1
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Müller-Durovic B, Jäger J, Engelmann C, Schuhmachers P, Altermatt S, Schlup Y, Duthaler U, Makowiec C, Unterstab G, Roffeis S, Xhafa E, Assmann N, Trulsson F, Steiner R, Edwards-Hicks J, West J, Turner L, Develioglu L, Ivanek R, Azzi T, Dehio P, Berger C, Kuzmin D, Saboz S, Mautner J, Löliger J, Geigges M, Palianina D, Khanna N, Dirnhofer S, Münz C, Bantug GR, Hess C. A metabolic dependency of EBV can be targeted to hinder B cell transformation. Science 2024:eadk4898. [PMID: 38781354 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Following infection of B cells, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) engages host pathways that mediate cell proliferation and transformation, contributing to the propensity of the virus to drive immune dysregulation and lymphomagenesis. We found that the EBV protein EBNA2 initiates NAD de novo biosynthesis by driving expression of the metabolic enzyme IDO1 in infected B cells. Virus-enforced NAD production sustained mitochondrial complex I activity, to match ATP-production with bioenergetic requirements of proliferation and transformation. In transplant patients, IDO1 expression in EBV-infected B cells, and a serum signature of increased IDO1 activity, preceded development of lymphoma. In humanized mice infected with EBV, IDO1 inhibition reduced both viremia and lymphomagenesis. Virus-orchestrated NAD biosynthesis is, thus, a druggable metabolic vulnerability of EBV-driven B cell transformation-opening therapeutic possibilities for EBV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Müller-Durovic
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Jäger
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Engelmann
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schuhmachers
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Altermatt
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Schlup
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celia Makowiec
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gunhild Unterstab
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Roffeis
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erta Xhafa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Assmann
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Axolabs GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Fredrik Trulsson
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebekah Steiner
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James West
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorinda Turner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leyla Develioglu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Bioinformatics Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tarik Azzi
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Dehio
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Berger
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Kuzmin
- Hornet Therapeutics Ltd, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophie Saboz
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Mautner
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jordan Löliger
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Geigges
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Darya Palianina
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Glenn R Bantug
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Stankiewicz LN, Rossi FMV, Zandstra PW. Rebuilding and rebooting immunity with stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:597-616. [PMID: 38593798 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Advances in modern medicine have enabled a rapid increase in lifespan and, consequently, have highlighted the immune system as a key driver of age-related disease. Immune regeneration therapies present exciting strategies to address age-related diseases by rebooting the host's primary lymphoid tissues or rebuilding the immune system directly via biomaterials or artificial tissue. Here, we identify important, unanswered questions regarding the safety and feasibility of these therapies. Further, we identify key design parameters that should be primary considerations guiding technology design, including timing of application, interaction with the host immune system, and functional characterization of the target patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Stankiewicz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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3
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D’Aria S, Maquet C, Li S, Dhup S, Lepez A, Kohler A, Van Hée VF, Dadhich RK, Frenière M, Andris F, Nemazanyy I, Sonveaux P, Machiels B, Gillet L, Braun MY. Expression of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is required for virus-specific mouse CD8 + T cell memory development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306763121. [PMID: 38498711 PMCID: PMC10990098 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306763121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactate-proton symporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) facilitates lactic acid export from T cells. Here, we report that MCT1 is mandatory for the development of virus-specific CD8+ T cell memory. MCT1-deficient T cells were exposed to acute pneumovirus (pneumonia virus of mice, PVM) or persistent γ-herpesvirus (Murid herpesvirus 4, MuHV-4) infection. MCT1 was required for the expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells and the control of virus replication in the acute phase of infection. This situation prevented the subsequent development of virus-specific T cell memory, a necessary step in containing virus reactivation during γ-herpesvirus latency. Instead, persistent active infection drove virus-specific CD8+ T cells toward functional exhaustion, a phenotype typically seen in chronic viral infections. Mechanistically, MCT1 deficiency sequentially impaired lactic acid efflux from activated CD8+ T cells, caused an intracellular acidification inhibiting glycolysis, disrupted nucleotide synthesis in the upstream pentose phosphate pathway, and halted cell proliferation which, ultimately, promoted functional CD8+ T cell exhaustion instead of memory development. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MCT1 expression is mandatory for inducing T cell memory and controlling viral infection by CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania D’Aria
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Céline Maquet
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Suveera Dhup
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels1200, Belgium
| | - Anouk Lepez
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Kohler
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Vincent F. Van Hée
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels1200, Belgium
| | - Rajesh K. Dadhich
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels1200, Belgium
| | - Marine Frenière
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Andris
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Plateforme d’étude du métabolisme, Institut Necker, Inserm US 24 - CNRS UMS 3633, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris75015, France
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- WEL Research Institute, Welbio Department, Wavre1300, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Machiels
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège4000, Belgium
| | - Michel Y. Braun
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies6041, Belgium
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4
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Dibble JJ, Ferneyhough B, Roddis M, Millington S, Fischer MD, Parkinson NJ, Ponting CP. Comparison of T-cell receptor diversity of people with myalgic encephalomyelitis versus controls. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:17. [PMID: 38178251 PMCID: PMC10768444 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME; sometimes referred to as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) is a chronic disease without laboratory test, detailed aetiological understanding or effective therapy. Its symptoms are diverse, but it is distinguished from other fatiguing illnesses by the experience of post-exertional malaise, the worsening of symptoms even after minor physical or mental exertion. Its frequent onset after infection suggests autoimmune involvement or that it arises from abnormal T-cell activation. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, we sequenced the genomic loci of α/δ, β and γ T-cell receptors (TCR) from 40 human blood samples from each of four groups: severely affected people with ME; mildly or moderately affected people with ME; people diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis, as disease controls; and, healthy controls. Seeking to automatically classify these individuals' samples by their TCR repertoires, we applied P-SVM, a machine learning method. However, despite working well on a simulated data set, this approach did not allow statistically significant partitioning of samples into the four subgroups. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that blood samples from people with ME frequently contain altered T-cell receptor diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Dibble
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ben Ferneyhough
- Systems Biology Laboratory UK, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4SA, UK
| | - Matthew Roddis
- Systems Biology Laboratory UK, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4SA, UK
| | - Sam Millington
- Systems Biology Laboratory UK, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4SA, UK
| | | | - Nick J Parkinson
- Systems Biology Laboratory UK, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4SA, UK.
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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5
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Gadgeel M, Al Kooheji I, Al-Qanber B, Buck S, Savaşan S. T-large granular lymphocyte frequencies and correlates in disease states detected by multiparameter flow cytometry in pediatric and young adult population. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:133-140. [PMID: 37731148 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
T-large granular lymphocytes (T-LGL) characterized by dim CD5 staining, although not completely understood, have unique roles in the immune system. Expansion of peripheral blood (PB) clonal T-LGL populations is associated with various entities in adults. We have previously demonstrated clonal T-LGL proliferations in pediatric immune dysregulation/inflammatory/proliferative conditions. However, T-LGL populations have not been studied in broader spectrum pathologies. In this study we evaluated sizes and correlates of T-LGL populations in the pediatric and young adult populations with various disease states. Lymphocytes including T-LGL were investigated retrospectively by reviewing PB multiparameter flow cytometric data with various indications over a 4-year period. Associations with clinical, laboratory findings, and T-LGL population sizes were sought. Among 520 cases reviewed, 240 were females and 280 males with a mean age of 9 years (0-33 years); mean T-LGL population constituted 14% (1-67%) in PB T cells. There were significant differences between T-LGL and CD5-bright, regular T cells. T-LGL correlated with CD8 + /DR + (R = 0.570; P < 0.01) and CD8 + /CD11b + (R = 0.597; P < 0.01) expression, indicating activated cytotoxic phenotype. The highest average T-LGL were seen in bone marrow transplant recipients (23.7%), Evans syndrome (23.7%), lymphoma (20.6%), and acute EBV infection (20.4%) cases, all with underlying immune dysregulation pathologies. In pediatric and young adult patients with different clinical conditions, PB T-LGL constitute an average of 14% of the T cells and have a predominantly activated cytotoxic T cell phenotype. Higher relative presence was seen in cases with an immune dysregulation background. These results may serve as a reference for T-LGL research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Gadgeel
- Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Pleasant, USA
| | - Ishaq Al Kooheji
- Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Pleasant, USA
| | - Batool Al-Qanber
- Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Pleasant, USA
| | - Steven Buck
- Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Süreyya Savaşan
- Hematology/Oncology Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Pleasant, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pediatric Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
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6
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Thomas OG, Olsson T. Mimicking the brain: Epstein-Barr virus and foreign agents as drivers of neuroimmune attack in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304281. [PMID: 38022632 PMCID: PMC10655090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer, but failure of thymic tolerance mechanisms can instead lead to escape of T cells with the ability to attack host tissues. Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when structures such as myelin and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are the target of autoreactive immune responses, resulting in lesions in the brain and spinal cord which cause varied and episodic neurological deficits. A role for autoreactive T cell and antibody responses in MS is likely, and mounting evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in disease mechanisms. In this review we discuss antigen specificity of T cells involved in development and progression of MS. We examine the current evidence that these T cells can target multiple antigens such as those from pathogens including EBV and briefly describe other mechanisms through which viruses could affect disease. Unravelling the complexity of the autoantigen T cell repertoire is essential for understanding key events in the development and progression of MS, with wider implications for development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Lehikoinen J, Valori M, Jääskeläinen AJ, Laakso SM, Arstila TP, Tienari PJ. High Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen IgG level associates with the carriership of CD8+ T cell somatic mutations in the STAT3 SH2 domain. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109733. [PMID: 37572949 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
High carrier prevalence of STAT3 SH2 domain somatic mutations was recently discovered in CD8+ T cells. We found these low-allele-fraction clones in 26% of donors, without difference between multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls. Here we tested whether anti-viral antibodies associate with the carriership of these mutant clones. We compared antibody responses against common viruses in mutation carriers vs. non-carriers. Plasma samples of 152 donors (92 MS patients, 60 controls) were analyzed for antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus-6A and parvovirus B19. The mutation carrier status associated with EBV VCA IgG level (p = 0.005) and remained significant after logistic regression (p = 0.036). This association was contributed similarly by MS patients and controls. These results suggest that EBV contributes to the generation or growth of these clones. The pathogenic role of the STAT3 mutant clones in MS is presently unclear, but their detailed characterization warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Lehikoinen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, Brain Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Miko Valori
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne J Jääskeläinen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital
| | - Sini M Laakso
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, Brain Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Petteri Arstila
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti J Tienari
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurology, Brain Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Zhang B, Upadhyay R, Hao Y, Samanovic MI, Herati RS, Blair JD, Axelrad J, Mulligan MJ, Littman DR, Satija R. Multimodal single-cell datasets characterize antigen-specific CD8 + T cells across SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1725-1734. [PMID: 37735591 PMCID: PMC10522491 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen after infection or vaccination is defined by the durable production of antibodies and T cells. Population-based monitoring typically focuses on antibody titer, but there is a need for improved characterization and quantification of T cell responses. Here, we used multimodal sequencing technologies to perform a longitudinal analysis of circulating human leukocytes collected before and after immunization with the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2. Our data indicated distinct subpopulations of CD8+ T cells, which reliably appeared 28 days after prime vaccination. Using a suite of cross-modality integration tools, we defined their transcriptome, accessible chromatin landscape and immunophenotype, and we identified unique biomarkers within each modality. We further showed that this vaccine-induced population was SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific and capable of rapid clonal expansion. Moreover, we identified these CD8+ T cell populations in scRNA-seq datasets from COVID-19 patients and found that their relative frequency and differentiation outcomes were predictive of subsequent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rabi Upadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John D Blair
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Barros MHM, Alves PDS. Contribution of the Epstein-Barr virus to the oncogenesis of mature T-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1240359. [PMID: 37781191 PMCID: PMC10538126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1240359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
EBV is a lymphotropic virus, member of the Herpesviridae family that asymptomatically infects more than 90% of the human population, establishing a latent infection in memory B cells. EBV exhibits complex survival and persistence dynamics, replicating its genome through the proliferation of infected B cells or production of the lytic virions. Many studies have documented the infection of T/NK cells by EBV in healthy individuals during and after primary infection. This feature has been confirmed in humanized mouse models. Together these results have challenged the hypothesis that the infection of T/NK cells per se by EBV could be a triggering event for lymphomagenesis. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive nodal T- and NK-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) are two EBV-associated lymphomas of T/NK cells. These two lymphomas display different clinical, histological and molecular features. However, they share two intriguing characteristics: the association with EBV and a geographical prevalence in East Asia and Latin America. In this review we will discuss the genetic characteristics of EBV in order to understand the possible role of this virus in the oncogenesis of ENKTCL and NKTCL. In addition, the main immunohistological, molecular, cytogenetic and epigenetic differences between ENKTCL and NKTCL will be discussed, as well as EBV differences in latency patterns and other viral molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Daniela S. Alves
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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10
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Jo HA, Hyun SJ, Hyun YS, Lee YH, Kim SM, Baek IC, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. Comprehensive Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A-Specific CD8 + and CD4 + T Cell Responses Restricted to Each HLA Class I and II Allotype Within an Individual. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e17. [PMID: 37179751 PMCID: PMC10166658 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), a latent Ag commonly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected host cells, is a target for adoptive T cell therapy in EBV-associated malignancies. To define whether individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes are used preferentially in EBV-specific T lymphocyte responses, LMP2A-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in 50 healthy donors were analyzed by ELISPOT assay using artificial Ag-presenting cells expressing a single allotype. CD8+ T cell responses were significantly higher than CD4+ T cell responses. CD8+ T cell responses were ranked from highest to lowest in the order HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci, and CD4+ T cell responses were ranked in the order HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ loci. Among the 32 HLA class I and 56 HLA class II allotypes, 6 HLA-A, 7 HLA-B, 5 HLA-C, 10 HLA-DR, 2 HLA-DQ, and 2 HLA-DP allotypes showed T cell responses higher than 50 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/5×105 CD8+ or CD4+ T cells. Twenty-nine donors (58%) showed a high T cell response to at least one allotype of HLA class I or class II, and 4 donors (8%) had a high response to both HLA class I and class II allotypes. Interestingly, we observed an inverse correlation between the proportion of LMP2A-specific T cell responses and the frequency of HLA class I and II allotypes. These data demonstrate the allele dominance of LMP2A-specific T cell responses among HLA allotypes and their intra-individual dominance in response to only a few allotypes in an individual, which may provide useful information for genetic, pathogenic, and immunotherapeutic approaches to EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-A Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - You-Seok Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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11
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Obiorah IE, Karrs J, Brown L, Wang HW, Karai LJ, Hoc-Tran T, Anh T, Xi L, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Overlapping Features of Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone Lymphoproliferative Disorder and Primary Cutaneous CD4 + Small/Medium T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder : A Diagnostic Challenge Examined by Genomic Analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:344-353. [PMID: 36598455 PMCID: PMC9974535 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoproliferative disorder (PCMZL) and primary cutaneous CD4 + small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (CD4 + TLPD) are indolent lymphoproliferative disorders. However, cases with overlapping features can be challenging. We identified 56 CD4 + TLPD and 38 PCMZL cases from our pathology archives. Clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features were reviewed. Polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangements were analyzed. Next-generation sequencing studies were performed on 26 cases with adequate material, 19 with CD4 + TLPD, and 7 with PCMZL. CD4 + TLPD presented mostly (91%) as solitary lesions, located in the head and neck area (64%), while PCMZL occurred mostly in the upper extremity (47%) and trunk (34%). Lesions were sometimes multiple (40%) and recurrences (67%) were more common. Cases of PCMZL had an increase in reactive CD3 + T cells, with frequent programmed cell death protein 1 expression, whereas cases of CD4 + TLPD often contained abundant reactive B cells. Twenty-five cases were identified as having overlapping features: 6 cases of PCMZL were clonal for both IG and TRG; 11 cases of CD4 + TLPD were clonal for IG and TRG and 6 cases of CD4 + TLPD had light chain-restricted plasma cells. By next-generation sequencing, 23 variants were detected in 15 genes, with PCMZL more likely to show alterations, most commonly affecting TNFAIP3 and FAS, altered in 5 cases. Both entities have an indolent clinical course with response to conservative therapy and management, and warrant interpretation as a lymphoproliferative disorder rather than overt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeyinwa E Obiorah
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeremiah Karrs
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Brown
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Trinh Hoc-Tran
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thu Anh
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liqiang Xi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elaine S. Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Zhang B, Upadhyay R, Hao Y, Samanovic MI, Herati RS, Blair J, Axelrad J, Mulligan MJ, Littman DR, Satija R. Multimodal characterization of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells across SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525203. [PMID: 36747786 PMCID: PMC9900816 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen after infection or vaccination is defined by the durable production of antibodies and T cells. Population-based monitoring typically focuses on antibody titer, but there is a need for improved characterization and quantification of T cell responses. Here, we utilize multimodal sequencing technologies to perform a longitudinal analysis of circulating human leukocytes collected before and after BNT162b2 immunization. Our data reveal distinct subpopulations of CD8 + T cells which reliably appear 28 days after prime vaccination (7 days post boost). Using a suite of cross-modality integration tools, we define their transcriptome, accessible chromatin landscape, and immunophenotype, and identify unique biomarkers within each modality. By leveraging DNA-oligo-tagged peptide-MHC multimers and T cell receptor sequencing, we demonstrate that this vaccine-induced population is SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific and capable of rapid clonal expansion. Moreover, we also identify these CD8 + populations in scRNA-seq datasets from COVID-19 patients and find that their relative frequency and differentiation outcomes are predictive of subsequent clinical outcomes. Our work contributes to our understanding of T cell immunity, and highlights the potential for integrative and multimodal analysis to characterize rare cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rabi Upadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin S. Herati
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Blair
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan R. Littman
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Zhang Y, Huang C, Zhang H, Duan Z, Liu Q, Li J, Zong Q, Wei Y, Liu F, Duan W, Chen L, Zhou Q, Wang Q. Characteristics of immunological events in Epstein-Barr virus infection in children with infectious mononucleosis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1060053. [PMID: 36846163 PMCID: PMC9949895 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection occurs commonly in children and may cause acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) and various malignant diseases. Host immune responses are key players in the resistance to EBV infection. We here assessed the immunological events and laboratory indicators of EBV infection, as well as determined the clinical usefulness of evaluating the severity and efficacy of antiviral therapy in AIM patients. METHODS We enrolled 88 children with EBV infection. The immune environment was defined by immunological events such as frequencies of lymphocyte subsets, phenotypes of T cells, and their ability to secrete cytokines, and so on. This environment was analyzed in EBV-infected children with different viral loads and in children in different phases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) from disease onset to convalescence. RESULTS Children with AIM had higher frequencies of CD3+ T and CD8+ T cells, but lower frequencies of CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. In these children, the expression of CD62L was lower and that of CTLA-4 and PD-1 was higher on T cells. EBV exposure induced granzyme B expression, but reduced IFN-γ secretion, by CD8+ T cells, whereas NK cells exhibited reduced granzyme B expression and increased IFN-γ secretion. The frequency of CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with the EBV DNA load, whereas the frequencies of CD4+ T cells and B cells were negatively correlated. During the convalescent phase of IM, CD8+ T cell frequency and CD62L expression on T cells were restored. Moreover, patient serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ were considerably lower throughout the convalescent phase than throughout the acute phase. CONCLUSION Robust expansion of CD8+ T cells, accompanied by CD62L downregulation, PD-1 and CTLA-4 upregulation on T cells, enhanced granzyme B production, and impaired IFN-γ secretion, is a typical characteristic of immunological events in children with AIM. Noncytolytic and cytolytic effector functions of CD8+ T cells are regulated in an oscillatory manner. Furthermore, the AST level, number of CD8+ T cells, and CD62L expression on T cells may act as markers related to IM severity and the effectiveness of antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengrong Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianfei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiyin Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Futing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wanlu Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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14
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Anikeeva N, Steblyanko M, Kuri-Cervantes L, Buggert M, Betts MR, Sykulev Y. The immune synapses reveal aberrant functions of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6436. [PMID: 36307445 PMCID: PMC9616955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes persistent low-grade inflammation that induces premature aging of the immune system including senescence of memory and effector CD8 T cells. To uncover the reasons of gradually diminished potency of CD8 T cells from people living with HIV, here we expose the T cells to planar lipid bilayers containing ligands for T-cell receptor and a T-cell integrins and analyze the cellular morphology, dynamics of synaptic interface formation and patterns of the cellular degranulation. We find a large fraction of phenotypically naive T cells from chronically infected people are capable to form mature synapse with focused degranulation, a signature of a differentiated T cells. Further, differentiation of aberrant naive T cells may lead to the development of anomalous effector T cells undermining their capacity to control HIV and other pathogens that could be contained otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Maria Steblyanko
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Present Address: Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Betts
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Departments of Immunology and Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
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15
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Schönrich G, Abdelaziz MO, Raftery MJ. Epstein-Barr virus, interleukin-10 and multiple sclerosis: A ménage à trois. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028972. [PMID: 36275700 PMCID: PMC9585213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation and demyelination of nerve cells. There is strong evidence that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus infecting B cells, greatly increases the risk of subsequent MS. Intriguingly, EBV not only induces human interleukin-10 but also encodes a homologue of this molecule, which is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine of the immune system. Although EBV-encoded IL-10 (ebvIL-10) has a high amino acid identity with its cellular counterpart (cIL-10), it shows more restricted and partially weaker functionality. We propose that both EBV-induced cIL-10 and ebvIL-10 act in a temporally and functionally coordinated manner helping the pathogen to establish latency in B cells and, at the same time, to balance the function of antiviral T cells. As a result, the EBV load persisting in the immune system is kept at a constant but individually different level (set point). During this immunological tug of war between virus and host, however, MS can be induced as collateral damage if the set point is too high. Here, we discuss a possible role of ebvIL-10 and EBV-induced cIL-10 in EBV-driven pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Virology, Charité– Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Günther Schönrich,
| | - Mohammed O. Abdelaziz
- Institute of Virology, Charité– Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J. Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité– Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology (CCM), Charité– Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Karsten CB, Bartsch YC, Shin SA, Slein MD, Heller HM, Kolandaivelu K, Middeldorp JM, Alter G, Julg B. Evolution of functional antibodies following acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010738. [PMID: 36067220 PMCID: PMC9481173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While Epstein-Barr virus causes mostly asymptomatic infection, associated malignancies, and autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases occur. To dissect the evolution of humoral immune responses over the course of EBV infection and to gain a better understanding of the potential contribution of antibody (Ab) function to viral control, we comprehensively profiled Ab specificities and Fc-functionalities using systems serology and VirScan. Ab functions against latent (EBNA1), early (p47/54) and two late (gp350/220 and VCA-p18) EBV proteins were overall modest and/or short-lived, differing from humoral responses induced during acute infection by other viruses such as HIV. In the first year post infection, only p18 elicited robust IgM-driven complement deposition and IgG-driven neutrophil phagocytosis while responses against EBNA-1 were largely Fc-functionally silent and only matured during chronic infection to drive phagocytosis. In contrast, Abs against Influenza virus readily mediated broad Fc-activity in all participants. These data suggest that EBV evades the induction of robust Fc-functional Abs, potentially due to the virus’ life cycle, switching from lytic to latent stages during infection. While previously thought to be largely innocuous, emerging data clearly highlight the pathological role of lifelong EBV infection in driving autoimmunity and malignancies in a small, but not insignificant portion of the population. We therefore aimed to define potential humoral mechanisms associated with viral control, beyond neutralizing Abs, by systematically focusing on antibody Fc-functional activities during acute to convalescent EBV infection applying technologies such as systems serology and VirScan. We found that functions against EBV proteins were overall only modest and either short-lived or delayed, differing from functional antibody responses induced during acute infection by other viruses such as HIV. These data suggest that EBV evades the induction of robust Fc-functional Abs thereby potentially facilitating lifelong, persistent infection with all its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B. Karsten
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute for Translational HIV Research; Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (CBK); (BJ)
| | - Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kumaran Kolandaivelu
- MIT Institute for Medical Engineering & Science; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CBK); (BJ)
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17
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Immunocompromised host section: Adoptive T-cell therapy for dsDNA viruses in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:302-311. [PMID: 35849520 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses remain important causes of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). As treatment options are limited, adoptive therapy with virus-specific T cells (VST) is promising in restoring immunity and thereby preventing and treating virus infections. Here we review current evidence and recent advances in the field of VST for dsDNA viruses in allogeneic HCT recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Four different protocols for VST generation are currently used in clinical trials, and various products including multivirus-specific and off-the-shelf products are under investigation for prophylaxis, preemptive therapy or treatment. Data from nearly 1400 dsDNA-VST applications in allogeneic HCT patients have been published and demonstrated its safety. Although Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and adenovirus-specific T-cell therapy studies have predominated over the past 25 years, additional human herpes viruses were added to multivirus-specific T cells over the last decade and clinical evidence for polyomavirus-specific VST has just recently emerged. Response rates of around 70-80% have been reported, but cautious interpretation is warranted as data are predominantly from phase 1/2 studies and clinical efficacy needs to be confirmed in phase 3 studies. SUMMARY Investigation on the 'ideal' composition of VST is ongoing. Several products recently entered phase 3 trials and may allow widespread clinical use in the near future.
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18
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Durrani J, Groarke EM. Clonality in immune aplastic anemia: Mechanisms of immune escape or malignant transformation. Semin Hematol 2022; 59:137-142. [PMID: 36115690 PMCID: PMC9938528 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is the prototypic bone marrow failure syndrome and can be classified as either acquired or inherited. Inherited forms are due to the effects of germline mutations, while acquired AA is suspected to result from cytotoxic T-cell mediated immune attack on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Once thought to be a purely "benign" condition, clonality in the form of chromosomal abnormalities and single nucleotide variants is now well recognized in AA. Mechanisms underpinning this clonality likely relate to selection of clones that allow immune evasion or increased cell survival the marrow environment under immune attack. Widespread use and availability of next generation and other genetic sequencing techniques has enabled us to better understand the genomic landscape of aplastic anemia. This review focuses on the current concepts associated with clonality, in particular somatic mutations and their impact on diagnosis and clinical outcomes in immune aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Durrani
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.
| | - Emma M Groarke
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health
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19
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Kaneko N, Boucau J, Kuo HH, Perugino C, Mahajan VS, Farmer JR, Liu H, Diefenbach TJ, Piechocka-Trocha A, Lefteri K, Waring MT, Premo KR, Walker BD, Li JZ, Gaiha G, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M, Padera RF, Pillai S. Temporal changes in T cell subsets and expansion of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in the lungs in severe COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2022; 237:108991. [PMID: 35364330 PMCID: PMC8961941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been performed in severe COVID-19 on immune cells in the circulation and on cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. Most studies have tended to provide relative information rather than a quantitative view, and it is a combination of approaches by various groups that is helping the field build a picture of the mechanisms that drive severe lung disease. Approaches employed to date have not revealed information on lung parenchymal T cell subsets in severe COVID-19. Therefore, we sought to examine early and late T cell subset alterations in the lungs and draining lymph nodes in severe COVID-19 using a rapid autopsy protocol and quantitative imaging approaches. Here, we have established that cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4 + CTLs) increase in the lungs, draining lymph nodes and blood as COVID-19 progresses. CD4 + CTLs are prominently expanded in the lung parenchyma in severe COVID-19. In contrast CD8+ T cells are not prominent, exhibit increased PD-1 expression, and no obvious increase is seen in the number of Granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells in the lung parenchyma in severe COVID-19. Based on quantitative evidence for re-activation in the lung milieu, CD4 + CTLs may be as likely to drive viral clearance as CD8+ T cells and may also be contributors to lung inflammation and eventually to fibrosis in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kaneko
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cory Perugino
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vinay S Mahajan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hang Liu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Kristina Lefteri
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael T Waring
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA; Department of Biology and Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert F Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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20
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Indave Ruiz BI, Armon S, Watanabe R, Uttley L, White VA, Lazar AJ, Cree IA. Clonality, Mutation and Kaposi Sarcoma: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1201. [PMID: 35267506 PMCID: PMC8909603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains uncertain whether Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a true neoplasm, in that it regresses after removal of the stimulus to growth (as HHV8) when immunosuppression is reduced. We aimed to summarize the available evidence on somatic mutations and clonality within KS to assess whether KS is a neoplasm or not. METHODS Medline and Web of Science were searched until September 2020 for articles on clonality or mutation in KS. Search strings were supervised by expert librarians, and two researchers independently performed study selection and data extraction. An adapted version of the QUADAS2 tool was used for methodological quality appraisal. RESULTS Of 3077 identified records, 20 publications reported on relevant outcomes and were eligible for qualitative synthesis. Five studies reported on clonality, 10 studies reported on various mutations, and 5 studies reported on chromosomal aberrations in KS. All studies were descriptive and were judged to have a high risk of bias. There was considerable heterogeneity of results with respect to clonality, mutation and cytogenetic abnormalities as well as in terms of types of lesions and patient characteristics. CONCLUSIONS While KS certainly produces tumours, the knowledge is currently insufficient to determine whether KS is a clonal neoplasm (sarcoma), or simply an aggressive reactive virus-driven lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Iciar Indave Ruiz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France; (S.A.); (R.W.); (V.A.W.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Subasri Armon
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France; (S.A.); (R.W.); (V.A.W.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Reiko Watanabe
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France; (S.A.); (R.W.); (V.A.W.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Lesley Uttley
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK;
| | - Valerie A. White
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France; (S.A.); (R.W.); (V.A.W.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ian A. Cree
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France; (S.A.); (R.W.); (V.A.W.); (I.A.C.)
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21
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Berger JR, Kakara M. The Elimination of Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus Infected B Cells Underlies Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody Activity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Hypothesis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Münz C. Co-Stimulatory Molecules during Immune Control of Epstein Barr Virus Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010038. [PMID: 35053187 PMCID: PMC8774114 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the prominent human tumor viruses, and it is efficiently immune-controlled in most virus carriers. Cytotoxic lymphocytes strongly expand during symptomatic primary EBV infection and in preclinical in vivo models of this tumor virus infection. In these models and patients with primary immunodeficiencies, antibody blockade or deficiencies in certain molecular pathways lead to EBV-associated pathologies. In addition to T, NK, and NKT cell development, as well as their cytotoxic machinery, a set of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules was found to be required for EBV-specific immune control. The role of CD27/CD70, 4-1BB, SLAMs, NKG2D, CD16A/CD2, CTLA-4, and PD-1 will be discussed in this review. Some of these have just been recently identified as crucial for EBV-specific immune control, and for others, their important functions during protection were characterized in in vivo models of EBV infection and its immune control. These insights into the phenotype of cytotoxic lymphocytes that mediate the near-perfect immune control of EBV-associated malignancies might also guide immunotherapies against other tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Wagner KI, Mateyka LM, Jarosch S, Grass V, Weber S, Schober K, Hammel M, Burrell T, Kalali B, Poppert H, Beyer H, Schambeck S, Holdenrieder S, Strötges-Achatz A, Haselmann V, Neumaier M, Erber J, Priller A, Yazici S, Roggendorf H, Odendahl M, Tonn T, Dick A, Witter K, Mijočević H, Protzer U, Knolle PA, Pichlmair A, Crowell CS, Gerhard M, D'Ippolito E, Busch DH. Recruitment of highly cytotoxic CD8 + T cell receptors in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2021; 38:110214. [PMID: 34968416 PMCID: PMC8677487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is crucial for control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and has been studied widely on a quantitative level. However, the quality of responses, in particular of CD8+ T cells, has only been investigated marginally so far. Here, we isolate T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires specific for immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 epitopes restricted to common human Leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules in convalescent individuals. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells are detected up to 12 months after infection. TCR repertoires are diverse, with heterogeneous functional avidity and cytotoxicity toward virus-infected cells, as demonstrated for TCR-engineered T cells. High TCR functionality correlates with gene signatures that, remarkably, could be retrieved for each epitope:HLA combination analyzed. Overall, our data demonstrate that polyclonal and highly functional CD8+ TCRs—classic features of protective immunity—are recruited upon mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing tools to assess the quality of and potentially restore functional CD8+ T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin I Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M Mateyka
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Weber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Burrell
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Behnam Kalali
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Poppert
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany; Neurologische Klinik, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Henriette Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schambeck
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Munich Biomarker Research Center, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Strötges-Achatz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Munich Biomarker Research Center, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Priller
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Yazici
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hedwig Roggendorf
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Odendahl
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia S Crowell
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira D'Ippolito
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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24
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Wang Y, Luo Y, Tang G, Ouyang R, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Yin B, Huang J, Wei W, Huang M, Wang F, Wu S, Hou H. HLA-DR Expression Level in CD8 + T Cells Correlates With the Severity of Children With Acute Infectious Mononucleosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753290. [PMID: 34804038 PMCID: PMC8596082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the host immune signatures associated with EBV infection and its clinical value in indicating the severity of children with acute infectious mononucleosis (IM). Methods Twenty-eight pediatric patients with IM aged 3–8 years were enrolled. The immune phenotypes and cytokine secretion capability of T cells were detected. Results The percentages and absolute numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in IM patients compared with HCs. The percentages of Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were decreased but with increased percentages of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T subsets. Our results showed the upregulation of active marker HLA-DR, TCR-αβ, and inhibitory receptors PD-1, TIGIT in CD8+ T cells from IM patients, which suggested that effective cytotoxic T cells were highly against EBV infection. However, EBV exposure impaired the cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) secretion capability of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after stimulation with PMA/ionomycin in vitro. Multivariate analysis revealed that the percentage of HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells was an independent prognostic marker for IM. The percentage of HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells was significantly correlated with high viral load and abnormal liver function results. Conclusion Robust expansion and upregulation of HLA-DR in CD8+ T cells, accompanied with impaired cytokine secretion, were typical characteristics of children with acute IM. The percentage of HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells might be used as a prominent marker not only for the early diagnosis but also for indicating the severity of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxing Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Renren Ouyang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhuan Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Botao Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiji Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Horna P, Olteanu H, Jevremovic D, Otteson GE, Corley H, Ding W, Parikh SA, Shah MV, Morice WG, Shi M. Single-Antibody Evaluation of T-Cell Receptor β Constant Chain Monotypia by Flow Cytometry Facilitates the Diagnosis of T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:139-148. [PMID: 33438036 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) is challenging because of overlapping immunophenotypic features with reactive T cells and limitations of T-cell clonality assays. We studied whether adding an antibody against T-cell receptor β constant region 1 (TRBC1) to a comprehensive flow cytometry panel could facilitate the diagnosis of T-LGLL. METHODS We added TRBC1 antibody to the standard T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell panel to assess T-cell clonality in 56 T-LGLLs and 34 reactive lymphocytoses. In addition, 20 chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells (CLPD-NKs) and 10 reactive NK-cell lymphocytoses were analyzed. RESULTS Clonal T cells were detected in all available T-LGLLs by monotypic TRBC1 expression and clonal/equivocal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement (TCGR) studies, compared with only 27% of T-LGLLs by killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) restriction. Overall, 85% of T-LGLLs had a blood tumor burden greater than 500 cells/µL. Thirty-four reactive cases showed polytypic TRBC1 expression, except for 5 that revealed small T-cell clones of uncertain significance. All CLPD-NKs showed expected clonal KIR expression and negative TRBC1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Addition of TRBC1 antibody to the routine flow cytometry assay could replace the TCGR molecular study and KIR flow cytometric analysis to assess clonality, simplifying the diagnosis of T-LGLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Horna
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN
| | - Horatiu Olteanu
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Heidi Corley
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN
| | - Wei Ding
- Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Min Shi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN
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Natural Killer Cell Responses during Human γ-Herpesvirus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060655. [PMID: 34203904 PMCID: PMC8232711 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are main sculptors of natural killer (NK) cell repertoires. While the β-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (CMV) drives the accumulation of adaptive NKG2C-positive NK cells, the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) expands early differentiated NKG2A-positive NK cells. While adaptive NK cells support adaptive immunity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, NKG2A-positive NK cells seem to preferentially target lytic EBV replicating B cells. The importance of this restriction of EBV replication during γ-herpesvirus pathogenesis will be discussed. Furthermore, the modification of EBV-driven NK cell expansion by coinfections, including by the other human γ-herpesvirus Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), will be summarized.
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27
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Somatic mutations in lymphocytes in patients with immune-mediated aplastic anemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:1365-1379. [PMID: 33785863 PMCID: PMC8102188 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and functional impact of somatic mutations in nonleukemic T cells is not well characterized, although clonal T-cell expansions are common. In immune-mediated aplastic anemia (AA), cytotoxic T-cell expansions are shown to participate in disease pathogenesis. We investigated the mutation profiles of T cells in AA by a custom panel of 2533 genes. We sequenced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of 24 AA patients and compared the results to 20 healthy controls and whole-exome sequencing of 37 patients with AA. Somatic variants were common both in patients and healthy controls but enriched to AA patients’ CD8+ T cells, which accumulated most mutations on JAK-STAT and MAPK pathways. Mutation burden was associated with CD8+ T-cell clonality, assessed by T-cell receptor beta sequencing. To understand the effect of mutations, we performed single-cell sequencing of AA patients carrying STAT3 or other mutations in CD8+ T cells. STAT3 mutated clone was cytotoxic, clearly distinguishable from other CD8+ T cells, and attenuated by successful immunosuppressive treatment. Our results suggest that somatic mutations in T cells are common, associate with clonality, and can alter T-cell phenotype, warranting further investigation of their role in the pathogenesis of AA.
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28
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Satou A, Tabata T, Suzuki Y, Sato Y, Tahara I, Mochizuki K, Oishi N, Takahara T, Yoshino T, Tsuzuki T, Nakamura S. Nodal EBV-positive polymorphic B cell lymphoproliferative disorder with plasma cell differentiation: clinicopathological analysis of five cases. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:969-976. [PMID: 33169195 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell differentiation (PCD) is frequently observed in some entities of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma, including both low-grade and high-grade lymphomas. However, except for plasmablastic lymphoma and primary effusion lymphoma, EBV+ B cell lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) with PCD has not been well addressed due to its rarity. We clinicopathologically examined five cases of nodal EBV+ polymorphic B cell LPD with PCD (PBLPD-PCD) initially diagnosed as polymorphic EBV+ diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) with PCD (n = 3) and methotrexate-associated B cell LPD (MTX-associated B-LPD) (n = 2). One case had a concomitant brain lesion which was clinically diagnosed as EBV-related encephalitis. This patient received therapy with vidarabine, and both the brain lesion and the nodal EBV+ PBLPD-PCD lesions disappeared. Another case was characterized by Mott cell differentiation. This case was the first reported case of EBV+ B cell lymphoma or LPD with Mott cell differentiation. The two cases of MTX-associated B cell LPD which arose in patients with rheumatoid arthritis spontaneously regressed after MTX cessation. TCRγ and IGH PCR analysis was performed in four cases. Two cases had TCRγ rearrangements, but no IGH rearrangements. The other two cases had no rearrangements in these genes. We concluded that nodal EBV+ PBLPD-PCD is rare, with heterogeneous characteristics. PCR analysis revealed that nodal EBV+ PBLPD-PCD may have only TCR clonality and no IGH clonality. Considering the partial or complete loss of CD20 expression on the tumor cells, this result may be confusing for accurate diagnosis of EBV+ PBLPD-PCD, and pathologists need to be aware of this phenomenon to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satou
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Tabata
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Division of Pathophysiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ippei Tahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Kunio Mochizuki
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Taishi Takahara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Song YL, Wang BF, Jiang NG, Jin YM, Zeng TT. CD8 dimCD3 + lymphocytes in fever patients might be biomarkers of active EBV infection and exclusion indicator of T-LGLL. Biomark Med 2020; 14:1703-1715. [PMID: 33140976 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Massive monoclonal or oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ T cells is a notable feature of primary infections of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, the clinical significance of this expansion is not clear. Results: An increase in the CD8dimCD3+ lymphocyte subset in patients with active EBV infection was due to caspase-8-dependent apoptosis was found using flow cytometry in this study. The number of these cells was associated with the illness severity. Pan-T-cell antigen and receptor analyses were also compared in patients with active EBV infections and T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia to provide additional diagnostic information. Conclusion: The increase in CD8dimCD3+ cells could be a biomarker of active EBV infection and an exclusion indicator of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia with flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Bin-Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Neng-Gang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yong-Mei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
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30
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Lam JKP, Azzi T, Hui KF, Wong AMG, McHugh D, Caduff N, Chan KH, Münz C, Chiang AKS. Co-infection of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Diminishes the Frequency of CD56 dimNKG2A +KIR - NK Cells and Contributes to Suboptimal Control of EBV in Immunosuppressed Children With Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1231. [PMID: 32625211 PMCID: PMC7311655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication, frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which develops after solid organ or stem cell transplantation. Immunosuppression received by transplant recipients has a significant impact on the development of PTLD by suppressing the function of T cells. The preferential proliferation of NKG2A-positive natural killer (NK) cells during primary symptomatic EBV infection known as infectious mononucleosis (IM) and their reactivity toward EBV-infected B cells point to a role of NK cell in the immune control of EBV. However, NK cell-mediated immune response to EBV in immunosuppressed transplant recipients who develop PTLD remains unclear. In this study, we longitudinally analyzed the phenotype and function of different NK cell subsets in a cohort of pediatric liver transplant patients who develop PTLD and compared them to those of children with IM. We found persistently elevated plasma EBV DNA levels in the PTLD patients indicating suboptimal anti-viral immune control. PTLD patients had markedly decreased frequency of CD56dimNKG2A+Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)− NK cells from the time of diagnosis through remission compared to those of IM patients. Whilst the proliferation of CD56dimNKG2A+KIR− NK cells was diminished in PTLD patients, this NK cell subset maintained its ability to potently degranulate against EBV-infected B cells. Compared to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive and -negative IM patients, PTLD patients co-infected with CMV and EBV had significantly higher levels of a CMV-associated CD56dimNKG2ChiCD57+NKG2A−KIR+ NK cell subset accumulating at the expense of NKG2A+KIR− NK cells. Taken together, our data indicate that co-infection of CMV and EBV diminishes the frequency of CD56dimNKG2A+KIR− NK cells and contributes to suboptimal control of EBV in immunosuppressed children with PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K P Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Tarik Azzi
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K F Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Aikha M G Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Donal McHugh
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan K S Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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31
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Wadé NB, Chang CM, Conti D, Millstein J, Skibola C, Nieters A, Wang SS, De Sanjose S, Kane E, Spinelli JJ, Bracci P, Zhang Y, Slager S, Wang J, Hjalgrim H, Smedby KE, Brown EE, Jarrett RF, Cozen W. Infectious mononucleosis, immune genotypes, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): an InterLymph Consortium study. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:451-462. [PMID: 32124188 PMCID: PMC7534692 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the interaction between non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), infectious mononucleosis (IM) history, and immune-related genotypes in a pooled case-control analysis. METHODS A total of 7,926 NHL patients and 10,018 controls from 12 case-control studies were included. Studies were conducted during various time periods between 1988 and 2008, and participants were 17-96 years of age at the time of ascertainment/recruitment. Self-reported IM history and immune response genotypes were provided by the InterLymph Data Coordinating Center at Mayo Clinic. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression, and interactions were estimated using the empirical Bayes method. PACT was used to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS There was evidence of an interaction effect between IM history and two variants on T-cell lymphoma (TCL) risk: rs1143627 in interleukin-1B (IL1B) (pinteraction = 0.04, ORinteraction = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01, 0.87) and rs1800797 in interleukin-6 (IL6) (pinteraction = 0.03, ORinteraction = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01, 0.80). Neither interaction effect withstood adjustment for multiple comparisons. There were no statistically significant interactions between immune response genotypes and IM on other NHL subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic risk variants in IL1B and IL6 may affect the association between IM and TCL, possibly by influencing T-cell activation, growth, and differentiation in the presence of IM, thereby decreasing risk of immune cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niquelle Brown Wadé
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company (Cigna), Bloomfield, CT, USA
| | - Cindy M Chang
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Millstein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Skibola
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophia S Wang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Silvia De Sanjose
- Sexual and Reproductive Health, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleanor Kane
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John J Spinelli
- Population Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paige Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Susan Slager
- Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Ekstrom Smedby
- Karolinska Institutet, Sweden University Hospital, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth E Brown
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ruth F Jarrett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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32
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Asad U, Warraich I, Idicula W. Infectious mononucleosis-related tonsillar hyperplasia mimicking T-cell lymphoma on histopathology: A rare case and review. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23772484.2020.1735251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Asad
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Irfan Warraich
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Winslo Idicula
- Department of Otolaryngology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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33
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Sidorova YV, Sychevskaya KA, Chernova NG, Julhakyan HL, Smirnova SJ, Ryzhikova NV, Gorodetskiy VR, Naumova EV, Sudarikov AB. High Incidence of Clonal CD8+ T-cell Proliferation in Non-malignant Conditions May Reduce the Significance of T-cell Clonality Assay for Differential Diagnosis in Oncohematology. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:203-208. [PMID: 32046930 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR) genes is a valuable diagnostic tool for differential diagnosis of T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia and reactive lymphocytosis. Age-related narrowing of T-cells repertoire and expansion of immune or autoimmune clones may lead to false-positive results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the specificity and positive predictive value of PCR-based clonality assessment for a differential diagnostics of T-LGL leukemia. Rearrangements of TCRG and TCRB genes using the BIOMED-2 protocol were assessed in healthy individuals including the elderly (n = 62) and patients with rheumatic diseases (n = 14), transitory reactive CD8+ lymphocytosis (n = 17), and T-LGL leukemia (n = 42). Monoclonal TCRG/TCRB rearrangements in blood were identified in 11.3%/4.8% (7/3 of 62) of healthy individuals; 21.4%/14.3% (3/2 of 14) of patients with rheumatic diseases, and 17.6%/11.8% (3/2 of 17) of patients with reactive lymphocytosis. Immunomagnetic selection of lymphocytes in healthy individuals (31 of 33) revealed that clonal T-cells belong to CD8+ and CD57+ population. No clonal Vβ-Jβ TCRB rearrangements were found in the control group, only Dβ-Jβ TCRB and TCRG. Given the high detectability (96.7%) of Vβ-Jβ TCRB monoclonal rearrangements in patients with αβ-T-LGL leukemia, this marker had the greatest specificity and positive predictive value (100%; 99.2%). The presence of clonal CD8+CD57+ cells in blood is common for healthy individuals and patients with reactive conditions and may not associate with any malignancy. Different specificity of TCRG/ Dβ-Jβ TRB/ Vβ-Jβ TCRB PCR reactions should be taken into account for T-cell clonality data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vadim R Gorodetskiy
- V. A. Nasonova Scientific and Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Naumova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Continuous Education, Moscow, Russia
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34
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The promise of a prophylactic Epstein-Barr virus vaccine. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:345-352. [PMID: 31641280 PMCID: PMC8938943 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide burden of disease due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is enormous. Diseases include endemic Burkitt lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, cancers after transplantation, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A prophylactic EBV vaccine has the potential to significantly reduce the incidence and/or the severity of all these diseases. Infectious mononucleosis can be nasty and prolonged with a median duration of 17 days. Patients, especially children, undergoing bone marrow or solid organ transplantation may develop post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Preventing or modifying primary EBV infection could reduce the incidence PTLD, and also certain lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV is a major environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Contracting EBV is essential to getting MS, and having a childhood case of infectious mononucleosis increases that risk. Vaccinating against EBV could be vaccinating against MS.
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35
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Immune Control and Vaccination against the Epstein-Barr Virus in Humanized Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040217. [PMID: 31861045 PMCID: PMC6963577 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) offer the unique opportunity to test vaccines preclinically in the context of vaccine adjuvant sensing by human antigen presenting cells and priming of human cytotoxic lymphocyte populations. These features are particularly attractive for immune control of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which represents the most potent growth-transforming pathogen in man and exclusively relies on cytotoxic lymphocytes for its asymptomatic persistence in the vast majority of healthy virus carriers. This immune control is particularly impressive because EBV infects more than 95% of the human adult population and persists without pathology for more than 50 years in most of them. This review will discuss the pathologies that EBV elicits in humanized mice, which immune responses control it in this model, as well as which passive and active vaccination schemes with adoptive T cell transfer and with virus-like particles or individual antigens, respectively, have been explored in this model so far. EBV-specific CD8+ T cell priming in humanized mice could provide crucial insights into how cytotoxic lymphocytes against other viruses and tumors might be elicited by vaccination in humans.
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36
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Lawler C, Simas JP, Stevenson PG. Vaccine protection against murid herpesvirus-4 is maintained when the priming virus lacks known latency genes. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 98:67-78. [PMID: 31630452 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Herpesviruses establish latent infections of lymphocytes and drive their proliferation, causing cancers and motivating a search for vaccines. Effective vaccination against murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4)-driven lymphoproliferation by latency-impaired mutant viruses suggests that lytic access to the latency reservoir is a viable target for control. However, the vaccines retained the immunogenic MuHV-4 M2 latency gene. Here, a strong reduction in challenge virus load was maintained when the challenge virus lacked the main latency-associated CD8+ T-cell epitope of M2, or when the vaccine virus lacked M2 entirely. This protection was maintained also when the vaccine virus lacked both episome maintenance and the genomic region encompassing M1, M2, M3, M4 and ORF4. Therefore, protection did not require immunity to known MuHV-4 latency genes. As the remaining vaccine virus genes have clear homologs in human γ-herpesviruses, this approach of deleting viral latency genes could also be applied to them, to generate safe and effective vaccines against human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lawler
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - João Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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37
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Abstract
Vaccination against γ-herpesviruses has been hampered by our limited understanding of their normal control. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells are killed by viral latency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro, but attempts to block B cell infection with antibody or to prime anti-viral CD8+ T cells have protected poorly in vivo. The Doherty laboratory used Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) to analyze γ-herpesvirus control in mice and found CD4+ T cell dependence, with viral evasion limiting CD8+ T cell function. MuHV-4 colonizes germinal center (GC) B cells via lytic transfer from myeloid cells, and CD4+ T cells control myeloid infection. GC colonization and protective, lytic antigen-specific CD4+ T cells are now evident also for EBV. Subunit vaccines have protected only transiently against MuHV-4, but whole virus vaccines give long-term protection, via CD4+ T cells and antibody. They block infection transfer to B cells, and need include no known viral latency gene, nor any MuHV-4-specific gene. Thus, the Doherty approach of in vivo murine analysis has led to a plausible vaccine strategy for EBV and, perhaps, some insight into what CD8+ T cells really do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Center, Brisbane, Australia
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38
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Satou A, Tabata T, Miyoshi H, Kohno K, Suzuki Y, Yamashita D, Shimada K, Kawasaki T, Sato Y, Yoshino T, Ohshima K, Takahara T, Tsuzuki T, Nakamura S. Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders of T-cell phenotype: clinicopathological analysis of 28 cases. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1135-1146. [PMID: 30952973 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are categorized as "other immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in the WHO classification. Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder is mainly a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders or Hodgkin lymphoma type, whereas T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are relatively rare (4-8%). Only a small number of methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders have been detailed thus far. Because of the rarity, methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder has not been well studied and its clinicopathological characteristics are unknown. A total of 28 cases of methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders were retrospectively analyzed. Histologically and immunohistochemically, they were divided into three main types: angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (n = 19), peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS (n = 6), and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma (n = 3). Among the 28 cases, only one CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma case was Epstein-Barr virus-positive. The other 27 cases were negative for Epstein-Barr virus on tumor cells, but scattered Epstein-Barr virus-infected B-cells were detected in 24 cases (89%), implying the reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus caused by immunodeficient status of the patients. After the diagnosis of methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, methotrexate was immediately withdrawn in 26 cases. Twenty (77%) cases presented with spontaneous regression. Compared to methotrexate-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, patients with methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder had a significantly higher proportion of males (p = 0.035) and presence of B-symptoms (p = 0.036), and lower proportion of Epstein-Barr virus+ tumor cells (p < 0.001). Although the difference was not significant, the methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder also had more frequent spontaneous regression (p = 0.061). In conclusion, methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder was divided into three main types: angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS, and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma was the most common type. Methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder was characterized by a high rate of spontaneous regression after methotrexate cessation. Epstein-Barr virus positivity was relatively rare in methotrexate-associated T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, significantly less frequent than methotrexate-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, suggesting different pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Satou
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Tabata
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kei Kohno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Kobe City Hospital Organization, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Shimada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawasaki
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Division of Pathophysiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Taishi Takahara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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39
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Chatterjee B, Deng Y, Holler A, Nunez N, Azzi T, Vanoaica LD, Müller A, Zdimerova H, Antsiferova O, Zbinden A, Capaul R, Dreyer JH, Nadal D, Becher B, Robinson MD, Stauss H, Münz C. CD8+ T cells retain protective functions despite sustained inhibitory receptor expression during Epstein-Barr virus infection in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007748. [PMID: 31145756 PMCID: PMC6542544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most ubiquitous human pathogens in the world, persistently infecting more than 90% of the adult human population. It drives some of the strongest human CD8+ T cell responses, which can be observed during symptomatic primary infection known as infectious mononucleosis (IM). Despite high viral loads and prolonged CD8+ T cell stimulation during IM, EBV enters latency and is under lifelong immune control in most individuals that experience this disease. We investigated whether changes in T cell function, as frequently characterized by PD-1 up-regulation, occur during IM due to the prolonged exposure to high antigen levels. We readily detected the expansion of PD-1 positive CD8+ T cells together with high frequencies of Tim-3, 2B4, and KLRG1 expression during IM and in mice with reconstituted human immune system components (huNSG mice) that had been infected with a high dose of EBV. These PD-1 positive CD8+ T cells, however, retained proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic abilities. Multiple subsets of CD8+ T cells expanded during EBV infection, including PD-1+Tim-3+KLRG1+ cells that express CXCR5 and TCF-1 germinal center homing and memory markers, and may also contain BATF3. Moreover, blocking the PD-1 axis compromised EBV specific immune control and resulted in virus-associated lymphomagenesis. Finally, PD-1+, Tim-3+, and KLRG1+ CD8+ T cell expansion coincided with declining viral loads during low dose EBV infection. These findings suggest that EBV infection primes PD-1 positive CD8+ T cell populations that rely on this receptor axis for the efficient immune control of this ubiquitous human tumor virus. Since its discovery as a tumor virus by Epstein and colleagues in 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in many serious diseases, including infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Currently, in vivo studies are lacking to understand the comprehensive immune control of EBV in most healthy virus carriers, and, in particular, the characteristics of the CD8+ T cells involved in this process. We find that even though CD8+ T cells express multiple inhibitory receptors including PD-1 during primary EBV infection, they appear to retain an ability to produce cytokines, to kill infected cells, and to proliferate. Importantly, blocking the PD-1 pathway leads to defects in EBV-specific control and increased virus-induced tumor formation, indicating that this axis is important for viral control. This is in contrast to previous studies where releasing an inhibitory block is important for reinvigorating immune responses against cancer. Because PD-1 function is required to keep EBV in check, this study provides evidence against blocking co-inhibitory pathways in disease settings that require improved immune control of chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bithi Chatterjee
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yun Deng
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Holler
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Nunez
- Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tarik Azzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Müller
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olga Antsiferova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Riccarda Capaul
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Nadal
- Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D. Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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40
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Shi M, Jevremovic D, Otteson GE, Timm MM, Olteanu H, Horna P. Single Antibody Detection of T-Cell Receptor αβ Clonality by Flow Cytometry Rapidly Identifies Mature T-Cell Neoplasms and Monotypic Small CD8-Positive Subsets of Uncertain Significance. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 98:99-107. [PMID: 30972977 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of T-cell neoplasms is often challenging, due to overlapping features with reactive T-cells and limitations of currently available T-cell clonality assays. The description of an antibody specific for one of two mutually exclusive T-cell receptor (TCR) β-chain constant regions (TRBC1) provide an opportunity to facilitate the detection of clonal TCRαβ T-cells based on TRBC-restriction. METHODS Twenty patients with mature T-cell neoplasms and 44 patients without evidence of T-cell neoplasia were studied. Peripheral blood (51), bone marrow (10), and lymph node (3) specimens were evaluated by 9-color flow cytometry including TRBC1 (CD2/CD3/CD4/CD5/CD7/CD8/CD45/TCRγδ/TRBC1 and/or CD2/CD3/CD4/CD5/CD7/CD8/CD26/CD45/TRBC1). Monophasic TRBC1 expression on any immunophenotypically distinct CD4-positive or CD8-positive/TCRγδ-negative T-cell subset was considered indicative of clonality. RESULTS Monophasic (clonal) TRBC1 expression was identified on immunophenotypically abnormal T-cells from all 20 patients with T-cell malignancies (100% sensitivity), including 17 cases with either >97% or <3% TRBC1-positive events, and three cases with monophasic homogenous TRBC1-dim expression. All immunophenotypically distinct CD4-positive and CD8-positive/TCRγδ-negative T-cell subsets from 44 patients without T-cell malignancies showed the expected mixture of TRBC1-positive and TRBC-1-negative subpopulations (non-clonal), except for seven patients (16%) with very small CD8-positive T-cell subsets exhibiting a monophasic (clonal) pattern. CONCLUSION Inclusion of a single anti-TRBC1 antibody into a diagnostic T-cell flow cytometry panel facilitates the rapid identification of T-cell neoplasms, in addition to small monotypic CD8-positive subsets of uncertain significance. © 2019 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Michael M Timm
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Horatiu Olteanu
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pedro Horna
- Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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41
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Barros MHM, Vera-Lozada G, Segges P, Hassan R, Niedobitek G. Revisiting the Tissue Microenvironment of Infectious Mononucleosis: Identification of EBV Infection in T Cells and Deep Characterization of Immune Profiles. Front Immunol 2019; 10:146. [PMID: 30842768 PMCID: PMC6391352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To aid understanding of primary EBV infection, we have performed an in depth analysis of EBV-infected cells and of local immune cells in tonsils from infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients. We show that EBV is present in approximately 50% of B-cells showing heterogeneous patterns of latent viral gene expression probably reflecting different stages of infection. While the vast majority of EBV+ cells are B-cells, around 9% express T-cell antigens, with a predominance of CD8+ over CD4+ cells. PD-L1 was expressed by a median of 14% of EBV+ cells. The numbers of EBER+PD-L1+ cells were directly correlated with the numbers of EBER+CD3+ and EBER+CD8+ cells suggesting a possible role for PD-L1 in EBV infection of T-cells. The microenvironment of IM tonsils was characterized by a predominance of M1-polarized macrophages over M2-polarized cells. However, at the T-cell level, a heterogeneous picture emerged with numerous Th1/cytotoxic cells accompanied and sometimes outnumbered by Th2/regulatory T-cells. Further, we observed a direct correlation between the numbers of Th2-like cells and EBV- B-cells. Also, a prevalence of cytotoxic T-cells over Th2-like cells was associated with an increased viral load. These observations point to contribution of B- and Th2-like cells to the control of primary EBV infection. 35% of CD8+ cells were differentiated CD8+TBET+ cells, frequently detected in post-capillary venules. An inverse correlation was observed between the numbers of CD8+TBET+ cells and viral load suggesting a pivotal role for these cells in the control of primary EBV infection. Our results provide the basis for a better understanding of immune reactions in EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Vera-Lozada
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Segges
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerald Niedobitek
- Institute for Pathology, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Sorel O, Dewals BG. The Critical Role of Genome Maintenance Proteins in Immune Evasion During Gammaherpesvirus Latency. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3315. [PMID: 30687291 PMCID: PMC6333680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are important pathogens that establish latent infection in their natural host for lifelong persistence. During latency, the viral genome persists in the nucleus of infected cells as a circular episomal element while the viral gene expression program is restricted to non-coding RNAs and a few latency proteins. Among these, the genome maintenance protein (GMP) is part of the small subset of genes expressed in latently infected cells. Despite sharing little peptidic sequence similarity, gammaherpesvirus GMPs have conserved functions playing essential roles in latent infection. Among these functions, GMPs have acquired an intriguing capacity to evade the cytotoxic T cell response through self-limitation of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation, further ensuring virus persistence in the infected host. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the main functions of gammaherpesvirus GMPs during latency with an emphasis on their immune evasion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Sorel
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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43
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Tatfi M, Hermine O, Suarez F. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Ataxia Telangiectasia: Does ATM Regulate EBV Life Cycle? Front Immunol 2019; 9:3060. [PMID: 30662441 PMCID: PMC6329310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an ubiquitous herpesvirus with a tropism for epithelial cells (where lytic replication occurs) and B-cells (where latency is maintained). EBV persists throughout life and chronic infection is asymptomatic in most individuals. However, immunocompromised patients may be unable to control EBV infection and are at increased risk of EBV-related malignancies, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas or Hodgkin's lymphomas. Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the ATM gene and associated with an increased incidence of cancers, particularly EBV-associated lymphomas. However, the immune deficiency present in AT patients is often too modest to explain the increased incidence of EBV-related malignancies. The ATM defect in these patients could therefore impair the normal regulation of EBV latency in B-cells, thus promoting lymphomagenesis. This suggests that ATM plays a role in the normal regulation of EBV latency. ATM is a serine/threonine kinase involved in multiple cell functions such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress, and gene expression. ATM is implicated in the lytic cycle of EBV, where EBV uses the activation of DNA damage repair pathway to promote its own replication. ATM regulates the latent cycle of the EBV-related herpesvirus KSHV and MHV68. However, the contribution of ATM in the control of the latent cycle of EBV is not yet known. A better understanding of the regulation of EBV latency could be harnessed in the conception of novel therapeutic strategies in AT and more generally in all ATM deficient EBV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Suarez
- INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL8254 - Laboratory of cellular and molecular mechanisms of hematological disorders and therapeutic implications, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
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44
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Wang HW, Raffeld M. Molecular assessment of clonality in lymphoid neoplasms. Semin Hematol 2018; 56:37-45. [PMID: 30573043 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clonality assays in B- and T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders often provide critical information in establishing a diagnosis of a lymphoproliferative disorder. These assays rely on the unique genetic structures that serve as assay targets, created in the process of generating immunoglobulin and T-cell receptors during B- and T-cell development. Molecular clonality assays are generally used when flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry has not sufficiently clarified the benign or malignant nature of a lymphoid proliferation. Additionally, since molecular clonality assays are tumor specific, they allow the clinician to distinguish recurrences from second tumors, and have the sensitivity to monitor minimal residual disease. In this review, we discuss the principles underlying these tests, the current approaches to clonality testing, some of the pitfalls in their interpretation, and the future applications of next generation sequencing technology to clonality testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wei Wang
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Molecular Diagnostics Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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45
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Gammaherpesvirus Colonization of the Spleen Requires Lytic Replication in B Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02199-17. [PMID: 29343572 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02199-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses infect lymphocytes and cause lymphocytic cancers. Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus all infect B cells. Latent infection can spread by B cell recirculation and proliferation, but whether this alone achieves systemic infection is unclear. To test the need of MuHV-4 for lytic infection in B cells, we flanked its essential ORF50 lytic transactivator with loxP sites and then infected mice expressing B cell-specific Cre (CD19-Cre). The floxed virus replicated normally in Cre- mice. In CD19-Cre mice, nasal and lymph node infections were maintained; but there was little splenomegaly, and splenic virus loads remained low. Cre-mediated removal of other essential lytic genes gave a similar phenotype. CD19-Cre spleen infection by intraperitoneal virus was also impaired. Therefore, MuHV-4 had to emerge lytically from B cells to colonize the spleen. An important role for B cell lytic infection in host colonization is consistent with the large CD8+ T cell responses made to gammaherpesvirus lytic antigens during infectious mononucleosis and suggests that vaccine-induced immunity capable of suppressing B cell lytic infection might reduce long-term virus loads.IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses cause B cell cancers. Most models of host colonization derive from cell cultures with continuous, virus-driven B cell proliferation. However, vaccines based on these models have worked poorly. To test whether proliferating B cells suffice for host colonization, we inactivated the capacity of MuHV-4, a gammaherpesvirus of mice, to reemerge from B cells. The modified virus was able to colonize a first wave of B cells in lymph nodes but spread poorly to B cells in secondary sites such as the spleen. Consequently, viral loads remained low. These results were consistent with virus-driven B cell proliferation exploiting normal host pathways and thus having to transfer lytically to new B cells for new proliferation. We conclude that viral lytic infection is a potential target to reduce B cell proliferation.
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46
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Lam JKP, Hui KF, Ning RJ, Xu XQ, Chan KH, Chiang AKS. Emergence of CD4+ and CD8+ Polyfunctional T Cell Responses Against Immunodominant Lytic and Latent EBV Antigens in Children With Primary EBV Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:416. [PMID: 29599759 PMCID: PMC5863510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term carriers were shown to generate robust polyfunctional T cell (PFC) responses against lytic and latent antigens of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, the time of emergence of PFC responses against EBV antigens, pattern of immunodominance and difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses during various stages of EBV infection are not clearly understood. A longitudinal study was performed to assess the development of antigen-specific PFC responses in children diagnosed to have primary symptomatic (infectious mononucleosis [IM]) and asymptomatic (AS) EBV infection. Evaluation of IFN-γ secreting CD8+ T cell responses upon stimulation by HLA class I-specific peptides of EBV lytic and latent proteins by ELISPOT assay followed by assessment of CD4+ and CD8+ PFC responses upon stimulation by a panel of overlapping EBV peptides for co-expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, perforin and CD107a by flow cytometry were performed. Cytotoxicity of T cells against autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) as well as EBV loads in PBMC and plasma were also determined. Both IM and AS patients had elevated PBMC and plasma viral loads which declined steadily during a 12-month period from the time of diagnosis whilst decrease in the magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses toward EBV lytic peptides in contrast to increase toward latent peptides was shown with no significant difference between those of IM and AS patients. Both lytic and latent antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells demonstrated polyfunctionality (defined as greater or equal to three functions) concurrent with enhanced cytotoxicity against autologous LCLs and steady decrease in plasma and PBMC viral loads over time. Immunodominant peptides derived from BZLF1, BRLF1, BMLF1 and EBNA3A-C proteins induced the highest proportion of CD8+ as well as CD4+ PFC responses. Diverse functional subtypes of both CD4+ and CD8+ PFCs were shown to emerge at 6–12 months. In conclusion, EBV antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ PFC responses emerge during the first year of primary EBV infection, with greatest responses toward immunodominant epitopes in both lytic and latent proteins, correlating to steady decline in PBMC and plasma viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K P Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K F Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond J Ning
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - X Q Xu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Alan K S Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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47
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Cruz-Muñoz ME, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Beta and Gamma Human Herpesviruses: Agonistic and Antagonistic Interactions with the Host Immune System. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2521. [PMID: 29354096 PMCID: PMC5760548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse biological entities in the planet. Historically, our main interest in viruses has focused on their pathogenic role, recognized by pandemics that have decimated the world population. However, viral infections have also played a major role in the evolution of cellular organisms, both through interchanging of genes with novel functions and shaping the immune system. Examples abound of infections that seriously compromise the host integrity, but evidence of plant and insect viruses mutualistic relationships have recently surfaced in which infected hosts are better suited for survival, arguing that virus-host interactions are initially parasitic but become mutualistic over years of co-evolution. A similar mutual help scenario has emerged with commensal gut bacteria. EBV is a herpesvirus that shares more than a hundred million years of co-evolution with humans, today successfully infecting close to 100% of the adult world population. Infection is usually acquired early in childhood persisting for the host lifetime mostly without apparent clinical symptoms. Disturbance of this homeostasis is rare and results in several diseases, of which the best understood are infectious mononucleosis and several EBV-associated cancers. Less understood are recently found inborn errors of the immune system that result in primary immunodeficiencies with an increased predisposition almost exclusive to EBV-associated diseases. Puzzling to these scenarios of broken homeostasis is the co-existence of immunosuppression, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. Homologous to EBV, HCMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 are herpesviruses that also latently infect most individuals. Several lines of evidence support a mutualistic equilibrium between HCMV/EBV and hosts, that when altered trigger diseases in which the immune system plays a critical role. Interestingly, these beta and gamma herpesviruses persistently infect all immune lineages and early precursor cells. In this review, we will discuss the evidence of the benefits that infection of immune cells with these herpesviruses brings to the host. Also, the circumstances in which this positive relationship is broken, predisposing the host to diseases characterized by an abnormal function of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Cruz-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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48
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Ganesan P, Chandwani MN, Creisher PS, Bohn L, O'Donnell LA. The neonatal anti-viral response fails to control measles virus spread in neurons despite interferon-gamma expression and a Th1-like cytokine profile. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 316:80-97. [PMID: 29366594 PMCID: PMC6003673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to viral infections in the periphery, potentially due to deviant cytokine responses. Here, we investigated the role of interferon-gamma (IFNγ), a key anti-viral in the neonatal brain. We found that (i) IFNγ, which is critical for viral control and survival in adults, delays mortality in neonates, (ii) IFNγ limits infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells in the neonatal brain, (iii) neonates and adults differentially express pathogen recognition receptors and Type I interferons in response to the infection, (iv) both neonates and adults express IFNγ and other Th1-related factors, but expression of many cytokines/chemokines and IFNγ-responsive genes is age-dependent, and (v) administration of IFNγ extends survival and reduces CD4 T cell infiltration in the neonatal brain. Our findings suggest age-dependent expression of cytokine/chemokine profiles in the brain and distinct dynamic interplays between lymphocyte populations and cytokines/chemokines in MV-infected neonates. The role of the anti-viral cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is investigated during a neonatal viral infection in CNS neurons. IFNγ did not prevent mortality in neonates, but it slowed disease progression. IFNγ reduced infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells in the neonatal CNS. Both adult and neonatal mice expressed Th1-like cytokines, including IFNγ and some IFNγ-stimulated genes, during infection. Despite a Th1-like cytokine profile in the neonatal CNS, the cytokine milieu is ineffective at controlling viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ganesan
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Manisha N Chandwani
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Larissa Bohn
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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49
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Kimura H, Cohen JI. Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1867. [PMID: 29375552 PMCID: PMC5770746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic active Epstein–Barr virus (CAEBV) disease is a rare disorder in which persons are unable to control infection with the virus. The disease is progressive with markedly elevated levels of EBV DNA in the blood and infiltration of organs by EBV-positive lymphocytes. Patients often present with fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, EBV hepatitis, or pancytopenia. Over time, these patients develop progressive immunodeficiency and if not treated, succumb to opportunistic infections, hemophagocytosis, multiorgan failure, or EBV-positive lymphomas. Patients with CAEBV in the United States most often present with disease involving B or T cells, while in Asia, the disease usually involves T or NK cells. The only proven effective treatment for the disease is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current studies to find a cause of this disease focus on immune defects and genetic abnormalities associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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50
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Kallert SM, Darbre S, Bonilla WV, Kreutzfeldt M, Page N, Müller P, Kreuzaler M, Lu M, Favre S, Kreppel F, Löhning M, Luther SA, Zippelius A, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Replicating viral vector platform exploits alarmin signals for potent CD8 + T cell-mediated tumour immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15327. [PMID: 28548102 PMCID: PMC5458557 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections lead to alarmin release and elicit potent cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte (CTLeff) responses. Conversely, the induction of protective tumour-specific CTLeff and their recruitment into the tumour remain challenging tasks. Here we show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be engineered to serve as a replication competent, stably-attenuated immunotherapy vector (artLCMV). artLCMV delivers tumour-associated antigens to dendritic cells for efficient CTL priming. Unlike replication-deficient vectors, artLCMV targets also lymphoid tissue stroma cells expressing the alarmin interleukin-33. By triggering interleukin-33 signals, artLCMV elicits CTLeff responses of higher magnitude and functionality than those induced by replication-deficient vectors. Superior anti-tumour efficacy of artLCMV immunotherapy depends on interleukin-33 signalling, and a massive CTLeff influx triggers an
inflammatory conversion of the tumour microenvironment. Our observations suggest that replicating viral delivery systems can release alarmins for improved anti-tumour efficacy. These mechanistic insights may outweigh safety concerns around replicating viral vectors in cancer immunotherapy. Viruses trigger potent cytotoxic T cell responses, whereas anti-tumour immunity has been difficult to establish. Here the authors engineer a replicating viral delivery system for tumour-associated antigens, which induces alarmin release, innate activation and protective anti-tumour immunity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Kallert
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Darbre
- Departement de Pathologie et Immunologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Weldy V Bonilla
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Departement de Pathologie et Immunologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Departement de Pathologie et Immunologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kreuzaler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Min Lu
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Favre
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 144, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Immunity and Infection Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 144, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Departement de Pathologie et Immunologie, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
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