly all functional feeding groups within the Recent. Diversities of total, specialized, and mining damage types are elevated within the Recent compared with fossil floras. Our results demonstrate that plants in the modern era are experiencing unprecedented levels of insect damage, despite widespread insect declines. Human influence, such as the rate of global climate warming, influencing insect feeding and timing of life cycle processes along with urbanization and the introduction of invasive plant and insect species may drive elevated herbivory. This research suggests that the strength of human influence on plant-insect interactions is not controlled by climate change alone but rather, the way in which humans interact with terrestrial landscape.
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18
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Metabolic novelty originating from horizontal gene transfer is essential for leaf beetle survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205857119. [PMID: 36161953 PMCID: PMC9546569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205857119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) provides an evolutionary shortcut for recipient organisms to gain novel functions. Although reports of HGT in higher eukaryotes are rapidly accumulating, in most cases the evolutionary trajectory, metabolic integration, and ecological relevance of acquired genes remain unclear. Plant cell wall degradation by HGT-derived enzymes is widespread in herbivorous insect lineages. Pectin is an abundant polysaccharide in the walls of growing parts of plants. We investigated the significance of horizontally acquired pectin-digesting polygalacturonases (PGs) of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-guided gene knockout approach, we generated a triple knockout and a quadruple PG-null mutant in order to investigate the enzymatic, biological, and ecological effects. We found that pectin-digestion 1) is exclusively linked to the horizontally acquired PGs from fungi, 2) became fixed in the host genome by gene duplication leading to functional redundancy, 3) compensates for nutrient-poor diet by making the nutritious cell contents more accessible, and 4) facilitates the beetles development and survival. Our analysis highlights the selective advantage PGs provide to herbivorous insects and demonstrate the impact of HGT on the evolutionary success of leaf-feeding beetles, major contributors to species diversity.
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19
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Non-parallel morphological divergence following colonization of a new host plant. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAdaptation to new ecological niches is known to spur population diversification and may lead to speciation if gene flow is ceased. While adaptation to the same ecological niche is expected to be parallel, it is more difficult to predict whether selection against maladaptive hybridization in secondary sympatry results in parallel divergence also in traits that are not directly related to the ecological niches. Such parallelisms in response to selection for reproductive isolation can be identified through estimating parallelism in reproductive character displacement across different zones of secondary contact. Here, we use a host shift in the phytophagous peacock fly Tephritis conura, with both host races represented in two geographically separate areas East and West of the Baltic Sea to investigate convergence in morphological adaptations. We asked (i) if there are consistent morphological adaptations to a host plant shift and (ii) if the response to secondary sympatry with the alternate host race is parallel across contact zones. We found surprisingly low and variable, albeit significant, divergence between host races. Only one trait, the length of the female ovipositor, which serves an important function in the interaction with the hosts, was consistently different between host races. Instead, co-existence with the other host race significantly affected the degree of morphological divergence, but the divergence was largely driven by different traits in different contact zones. Thus, local stochastic fixation or reinforcement could generate trait divergence, and additional evidence is needed to conclude whether divergence is locally adaptive.
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20
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Román-Palacios C, Moraga-López D, Wiens JJ. The origins of global biodiversity on land, sea and freshwater. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1376-1386. [PMID: 35334149 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many biodiversity studies focus on explaining high tropical species richness, but an equally dramatic yet understudied pattern involves the divergent richness of land, sea and freshwater. Here, we reveal the origins of these richness differences among habitats across animals and plants. Most plant and animal species are terrestrial, although these habitats cover only ~28% of Earth's surface. Marine habitats have fewer species over a larger area (~70%). Freshwater habitats have relatively high richness and exceptional phylogenetic diversity given their tiny area (2%). The relative richness of habitats is related to variation in diversification rates. Based on ancestral reconstructions of habitat, we find that most marine species are descended from marine ancestors and most terrestrial species from freshwater ancestors. Yet, most extant animal richness in freshwater is derived from terrestrial ancestors. Overall, our results reveal the origins of fundamental but neglected biodiversity patterns, and highlight the conservation importance of freshwater habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Moraga-López
- Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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21
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Benton MJ, Wilf P, Sauquet H. The Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution and the origins of modern biodiversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2017-2035. [PMID: 34699613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity today has the unusual property that 85% of plant and animal species live on land rather than in the sea, and half of these live in tropical rainforests. An explosive boost to terrestrial diversity occurred from c. 100-50 million years ago, the Late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene. During this interval, the Earth-life system on land was reset, and the biosphere expanded to a new level of productivity, enhancing the capacity and species diversity of terrestrial environments. This boost in terrestrial biodiversity coincided with innovations in flowering plant biology and evolutionary ecology, including their flowers and efficiencies in reproduction; coevolution with animals, especially pollinators and herbivores; photosynthetic capacities; adaptability; and ability to modify habitats. The rise of angiosperms triggered a macroecological revolution on land and drove modern biodiversity in a secular, prolonged shift to new, high levels, a series of processes we name here the Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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22
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Hembry DH, Bennett G, Bess E, Cooper I, Jordan S, Liebherr J, Magnacca KN, Percy DM, Polhemus DA, Rubinoff D, Shaw KL, O’Grady PM. Insect Radiations on Islands: Biogeographic Pattern and Evolutionary Process in Hawaiian Insects. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1086/717787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Hamilton CA, Winiger N, Rubin JJ, Breinholt J, Rougerie R, Kitching IJ, Barber JR, Kawahara AY. Hidden phylogenomic signal helps elucidate arsenurine silkmoth phylogeny and the evolution of body size and wing shape trade-offs. Syst Biol 2021; 71:859-874. [PMID: 34791485 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key objectives in biological research is understanding how evolutionary processes have produced Earth's diversity. A critical step towards revealing these processes is an investigation of evolutionary tradeoffs - that is, the opposing pressures of multiple selective forces. For millennia, nocturnal moths have had to balance successful flight, as they search for mates or host plants, with evading bat predators. However, the potential for evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape and body size are poorly understood. In this study, we used phylogenomics and geometric morphometrics to examine the evolution of wing shape in the wild silkmoth subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae) and evaluate potential evolutionary relationships between body size and wing shape. The phylogeny was inferred based on 782 loci from target capture data of 42 arsenurine species representing all 10 recognized genera. After detecting in our data one of the most vexing problems in phylogenetic inference - a region of a tree that possesses short branches and no "support" for relationships (i.e., a polytomy), we looked for hidden phylogenomic signal (i.e., inspecting differing phylogenetic inferences, alternative support values, quartets, and phylogenetic networks) to better illuminate the most probable generic relationships within the subfamily. We found there are putative evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape, body size, and the interaction of fore- and hindwing shape. Namely, body size tends to decrease with increasing hindwing length but increases as forewing shape becomes more complex. Additionally, the type of hindwing (i.e., tail or no tail) a lineage possesses has a significant effect on the complexity of forewing shape. We outline possible selective forces driving the complex hindwing shapes that make Arsenurinae, and silkmoths as a whole, so charismatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Hamilton
- Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.,Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology & Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844 USA
| | - Nathalie Winiger
- Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.,Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliette J Rubin
- Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Jesse Breinholt
- Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.,Division of Bioinformatics, Intermountain Healthcare, Precision Genomics, St. George, UT 84790 USA
| | - Rodolphe Rougerie
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Ian J Kitching
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jesse R Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725 USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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Poveda-Martínez D, Varone L, Fuentes Corona M, Hight S, Logarzo G, Hasson E. Spatial and host related genomic variation in partially sympatric cactophagous moth species. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:356-371. [PMID: 34662480 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Surveys of patterns of genetic variation in natural sympatric and allopatric populations of recently diverged species are necessary to understand the processes driving intra- and interspecific diversification. The South American moths Cactoblastis cactorum, Cactoblastis doddi and Cactoblastis bucyrus are specialized in the use of cacti as host plants. These species have partially different geographic ranges and differ in patterns of host plant use. However, there are areas that overlap, particularly, in northwestern Argentina, where they are sympatric. Using a combination of genome-wide SNPs and mitochondrial data we assessed intra and interspecific genetic variation and investigated the relative roles of geography and host plants on genetic divergence. We also searched for genetic footprints of hybridization between species. We identified three well delimited species and detected signs of hybridization in the area of sympatry. Our results supported a hypothetical scenario of allopatric speciation in the generalist C. cactorum and genetic interchange during secondary geographic contact with the pair of specialists C. bucyrus and C. doddi that probably speciated sympatrically. In both cases, adaptation to new host plants probably played an important role in speciation. The results also suggested the interplay of geography and host plant use as drivers of divergence and limiting gene flow at intra and interspecific levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Poveda-Martínez
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Ecología Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Varone
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malena Fuentes Corona
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stephen Hight
- Insect Behavior and Biocontrol Research Unit (IBBRU), USDA-ARS, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Guillermo Logarzo
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Hasson
- Instituto de Ecología Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Samacá-Sáenz E, Santos BF, José Martínez J, Egan SP, Shaw SR, Hanson PE, Zaldívar-Riverón A. Ultraconserved elements-based systematics reveals evolutionary patterns of host-plant family shifts and phytophagy within the predominantly parasitoid braconid wasp subfamily Doryctinae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107319. [PMID: 34563693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytophagy has promoted species diversification in many insect groups, including Hymenoptera, one of the most diverse animal orders on Earth. In the predominantly parasitoid family Braconidae, an association with insect-induced, plant galls in angiosperms have been reported in three subfamilies, but in particular in the Doryctinae, where it has been recorded to occur in species of ten genera. Allorhogas Gahan is the most species-rich of these genera, with its species having different phytophagous strategies. Here we conducted a comprehensive phylogenomic study for the doryctine gall-associated genera, with an emphasis on Allorhogas, using ultraconserved elements (UCEs). Based on this estimate of phylogeny we: (1) evaluated their taxonomic composition, (2) estimated the timing of origin of the gall-associated clade and divergence of its main subclades, and (3) performed ancestral state reconstruction analyses for life history traits related to their host-plant association. Our phylogenetic hypothesis confirmed Allorhogas as polyphyletic, with most of its members being nested in a main clade composed of various subclades, each comprising species with a particular host-plant family and herbivorous feeding habit. The origin of gall-association was estimated to have occurred during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, with a subsequent diversification of subclades during the middle to late Miocene and Pliocene. Overlap in divergence timing appears to occur between some taxa and their host-associated plant lineages. Evolution of the feeding strategies in the group shows "inquilinism-feeding" as the likely ancestral state, with gall-formation in different plant organs and seed predation having independently evolved on multiple occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Samacá-Sáenz
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Juan José Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Uruguay 151, L6300CLB, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Scott R Shaw
- University of Wyoming Insect Museum, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA
| | - Paul E Hanson
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
- Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C. P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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26
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Arbuckle K, Harris RJ. Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:150. [PMID: 34344322 PMCID: PMC8336261 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01880-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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27
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Ugajin A, Ozaki K. Coexpression of Three Odorant-Binding Protein Genes in the Foreleg Gustatory Sensilla of Swallowtail Butterfly Visualized by Multicolor FISH Analysis. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:696179. [PMID: 38468877 PMCID: PMC10926539 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2021.696179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are mostly monophagous or oligophagous. Female butterflies distinguish their host plants by detecting a combination of specific phytochemicals through the gustatory sensilla densely distributed on their foreleg tarsi, thereby ensuring oviposition on appropriate host plants. In this study, to gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying host plant recognition by the gustatory sensilla, using Asian swallowtail, Papilio xuthus, we focused on a family of small soluble ligand-binding molecules, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), and found that three OBP genes showed enriched expression in the foreleg tarsus. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated the coexpression of these three OBP genes at the bases of the foreleg gustatory sensilla. Further analyses on other appendages revealed that PxutOBP3 was exclusively expressed in the tissues which could have direct contact with the leaf surface, suggesting that this OBP gene specifically plays an important role in phytochemicals perception.
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28
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Miller AH, Stroud JT. Novel Tests of the Key Innovation Hypothesis: Adhesive Toepads in Arboreal Lizards. Syst Biol 2021; 71:139-152. [PMID: 34109417 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of key innovations-unique features that enable a lineage to interact with the environment in a novel way-may drive broad patterns of adaptive diversity. However, traditional tests of the key innovation hypothesis, those which attempt to identify the evolutionary effect of a purported key innovation by comparing patterns of diversity between lineages with and without the key trait, have been challenged on both conceptual and statistical grounds. Here, we explore alternative, untested hypotheses of the key innovation framework. In lizards, adhesive toepad structures increase grip strength on vertical and smooth surfaces such as tree trunks and leaves and have independently evolved multiple times. As such, toepads have been posited as a key innovation for the evolution of arboreality. Leveraging a habitat use dataset applied to a global phylogeny of 2692 lizard species, we estimated multiple origins of toepads in three major clades and more than 100 origins of arboreality widely across the phylogeny. Our results suggest that toepads arise adaptively in arboreal lineages and are subsequently rarely lost while maintaining arboreal ecologies. Padless lineages transition away from arboreality at a higher rate than those with toepads, and high rates of invasion of arboreal niches by non-arboreal padbearing lineages provides further evidence that toepads may be a key to unlocking evolutionary access to the arboreal zone. Our results and analytical framework provide novel insights to understand and evaluate the ecological and evolutionary consequences of key innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh H Miller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James T Stroud
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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29
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Jermy T, Szentesi Á. Why are there not more herbivorous insect species? ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2021. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.67.2.119.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect species richness is estimated to exceed three million species, of which roughly half is herbivorous. Despite the vast number of species and varied life histories, the proportion of herbivorous species among plant-consuming organisms is lower than it could be due to constraints that impose limits to their diversification. These include ecological factors, such as vague interspecific competition; anatomical and physiological limits, such as neural limits and inability of handling a wide range of plant allelochemicals; phylogenetic constraints, like niche conservatism; and most importantly, a low level of concerted genetic variation necessary to a phyletic conversion. It is suggested that diversification ultimately depends on what we call the intrinsic trend of diversification of the insect genome. In support of the above, we survey the major types of host-specificity, the mechanisms and constraints of host specialization, possible pathways of speciation, and hypotheses concerning insect diversification.
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30
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Ecological and biogeographic drivers of biodiversity cannot be resolved using clade age-richness data. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2945. [PMID: 34011982 PMCID: PMC8134473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimates of evolutionary diversification rates - speciation and extinction - have been used extensively to explain global biodiversity patterns. Many studies have analyzed diversification rates derived from just two pieces of information: a clade's age and its extant species richness. This "age-richness rate" (ARR) estimator provides a convenient shortcut for comparative studies, but makes strong assumptions about the dynamics of species richness through time. Here we demonstrate that use of the ARR estimator in comparative studies is problematic on both theoretical and empirical grounds. We prove mathematically that ARR estimates are non-identifiable: there is no information in the data for a single clade that can distinguish a process with positive net diversification from one where net diversification is zero. Using paleontological time series, we demonstrate that the ARR estimator has no predictive ability for real datasets. These pathologies arise because the ARR inference procedure yields "point estimates" that have been computed under a saturated statistical model with zero degrees of freedom. Although ARR estimates remain useful in some contexts, they should be avoided for comparative studies of diversification and species richness.
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31
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Zhang L, Hood GR, Carroo I, Ott JR, Egan SP. Context-Dependent Reproductive Isolation: Host Plant Variability Drives Fitness of Hybrid Herbivores. Am Nat 2021; 197:732-739. [PMID: 33989147 DOI: 10.1086/714139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe role of divergent selection between alternative environments in promoting reproductive isolation (RI) between lineages is well recognized. However, most studies view each divergent environment as homogenous, thereby overlooking the potential role within-environment variation plays in RI between differentiating lineages. Here, we test the importance of microenvironmental variation in RI by using individual trees of two host plants, each harboring locally adapted populations of the cynipid wasp Belonocnema treatae. We compared the fitness surrogate (survival) of offspring from hybrid crosses with resident crosses across individual trees on each of two primary host plants, Quercus virginiana and Q. geminata. We found evidence of weak hybrid inviability between host-associated lineages of B. treatae despite strong genomic differentiation. However, averaging across environments masked great variation in hybrid fitness on individual trees, where hybrids performed worse than, equal to, or better than residents. Thus, considering the environmental context of hybridization is critical to improving the predictability of divergence under variable selection.
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32
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Evolution of host use in fungivorous ciid beetles (Coleoptera: Ciidae): Molecular phylogeny focusing on Japanese taxa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107197. [PMID: 33962008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Consumer-resource interactions between trophic levels are ubiquitous and important factors in shaping the diversity of insects. However, dietary patterns such as host specificity and conservatism have been insufficiently examined in fungivorous insects. Here we reconstructed the evolutionary history of host use in fungivorous ciid beetles (Coleoptera: Ciidae) and tested for host conservatism. Phylogenetic relationships among 49 species from Japan were inferred by using a large sequence data set from ultraconserved elements (UCEs). In addition, sequences of three genes (COI, 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA) were analyzed to reconstruct the phylogeny for 130 OTUs from a broader range of taxa and geographic regions using the UCE tree as a backbone topology. We found that Ciini and Orophiini are not recovered as reciprocally monophyletic groups. As previously suggested, the largest genus Cis Latreille was also not monophyletic. Ancestral-state reconstruction of host use in both datasets showed that Ciidae species were clustered by host-use group across the tree. This pattern was confirmed by the significantly lower transition rate compared with expectations under the random shift hypothesis. The observed conservatism in host use implied these beetles possess unique adaptations to specific fungal taxa, just as herbivorous insects are adapted to specific plant taxa.
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33
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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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34
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Stireman JO, Cerretti P, O’hara JE, Moulton JK. Extraordinary diversification of the “bristle flies” (Diptera: Tachinidae) and its underlying causes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The family Tachinidae (“bristle flies”) is the most diverse and ecologically important group of insect parasitoids outside the parasitic wasps. It is among the most species rich families of flies (Diptera) and has experienced a recent adaptive radiation across the globe. We make use of a molecular phylogeny of the family to examine its rapid radiation and explore the traits of tachinid lineages that may have contributed to variation in their diversification. We apply a range of diversification analyses to assess the consistency and robustness of effects. We find that the Tachinidae are among the most rapidly diversifying families of animals. Six to eight clades of bristle flies, distributed across the phylogeny, exhibit strong evidence of accelerated diversification. Our results suggest that the use of holometabolous insect larvae, and specifically caterpillars (Lepidoptera), as hosts, is associated with increased diversification rates. However, these effects were inconsistent across analyses. We detected little influence of oviposition strategy (egg type) or host feeding habit, and we recovered evidence that unmeasured “hidden” traits may explain greater variance in diversification. We evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of different Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches for analysing diversification and the potential for extrinsic factors, such as geography, to influence patterns of richness and diversification. In general, we conclude that although certain traits may provide opportunities for diversification, whether this is capitalized on may depend on additional traits and/or historical contingency.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Pierfilippo Cerretti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Charles Darwin’, ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome, Italy
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO National Facilities and Collections, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia
| | - James E O’hara
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K Moulton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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35
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Hamann E, Blevins C, Franks SJ, Jameel MI, Anderson JT. Climate change alters plant-herbivore interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1894-1910. [PMID: 33111316 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how abiotic factors influence trait expression in both plants and herbivores to evaluate how climate change will alter this long-standing interaction. The paleontological record documents increased herbivory during periods of global warming in the deep past. In phylogenetically corrected meta-analyses, we find that elevated temperatures, CO2 concentrations, drought stress and nutrient conditions directly and indirectly induce greater food consumption by herbivores. Additionally, elevated CO2 delays herbivore development, but increased temperatures accelerate development. For annual plants, higher temperatures, CO2 and drought stress increase foliar herbivory. Our meta-analysis also suggests that greater temperatures and drought may heighten florivory in perennials. Human actions are causing concurrent shifts in CO2 , temperature, precipitation regimes and nitrogen deposition, yet few studies evaluate interactions among these changing conditions. We call for additional multifactorial studies that simultaneously manipulate multiple climatic factors, which will enable us to generate more robust predictions of how climate change could disrupt plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, we consider how shifts in insect and plant phenology and distribution patterns could lead to ecological mismatches, and how these changes may drive future adaptation and coevolution between interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Cameron Blevins
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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36
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Wilsterman K, Ballinger MA, Williams CM. A unifying, eco‐physiological framework for animal dormancy. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wilsterman
- Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
- Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA USA
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37
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Bernard J, Brock KC, Tonnell V, Walsh SK, Wenger JP, Wolkis D, Weiblen GD. New Species Assemblages Disrupt Obligatory Mutualisms Between Figs and Their Pollinators. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.564653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Zeng Y, Wiens JJ. Species interactions have predictable impacts on diversification. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:239-248. [PMID: 33146947 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of ecology is to reveal generalities in the myriad types of interactions among species, such as competition, mutualism and predation. Another goal is to explain the enormous differences in species richness among groups of organisms. Here, we show how these two goals are intertwined: we find that different types of species interactions have predictable impacts on rates of species diversification, which underlie richness patterns. On the basis of a systematic review, we show that interactions with positive fitness effects for individuals of a clade (e.g. insect pollination for plants) generally increase that clade's diversification rates. Conversely, we find that interactions with negative fitness effects (e.g. predation for prey, competition) generally decrease diversification rates. The sampled clades incorporate all animals and land plants, encompassing 90% of all described species across life. Overall, we show that different types of local-scale species interactions can predictably impact large-scale patterns of diversification and richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zeng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0088, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0088, USA
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39
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Tooker JF, Giron D. The Evolution of Endophagy in Herbivorous Insects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581816. [PMID: 33250909 PMCID: PMC7673406 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous feeding inside plant tissues, or endophagy, is a common lifestyle across Insecta, and occurs in insect taxa that bore, roll, tie, mine, gall, or otherwise modify plant tissues so that the tissues surround the insects while they are feeding. Some researchers have developed hypotheses to explain the adaptive significance of certain endophytic lifestyles (e.g., miners or gallers), but we are unaware of previous efforts to broadly characterize the adaptive significance of endophagy more generally. To fill this knowledge gap, we characterized the limited set of evolutionary selection pressures that could have encouraged phytophagous insects to feed inside plants, and then consider how these factors align with evidence for endophagy in the evolutionary history of orders of herbivorous insects. Reviewing the occurrence of endophytic taxa of various feeding guilds reveals that the pattern of evolution of endophagy varies strongly among insect orders, in some cases being an ancestral trait (e.g., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) while being more derived in others (e.g., Diptera). Despite the large diversity of endophagous lifestyles and evolutionary trajectories that have led to endophagy in insects, our consideration of selection pressures leads us to hypothesize that nutritionally based factors may have had a stronger influence on evolution of endophagy than other factors, but that competition, water conservation, and natural enemies may have played significant roles in the development of endophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
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40
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Hembry DH, Weber MG. Ecological Interactions and Macroevolution: A New Field with Old Roots. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Linking interspecific interactions (e.g., mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism) to macroevolution (evolutionary change on deep timescales) is a key goal in biology. The role of species interactions in shaping macroevolutionary trajectories has been studied for centuries and remains a cutting-edge topic of current research. However, despite its deep historical roots, classic and current approaches to this topic are highly diverse. Here, we combine historical and contemporary perspectives on the study of ecological interactions in macroevolution, synthesizing ideas across eras to build a zoomed-out picture of the big questions at the nexus of ecology and macroevolution. We discuss the trajectory of this important and challenging field, dividing research into work done before the 1970s, research between 1970 and 2005, and work done since 2005. We argue that in response to long-standing questions in paleobiology, evidence accumulated to date has demonstrated that biotic interactions (including mutualism) can influence lineage diversification and trait evolution over macroevolutionary timescales, and we outline major open questions for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Hembry
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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41
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Fatouros NE, Cusumano A, Bin F, Polaszek A, van Lenteren JC. How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200344. [PMID: 32693731 PMCID: PMC7423650 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The egg is the first life stage directly exposed to the environment in oviparous animals, including many vertebrates and most arthropods. Eggs are vulnerable and prone to mortality risks. In arthropods, one of the most common egg mortality factors is attack from parasitoids. Yet, parasitoids that attack the egg stage are absent in more than half of all insect (sub)orders. In this review, we explore possible causes explaining why eggs of some insect taxa are not parasitized. Many insect (sub)orders that are not attacked by egg parasitoids lack herbivorous species, with some notable exceptions. Factors we consider to have led to escape from egg parasitism are parental egg care, rapid egg development, small egg size, hiding eggs, by e.g. placing them into the soil, applying egg coatings or having thick chorions preventing egg penetration, eusociality, and egg cannibalism. A quantitative network analysis of host-parasitoid associations shows that the five most-speciose genera of egg parasitoids display patterns of specificity with respect to certain insect orders, especially Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, largely including herbivorous species that deposit their eggs on plants. Finally, we discuss the many counteradaptations that particularly herbivorous species have developed to lower the risk of attack by egg parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - F. Bin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Polaszek
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - J. C. van Lenteren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Hernández-Hernández T, Wiens JJ. Why Are There So Many Flowering Plants? A Multiscale Analysis of Plant Diversification. Am Nat 2020; 195:948-963. [DOI: 10.1086/708273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Schachat SR, Labandeira CC, Clapham ME, Payne JL. A Cretaceous peak in family-level insect diversity estimated with mark-recapture methodology. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192054. [PMID: 31847775 PMCID: PMC6939917 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of insects' taxonomic diversity is poorly understood. The two most common methods for estimating taxonomic diversity in deep time yield conflicting results: the 'range through' method suggests a steady, nearly monotonic increase in family-level diversity, whereas 'shareholder quorum subsampling' suggests a highly volatile taxonomic history with family-level mass extinctions occurring repeatedly, even at the midpoints of geological periods. The only feature shared by these two diversity curves is a steep increase in standing diversity during the Early Cretaceous. This apparent diversification event occurs primarily during the Aptian, the pre-Cenozoic interval with the most described insect occurrences, raising the possibility that this feature of the diversity curves reflects preservation and sampling biases rather than insect evolution and extinction. Here, the capture-mark-recapture (CMR) approach is used to estimate insects' family-level diversity. This method accounts for the incompleteness of the insect fossil record as well as uneven sampling among time intervals. The CMR diversity curve shows extinctions at the Permian/Triassic and Cretaceous/Palaeogene boundaries but does not contain any mass extinctions within geological periods. This curve also includes a steep increase in diversity during the Aptian, which appears not to be an artefact of sampling or preservation bias because this increase still appears when time bins are standardized by the number of occurrences they contain rather than by the amount of time that they span. The Early Cretaceous increase in family-level diversity predates the rise of angiosperms by many millions of years and can be better attributed to the diversification of parasitic and especially parasitoid insect lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R. Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Matthew E. Clapham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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44
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McKenna DD, Shin S, Ahrens D, Balke M, Beza-Beza C, Clarke DJ, Donath A, Escalona HE, Friedrich F, Letsch H, Liu S, Maddison D, Mayer C, Misof B, Murin PJ, Niehuis O, Peters RS, Podsiadlowski L, Pohl H, Scully ED, Yan EV, Zhou X, Ślipiński A, Beutel RG. The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24729-24737. [PMID: 31740605 PMCID: PMC6900523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909655116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Coleoptera (beetles) is arguably the most speciose group of animals, but the evolutionary history of beetles, including the impacts of plant feeding (herbivory) on beetle diversification, remain poorly understood. We inferred the phylogeny of beetles using 4,818 genes for 146 species, estimated timing and rates of beetle diversification using 89 genes for 521 species representing all major lineages and traced the evolution of beetle genes enabling symbiont-independent digestion of lignocellulose using 154 genomes or transcriptomes. Phylogenomic analyses of these uniquely comprehensive datasets resolved previously controversial beetle relationships, dated the origin of Coleoptera to the Carboniferous, and supported the codiversification of beetles and angiosperms. Moreover, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) obtained from bacteria and fungi via horizontal gene transfers may have been key to the Mesozoic diversification of herbivorous beetles-remarkably, both major independent origins of specialized herbivory in beetles coincide with the first appearances of an arsenal of PCWDEs encoded in their genomes. Furthermore, corresponding (Jurassic) diversification rate increases suggest that these novel genes triggered adaptive radiations that resulted in nearly half of all living beetle species. We propose that PCWDEs enabled efficient digestion of plant tissues, including lignocellulose in cell walls, facilitating the evolution of uniquely specialized plant-feeding habits, such as leaf mining and stem and wood boring. Beetle diversity thus appears to have resulted from multiple factors, including low extinction rates over a long evolutionary history, codiversification with angiosperms, and adaptive radiations of specialized herbivorous beetles following convergent horizontal transfers of microbial genes encoding PCWDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152;
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Seunggwan Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Balke
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, 81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Cristian Beza-Beza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Dave J Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermes E Escalona
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Letsch
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Wien, Wien 1030, Austria
| | - Shanlin Liu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - David Maddison
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peyton J Murin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Pohl
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erin D Scully
- Center for Grain and Animal Health, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502
| | - Evgeny V Yan
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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45
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Gloss AD, Abbot P, Whiteman NK. How interactions with plant chemicals shape insect genomes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:149-156. [PMID: 31698152 PMCID: PMC7269629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The transition to herbivory by insects is associated with distinct genomic signatures. Sequenced genomes of extant herbivore species reveal the result of these transitions, but in lieu of comparisons between herbivorous and non-herbivorous lineages that diverged recently, such datasets have shed less light on the evolutionary genomic processes involved in diet shifts to or from herbivory. Here, we propose that the comparative genomics of diet shifts between closely related insect herbivores and non-herbivores, and within densely-sampled clades of herbivores, will help reveal the extent to which herbivory evolves through the co-option and subtle remodeling of widely-conserved gene families with functions ancestrally distinct from phytophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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46
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Horváthová T, Bauchinger U. Biofilm Improves Isopod Growth Independent of the Dietary Cellulose Content. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:531-543. [PMID: 31556843 DOI: 10.1086/705441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant source of carbon, accounting for more than 50% of foliage and 90% of woody tissues of plants. Despite the diversity of species that include living or dead plant tissue in their diets, the ability to digest cellulose through self-produced enzymatic machinery is considered rare in the animal kingdom. The majority of animals studied to date rely on the cellulolytic activity of symbiotic microorganisms in their digestive tract, with some evidence for a complementary action of endogenous cellulases. Terrestrial isopods have evolved a lifestyle including feeding on a lignocellulose diet. Whether isopods utilize both external and internal cellulases for digestion of a diet is still not understood. We experimentally manipulated the content of cellulose (30%, 60%, or 90%) and the amount of biofilm (small or large) in the offered food source and quantified growth and cellulolytic activity in the gut of the isopod Porcellio scaber. The presence of a visible biofilm significantly promoted isopod growth, regardless of the cellulose content in the diet. The activity of gut cellulases was not significantly affected by the amount of biofilm or the cellulose content. Our results do not support a significant contribution of either ingested or host enzymes to cellulose utilization in P. scaber. Cellulose might not represent a key nutrient for isopods and does not seem to affect the nutritional value of the diet-associated biofilm. We propose that it is the biofilm community that determines the quality of plant diet in terrestrial isopods and potentially also in other detrital plant feeders.
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47
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Vidal MC, Quinn TW, Stireman JO, Tinghitella RM, Murphy SM. Geography is more important than host plant use for the population genetic structure of a generalist insect herbivore. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4317-4334. [PMID: 31483075 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Population divergence can occur due to mechanisms associated with geographic isolation and/or due to selection associated with different ecological niches. Much of the evidence for selection-driven speciation has come from studies of specialist insect herbivores that use different host plant species; however, the influence of host plant use on population divergence of generalist herbivores remains poorly understood. We tested how diet breadth, host plant species and geographic distance influence population divergence of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea; FW). FW is a broadly distributed, extreme generalist herbivore consisting of two morphotypes that have been argued to represent two different species: black-headed and red-headed. We characterized the differentiation of FW populations at two geographic scales. We first analysed the influence of host plant and geographic distance on genetic divergence across a broad continental scale for both colour types. We further analysed the influence of host plant, diet breadth and geographic distance on divergence at a finer geographic scale focusing on red-headed FW in Colorado. We found clear genetic and morphological distinction between red- and black-headed FW, and Colorado FW formed a genetic cluster distinct from other locations. Although both geographic distance and host plant use were correlated with genetic distance, geographic distance accounted for up to 3× more variation in genetic distance than did host plant use. As a rare study investigating the genetic structure of a widespread generalist herbivore over a broad geographic range (up to 3,000 km), our study supports a strong role for geographic isolation in divergence in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra C Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Tom W Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Shannon M Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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48
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Goodman KR, Prost S, Bi K, Brewer MS, Gillespie RG. Host and geography together drive early adaptive radiation of Hawaiian planthoppers. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4513-4528. [PMID: 31484218 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between insects and their plant host have been implicated in driving diversification of both players. Early arguments highlighted the role of ecological opportunity, with the idea that insects "escape and radiate" on new hosts, with subsequent hypotheses focusing on the interplay between host shifting and host tracking, coupled with isolation and fusion, in generating diversity. Because it is rarely possible to capture the initial stages of diversification, it is particularly difficult to ascertain the relative roles of geographic isolation versus host shifts in initiating the process. The current study examines genetic diversity between populations and hosts within a single species of endemic Hawaiian planthopper, Nesosydne umbratica (Hemiptera, Delphacidae). Given that the species was known as a host generalist occupying unrelated hosts, Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and Pipturus (Urticaceae), we set out to determine the relative importance of geography and host in structuring populations in the early stages of differentiation on the youngest islands of the Hawaiian chain. Results from extensive exon capture data showed that N. umbratica is highly structured, both by geography, with discrete populations on each volcano, and by host plant, with parallel radiations on Clermontia and Pipturus leading to extensive co-occurrence. The marked genetic structure suggests that populations can readily become established on novel hosts provided opportunity; subsequent adaptation allows monopolization of the new host. The results support the role of geographic isolation in structuring populations and with host shifts occurring as discrete events that facilitate subsequent parallel geographic range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Roesch Goodman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ke Bi
- Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory (CGRL), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Ancestry, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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49
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Lozano-Fernandez J, Giacomelli M, Fleming JF, Chen A, Vinther J, Thomsen PF, Glenner H, Palero F, Legg DA, Iliffe TM, Pisani D, Olesen J. Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:2055-2070. [PMID: 31270537 PMCID: PMC6684935 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships of crustaceans and hexapods (Pancrustacea) have been much discussed and partially elucidated following the emergence of phylogenomic data sets. However, major uncertainties still remain regarding the position of iconic taxa such as Branchiopoda, Copepoda, Remipedia, and Cephalocarida, and the sister group relationship of hexapods. We assembled the most taxon-rich phylogenomic pancrustacean data set to date and analyzed it using a variety of methodological approaches. We prioritized low levels of missing data and found that some clades were consistently recovered independently of the analytical approach used. These include, for example, Oligostraca and Altocrustacea. Substantial support was also found for Allotriocarida, with Remipedia as the sister of Hexapoda (i.e., Labiocarida), and Branchiopoda as the sister of Labiocarida, a clade that we name Athalassocarida (="nonmarine shrimps"). Within Allotriocarida, Cephalocarida was found as the sister of Athalassocarida. Finally, moderate support was found for Hexanauplia (Copepoda as sister to Thecostraca) in alliance with Malacostraca. Mapping key crustacean tagmosis patterns and developmental characters across the revised phylogeny suggests that the ancestral pancrustacean was relatively short-bodied, with extreme body elongation and anamorphic development emerging later in pancrustacean evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lozano-Fernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mattia Giacomelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James F Fleming
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Albert Chen
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Vinther
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Francis Thomsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ferran Palero
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - David A Legg
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Iliffe
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Olesen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Román-Palacios C, Scholl JP, Wiens JJ. Evolution of diet across the animal tree of life. Evol Lett 2019; 3:339-347. [PMID: 31388444 PMCID: PMC6675143 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
What an animal eats is a fundamental aspect of its biology, but the evolution of diet has not been studied across animal phylogeny. Here, we performed a large‐scale phylogenetic analysis to address three unresolved questions about the evolution of animal diets. (i) Are diets conserved across animal phylogeny? (ii) Does diet influence rates of species proliferation (diversification) among animal phyla? (iii) What was the ancestral diet of animals and major animal clades? We analyzed diet data for 1087 taxa, proportionally sampled among animal phyla based on the relative species richness of phyla. Our survey suggests that across animals, carnivory is most common (∼63%), herbivory less common (∼32%), and omnivory relatively rare (∼3%). Despite considerable controversy over whether ecological traits are conserved or labile, we found strong conservatism in diet over extraordinarily deep timescales. We found that diet is unrelated to rates of species diversification across animal phyla, contrasting with previous studies showing that herbivory increased diversification within some important groups (e.g., crustaceans, insects, and mammals). Finally, we estimated that the ancestor of all animals was most likely carnivorous, as were many major phyla (e.g., arthropods, molluscs, and chordates). Remarkably, our results suggest that many carnivorous species living today may have maintained this diet through a continuous series of carnivorous ancestors for >800 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua P Scholl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721
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