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Roy S, Mohapatra SK, Sahu HK, Seth JK. Description of the Life Cycle Stages of the Parasitic Cymothoid, Cymothoa indica Schioedte and Meinert, 1884, and Its Prevalence in Commercial Fishes from Chilika Lagoon, India. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:710-726. [PMID: 38393506 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the morphology of all the life stages and the life cycle of the parasitic isopod Cymothoa indica Schioedte and Meinert, 1884, and its prevalence in different commercial fishes in the Chilika Lagoon, India. METHODS From April 2021 to December 2022, different life stages of the said parasites were collected from five different fish species from four localities of the Chilika Lagoon. The parasites were carefully removed from the host with a pair of forceps and then identified following standard literature and description. The morphology of all life stages, life cycle, and prevalence of the isopod C. indica were carried out as per the standard protocol. RESULTS A total of 1252 host fishes were analysed. The total prevalence was 44.5%. The host with the highest prevalence of C. indica was Glossogobius giuris, with 58.79% of the hosts parasitized by at least one parasite individual. Followed by the host Datnoides polota (50.98%), Johnius dussumieri (46.25%), Etroplus suratensis (28.45%) and the least prevalence was in Lates calcarifer (14.70%). The description of the life stages is based on the observation of 523 females, 116 males, 46 Juveniles, and 50 embryonic stages of the said parasites. CONCLUSION The description of all the life stages and life cycles certainly helps to identify this species with clarity and ease in understanding the species' biology. In future, this study may be helpful in the effective management towards the improvement of aquaculture productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmitra Roy
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Mohapatra
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India
- Estuarine Biology Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Ganjam, 761002, Odisha, India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Sahu
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
| | - Jaya Kishor Seth
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, 760007, Odisha, India.
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Nicholson MD, Artim JD, Hendrick GC, Packard AJ, Sikkel PC. Fish-Parasitic Gnathiid Isopods Metamorphose Following Invertebrate-Derived Meal. J Parasitol 2019; 105:793-797. [PMID: 31647369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms with a parasitic lifestyle comprise a high proportion of biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial environments. However, there is considerable variation in the ways in which they acquire nutrients. Hematophagy is a common consumption strategy utilized by some terrestrial, aquatic, and marine organisms whereby the parasite removes and digests blood from a host. Gnathiid isopods are marine hematophagous parasites that live in benthic substrates from the intertidal to the abyss. Although ecologically similar to ticks and mosquitoes, they feed only during each of 3 juvenile stages and adults do not feed. They have long been considered as generalist fish parasites and to date, there have been no reports of their successfully feeding on invertebrates. Based on observations of gnathiids attached to soft-bodied invertebrates collected from light traps, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which we collected and individually housed various common Caribbean invertebrates and placed them in containers with gnathiids to see if the gnathiids would feed on them. All fed gnathiids were subsequently removed from containers and given the opportunity to metamorphose to the next developmental stage. In total, 10 out of the 260 gnathiids that were presented with 1 of 4 species of potential invertebrate hosts had fed by the next morning. Specifically, 9 of a possible 120 gnathiids fed on lettuce sea slugs (Elysia crispata), and 1 of a possible 20 fed on a bearded fireworm (Hermodice carunculata). Eight of these 10 fed gnathiids metamorphosed to the next stage (5 to adult male, 2 to adult female, and 1 to third-stage juvenile). Even though feeding rates on invertebrates were considerably lower than observed for laboratory studies on fishes, this study provides the first documented case of gnathiids' feeding on and metamorphosing from invertebrate meals. These findings suggest that when fish hosts are not readily available, gnathiids could switch to soft-bodied invertebrates. They further provide insights into the evolution of feeding on fluids from live hosts in members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - John D Artim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Gina C Hendrick
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Amber J Packard
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802
| | - Paul C Sikkel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
- Water Research Group, Unit of Environmental Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant source of carbon, accounting for more than 50% of foliage and 90% of woody tissues of plants. Despite the diversity of species that include living or dead plant tissue in their diets, the ability to digest cellulose through self-produced enzymatic machinery is considered rare in the animal kingdom. The majority of animals studied to date rely on the cellulolytic activity of symbiotic microorganisms in their digestive tract, with some evidence for a complementary action of endogenous cellulases. Terrestrial isopods have evolved a lifestyle including feeding on a lignocellulose diet. Whether isopods utilize both external and internal cellulases for digestion of a diet is still not understood. We experimentally manipulated the content of cellulose (30%, 60%, or 90%) and the amount of biofilm (small or large) in the offered food source and quantified growth and cellulolytic activity in the gut of the isopod Porcellio scaber. The presence of a visible biofilm significantly promoted isopod growth, regardless of the cellulose content in the diet. The activity of gut cellulases was not significantly affected by the amount of biofilm or the cellulose content. Our results do not support a significant contribution of either ingested or host enzymes to cellulose utilization in P. scaber. Cellulose might not represent a key nutrient for isopods and does not seem to affect the nutritional value of the diet-associated biofilm. We propose that it is the biofilm community that determines the quality of plant diet in terrestrial isopods and potentially also in other detrital plant feeders.
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Bogataj U, Mrak P, Štrus J, Žnidaršič N. Ultrastructural differentiation of plasma membrane and cell junctions in the hindgut cells is synchronized with key developmental transitions in Porcellio scaber. Arthropod Struct Dev 2019; 50:78-93. [PMID: 31022533 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of transporting epithelial cells during development of animal organisms includes remodelling of apical and basal plasma membranes to increase the available surface for transport and formation of occluding junctions, which maintain a paracellular diffusion barrier. This study provides a detailed ultrastructural analysis of apical and basal plasma membrane remodelling and cell junction formation in hindgut cells during late embryonic and early postembryonic development of the crustacean Porcellio scaber. Hindgut cells in late-stage embryos are columnar with flat apical and basal plasma membranes. In early-stage marsupial mancae the hindgut cells begin to acquire their characteristic dome shape, the first apical membrane folding is evident and the septate junctions expand considerably, all changes being probably associated with the onset of active feeding. In postmarsupial mancae the apical labyrinth is further elaborated and the septate junctions are expanded. This coincides with the transition to an external environment and food sources. First basal infoldings appear in the anterior chamber of early-stage marsupial mancae, but in the papillate region they are mostly formed in postmarsupial mancae. In molting late-stage marsupial mancae, the plasma membrane acquires a topology characteristic of cuticle-producing arthropod epithelia and the septate junctions are considerably reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Bogataj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Van Ginneken M, Blust R, Bervoets L. Combined effects of metal mixtures and predator stress on the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. Aquat Toxicol 2018; 200:148-157. [PMID: 29753203 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stressors have been demonstrated to change the toxicity of pollutants. While the combined effects of predator cues and pesticides are well documented, the interaction of predator stress with metals is a topic that has remained largely unexplored. In this laboratory experiment, the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus is exposed to predator cues and metal mixtures of Cd, Cu and Pb. We examined the effects on growth, respiration and, as behavioral parameters, feeding rate and activity. These were linked to the free ion activities (FIAs) in the water and the metal body concentrations. The findings reveal that Cu accumulation significantly influenced the growth rate, the feeding rate and the activity of isopods exposed to predator stress. Furthermore, we found a concentration-dependent interaction of the Cd + Pb mixtures on the feeding rate and a lower feeding rate for Cd and Pb predator exposed asellids. As several interactions were found between metals and predator stress, it demonstrates the importance of investigating how organisms and whole ecosystems respond to multiple stressors. A better understanding of these interactions will undoubtedly improve risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Ginneken
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - R Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Morgado RG, Ferreira NGC, Cardoso DN, Silva PV, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Joint effects of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb on the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus: A multiple biomarker approach. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1446-1457. [PMID: 29336492 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to pesticides by nontarget soil biota has long been regarded as a serious downside of modern agricultural regimes and the subject of heated debate. Of utmost relevance is the exposure to pesticide mixtures because their effects have been shown to not necessarily reflect the individual toxicity of their components, and even the simple addition of effects may lead to consequences not clearly anticipated. In the present study, a multiple biomarker approach was employed to identify the mechanistic and time effects underlying several single and mixture treatments of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and mancozeb (MCZ) in juveniles and adults of the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. The effects of the individual pesticides and the mixtures at recommended doses were mostly transitory under these controlled conditions and one-pulse exposure. Whereas imbalances were identified on detoxification and oxidative stress-related enzymes, the isopods generally showed the ability to recover through the end of the experiment. However, juveniles displayed greater vulnerability than adults. Most of the differences between life stages occurred in energy-related parameters where distinct performances and stress-handling behaviors were observed, suggesting higher metabolic costs to juveniles. Our results stress that understanding the time dependence of the underlying mechanisms governing the joint effects of the pesticides can help in assessing and anticipating the effects of the pesticide mixtures. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of taking life stage-related differences into consideration when evaluating the environmental risks of pesticides and pesticide mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1446-1457. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui G Morgado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia V Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Vittori M, Khurshed M, Picavet DI, van Noorden CJF, Štrus J. Development of calcium bodies in Hylonsicus riparius (Crustacea: Isopoda). Arthropod Struct Dev 2018; 47:199-213. [PMID: 29421154 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium bodies are internal epithelial sacs found in terrestrial isopods of the family Trichoniscidae that contain a mineralized extracellular matrix that is deposited and resorbed in relation to the molt cycle. Calcium bodies in several trichoniscids are filled with bacteria, the function of which is currently unknown. The woodlouse Hyloniscus riparius differs from other trichoniscids in that it possesses two different pairs of calcium bodies, the posterior pair being filled with bacteria and the anterior pair being devoid of bacteria. We explored the development of these organs and bacterial colonization of their lumen during the postmarsupial development with the use of optical clearing and whole-body confocal imaging of larval and juvenile stages. Our results show that calcium bodies are formed as invaginations of the epidermis in the region of intersegmental membranes during the postmarsupial development. The anterior pair of calcium bodies is generated during the first postmarsupial manca stage, whereas the posterior calcium bodies first appear in juveniles and are immediately colonized by bacteria, likely through a connection between the calcium body lumen and the body surface. Mineral is deposited in calcium bodies as soon as they are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Vittori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daisy I Picavet
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, 1105, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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Li J, Verweij RA, van Gestel CAM. Lanthanum toxicity to five different species of soil invertebrates in relation to availability in soil. Chemosphere 2018; 193:412-420. [PMID: 29154116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the toxicity of lanthanum, one of the most commonly used rare earth elements (REEs), to five representative soil invertebrates after 3-4 weeks exposure. Toxicity was related to total, 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable and porewater concentrations in the standard LUFA 2.2 soil, and for earthworms also to body concentrations. La sorption to LUFA 2.2 soil, estimated by relating total soil concentrations to CaCl2-extractable or porewater concentrations seemed to reach saturation at >1000 mg La/kg dry soil. Isopod (Porcellio scaber) growth was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by earthworm (Eisenia andrei), enchytraeid (Enchytraeus crypticus), springtail (Folsomia candida) and oribatid mite (Oppia nitens) reproduction, with EC50s of 312 (95% confidence interval: 5.6-619), 529 (295-762), 1010 ((>377 < 3133), 1220 (1180-1250) and 1500 (1250-1750) mg La/kg dry soil, respectively. EC50s related to CaCl2-extractable concentrations ranged between 1.3 (0.046-2.6) and 15.6 (5.6-25.7) mg La/kg dry soil, while porewater-based EC50s were 3.5 (-) and 10.2 (-) mg/L for the springtails and mites, respectively. La uptake in the earthworms linearly increased with increasing exposure concentration with bioaccumulation factors ranging between 0.04 and 0.53 (average ± SE: 0.24 ± 0.032). EC50 for effects on earthworm reproduction related to internal concentrations was 184 (61-301) mg La/kg dry body weight. A risk assessment based on the available toxicity for soil invertebrates, bacteria and plants resulted in an HC5 of approx. 50 mg La/kg dry soil, suggesting that La may affect soil ecosystems at concentrations slightly above natural background levels (6.6-50 mg La/kg dry soil) in non-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Li
- Department of Resources and Environment, Baotou Teachers' College, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Qingshan District, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014030, China; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Van Ginneken M, Blust R, Bervoets L. How lethal concentration changes over time: Toxicity of cadmium, copper, and lead to the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2849-2854. [PMID: 28474786 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution is a serious threat to environmental health. While the aquatic isopod Asellus aquaticus L. (Isopoda) is an important decomposer of freshwater ecosystems, very little research has reported its long-term or incipient lethal concentrations for metals. Moreover, the lethal concentrations at a certain percentage (LCxs) that can be found in the literature are often based on unmeasured concentrations, which could lead to a severe underestimation of the actual toxicity. In the present exploratory study, the 1-, 4-, 7-, and 14-d LC10, LC20, and LC50 values of copper, cadmium, and lead for adult A. aquaticus were determined. The LCx values were calculated using the nominal concentrations, the effective concentrations, and the free ion activities. Incipient lethal values were determined as well. In general, surprisingly lower lethal concentrations were found than in other studies. Furthermore, the present study shows that lethal concentrations based on free ion activities were generally much lower than nominal and effective concentrations. Although almost all LC values were higher than the environmental quality standards (EQS), the Cu 14-d LC10 and several (incipient) Pb LC10 and LC20 values, all calculated with free ion activities, were lower than the EQS. We conclude that lethal or effective concentrations based on free ion activities provide a more realistic view, which is vital for environmental policy making. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2849-2854. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Van Ginneken
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological, and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological, and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological, and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Plahuta M, Tišler T, Toman MJ, Pintar A. Toxic and endocrine disrupting effects of wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents on a freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda, Crustacea). Chemosphere 2017; 174:342-353. [PMID: 28183060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study a biological "in vivo" assay, with freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus, was used to define and evaluate the potential impact of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) wastewaters on local wildlife. Samples of both untreated and mechanically and biologically treated WWTP wastewater, were tested in the presence and absence of the formulated sediment for their lethal and sublethal effects. Chronic exposures to wastewater samples caused concentration dependent reduced locomotion, body pigmentation and molting frequency in exposed organisms. The observed effects indicate the overall toxicity and endocrine disruption of the wastewater samples. In contrast stimulations of the feeding rate and growth rate of the test organisms during the chronic exposure to sublethal levels of wastewater samples were observed, indicating an improvement in nutritional quality of the wastewater. The most sensitive exposure endpoint was molting frequency of tested organisms, which indicated the presence of estrogenically active endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Raw wastewater caused up to 42% molting frequency reduction of exposed A. aquaticus when exposed to five times diluted untreated wastewater sample, while undiluted treated wastewater caused a 61% molting frequency reduction. The presence of estrogenically active compounds in the wastewater was confirmed with the yeast estrogen screen assay (YES test), which assigned the highest estrogenic activity to a mechanically and biologically treated wastewater sample, and lower estrogenic activity to all other tested samples. The importance of presence of the formulated sediment was determined, as it lessened the effects of all WWTP wastewater samples in all observed exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Plahuta
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tatjana Tišler
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mihael Jožef Toman
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Albin Pintar
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Maazouzi C, Coureau C, Piscart C, Saplairoles M, Baran N, Marmonier P. Individual and joint toxicity of the herbicide S-metolachlor and a metabolite, deethylatrazine on aquatic crustaceans: Difference between ecological groups. Chemosphere 2016; 165:118-125. [PMID: 27643657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the individual and joint acute toxicity of S-metolachlor (SMOC) and deethylatrazine (DEA - a metabolite of atrazine) on different non-target freshwater crustaceans. We used animals from different ecological groups: two amphipods from surface running water (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus cf. orinos), an isopod from surface stagnant water (Asellus aquaticus) and an amphipod living in groundwater (Niphargus rhenorhodanensis). Organisms were exposed to different levels of SMOC and DEA, alone or in binary mixture. Temperature effect on SMOC toxicity was assessed by exposing G. pulex and N. rhenorhodanensis to SMOC at 11 °C and 15 °C. Studying mortality as the biological endpoint, N. rhenorhodanensis was more resistant than surface water species towards SMOC and DEA. Among surface water species, G. pulex was the most sensitive while Gammarus cf. orinos and A. aquaticus showed similar responses to both compounds. Temperature increase did not change SMOC toxicity but modify the shape and steepness of the dose-response curve. We used a Model Deviation Ratio (MDR) approach to evaluate the predictability of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models to mixture toxicity. Results indicated either an additive or an antagonistic or a synergistic interaction depending on the concentrations combination and the test species. Our finding conclusively show the suitability of CA and IA in predicting mixture toxicities but results should be interpreted with caution according to ecological group of exposed species in risk assessment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maazouzi
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - C Coureau
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - C Piscart
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Saplairoles
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 rue Marie Curie, B.P. 49, 31527 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
| | - N Baran
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - P Marmonier
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Morgado RG, Gomes PAD, Ferreira NGC, Cardoso DN, Santos MJG, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Toxicity interaction between chlorpyrifos, mancozeb and soil moisture to the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. Chemosphere 2016; 144:1845-1853. [PMID: 26539709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A main source of uncertainty currently associated with environmental risk assessment of chemicals is the poor understanding of the influence of environmental factors on the toxicity of xenobiotics. Aiming to reduce this uncertainty, here we evaluate the joint-effects of two pesticides (chlorpyrifos and mancozeb) on the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus under different soil moisture regimes. A full factorial design, including three treatments of each pesticide and an untreated control, were performed under different soil moisture regimes: 25%, 50%, and 75% WHC. Our results showed that soil moisture had no effects on isopods survival, at the levels assessed in this experiment, neither regarding single pesticides nor mixture treatments. Additivity was always the most parsimonious result when both pesticides were present. Oppositely, both feeding activity and biomass change showed a higher sensitivity to soil moisture, with isopods generally showing worse performance when exposed to pesticides and dry or moist conditions. Most of the significant differences between soil moisture regimes were found in single pesticide treatments, yet different responses to mixtures could still be distinguished depending on the soil moisture assessed. This study shows that while soil moisture has the potential to influence the effects of the pesticide mixture itself, such effects might become less important in a context of complex combinations of stressors, as the major contribution comes from its individual interaction with each pesticide. Finally, the implications of our results are discussed in light of the current state of environmental risk assessment procedures and some future perspectives are advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui G Morgado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro A D Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel J G Santos
- Environmental Protection Authority, Level 10, 215 Lambton Quay, Private Bag 63002, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi. Rua Badejós, Zona Rural, Cx. Postal 66, CEP: 77402-970, Gurupi-TO, Brazil
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tourinho PS, van Gestel CAM, Jurkschat K, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Effects of soil and dietary exposures to Ag nanoparticles and AgNO₃ in the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. Environ Pollut 2015; 205:170-177. [PMID: 26071943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Ag-NPs and AgNO3 on the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus were determined upon soil and dietary exposures. Isopods avoided Ag in soil, with EC50 values of ∼16.0 and 14.0 mg Ag/kg for Ag-NPs and AgNO3, respectively. Feeding inhibition tests in soil showed EC50s for effects on consumption ratio of 127 and 56.7 mg Ag/kg, respectively. Although similar EC50s for effects on biomass were observed for nanoparticulate and ionic Ag (114 and 120 mg Ag/kg dry soil, respectively), at higher concentrations greater biomass loss was found for AgNO3. Upon dietary exposure, AgNO3 was more toxic, with EC50 for effects on biomass change being >1500 and 233 mg Ag/kg for Ag-NPs and AgNO3, respectively. The difference in toxicity between Ag-NPs and AgNO3 could not be explained from Ag body concentrations. This suggests that the relation between toxicity and bioavailability of Ag-NPs differs from that of ionic Ag in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Tourinho
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Jurkschat
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Yarnton, Oxford, OX5 1PF, United Kingdom
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Plahuta M, Tišler T, Pintar A, Toman MJ. Adverse effects of bisphenol A on water louse (Asellus aquaticus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 117:81-8. [PMID: 25841063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to study the effects of short and long-term exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) on a freshwater crustacean isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.). Two life stages of isopods were exposed to a range of BPA concentrations, from aqueous and two dietary sources, in the form of with BPA spiked conditioned alder leaf (Alnus glutinosa) discs, or spiked formulated sediment, to determine the relative importance of each source of exposure on the uptake of this contaminant. Several lethal and sublethal endpoints were evaluated in this study to measure the potential effects of BPA on A. aquaticus, including mortality, growth and feeding rate inhibition, mobility inhibition, de-pigmentation and molting disturbances. They signify a correlation to BPA levels and a difference in BPA uptake efficiency from different uptake sources. Results of acute exposure to BPA show a greater sensitivity of test systems using juvenile specimens with a 96 h LC₅₀ of 8.6 mg L(-1) BPA in water medium and a 96 h LC₅₀ of 13.5 mg L(-1) BPA in sediment. In comparison, adult isopods show a 96 h LC₅₀ of 25.1 mg L(-1) BPA in water medium and a 96 h LC₅₀ of 65.1 mg L(-1) BPA in sediment. Observed endpoints of chronic exposures suggest the alder leave discs to be the most efficient uptake source of BPA, in contrast to uptake from water or heterogeneous sediment. Significant (p<0.05) growth inhibition, with a 21d NOEC of 0.5/2.5 mg L(-1) (for juvenile/adult organisms), and feeding rate inhibition, with a 21d NOEC of 0.5/1.0 mg L(-1) (for juvenile/adult organisms), were proven to be the most sensitive toxicity endpoints. An even more sensitive effect turned out to be molting frequency, which was significantly reduced; a 21d NOEC was 1.0 mg L(-1) of BPA for adult organisms and an even lower 21d NOEC of 0.05 mg L(-1) of BPA for juveniles. The observed endpoints are recorded at very low, non-toxic exposure concentrations, indicating that BPA acts as an endocrine disrupting compound, as well as a toxic substance. We also determined the importance of the direct dietary uptake of the pollutants, significant for juveniles as well as adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Plahuta
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tatjana Tišler
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Albin Pintar
- Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mihael Jožef Toman
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Borges LMS, Merckelbach LM, Cragg SM. Biogeography of wood-boring crustaceans (Isopoda: Limnoriidae) established in European coastal waters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109593. [PMID: 25313796 PMCID: PMC4196924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine wood-borers of the Limnoriidae cause great destruction to wooden structures exposed in the marine environment. In this study we collated occurrence data obtained from field surveys, spanning over a period of 10 years, and from an extensive literature review. We aimed to determine which wood-boring limnoriid species are established in European coastal waters; to map their past and recent distribution in Europe in order to infer species range extension or contraction; to determine species environmental requirements using climatic envelopes. Of the six species of wood-boring Limnoria previously reported occurring in Europe, only Limnoria lignorum, L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata are established in European coastal waters. L. carinata and L. tuberculata have uncertain established status, whereas L. borealis is not established in European waters. The species with the widest distribution in Europe is Limnoria lignorum, which is also the most tolerant species to a range of salinities. L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata appear to be stenohaline. However, the present study shows that both L. quadripunctata and L. tripunctata are more widespread in Europe than previous reports suggested. Both species have been found occurring in Europe since they were described, and their increased distribution is probably the results of a range expansion. On the other hand L. lignorum appears to be retreating poleward with ocean warming. In certain areas (e.g. southern England, and southern Portugal), limnoriids appear to be very abundant and their activity is rivalling that of teredinids. Therefore, it is important to monitor the distribution and destructive activity of these organisms in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa M. S. Borges
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Portsmouth University, Eastney, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Material and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Lucas M. Merckelbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Material and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Simon M. Cragg
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Portsmouth University, Eastney, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Ieromina O, Peijnenburg WJGM, de Snoo GR, Vijver MG. Population responses of Daphnia magna, Chydorus sphaericus and Asellus aquaticus in pesticide contaminated ditches around bulb fields. Environ Pollut 2014; 192:196-203. [PMID: 24967699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of ambient concentrations of pesticides combined with abiotic factors on the key aquatic species Daphnia magna, Chydorus sphaericus and Asellus aquaticus by means of 21 days field exposure experiments. In situ bioassays were deployed in ditches around flower bulb fields during spring and autumn 2011-2012. The results showed that phosphate was the most variable parameter followed by pesticides expressed as toxic units, as the main factors explaining differences between sites. Variation in reproduction and growth of cladoceran D. magna was largely explained by nutrients, whereas dissolved oxygen contributed mostly to variations in reproduction of C. sphaericus. Dissolved organic carbon contributed to variations in growth of the detrivore A. aquaticus. It is concluded that abiotic stressors rather than pesticides contributed significantly to the performance of aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ieromina
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (Conservation Biology), P.O.Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - W J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (Conservation Biology), P.O.Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - G R de Snoo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (Conservation Biology), P.O.Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (Conservation Biology), P.O.Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mrak P, Znidaršič N, Zagar K, Ceh M, Strus J. Exoskeletal cuticle differentiation during intramarsupial development of Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda). Arthropod Struct Dev 2014; 43:423-439. [PMID: 25051210 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exoskeletal crustacean cuticle is a calcified apical extracellular matrix of epidermal cells, illustrating the chitin-based organic scaffold for biomineralization. Studies of cuticle formation during molting reveal significant dynamics and complexity of the assembly processes, while cuticle formation during embryogenesis is poorly investigated. This study reveals in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber, the ultrastructural organization of the differentiating precuticular matrices and exoskeletal cuticles during embryonic and larval intramarsupial development. The composition of the epidermal matrices was obtained by WGA lectin labelling and EDXS analysis. At least two precuticular matrices, consisting of loosely arranged material with overlying electron dense lamina, are secreted by the epidermis in the mid-stage embryo. The prehatching embryo is the earliest developmental stage with a cuticular matrix consisting of an epicuticle and a procuticle, displaying WGA binding and forming cuticular scales. In newly hatched marsupial larva manca, a new cuticle is formed and calcium sequestration in the cuticle is evident. Progression of larval development leads to the cuticle thickening, structural differentiation of cuticular layers and prominent cuticle calcification. Morphological characteristics of exoskeleton renewal in marsupial manca are described. Elaborated cuticle in marsupial larvae indicates the importance of the exoskeleton in protection and support of the larval body in the marsupium and during the release of larvae in the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nada Znidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Zagar
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Ceh
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Strus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Genty LM, Bouchon D, Raimond M, Bertaux J. Wolbachia infect ovaries in the course of their maturation: last minute passengers and priority travellers? PLoS One 2014; 9:e94577. [PMID: 24722673 PMCID: PMC3983217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are widespread endosymbiotic bacteria of arthropods and nematodes. Studies on such models suggest that Wolbachia's remarkable aptitude to infect offspring may rely on a re-infection of ovaries from somatic tissues instead of direct cellular segregation between oogonia and oocytes. In the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare, Wolbachia are vertically transmitted to the host offspring, even though ovary cells are cyclically renewed. Using Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we showed that the proportion of infected oocytes increased in the course of ovary and oocyte maturation, starting with 31.5% of infected oocytes only. At the end of ovary maturation, this proportion reached 87.6% for the most mature oocytes, which is close to the known transmission rate to offspring. This enrichment can be explained by a secondary acquisition of the bacteria by oocytes (Wolbachia can be seen as last minute passengers) and/or by a preferential selection of oocytes infected with Wolbachia (as priority travellers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise-Marie Genty
- Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Maryline Raimond
- Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Joanne Bertaux
- Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Conde A, Novais JM, Domínguez J. Characterization of an estuarine environment by means of an index based on intertidal macrofauna. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 71:129-138. [PMID: 23601694 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrobenthic intertidal assemblages from five Atlantic Iberian estuaries were analyzed to develop an estuarine index. An R-mode analysis revealed a close association between the isopod Cyathura carinata, the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the bivalve Scrobicularia plana. Although these species are abundant in all the estuaries considered, they tend to be absent from sites at the marine and freshwater ends of the environmental gradient. Three different ways of calculating the estuarine index are proposed. The index is comprised in the interval [0,1] and was constructed using relative abundances rather than absolute abundances. Transformation of the raw data helped improve the performance of the index. A non-parametric statistical test is proposed for application to the estuarine index to find sites with the same values after a significant omnibus test. The index appears to be a good proxy for recognizing estuarine limits by use of indicator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxo Conde
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Vittori M, Rozman A, Grdadolnik J, Novak U, Štrus J. Mineral deposition in bacteria-filled and bacteria-free calcium bodies in the crustacean Hyloniscus riparius (Isopoda: Oniscidea). PLoS One 2013; 8:e58968. [PMID: 23554963 PMCID: PMC3595210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustacean calcium bodies are epithelial sacs which contain a mineralized matrix. The objectives of this study were to describe the microscopic anatomy of calcium bodies in the terrestrial isopod Hyloniscus riparius and to establish whether they undergo molt-related structural changes. We performed 3D reconstruction of the calcium bodies from paraffin sections and analyzed their structure with light and electron microscopy. In addition, we analyzed the chemical composition of their mineralized matrices with micro-Raman spectroscopy. Two pairs of these organs are present in H. riparius. One pair is filled with bacteria while the other pair is not. In non-molting animals, the bacteria-filled calcium bodies contain apatite crystals and the bacteria-free calcium bodies enclose CaCO3-containing concretions with little organic matrix. During preparation for molt, an additional matrix layer is deposited in both pairs of calcium bodies. In the bacteria-filled calcium bodies it contains a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, whereas only calcium carbonate is present in bacteria-free calcium bodies. After ecdysis, all mineral components in bacteria-free calcium bodies and the additional matrix layer in bacteria-filled calcium bodies are completely resorbed. During calcium resorption, the apical surface of the calcium body epithelium is deeply folded and electron dense granules are present in spaces between epithelial cells. Our results indicate that the presence of bacteria might be linked to calcium phosphate mineralization. Calcium bodies likely provide a source of calcium and potentially phosphate for the mineralization of the new cuticle after molt. Unlike other terrestrial isopods, H. riparius does not form sternal CaCO3 deposits and the bacteria-free calcium bodies might functionally replace them in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Vittori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Nakamura M, Wright JC. Discontinuous ammonia excretion and glutamine storage in littoral Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda): testing tidal and circadian models. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:51-9. [PMID: 22836297 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key evolutionary development facilitating land colonization in terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) is the intermittent liberation of waste nitrogen as volatile ammonia. Intermittent ammonia release exploits glutamine (Gln) as an intermediary nitrogen store. Here, we explore the relationship between temporal patterns of ammonia release and Gln accumulation in three littoral oniscideans from Southern California. Results are interpreted in terms of water availability, habitat, activity patterns, and ancestry. A two-way experimental design was used to test whether ammonia excretion and Gln accumulation follow a tidal or diel periodicity. Ammonia excretion was studied in the laboratory using chambers with or without available seawater and using an acid trap to collect volatile ammonia. Ligia occidentalis releases ammonia directly into seawater and accumulates Gln during low tide (48.9 ± 6.5 μmol g⁻¹ at low tide, 24.1 ± 3.0 μmol g⁻¹ at high tide), indicating that excretion is tidally constrained. Alloniscus perconvexus and Tylos punctatus can excrete ammonia directly into seawater or utilize volatilization. Both species burrow in sand by day and show a diel excretory pattern, accumulating Gln nocturnally (31.8 ± 2.7 μmol g⁻¹ at dawn and 21.8 ± 2.3 μmol g⁻¹ at dusk for A. perconvexus; 85.7 ± 15.1 μmol g⁻¹ at dawn and 25.4 ± 2.9 μmol g⁻¹ at dusk for T. punctatus) and liberating ammonia diurnally. Glutaminase shows higher activity in terrestrial (0.54-0.86 U g⁻¹) compared to intertidal (0.25-0.31 U g⁻¹) species, consistent with the need to generate high PNH₃ for volatilization. The predominant isoform in Armadillidium vulgare is phosphate dependent and maleate independent; phosphate is a plausible regulator in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Nakamura
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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Galic N, Baveco H, Hengeveld GM, Thorbek P, Bruns E, van den Brink PJ. Simulating population recovery of an aquatic isopod: Effects of timing of stress and landscape structure. Environ Pollut 2012; 163:91-99. [PMID: 22325436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In agroecosystems, organisms may regularly be exposed to anthropogenic stressors, e.g. pesticides. Species' sensitivity to stress depends on toxicity, life-history, and landscape structure. We developed an individual-based model of an isopod, Asellus aquaticus, to explore how timing of stress events affects population dynamics in a seasonal environment. Furthermore, we tested the relevance of habitat connectivity and spatial distribution of stress for the recovery of a local and total population. The simulation results indicated that population recovery is mainly driven by reproductive periods. Furthermore, high habitat connectivity led to faster recovery both for local and total populations. However, effects of landscape structure disappeared for homogeneously stressed populations, where local survivors increased recovery rate. Finally, local populations recovered faster, implying that assessing recovery in the field needs careful consideration of spatial scale for sampling. We emphasize the need for a coherent definition of recovery for more relevant ecosystem risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Galic
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Godet JP, Demuynck S, Waterlot C, Lemière S, Souty-Grosset C, Scheifler R, Douay F, Leprêtre A, Pruvot C. Growth and metal accumulation in Porcellio scaber exposed to poplar litter from Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated sites. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011; 74:451-8. [PMID: 21030086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining, in the laboratory, the effects of poplar litter collected in woody habitats contaminated by heavy metals on growth and metal accumulation in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Cd, Pb, and Zn pseudototal and CaCl(2)-extractable concentrations in litter types were determined using AAS. Juveniles were fed ad libitum, individually, for 28 days with four litter types presenting an increasing gradient of metal contamination. Individuals were weighed every week and metal body burdens were determined at the end of the experiment. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a decrease in P. scaber growth related to the increase of metal concentration in litter types was recorded. Significant correlations were observed between metal body burdens and metal concentrations in litter types. However, Cd accumulation in woodlice appeared to be related to the Cd/Zn concentration ratio in litter types. All these results showed the potential of weight gain in P. scaber as a suitable indicator for litter quality assessment with ecological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Godet
- Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Lille Nord de France, EA 4515, Groupe ISA, 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France.
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Ziegler A, Suzuki S. Sperm storage, sperm translocation and genitalia formation in females of the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Crustacea, Peracarida, Isopoda). Arthropod Struct Dev 2011; 40:64-76. [PMID: 20659586 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated sperm storage, sperm transfer from the oviduct to the seminal receptacle, and formation of the cuticular genitalia in female Armadillidium vulgare using light and electron microscopy. Apolysis of the genitalia within the oviduct forms a circum-genital lumen. During insemination this space is filled with immobile spermatozoa. Sperm transfer into the seminal receptacle takes place before oviposition. Within a peculiar proximal neck region of the oviduct spermatozoa are bundled and enveloped by a folded epicuticular layer. The envelope tightly surrounds the spermatozoa probably forming a seal against the main part of the circum-genital lumen. We propose that hydrostatic pressure produced by the muscle cells surrounding the oviduct leads to sperm transfer into the seminal receptacle. Within the seminal receptacle the sperm bundle forms a ring just around the orifice to the oviduct. At one side sheath-like extensions of epithelial cells surround the ring of spermatozoa holding it in place. At the other side oocytes would have access to the sperm during oviposition, probably allowing for fertilisation when they pass right through the ring of spermatozoa. After oviposition the new genitalia are formed from epicuticular folds, and cuticle secreted by the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V Koehler
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Lemos MFL, van Gestel CAM, Soares AMVM. Developmental toxicity of endocrine disrupters bisphenol A and vinclozolin in a terrestrial isopod. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 59:274-81. [PMID: 20148245 PMCID: PMC2908429 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on invertebrates are still largely underrepresented. This work aims to fill this gap by assessing the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and vinclozolin (Vz) on the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (common rough woodlouse). Male adult and sexually undifferentiated juvenile woodlice were exposed to the toxicants. Effects on molting regime and growth were investigated independently for males and female woodlice after sexual differentiation. Both chemicals elicited developmental toxicity to P. scaber by causing overall decreased growth. Nevertheless, BPA induced molting, whereas Vz delayed it. Although the LC50 values for juvenile and adult survival were fairly similar, juvenile woodlice showed an increased chronic sensitivity to both chemicals, and female woodlice were most the sensitive to BPA. We recommend the use of adults, juveniles, female, and male woodlice, as well as a large range of toxicant concentrations, to provide valuable information regarding differential dose responses, effects, and threshold values for EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. L. Lemos
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- GIRM and School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2524-909 Peniche, Portugal
| | - C. A. M. van Gestel
- Institute of Ecologic Science, VU University Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. M. V. M. Soares
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Achouri MS, Charfi-Cheikhrouha F. [Phenetic analysis of populations of Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)]. C R Biol 2008; 331:226-38. [PMID: 18280988 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan species, Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833), exhibited a geographical variation of its morphological features and its reproduction pattern. In fact, some Tunisian populations had a seasonal reproductive period and other ones showed a reproductive activity. A phenetic analysis has been performed to compare populations belonging to P. pruinosus from different geographical localities. For this, nineteen quantitative characters in 800 specimens of P. pruinosus issued from nine populations located in the North, the Centre, and the South of Tunisia, and one population from Athens (Greece) were studied. These populations were characterized by different reproductive behaviours. The populations of Tabarka, Korba, and Tamerza showed reproductive activity, whereas those of Garat Nâam, Raccada, Sahline, Gafsa, Rdayef, Gabès, and Athens exhibited a seasonal reproductive period. The variability of the first three axes of the principal components analysis (PCA) and their significance showed an intraspecific variability structure. The graphical representation of the population's dispersion generated by the two first axes (63.55% of the total variability) revealed a great heterogeneity among females of the different populations of P. pruinosus. The Garat Nâam population was set apart from the other ones by its cephalic width and length and also by its apophysis length. Furthermore, cephalic and uropod length separated the Garat Nâam and Tabarka populations. The dendrogram, based on Euclidean coordinates, confirms an isolation of the populations of Tabarka and Garat Nâam, exhibiting respectively reproductive activity and seasonal reproduction. However, the other populations do not show any relationship with the reproduction behaviour. They were clustered in two groups. The first one is represented by the populations of the Southeast and the West of Tunisia. The second pooled the populations of the Northeast and the Centre of Tunisia with the population of Athens (Greece). Phenetic analysis of Tunisian populations exhibits an important heterogeneity, which is worth noting. Thus, we need to complete and deepen this study by genetic analysis and crossbreeding tests in order to define the taxonomic status of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sghaïer Achouri
- Unité de recherche de bio-écologie et systématique evolutive, faculté des sciences de Tunis, campus universitaire, 2092 Manar II, Tunisie.
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Williams EH, Bunkley-Williams L, Kruitwagen G, Nagelkerken I. A new host and locality record: Gnathia sp. (Isopoda: Gnathiidae) on the barred mudskipper, Periophthalmus argentilineatus Valenciennes, 1837 (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from Tanzania. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2007; 37:851-852. [PMID: 18383787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest H Williams
- Magueyes Island Marine Laboratories, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 908, Lajas, Puerto Rico.
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Abstract
We examined the effect of isopod size and age on the success of an acanthocephalan infection and on the effects of that infection on the growth and survival of the isopods. Groups of isopods (Asellus aquaticus) belonging to 4 size classes (juveniles, maturing adults, young adults, and older adults) were exposed to infective acanthors of Acanthocephalus lucii. At the end of the experiment, survival of the isopods, lengths of male and female isopods, and numbers of different developmental stages of A. lucii larvae in infected isopods were assessed. Acanthocephalus lucii prevalence was significantly lower in juvenile isopods than in adults. Intensity of infection increased with the size of isopods at exposure, and cystacanth intensity correlated positively with isopod size at the end of the experiment. Exposed juveniles and maturing adults survived significantly better than unexposed individuals, but the opposite was true of the 2 largest size classes. At the end of experiment, exposed isopods, and, especially, cystacanth-infected isopods, were significantly larger than unexposed isopods in every size class. We suggest that isopod size not only affects the success of A. lucii infection but also affects the ability of A. lucii to affect the survival (and perhaps the growth) of the isopod hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Hasu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvälskylä, POB 35, FIN-40014, Finland.
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Genc E. Infestation status of gnathiid isopod juveniles parasitic on Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) from the northeast Mediterranean Sea. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:761-6. [PMID: 17476529 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the first detailed documented record of Gnathiid isopod praniza larvae infestating dusky grouper, (Epinephelus marginatus Lowe 1834) in the northeast Mediterranean Sea (36 degrees 36'N-36 degrees 07'E, 35 degrees 52'N-36 degrees 25'E). Fish were sampled monthly from Iskenderun Bay during a 3-year period from 2000 to 2003 [N = 468, W+/-SD (range) = 503.69+/-342.35 g (177-2,832 g), TL+/-SD (range) = 32.39+/-9.22 cm (16.1-67.0 cm), W (total) = 0.213L (total) (2.19), r (total) (2) = 0.85]. Juveniles of the Gnathia sp. were only extracted from the epithelium of the buccal cavity. The monthly and seasonal patterns in infestation rates (mean prevalence, P = 27.35% and mean intensity, MI+/-SD = 21.35+/-16.19), and the relationship between length-weight and infested/non-infested fish were calculated. This study suggests that gnathiid parasite has no effect on the growth and general health condition of infested fish, although high intensities were observed in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercument Genc
- Fish Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31040 Hatay, Turkey.
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31
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Calhôa CF, Soares AMVM, Mann RM. Cadmium assimilation in the terrestrial isopod, Porcellio dilatatus--is trophic transfer important? Sci Total Environ 2006; 371:206-13. [PMID: 17055036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods have become important tools for the ecotoxicological assessment of metal-contaminated soils. Their value as an invertebrate model is partly because of their extraordinary capacity to bioaccumulate toxic metals from the environment. Replication of this accumulation process in the laboratory has in the past relied on the amendment of organic food substrates through the addition of inorganic metal salts. However, the bioavailability of the metals when presented through doping regimes may differ from the bioavailability of metals in nature, because over time metals become biologically compartmentalised and form complexes with organic molecules. This study examines the differential bioavailability of Cd to the terrestrial isopod, Porcellio dilatatus, when presented as either a Cd-amended diet or pre-incorporated biologically into lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Isopods were either provided with lettuce contaminated superficially with Cd(NO(3))(2) or lettuce grown hydroponically in growth media containing 100 microM Cd(NO(3))(2). Assimilation efficiency of Cd was greater among isopods that were fed the amended diet (71%, S.E.=7%), than among isopods feeding on biologically contaminated lettuce (52%, S.E.=5%) and demonstrates that speciation of Cd is likely to influence the rate of Cd assimilation and accumulation in a laboratory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Filipa Calhôa
- CESAM - Centro de Estudos de Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
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Zidar P, Bozic J, Strus J. Behavioral response in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Crustacea) offered a choice of uncontaminated and cadmium-contaminated food. Ecotoxicology 2005; 14:493-502. [PMID: 16220357 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-005-0005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out whether Porcellio scaber discriminates against Cd-contaminated food. The foraging behavior in animals offered uncontaminated and Cd-contaminated food simultaneously was quantified for 48-h employing computer-aided video tracking. To see whether the isopods' selection of less contaminated food could diminish the influence Cd on food consumption, growth, metal assimilation, moulting and mortality, Cd-dosed food (20, 45, 200 and 450 mg kg(-1) dry weight) was offered together with untreated food for 3 weeks. Data from the video tracking experiments revealed that animals visited Cd-dosed food as often as untreated food, but spent much less time near Cd-dosed food. Discrimination against Cd-contaminated food increased with previous experience with contaminated food and/or with increased Cd body burden. In 3 weeks exposure uncontaminated food preference rose with time of exposure and cadmium concentration in food and reached a maximal preference ratio of 65% (untreated food): 35% (Cd-dosed food). The decreased consumption of Cd-dosed food was compensated by the increased consumption of control food. Cadmium body burden increased with time of exposure and cadmium concentration in food consumed, while the influence of Cd on food consumption, growth and moulting was diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primoz Zidar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Yamagishi H, Miyamoto H, Sakurai A. Developmental changes in dopamine modulation of the heart in the isopod crustacean Ligia exotica: reversal of chronotropic effect. Zoolog Sci 2005; 21:917-22. [PMID: 15459449 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.21.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental changes in dopamine modulation of the heart were examined in the isopod crustacean Ligia exotica. The Ligia cardiac pacemaker is transferred from the myocardium to the cardiac ganglion during juvenile development and the heartbeat changes from myogenic to neurogenic. In the myogenic heart of early juveniles, dopamine affected the myocardium and caused a decrease in the frequency and an increase in the duration of the myocardial action potential, resulting in negative chronotropic (decrease in beat frequency) and positive inotropic (increase in contractile force) effects on the heart. Contrastingly, in the heart of immature adults just after juvenile development, dopamine caused effects of adult type, positive chronotropic and positive inotropic effects on the heart affecting the cardiac ganglion and myocardium. During the middle and late juvenile stages, dopamine caused individually a negative or a positive chronotropic effect on the heart. These results suggest that the chronotropic effect of dopamine on the Ligia heart is reversed from negative to positive in association with the cardiac pacemaker transfer from the myocardium to the cardiac ganglion during juvenile development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamagishi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Carter MJ, Lardies MA, Nespolo RF, Bozinovic F. Heritability of progeny size in a terrestrial isopod: transgenerational environmental effects on a life history trait. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 93:455-9. [PMID: 15254492 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects, the environment that mothers provide to their offspring, their provision of nutrients and the environment that offspring of the same clutch share, have come to be recognized as an important influence on offspring fitness. In addition, in invertebrates, maternal effects and common environment may change according to a mother's diet. We tested for the changes in quantitative genetic parameters in a half-sib design where mothers were fed diets varying in nutrient content. Surprisingly, we found that not only maternal and common environmental variance changed with experimental diets but also there were significant changes in narrow-sense heritabilities, with corresponding h(2) values of 0.61 (high protein), 0.08 (high carbohydrate) and 0.001 (equal carbohydrate:protein). Our results show how an environmentally driven evolutionary process could occur in nature, since the response to selection could change dramatically according to the composition of the diet that females are ingesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carter
- Departamento de Ecología, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago 6513677, Chile
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35
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Hassall M, Helden A, Goldson A, Grant A. Ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits of Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Oecologia 2004; 143:51-60. [PMID: 15599769 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Armadillidium vulgare differed in growth and survivorship on two field sites. Growth rates were higher at a site with consistently higher quality food than at the other site where less high-quality food was produced and which was less predictably accessible. Survivorship was higher at the second site where temperature fluctuations were consistently smaller. Individuals from the two populations were kept for 6 months under the same food and temperature conditions and patterns of resource allocation to reproductive traits analysed. Members of the population from the site with good growth conditions had significantly higher reproductive allocation, by 13.5%, and larger broods, by 9.1%, than those from the site with poor growth conditions. Contrary to theoretical predictions, they also had significantly larger offspring, by 7.5% dry mass. Larger offspring survived better than small ones. This differential survivorship, by 20% for a 3.4% difference in live mass, was much more pronounced under conditions of moisture stress and under fluctuating temperature regimes. Larger offspring would therefore be at a selective advantage on the site with more severe temperature fluctuations. Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive traits in response to experimental changes in food quality, temperature and crowding were monitored. Reproductive allocation was increased by 20.8% under conditions of higher food quality, by 14.7% at higher temperatures, and by 12.5% under less crowded conditions. Brood size, but not offspring dry mass, increased when food quality increased. When crowding increased by 25.0%, the size of broods remained the same but the dry mass of individual offspring decreased by 11.2%. Members of the population from the site with more variable access to high-quality food showed more plasticity in reproductive traits in response to changes in food supply than members of the population from the site with the more predictable food supply. Members of the population from the site with more stable temperatures showed less plasticity to temperature changes than members of the population from the site with greater temperature fluctuations. It is concluded that the observed microevolutionary processes and phenotypic plasticity have adaptative value as responses to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hassall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Leonardos I, Trilles JP. Reproduction of Mothocya epimerica (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae), parasitic on the sand smelt Atherina boyeri (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae) in Greek lagoons. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 62:249-253. [PMID: 15672882 DOI: 10.3354/dao062249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The reproduction and growth pattern of Mothocya epimerica (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae), a protandrous hermaphroditic gill parasite of Atherina boyeri (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae), were investigated in the Mesolongi and Etolikon lagoons. The parasite shows an extensive reproductive period. Gravid females were found between April and November, and juveniles between May and December. M. epimerica grew allometrically (slopes of the total weight-total length regressions were >3). Females were significantly heavier than males. The relationship between number of eggs or mancas larvae (F) and total length (TL) was investigated in gravid female parasites in which the marsupium was still closed; the relationship was clearly curvilinear: F = 0.128TL3.18. The number of eggs or mancas larvae held in the marsupia of females increased proportionally with female length, varying from 39 in an isopod of 6.3 mm length to 158 in one of 8.5 mm length. The average number of eggs or mancas larvae was 76.70 +/- 27.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Leonardos
- Biological Applications and Technologies Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Lardies MA, Cotoras IS, Bozinovic F. The energetics of reproduction and parental care in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio laevis. J Insect Physiol 2004; 50:1127-1135. [PMID: 15670860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Parental care is a behavioral strategy that contributes to increased fitness of progeny. Among terrestrial arthropods, many isopods provide extensive parental care. Few studies have quantified the underlying cost of parental care in terms of energy. We used the terrestrial woodlouse Porcellio laevis (Latreille) as a study model to examine how energetic acquisition and expenditure in females is affected during the incubation period and how parental care affects energy balance in this species. We determined the basic reproductive biology (i.e. fecundity, reproductive output, egg volume, egg loss), energy expenditure (i.e. metabolic rate), and energy acquisition (i.e. food consumption, digestibility) of ovigerous females in different stages of embryonic development. Non-ovigerous females were used as the control group. Our results show that P. laevis displays variability in life-history traits compared with populations from other zones around the world. Ovigerous females exhibited a lower ingestion rate and lower digestibility than control females, thus indicating a lower capacity for energy acquisition. Furthermore, energy expenditure was higher in ovigerous females when compared to non-ovigerous females. In particular, females in early embryonic development stored 5.1-fold less daily energy than females without eggs. The results presented here show that the parental care provided by female P. laevis is energetically costly. Overall, our work brings us much closer to understanding the proximate mechanisms of the costs of parental care in terrestrial isopods. Both proximal mechanisms and consequences of providing care on future reproduction, should be considered in explaining the evolution of parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Lardies
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ecología, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 6513677, Chile.
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Brockerhoff AM. OCCURRENCE OF THE INTERNAL PARASITE PORTUNION SP. (ISOPODA: ENTONISCIDAE) AND ITS EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION IN INTERTIDAL CRABS (DECAPODA: GRAPSIDAE) FROM NEW ZEALAND. J Parasitol 2004; 90:1338-44. [PMID: 15715225 DOI: 10.1645/ge-295r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasite fauna of 4 intertidal grapsid crabs from New Zealand was studied between 1998 and 2000. The occurrence of an undescribed entoniscid species, Portunion sp. (Isopoda: Epicaridea), is presented. Portunion sp. was found in Cyclograpsus lavauxi (34.1%, n = 1650), Hemigrapsus crenulatus (19.0%, n = 2300), and Helice crassa (11.6%, n = 825) but was absent from Hemigrapsus sexdentatus (n = 636). Parasitized hosts contained mostly 1 female Portunion sp. but occasionally up to 7 females were found. One to 3 dwarf males typically occurred on each mature female Portunion sp. Most developmental stages of female Portunion sp. were found throughout the year, demonstrating that reproduction and infection occurred continuously. Portunion sp. differentially affected male and female hosts. Prevalence was generally higher in male hosts than in female hosts and increased significantly with host size. Female hosts were castrated, whereas males were not. Portunion sp., therefore, influenced the operational sex ratio in its host species, causing a more male-biased ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brockerhoff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Armadillidium pelagicum Arcangeli, 1955 is a terrestrial isopod endemic to the circum-Sicilian islands and the North of Tunisia. The life cycle and the population structure of this species were studied on a natural population at Aouina, in the surroundings of Tunis, over 16 months from, January 2000 to April 2001, by monthly or semi-monthly samplings. The ovigerous females were present from March/April to the end of August and absent from September to February/March. These observations indicate that A. pelagicum at Aouina has a seasonal reproduction, followed by a sexual rest. The recruitment period is spread from April/May to mid-September. The fecundity, estimated by the number of eggs in the marsupium of ovigerous females, exhibited a great variability, which is related to the weight of these females. The sex ratio underwent fluctuations throughout the sampling period. It was female-biased in most samplings. Mass frequency distribution was analysed and nine cohorts were identified during the sampling period. The field growth rates are high in the first life phase, decrease during winter and increase during spring. The characteristics of the life cycle of A. pelagicum at Aouina may be summarized as follows: (i) Semi-annual species, since females appear to produce up to five broods per year, (ii) iteroparous females, since females seem to reproduce twice or more in life; (iii) bivoltine life cycle, since the population produces two generations per year; (iv) variability of cohorts' life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hamaied
- Unité de recherche en biologie animale et en systématique evolutive, faculté des sciences de Tunis, campus universitaire, 2092 Manar II, Tunisia
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40
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Hemmi A, Jormalainen V. Genetic and environmental variation in performance of a marine isopod: effects of eutrophication. Oecologia 2004; 140:302-11. [PMID: 15146322 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variation in food resources modifies performance of herbivores, in addition to genetic variation and maternal effects. In marine benthic habitats, eutrophication may modify herbivores' diets by changing host species composition or nutritional quality of algae for herbivores. We studied experimentally the effects of diet breadth and nutrient availability for the host algae on fitness components of the herbivorous isopod Idotea baltica. We fed the adult isopods with the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Pilayella littoralis and juveniles with the green alga Cladophora glomerata. By using half-sib families, we were able to separate the genetic, environmental and maternal effects on intermolt duration and size of the juveniles. The mothers confined to the diet consisting of both Fucus and Pilayella grew better and produced larger egg mass than those having consumed Fucus alone. Nutrient enhancement of algae did not influence the performance of the adult herbivores. However, the juveniles achieved twice the weight as well as shorter intermolt duration when consuming nutrient-treated C. glomerata. Mother's nutrition, either nutrient enrichment of her food algae or diet breadth, did not affect juvenile survival or growth as such, but we found evidence that the broader diet consumed by the mother mediated offspring performance by further accelerating growth rate of the offspring that fed on nutrient-treated alga. Intermolt duration was a highly heritable trait, but size showed very low heritability. Instead, maternal effects on size were substantial, suggesting that differences among mothers in their egg-provisioning ability strongly affect weight gain of their offspring. A high amount of additive genetic variance in intermolt duration implies potential for quick evolutionary responses in the growth schedule in the face of changes in the selective environment. We conclude that eutrophication, in addition to improving growth and reproduction of I. baltica by enhancing food quality and by providing opportunity for broader, more profitable diets, may act as a selective agent on life-history traits. Eutrophication of coastal waters is thus likely to reflect in herbivore density, population dynamics and eventually, grazing pressure of littoral macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hemmi
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
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Lovrich GA, Roccatagliata D, Peresan L. Hyperparasitism of the cryptoniscid isopod Liriopsis pygmaea on the lithodid Paralomis granulosa from the Beagle Channel, Argentina. Dis Aquat Organ 2004; 58:71-77. [PMID: 15038454 DOI: 10.3354/dao058071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A total of 29,570 false king crab Paralomis granulosa were sampled from the Beagle Channel (54 degrees 51'S, 68 degrees 12'W), Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, between July 1996 and August 1998. Crab size varied from 6.8 to 111.2 mm carapace length (CL). A few crabs parasitized by the rhizocephalan Briarosaccus callosus were found; prevalences of externae (the rhizocephalan reproductive body) and scars (the mark left on the host after the death of the parasite) were 0.28 and 0.16%, respectively. Of 85 externae examined, 55 were non-ovigerous and 30 ovigerous. The cryptoniscid isopod Liriopsis pygmaea infested 36.5% of the B. callosus examined. The most abundant stage was the cryptonicus larva, accounting for 208 of the 238 L. pygmaea recovered. Cryptonisci showed a highly aggregated distribution. A total of 92.7% of cryptonicsci were recovered inside empty externae, suggesting that the latter were attractive to cryptonisci. Early subadult females of L. pygmaea were rare; only 3 individuals occurred inside 1 ovigerous externa. Eight late subadult and 18 adult females were found on 3 and 7 non-ovigerous externae, respectively; in addition, 1 aberrant late subadult was found on 1 ovigerous externa. In the Beagle Channel, the population of P. granulosa harbours 3 different parasites: the bopyrid isopod Pseudione tuberculata, which reaches highest prevalence at 10 to 20 mm CL, the rhizocephalan B. callosus, with highest prevalence at 20 to 40 mm CL, and the cryptoniscid isopod L. pygmaea, which mainly infests rhizocephalan on crabs >40 mm CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Lovrich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas CC 92, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.
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Lardies MA, Carter MJ, Bozinovic F. Dietary effects on life history traits in a terrestrial isopod: the importance of evaluating maternal effects and trade-offs. Oecologia 2003; 138:387-95. [PMID: 14685846 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of life history aim to explain patterns in the evolution of reproductive investment, growth, and survival. Trade-offs between traits are a fundamental component of life history theory. In herbivorous arthropods life history traits are often responsive to variation in numerous environmental factors, especially diet quality. Using three artificial diets under controlled laboratory conditions, we examined changes in life history traits (i.e. growth rate, offspring number, offspring size, incubation period), trade-offs between traits, and maternal effect on the growth rate of offspring, in the common woodlouse (terrestrial isopod), Porcellio laevis. The high protein diet had significant impacts on offspring production, triggering a smaller-sized offspring, and demonstrating a trade-off between these last two traits. The high carbohydrate diet seldom exerted a significant effect on incubation period. The quality of dietary items evidently has important consequences on the life history of the mother and, thus, on offspring growth; the directions of these effects, however, were opposite. Mothers fed diets with high protein concentrations presented significant maternal effects, measured as offspring growth rate during later ontogeny. Our results support the notion that protein, rather than carbohydrate, concentrations in the diet limit herbivorous arthropods, and have significant consequences on life history traits, as was seen for P. laevis. Clearly, the change in phenotypic correlations between incubation period and offspring number from negative to positive is an empirical demonstration of the context dependence of life history trait trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Lardies
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology & Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 6513677 Santiago, Chile.
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Abstract
Laboratory work was conducted to elucidate the life cycle of the South African gnathiid isopod, Gnathia africana Barnard, 1914. The natural fish hosts of this temporary parasite, the super klipfish Clinus superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1758), were exposed to gnathiid larvae in the laboratory. It was found that G. africana has three larval stages, consisting of three unfed (zuphea) and three fed (praniza) stages. First-, second- and third-stage zuphea larvae took an average of 2 h 18 min, 2 h 43 min and 10 h 8 min respectively to complete their feeding and the first- and second-stage praniza moulted at 8 and 10 days respectively into the next zuphea stage. Three to six days after its last blood meal, the sex of the third and final praniza stage could be determined by the presence of either a testis or two ovaries in the dorsal pereon. Male larvae moulted into adult males between 8 and 10 days post feeding. Female larvae moulted at approximately 17 days into adult females. Fertilisation of the eggs by the male took place within 24 hours of completion of the female moult. The development of the embryos and subsequent release of the young larvae between 15 and 23 days post fertilisation completed the cycle. This entire cycle took approximately 62 days in water temperatures of 20-25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Smi
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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Leonardos I, Trilles JP. Host-parasite relationships: occurrence and effect of the parasitic isopod Mothocya epimerica on sand smelt Atherina boyeri in the Mesolongi and Etolikon Lagoons (W. Greece). Dis Aquat Organ 2003; 54:243-251. [PMID: 12803388 DOI: 10.3354/dao054243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The parasite-host relationship between Mothocya epimerica, Costa 1851 (Isopoda: Flabellifera: Cymothoidae) and sand smelt Atherina boyeri (Osteichthyes: Atherinidae) fish populations were studied in the Mesolongi and Etolikon Lagoons (W. Greece). Prevalence varied during the year from 12.5% in November to 52.5% in September; overall mean prevalence was 41.9%. Parasite size increased with host size. Infections did not have a significant effect on the host's body condition, such as length-weight relationship, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and relative condition factor. Histological damage to the host was observed on the gills (especially in the second and third and arches upon which the female parasite rests her abdomen). The physiological cost resulting from this infection seems to be little and probably does not constitute a serious threat for individual host survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Leonardos
- Biological Applications and Technology Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Abstract
A broad range of soil pollutants were found to decrease with distance from a zinc smelter from 35,000 to 77, 8270 to 40 and from 190 to less than 1 ppm for zinc, lead and cadmium, respectively. Along this gradient, observed species richness of soil macro-organisms seemed to be more affected by the land-use type than by soil pollution--minimum in crops (21), maximum in woody sites (126). IndVal index allowed isolation of 21 indicator species from the 339 morphospecies identified. Most of these indicator species were characteristic of the unpolluted sites: only two diplopods and one gastropod from polluted poplar plantations, and none from the most polluted site. Since soil invertebrates respond to different environmental factors, including direct effect of heavy metals, we suggest there may be some confounding factors generating spurious relationships between the values of species as bioindicators and the pollution status they are supposed to indicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Nahmani
- UMR 137, 'Biodiversité et fonctionnement des sols', IRD/université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 32, avenue Varagnat, 93143 Bondy, France.
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Abstract
The sternal epithelium of Porcellio scaber was used as a novel model to study the subcellular elemental distribution in control and Ca(2+)-transporting stages in situ. The anterior sternal epithelium (ASE) is specialized for transport of cuticular Ca to sternal CaCO(3) deposits during premolt, and from these deposits during intramolt. The less specialized posterior sternal epithelium transports Ca(2+) to and from the cuticle. In the ASE cells basal [Na], [Cl], and [Mg] are higher than in the apical side. The basal [Na] increases from 105 to 173 mmol/kg dry mass between control and Ca(2+)-transporting stages, accompanied by a decrease in [Cl] and [K]. The [Mg] increases, suggesting transepithelial Mg(2+)-transport. Cytosolic [Ca] varied insignificantly between 4.5 and 5.7 mmol/kg dry mass, however, the number of Ca hot-spots with concentrations between 15 and 50 mmol/kg dry mass increased during transport. Mitochondrial [Ca] decreased in the ASE from 3.3 in the control to 1.0 in the late premolt and to 2.0 mmol/kg dry mass in the intramolt stage. The results suggest Na(+)-dependent mechanisms for transcellular Ca(2+)-transport and the presence of Ca(2+)-binding proteins. Organelles, probably the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, sequester Ca(2+) during intracellular Ca(2+)-transport. A role of mitochondria as a storage site for cuticular Ca is excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ziegler
- Z.E. Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11 M25 431, D 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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Keskinen E, Takaku Y, Meyer-Rochow VB, Hariyama T. Postembryonic eye growth in the seashore isopod Ligia exotica (Crustacea, Isopoda). Biol Bull 2002; 202:223-231. [PMID: 12086993 DOI: 10.2307/1543472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The eye of Ligia exotica is of the apposition type and has open rhabdoms. The facets are hexagonal, and the dioptric apparatus consists of a flat cornea and a spherical crystalline cone placed in the center of two large cone cells. Each ommatidium has seven regular retinula cells and one eccentric cell; a basement membrane forms the proximal boundary of the retina. With increases in body size from 0.6 to almost 4.0 cm, facet numbers and ommatidial diameters increased from 800 to 1500 and 35 microm to 100 microm, respectively; eye length and width grew from 1.2 to 3.2 and 0.9 to 2.5 mm, respectively; and length of dioptric apparatus and width of retinal layer changed from 70 microm to 180 microm and about 70 microm to 120 microm. Visual angles and interommatidial angles of centrally located ommatidia remained constant at about 30 and 6.9 degrees, respectively. An almost perfect linear relationship was found when eye length was plotted against the product between the square root of the total number of ommatidia and the ommatidial diameter. No difference between males and females was observed in any of the relationships, but the results suggest that, compared with smaller specimens, larger ones possess increased absolute sensitivity in single ommatidia, increased sensitivity to point sources, and overall larger angular visual fields for the eye in its totality. This means that larger individuals of L. exotica (which are also faster) have an advantage over smaller individuals at night, but that smaller individuals may cope better with bright lights. Vision in L. exotica seems useful not only in detecting potential danger, but also in locating and approaching cliffs from a distance of 2-4 m when swimming in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Keskinen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Finland
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Raes N, Goethals P, Adriaenssens V, De Pauw N. Predicting Gammaridae (Crustaceae, Isopoda) in the Zwalm river basin (Flanders, Belgium) by means of fuzzy logic models. Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet 2001; 66:229-32. [PMID: 15954295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Raes
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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