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Hall AM, Kamei N, Shao M, Mun HS, Chen K, Chen Y, Baram TZ. Inhibition of Neuron-Restrictive Silencing Factor (REST/NRSF) Chromatin Binding Attenuates Epileptogenesis. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0006-24.2024. [PMID: 38641413 PMCID: PMC11103648 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0006-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which brain insults lead to subsequent epilepsy remain unclear. Insults including trauma, stroke, infections, and long seizures (status epilepticus, SE) increase the nuclear expression and chromatin binding of the neuron-restrictive silencing factor/RE-1 silencing transcription factor (NRSF/REST). REST/NRSF orchestrates major disruption of the expression of key neuronal genes, including ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, potentially contributing to epileptogenesis. Accordingly, transient interference with REST/NRSF chromatin binding after an epilepsy-provoking SE suppressed spontaneous seizures for the 12 d duration of a prior study. However, whether the onset of epileptogenesis was suppressed or only delayed has remained unresolved. The current experiments determined if transient interference with REST/NRSF chromatin binding prevented epileptogenesis enduringly or, alternatively, slowed epilepsy onset. Epileptogenesis was elicited in adult male rats via systemic kainic acid-induced SE (KA-SE). We then determined if decoy, NRSF-binding-motif oligodeoxynucleotides (NRSE-ODNs), given twice following KA-SE (1) prevented REST/NRSF binding to chromatin, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, or (2) prevented the onset of spontaneous seizures, measured with chronic digital video-electroencephalogram. Blocking NRSF function transiently after KA-SE significantly lengthened the latent period to a first spontaneous seizure. Whereas this intervention did not influence the duration and severity of spontaneous seizures, total seizure number and seizure burden were lower in the NRSE-ODN compared with scrambled-ODN cohorts. Transient interference with REST/NRSF function after KA-SE delays and moderately attenuates insult-related hippocampal epilepsy, but does not abolish it. Thus, the anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic actions of NRSF are but one of the multifactorial mechanisms generating epilepsy in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Noriko Kamei
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Manlin Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Hyun-Seung Mun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Yuncai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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2
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Han Y, Weng W, Zhang Y, Feng Q, Ma Y, Quan A, Fu X, Zhao X, Skudder-Hill L, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Chen H, Feng J. Intraoperative application of intelligent, responsive, self-assembling hydrogel rectifies oxygen and energy metabolism in traumatically injured brain. Biomaterials 2024; 306:122495. [PMID: 38309053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In managing severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), emergency surgery involving the removal of damaged brain tissue and intracerebral hemorrhage is a priority. Secondary brain injury caused by oxidative stress and energy metabolic disorders, triggered by both primary mechanical brain damage and surgical insult, is also a determining factor in the prognosis of TBI. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of traditional postoperative intravenous neuroprotective agents therapy is often limited by the lack of targeting, timeliness, and side effects when neuroprotective agents systemically delivered. Here, we have developed injectable, intelligent, self-assembling hydrogels (P-RT/2DG) that can achieve precise treatment through intraoperative application to the target area. P-RT/2DG hydrogels were prepared by integrating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive thioketal linker (RT) into polyethylene glycol. By scavenging ROS and releasing 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) during degradation, these hydrogels functioned both in antioxidation and energy metabolism to inhibit the vicious cycle of post-TBI ROS-lactate which provoked secondary injury. In vitro and in vivo tests confirmed the absence of systemic side effects and the neuroprotective function of P-RT/2DG hydrogels in reducing edema, nerve cell apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Our study thus provides a potential treatment strategy with novel hydrogels in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Han
- Brain Injury Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiji Weng
- Brain Injury Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Feng
- Brain Injury Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiao Ma
- Brain Injury Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China
| | - Ankang Quan
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xianhua Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suqian First People's Hospital, The Suqian Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Radiology Department, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Loren Skudder-Hill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, Tsinghua University School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Brain Injury Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Radiology Department, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suqian First People's Hospital, The Suqian Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China.
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Brain Injury Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, China.
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Spinazzola A, Perez-Rodriguez D, Ježek J, Holt IJ. Mitochondrial DNA competition: starving out the mutant genome. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:225-242. [PMID: 38402076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
High levels of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants lead to severe genetic diseases, and the accumulation of such mutants may also contribute to common disorders. Thus, selecting against these mutants is a major goal in mitochondrial medicine. Although mutant mtDNA can drift randomly, mounting evidence indicates that active forces play a role in the selection for and against mtDNA variants. The underlying mechanisms are beginning to be clarified, and recent studies suggest that metabolic cues, including fuel availability, contribute to shaping mtDNA heteroplasmy. In the context of pathological mtDNAs, remodeling of nutrient metabolism supports mitochondria with deleterious mtDNAs and enables them to outcompete functional variants owing to a replicative advantage. The elevated nutrient requirement represents a mutant Achilles' heel because small molecules that restrict nutrient consumption or interfere with nutrient sensing can purge cells of deleterious mtDNAs and restore mitochondrial respiration. These advances herald the dawn of a new era of small-molecule therapies to counteract pathological mtDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Spinazzola
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Diego Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Jan Ježek
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Ian J Holt
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation for Science), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Institute Carlos III), 28031 Madrid, Spain; Universidad de País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bilbao, Spain.
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Wang Y, Liu H, Nie X, Lu N, Yan S, Wang X, Zhao Y. L-shaped association of triglyceride glucose index and sensorineural hearing loss: results from a cross-sectional study and Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1339731. [PMID: 38464969 PMCID: PMC10921358 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1339731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The association between the sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index remains inadequately understood. This investigation seeks to elucidate the connection between the TyG index and SNHL. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we utilized datasets sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 1,851 participants aged 20 to 69, utilizing complete audiometry data from the NHANES database spanning from 2007 to 2018. All enrolled participants had accessible hearing data, and the average thresholds were measured and calculated as both low-frequency pure-tone average and high-frequency pure-tone average. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was defined as an average pure tone of 20 dB or higher in at least one better ear. Our analysis involved the application of multivariate linear regression models to examine the linear relationship between the TyG index and SNHL. To delineate any non-linear associations, we utilized fitted smoothing curves and conducted threshold effect analysis. Furthermore, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study, leveraging genetic data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on circulating lipids, blood glucose, and SNHL. The primary analytical method for the MR study was the application of the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) approach. Results In our multivariate linear regression analysis, a substantial positive correlation emerged between the TyG index and SNHL [2.10 (1.80-2.44), p < 0.0001]. Furthermore, using a two-segment linear regression model, we found an L-shaped relationship between TyG index, fasting blood glucose and SNHL with an inflection point of 9.07 and 94 mg/dL, respectively. Specifically, TyG index [3.60, (1.42-9.14)] and blood glucose [1.01, (1.00-1.01)] concentration higher than the threshold values was positively associated with SNHL risk. Genetically determined triglyceride levels demonstrated a causal impact on SNHL (OR = 1.092, p = 8.006 × 10-4). In addition, blood glucose was found to have a protective effect on SNHL (OR = 0.886, p = 1.012 × 10-2). Conclusions An L-shaped association was identified among the TyG index, fasting blood glucose, and SNHL in the American population. TyG index of more than 9.07 and blood glucose of more than 94 mg/dL were significantly and positively associated with SNHL risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinlin Nie
- Department of Orthopedic Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Zaitsev AV. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Epilepsy 2.0. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17464. [PMID: 38139292 PMCID: PMC10743424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Hoffman OR, Patterson A, Gohar E, Coleman E, Espina JEC, Schoenike B, Espinosa-Garcia C, Paredes F, Dingledine R, Maguire J, Roopra A. Profound seizure suppression and disease modification by targeting JAK1, a key driver of a pro-epileptogenic gene network. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552299. [PMID: 37662337 PMCID: PMC10473616 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the 4th most prevalent neurological disorder with over 50 million cases worldwide. While a number of drugs exist to suppress seizures, approximately 1/3 of patients remain drug resistant, and no current treatments are disease modifying. Using network and systems-based approaches, we find that the histone methylase EZH2 suppresses epileptogenesis and slows disease progression, via repression of JAK1 and STAT3 signaling in hippocampal neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of JAK1 with the orally available, FDA-approved drug CP690550 (Tofacitinib) profoundly suppresses behavioral and electrographic seizures after the onset of epilepsy across preclinical rodent models of acquired epilepsy. This seizure suppression persists for weeks after drug withdrawal. Identification of an endogenous protective response to status epilepticus in the form of EZH2 induction has highlighted a critical role for the JAK1 kinase and STAT3 in both the initiation and propagation of epilepsy across preclinical rodent models and human disease. Overall, we find that STAT3 is transiently activated after insult, reactivates with spontaneous seizures, and remains targetable for disease modification in chronic epilepsy.
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7
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Contenti J, Guo Y, Mazzu A, Irondelle M, Rouleau M, Lago C, Leva G, Tiberi L, Ben-Sahra I, Bost F, Mazure NM. The mitochondrial NADH shuttle system is a targetable vulnerability for Group 3 medulloblastoma in a hypoxic microenvironment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:784. [PMID: 38036520 PMCID: PMC10689432 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a cancerous brain tumor that affects mostly children. Among the four groups defined by molecular characteristics, Group 3, the least well characterized, is also the least favorable, with a survival rate of 50%. Current treatments, based on surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are not adequate and the lack of understanding of the different molecular features of Group 3 tumor cells makes the development of effective therapies challenging. In this study, the problem of medulloblastoma is approached from a metabolic standpoint in a low oxygen microenvironment. We establish that Group 3 cells use both the mitochondrial glycerol-3 phosphate (G3PS) and malate-aspartate shuttles (MAS) to produce NADH. Small molecules that target G3PS and MAS show a greater ability to decrease cell proliferation and induce apoptosis specifically of Group 3 cells. In addition, as Group 3 cells show improved respiration in hypoxia, the use of Phenformin, a mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor, alone or in combination, induced significant cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of the cytosolic NAD+ recycling enzyme lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), enhanced the effects of the NADH shuttle inhibitors. In a 3D model using Group 3 human cerebellar organoids, tumor cells also underwent apoptosis upon treatment with NADH shuttle inhibitors. Our study demonstrates metabolic heterogeneity depending on oxygen concentrations and provides potential therapeutic solutions for patients in Group 3 whose tumors are the most aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Contenti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, CEDEX 03, 06204, Nice, France.
- Pasteur II Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Center, 30 voie Romaine, 06000, Nice, France.
| | - Y Guo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, CEDEX 03, 06204, Nice, France
| | - A Mazzu
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, CEDEX 03, 06204, Nice, France
| | - M Irondelle
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, CEDEX 03, 06204, Nice, France
| | - M Rouleau
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire - LP2M, CNRS-UMR 7370, Faculty of Medicine, 28 ave de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - C Lago
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biollogy - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - G Leva
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biollogy - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - L Tiberi
- Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Brain Disorders and Cancer, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biollogy - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - I Ben-Sahra
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - F Bost
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, CEDEX 03, 06204, Nice, France
| | - N M Mazure
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, 151 Route de St Antoine de Ginestière, BP2 3194, CEDEX 03, 06204, Nice, France.
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8
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Michetti C, Ferrante D, Parisi B, Ciano L, Prestigio C, Casagrande S, Martinoia S, Terranova F, Millo E, Valente P, Giovedi' S, Benfenati F, Baldelli P. Low glycemic index diet restrains epileptogenesis in a gender-specific fashion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:356. [PMID: 37947886 PMCID: PMC10638170 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction, such as low glycemic index diet (LGID), have been successfully used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy. However, if such diet could also counteract antiepileptogenesis is still unclear. Here, we investigated whether the administration of LGID during the latent pre-epileptic period, prevents or delays the appearance of the overt epileptic phenotype. To this aim, we used the Synapsin II knockout (SynIIKO) mouse, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy in which seizures manifest 2-3 months after birth, offering a temporal window in which LGID may affect epileptogenesis. Pregnant SynIIKO mice were fed with either LGID or standard diet during gestation and lactation. Both diets were maintained in weaned mice up to 5 months of age. LGID delayed the seizure onset and induced a reduction of seizures severity only in female SynIIKO mice. In parallel with the epileptic phenotype, high-density multielectrode array recordings revealed a reduction of frequency, amplitude, duration, velocity of propagation and spread of interictal events by LGID in the hippocampus of SynIIKO females, but not mutant males, confirming the gender-specific effect. ELISA-based analysis revealed that LGID increased cortico-hippocampal allopregnanolone (ALLO) levels only in females, while it was unable to affect ALLO plasma concentrations in either sex. The results indicate that the gender-specific interference of LGID with the epileptogenic process can be ascribed to a gender-specific increase in cortical ALLO, a neurosteroid known to strengthen GABAergic transmission. The study highlights the possibility of developing a personalized gender-based therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Michetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Daniele Ferrante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Parisi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ciano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cosimo Prestigio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Casagrande
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sergio Martinoia
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Terranova
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Millo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Giovedi'
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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9
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Jin L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhang D. REST Is Not Resting: REST/NRSF in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1477. [PMID: 37892159 PMCID: PMC10605157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress made over the past 28 years since the discovery of REST, encompassing both physiological and pathological aspects. These insights into the effects and mechanisms of REST contribute to an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of genes and their roles in the development and progression of disease, with a view to discovering potential therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for various related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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10
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Litke R, Vicari J, Huang BT, Shapiro L, Roh KH, Silver A, Talreja P, Palacios N, Yoon Y, Kellner C, Kaniskan H, Vangeti S, Jin J, Ramos-Lopez I, Mobbs C. Novel small molecules inhibit proteotoxicity and inflammation: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's Disease, healthspan and lifespan- Aging as a consequence of glycolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544352. [PMID: 37398396 PMCID: PMC10312632 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives many age-related, especially neurological, diseases, and likely mediates age-related proteotoxicity. For example, dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cerebral vascular disease, many other neurodegenerative conditions is increasingly among the most devastating burdens on the American (and world) health system and threatens to bankrupt the American health system as the population ages unless effective treatments are developed. Dementia due to either AD or cerebral vascular disease, and plausibly many other neurodegenerative and even psychiatric conditions, is driven by increased age-related inflammation, which in turn appears to mediate Abeta and related proteotoxic processes. The functional significance of inflammation during aging is also supported by the fact that Humira, which is simply an antibody to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, is the best-selling drug in the world by revenue. These observations led us to develop parallel high-throughput screens to discover small molecules which inhibit age-related Abeta proteotoxicity in a C. elegans model of AD AND LPS-induced microglial TNF-a. In the initial screen of 2560 compounds (Microsource Spectrum library) to delay Abeta proteotoxicity, the most protective compounds were, in order, phenylbutyrate, methicillin, and quetiapine, which belong to drug classes (HDAC inhibitors, beta lactam antibiotics, and tricyclic antipsychotics, respectably) already robustly implicated as promising to protect in neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD. RNAi and chemical screens indicated that the protective effects of HDAC inhibitors to reduce Abeta proteotoxicity are mediated by inhibition of HDAC2, also implicated in human AD, dependent on the HAT Creb binding protein (Cbp), which is also required for the protective effects of both dietary restriction and the daf-2 mutation (inactivation of IGF-1 signaling) during aging. In addition to methicillin, several other beta lactam antibiotics also delayed Abeta proteotoxicity and reduced microglial TNF-a. In addition to quetiapine, several other tricyclic antipsychotic drugs also delayed age-related Abeta proteotoxicity and increased microglial TNF-a, leading to the synthesis of a novel congener, GM310, which delays Abeta as well as Huntingtin proteotoxicity, inhibits LPS-induced mouse and human microglial and monocyte TNF-a, is highly concentrated in brain after oral delivery with no apparent toxicity, increases lifespan, and produces molecular responses highly similar to those produced by dietary restriction, including induction of Cbp inhibition of inhibitors of Cbp, and genes promoting a shift away from glycolysis and toward metabolism of alternate (e.g., lipid) substrates. GM310, as well as FDA-approved tricyclic congeners, prevented functional impairments and associated increase in TNF-a in a mouse model of stroke. Robust reduction of glycolysis by GM310 was functionally corroborated by flux analysis, and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG inhibited microglial TNF-a and other markers of inflammation, delayed Abeta proteotoxicity, and increased lifespan. These results support the value of phenotypic screens to discover drugs to treat age-related, especially neurological and even psychiatric diseases, including AD and stroke, and to clarify novel mechanisms driving neurodegeneration (e.g., increased microglial glycolysis drives neuroinflammation and subsequent neurotoxicity) suggesting novel treatments (selective inhibitors of microglial glycolysis).
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Skwarzynska D, Sun H, Kasprzak I, Sharma S, Williamson J, Kapur J. Glycolytic lactate production supports status epilepticus in experimental animals. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1873-1884. [PMID: 37632130 PMCID: PMC10578888 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Status epilepticus (SE) requires rapid intervention to prevent cerebral injury and mortality. The ketogenic diet, which bypasses glycolysis, is a promising remedy for patients with refractory SE. We tested the role of glycolytic lactate production in sustaining SE. METHODS Extracellular lactate and glucose concentration during a seizure and SE in vivo was measured using lactate and glucose biosensors. A lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, oxamate, blocked pyruvate to lactate conversion during SE. Video-EEG recordings evaluated seizure duration, severity, and immunohistochemistry was used to determine neuronal loss. Genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP7 was used to study the effect of oxamate on CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded from CA1 neurons to study oxamate's impact on neurotransmission. RESULTS The extracellular glucose concentration dropped rapidly during seizures, and lactate accumulated in the extracellular space. Inhibition of pyruvate to lactate conversion with oxamate terminated SE in mice. There was less neuronal loss in treated compared to control mice. Oxamate perfusion decreased tonic and phasic neuronal activity of GCaMP7-expressing CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro. Oxamate application reduced the frequency, but not amplitude of sEPSCs recorded from CA1 neurons, suggesting an effect on the presynaptic glutamatergic neurotransmission. INTERPRETATION A single seizure and SE stimulate lactate production. Diminishing pyruvate to lactate conversion with oxamate terminated SE and reduced associated neuronal death. Oxamate reduced neuronal excitability and excitatory neurotransmission at the presynaptic terminal. Glycolytic lactate production sustains SE and is an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Skwarzynska
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Huayu Sun
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Izabela Kasprzak
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - John Williamson
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
- UVA Brain InstituteUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia22908USA
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12
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Kumar A, Karuppagounder SS, Chen Y, Corona C, Kawaguchi R, Cheng Y, Balkaya M, Sagdullaev BT, Wen Z, Stuart C, Cho S, Ming GL, Tuvikene J, Timmusk T, Geschwind DH, Ratan RR. 2-Deoxyglucose drives plasticity via an adaptive ER stress-ATF4 pathway and elicits stroke recovery and Alzheimer's resilience. Neuron 2023; 111:2831-2846.e10. [PMID: 37453419 PMCID: PMC10528360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a diet with salutary effects on cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and stroke. IF restricts a number of nutrient components, including glucose. 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), a glucose analog, can be used to mimic glucose restriction. 2-DG induced transcription of the pro-plasticity factor, Bdnf, in the brain without ketosis. Accordingly, 2-DG enhanced memory in an AD model (5xFAD) and functional recovery in an ischemic stroke model. 2-DG increased Bdnf transcription via reduced N-linked glycosylation, consequent ER stress, and activity of ATF4 at an enhancer of the Bdnf gene, as well as other regulatory regions of plasticity/regeneration (e.g., Creb5, Cdc42bpa, Ppp3cc, and Atf3) genes. These findings demonstrate an unrecognized role for N-linked glycosylation as an adaptive sensor to reduced glucose availability. They further demonstrate that ER stress induced by 2-DG can, in the absence of ketosis, lead to the transcription of genes involved in plasticity and cognitive resilience as well as proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Yingxin Chen
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Corona
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mustafa Balkaya
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Botir T Sagdullaev
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Stuart
- East Tennessee State University Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jürgen Tuvikene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Neurological Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY, USA.
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Saraiva C, Lopes-Nunes J, Esteves M, Santos T, Vale A, Cristóvão AC, Ferreira R, Bernardino L. CtBP Neuroprotective Role in Toxin-Based Parkinson's Disease Models: From Expression Pattern to Dopaminergic Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4246-4260. [PMID: 37060501 PMCID: PMC10293336 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
C-terminal binding proteins (CtBP) are transcriptional co-repressors regulating gene expression. CtBP promote neuronal survival through repression of pro-apoptotic genes, and may represent relevant targets for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, evidence of the role of CtBP1 and CtBP2 in neurodegeneration are scarce. Herein, we showed that CtBP1 and CtBP2 are expressed in neurons, dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of adult mice. Old mice showed a lower expression of CtBP1 in the SN and higher expression of CtPB2 in the SN and striatum compared with adult mice. In vivo models for PD (paraquat, MPTP, 6-OHDA) showed increased expression of CtBP1 in the SN and striatum while CtBP2 expression was increased in the striatum of paraquat-treated rats only. Moreover, an increased expression of both CtBP was found in a dopaminergic cell line (N27) exposed to 6-OHDA. In the 6-OHDA PD model, we found a dual effect using an unspecific ligand of CtBP, the 4-methylthio 2-oxobutyric acid (MTOB): higher concentrations (e.g. 2500 µM, 1000 µM) inhibited dopaminergic survival, while at 250 μM it counteracted cell death. In vitro, this latter protective role was absent after the siRNA silencing of CtBP1 or CtBP2. Altogether, this is the first report exploring the cellular and regional expression pattern of CtBP in the nigrostriatal pathway and the neuroprotective role in PD toxin-based models. CtBP could counteract dopaminergic cell death in the 6-OHDA PD model and, therefore, CtBP function and therapeutic potential in PD should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Saraiva
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 Avenue Des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Nunes
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marta Esteves
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Vale
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Clara Cristóvão
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Present Address: CEDOC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Brain Repair Group, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Tamayo-Molina YS, Velilla PA, Hernández-Sarmiento LJ, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Multitranscript analysis reveals an effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on gene expression linked to unfolded protein response and integrated stress response in primary human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023:130397. [PMID: 37290716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) binds to hexokinase in a non-competitive manner and phosphoglucose isomerase in a competitive manner, blocking the initial steps of the glycolytic pathway. Although 2-DG stimulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activating the unfolded protein response to restore protein homeostasis, it is unclear which ER stress-related genes are modulated in response to 2-DG treatment in human primary cells. Here, we aimed to determine whether the treatment of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with 2-DG leads to a transcriptional profile specific to ER stress. METHODS We performed bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in previously reported RNA-seq datasets of 2-DG treated cells. RT-qPCR was performed to verify the sequencing data on cultured MDMs. RESULTS A total of 95 common DEGs were found by transcriptional analysis of monocytes and MDMs treated with 2-DG. Among these, 74 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated. Multitranscript analysis showed that DEGs are linked to integrated stress response (GRP78/BiP, PERK, ATF4, CHOP, GADD34, IRE1α, XBP1, SESN2, ASNS, PHGDH), hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (GFAT1, GNA1, PGM3, UAP1), and mannose metabolism (GMPPA and GMPPB). CONCLUSIONS Results reveal that 2-DG triggers a gene expression program that might be involved in restoring protein homeostasis in primary cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE 2-DG is known to inhibit glycolysis and induce ER stress; however, its effect on gene expression in primary cells is not well understood. This work shows that 2-DG is a stress inducer shifting the metabolic state of monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Tamayo-Molina
- Immunovirology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Paula A Velilla
- Immunovirology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Immunovirology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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Patikorn C, Saidoung P, Pham T, Phisalprapa P, Lee YY, Varady KA, Veettil SK, Chaiyakunapruk N. Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. BMC Med 2023; 21:196. [PMID: 37231411 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have reported the benefits of ketogenic diets (KD) in various participants such as patients with epilepsy and adults with overweight or obesity. Nevertheless, there has been little synthesis of the strength and quality of this evidence in aggregate. METHODS To grade the evidence from published meta-analyses of RCTs that assessed the association of KD, ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat diet (K-LCHF), and very low-calorie KD (VLCKD) with health outcomes, PubMed, EMBASE, Epistemonikos, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched up to February 15, 2023. Meta-analyses of RCTs of KD were included. Meta-analyses were re-performed using a random-effects model. The quality of evidence per association provided in meta-analyses was rated by the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) criteria as high, moderate, low, and very low. RESULTS We included 17 meta-analyses comprising 68 RCTs (median [interquartile range, IQR] sample size of 42 [20-104] participants and follow-up period of 13 [8-36] weeks) and 115 unique associations. There were 51 statistically significant associations (44%) of which four associations were supported by high-quality evidence (reduced triglyceride (n = 2), seizure frequency (n = 1) and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (n = 1)) and four associations supported by moderate-quality evidence (decrease in body weight, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), hemoglobin A1c, and increased total cholesterol). The remaining associations were supported by very low (26 associations) to low (17 associations) quality evidence. In overweight or obese adults, VLCKD was significantly associated with improvement in anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes without worsening muscle mass, LDL-C, and total cholesterol. K-LCHF was associated with reduced body weight and body fat percentage, but also reduced muscle mass in healthy participants. CONCLUSIONS This umbrella review found beneficial associations of KD supported by moderate to high-quality evidence on seizure and several cardiometabolic parameters. However, KD was associated with a clinically meaningful increase in LDL-C. Clinical trials with long-term follow-up are warranted to investigate whether the short-term effects of KD will translate to beneficial effects on clinical outcomes such as cardiovascular events and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanthawat Patikorn
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pantakarn Saidoung
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Tuan Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Pochamana Phisalprapa
- Division of Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Krista A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sajesh K Veettil
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
- IDEAS Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Sutula TP, Wilson ST, Franzoso S, Stafstrom CE. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose administration after seizures has disease-modifying effects on kindling progression. Epilepsy Res 2023; 193:107169. [PMID: 37263021 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a glucose analog and reversible inhibitor of glycolysis with anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects in multiple seizure models. 2DG at a dose of 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) delays progression of repeated seizures evoked by kindling in rats when administered 30 min prior to twice daily kindling stimulation. As toxicological studies have demonstrated that repeated daily oral administration of 2DG at doses of 60-375 mg/kg/day in rats induces dose-dependent, reversible cardiac myocyte vacuolation, it was of interest to determine if 2DG also slowed kindling progression when administered at or below doses causing cardiac toxicity and at various time points after evoked seizures. We found that: (1) 2DG slowed kindling progression nearly 2-fold when administered at a dose of 37.5 mg/kg given IP 30 min prior to kindling stimulation, and (2) 2DG 37.5 mg/kg IP also slowed kindling progression when given immediately after, and for as long as 10 min after evoked (kindled) seizures. These observations suggest potential clinical usefulness of post-seizure administration of 2DG to reduce seizure clusters and long-term consequences of repeated seizures at human equivalent doses that are likely to be safe and well tolerated in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Sutula
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | | | - Sheilah Franzoso
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Khatibi VA, Salimi M, Rahdar M, Rezaei M, Nazari M, Dehghan S, Davoudi S, Raoufy MR, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Javan M, Hosseinmardi N, Behzadi G, Janahmadi M. Glycolysis inhibition partially resets epilepsy-induced alterations in the dorsal hippocampus-basolateral amygdala circuit involved in anxiety-like behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6520. [PMID: 37085688 PMCID: PMC10119516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy affects millions of people around the world with uncontrolled seizures and comorbidities, like anxiety, being the most problematic aspects calling for novel therapies. The intrahippocampal kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy is an appropriate rodent model to evaluate the effects of novel interventions, including glycolysis inhibition, on epilepsy-induced alterations. Here, we investigated kainic acid-induced changes in the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) circuit and the efficiency of a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy D-glucose (2-DG), in resetting such alterations using simultaneous local field potentials (LFP) recording and elevated zero-maze test. dHPC theta and gamma powers were lower in epileptic groups, both in the baseline and anxiogenic conditions. BLA theta power was higher in baseline condition while it was lower in anxiogenic condition in epileptic animals and 2-DG could reverse it. dHPC-BLA coherence was altered only in anxiogenic condition and 2-DG could reverse it only in gamma frequency. This coherence was significantly correlated with the time in which the animals exposed themselves to the anxiogenic condition. Further, theta-gamma phase-locking was lower in epileptic groups in the dHPC-BLA circuit and 2-DG could considerably increase it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ahli Khatibi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Salimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Rahdar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rezaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Åarhus, Denmark
| | - Samaneh Dehghan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Davoudi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Behzadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
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Sutula TP, Fountain NB. 2DG and glycolysis as therapeutic targets for status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 140:109108. [PMID: 36804714 PMCID: PMC10032166 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a glucose analog differing from glucose only by removal of an oxygen atom at the 2 position, which prevents the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, and thereby reversibly inhibits glycolysis. PET studies of regional brain glucose utilization positron-emitting 18F-2DG demonstrate that brain regions generating seizures have diminished glucose utilization during interictal conditions, but rapidly transition to markedly increased glucose delivery and utilization during seizures, particularly in status epilepticus (SE). 2-deoxy-D-glucose has acute antiseizure actions in multiple in vivo and in vitro seizure models, including models of SE induced by the chemo convulsants pilocarpine and kainic acid, suggesting that focal enhanced delivery of 2DG to ictal brain circuits is a potential novel anticonvulsant intervention for the treatment of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Sutula
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Hexokine Therapeutics, Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Nathan B Fountain
- Department of Neurology, F.E. Dreifuss Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Hexokine Therapeutics, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Ksendzovsky A, Bachani M, Altshuler M, Walbridge S, Mortazavi A, Moyer M, Chen C, Fayed I, Steiner J, Edwards N, Inati SK, Jahanipour J, Maric D, Heiss JD, Kapur J, Zaghloul KA. Chronic neuronal activation leads to elevated lactate dehydrogenase A through the AMP-activated protein kinase/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α hypoxia pathway. Brain Commun 2022; 5:fcac298. [PMID: 36655171 PMCID: PMC9838803 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that changes in neuronal metabolism are associated with epilepsy. High rates of ATP depletion, lactate dehydrogenase A and lactate production have all been found in epilepsy patients, animal and tissue culture models. As such, it can be hypothesized that chronic seizures lead to continuing elevations in neuronal energy demand which may lead to an adapted metabolic response and elevations of lactate dehydrogenase A. In this study, we examine elevations in the lactate dehydrogenase A protein as a long-term cellular adaptation to elevated metabolic demand from chronic neuronal activation. We investigate this cellular adaptation in human tissue samples and explore the mechanisms of lactate dehydrogenase A upregulation using cultured neurones treated with low Mg2+, a manipulation that leads to NMDA-mediated neuronal activation. We demonstrate that human epileptic tissue preferentially upregulates neuronal lactate dehydrogenase A, and that in neuronal cultures chronic and repeated elevations in neural activity lead to upregulation of neuronal lactate dehydrogenase A. Similar to states of hypoxia, this metabolic change occurs through the AMP-activated protein kinase/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway. Our data therefore reveal a novel long-term bioenergetic adaptation that occurs in chronically activated neurones and provide a basis for understanding the interplay between metabolism and neural activity during epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ksendzovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | | | | | - Armin Mortazavi
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Moyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Islam Fayed
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Steiner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Nancy Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara K Inati
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Cytometry Core, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Cytometry Core, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA,Neuroscience Department, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kareem A Zaghloul
- Correspondence to: Kareem A. Zaghloul Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS National Institutes of Health Building 10, Room 3D20 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1414, USA E-mail:
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21
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Dyńka D, Kowalcze K, Paziewska A. The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:5003. [PMID: 36501033 PMCID: PMC9739023 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a hundred years of study on the favourable effect of ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy have contributed to a long-lasting discussion on its potential influence on other neurological diseases. A significant increase in the number of scientific studies in that field has been currently observed. The aim of this paper is a widespread, thorough analysis of the available scientific evidence in respect of the role of the ketogenic diet in the therapy of neurological diseases such as: epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A wide range of the mechanisms of action of the ketogenic diet has been demonstrated in neurological diseases, including, among other effects, its influence on the reduction in inflammatory conditions and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the restoration of the myelin sheath of the neurons, the formation and regeneration of mitochondria, neuronal metabolism, the provision of an alternative source of energy for neurons (ketone bodies), the reduction in glucose and insulin concentrations, the reduction in amyloid plaques, the induction of autophagy, the alleviation of microglia activation, the reduction in excessive neuronal activation, the modulation of intestinal microbiota, the expression of genes, dopamine production and the increase in glutamine conversion into GABA. The studies discussed (including randomised controlled studies), conducted in neurological patients, have stressed the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy and have demonstrated its promising therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A frequent advantage of the diet was demonstrated over non-ketogenic diets (in the control groups) in the therapy of neurological diseases, with simultaneous safety and feasibility when conducting the nutritional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dyńka
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalcze
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Paziewska
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Elkommos S, Mula M. Current and future pharmacotherapy options for drug-resistant epilepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:2023-2034. [PMID: 36154780 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2128670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epilepsy is one of the most common and serious neurological conditions, affecting over 70 million individuals worldwide and despite advances in treatment, the proportion of drug-resistant patients has remained largely unchanged. AREAS COVERED The present paper reviews current and future (under preclinical and clinical development) pharmacotherapy options for the treatment of drug-resistant focal and generalized epilepsies. EXPERT OPINION Current pharmacotherapy options for drug-resistant epilepsy include perampanel, brivaracetam and the newly approved cenobamate for focal epilepsies; cannabidiol (Epidiolex) for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS), Dravet and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC); fenfluramine for Dravet syndrome and ganaxolone for seizures in Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder. Many compounds are under clinical development and may hold promise for future pharmacotherapies. For adult focal epilepsies, padsevonil and carisbamate are at a more advanced Phase III stage of clinical development followed by compounds at Phase II like selurampanel, XEN1101 and JNJ-40411813. For specific epilepsy syndromes, XEN 496 is under Phase III development for potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (KCNQ2-DEE), carisbamate is under Phase III development for LGS and Ganaxolone under Phase III development for TSC. Finally, in preclinical models several molecular targets including inhibition of glycolysis, neuroinflammation and sodium channel inhibition have been identified in animal models although further data in animal and later human studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Elkommos
- School of Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.,Atkinson Morley Regional Neurosciences Centre, St George's University Hospitals, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mula
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neurosciences Centre, St George's University Hospitals, United Kingdom.,Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University London, United Kingdom
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23
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Sun Q, Xu W, Piao J, Su J, Ge T, Cui R, Yang W, Li B. Transcription factors are potential therapeutic targets in epilepsy. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4875-4885. [PMID: 36065764 PMCID: PMC9549512 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Academics generally believe that imbalance between excitation and inhibition of the nervous system is the root cause of epilepsy. However, the aetiology of epilepsy is complex, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Many studies have shown that epilepsy is closely related to genetic factors. Additionally, the involvement of a variety of tumour‐related transcription factors in the pathogenesis of epilepsy has been confirmed, which also confirms the heredity of epilepsy. In this review, we summarize the existing research on a variety of transcription factors and epilepsy and present relevant evidence related to transcription factors that may be targets in epilepsy. This information is of great significance for revealing the in‐depth molecular and cellular mechanisms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Piao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyun Su
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Li ZM, Liu XX, Li C, Wei ZC, Shi Y, Song HY, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li JW, Zhu RF, Hu BH, Ye WF, Huo D, Jiang GJ, Sasaki T, Zhang L, Han F, Lu YM. Decreased synapse-associated proteins are associated with the onset of epileptic memory impairment in endothelial CDK5-deficient mice. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e128. [PMID: 35770064 PMCID: PMC9209881 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that epilepsy has a higher risk of inducing memory impairment and dementia. However, the underlying onset mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that mice with spontaneous epilepsy induced by endothelial CDK5 deficiency exhibited hippocampal‐dependent memory impairment at 6 months of age, but not at 2 months of age. Moreover, the persistent epileptic seizures induce aberrant changes in phosphorylation of CaMKII protein in the hippocampus of spontaneous epileptic mice. Using genome‐wide RNA sequencing and intergenic interaction analysis of STRING, we found that in addition to epilepsy‐related genes, there are changes in synaptic organization pathway node genes, such as Bdnf and Grin1. The synapse‐related proteins by Western blot analysis, such as NMDA receptors (NR1 and NR2B), PSD95, and the phosphorylation of synapsin1, are progressively decreased during epileptic seizures in Cdh5‐CreERT2;CDK5f/f mice. Notably, we found that valproate (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT) augment mRNA expression and protein levels of synapse‐related genes and ameliorate memory impairment in Cdh5‐CreERT2;CDK5f/f mice. Our study elucidates a potential mechanism of memory deficits in epilepsy, and pharmacological reversal of synaptic pathology targeting might provide a new therapeutic intervention for epileptic memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Mao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhao-Cong Wei
- Department of Physiology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Physiology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Heng-Yi Song
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Rui-Fang Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Ben-Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wei-Feng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health Hangzhou China
| | - Da Huo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Guo-Jun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital Hangzhou China
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine School of Pharmacy Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Institute of Brain Science The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Gusu School Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Institute of Brain Science The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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25
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Khajah MA, Khushaish S, Luqmani YA. Glucose deprivation reduces proliferation and motility, and enhances the anti-proliferative effects of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in breast cell lines in vitro. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272449. [PMID: 35917304 PMCID: PMC9345370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer chemotherapy with high dose alkylating agents is severely limited by their collateral toxicity to crucial normal tissues such as immune and gut cells. Taking advantage of the selective dependence of cancer cells on high glucose and combining glucose deprivation with these agents could produce therapeutic synergy. Methods In this study we examined the effect of glucose as well as its deprivation, and antagonism using the non-metabolized analogue 2-deoxy glucose, on the proliferation of several breast cancer cell lines MCF7, MDA-MB-231, YS1.2 and pII and one normal breast cell line, using the MTT assay. Motility was quantitatively assessed using the wound healing assay. Lactate, as the end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism, secreted into culture medium was measured by a biochemical assay. The effect of paclitaxel and doxorubicin on cell proliferation was tested in the absence and presence of low concentrations of glucose using MTT assay. Results In all cell lines, glucose supplementation enhanced while glucose deprivation reduced both their proliferation and motility. Lactate added to the medium could substitute for glucose. The inhibitory effects of paclitaxel and doxorubicin were significantly enhanced when glucose concentration was decreased in the culture medium, requiring 1000-fold lesser concentration to achieve a similar degree of inhibition to that seen in glucose-containing medium. Conclusion Our data show that a synergy was obtained by combining paclitaxel and doxorubicin with glucose reduction to inhibit cancer cell growth, which in vivo, might be achieved by applying a carbohydrate-restricted diet during the limited phase of application of chemotherapy; this could permit a dose reduction of the cytotoxic agents, resulting in greater tolerance and lesser side effects.
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26
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Özcan E, Lum GR, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the gut microbiome and ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 167:217-249. [PMID: 36427956 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases globally, afflicting approximately 50 million people worldwide. While many antiepileptic drugs exist, an estimated one-third of individuals do not respond to available medications. The high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat refractory epilepsy in cases when existing antiepileptic drugs fail. However, there are many variations of the KD, each of which varies greatly in its efficacy and side effects. Increasing evidence suggests that interactions between the KD and gut microbiome may modulate the effects of the diet on host physiology. Herein, we review existing evidence of microbiome differences in epileptic individuals compared to healthy controls. We highlight in particular both clinical and animal studies revealing effects of the KD on the composition and function of the microbiome, as well as proof-of-concept animal studies that implicate the microbiome in the antiseizure effects of the KD. We further synthesize findings suggesting that variations in clinical KD formulations may differentially influence host physiology and discuss the gut microbial interactions with specific dietary factors that may play a role. Overall, understanding interactions between the gut microbiota and specific nutritional components of clinical KDs could reveal foundational mechanisms that underlie the effectiveness, variability, and side effects of different KDs, with the potential to lead to precision nutritional and microbiome-based approaches to treat refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Özcan
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Gregory R Lum
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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27
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Huang Z, Chavda VP, Vora LK, Gajjar N, Apostolopoulos V, Shah N, Chen ZS. 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose and its Derivatives for the COVID-19 Treatment: An Update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:899633. [PMID: 35496298 PMCID: PMC9041304 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.899633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment choices for the “severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)” are inadequate, having no clarity on efficacy and safety profiles. Currently, no established intervention has lowered the mortality rate in the “coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)” patients. Recently, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has evaluated as a polypharmacological agent for COVID-19 therapy owing to its influence on the glycolytic pathway, interaction with viral proteins, and anti-inflammatory action. In May 2020, the Indian drug regulatory authority approved 2-DG as an emergency adjunct therapy in mild to severe COVID-19 patients. Clinical studies of 2-DG corroborate that it aids in faster recovery of hospitalized patients and decreases supplemental oxygen. Herein, we describe the development process, synthesis, mechanism of viral eradication, and preclinical and clinical development of 2-DG and its derivatives as molecularly targeted therapeutics for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
- *Correspondence: Vivek P. Chavda, ; Lalitkumar K. Vora, ; Zhe-Sheng Chen,
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Vivek P. Chavda, ; Lalitkumar K. Vora, ; Zhe-Sheng Chen,
| | - Normi Gajjar
- PharmD Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Nirav Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SAL Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Vivek P. Chavda, ; Lalitkumar K. Vora, ; Zhe-Sheng Chen,
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28
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Abstract
The brain is a highly energy-demanding organ and requires bioenergetic adaptability to balance normal activity with pathophysiological fuelling of spontaneous recurrent seizures, the hallmark feature of the epilepsies. Recurrent or prolonged seizures have long been known to permanently alter neuronal circuitry and to cause excitotoxic injury and aberrant inflammation. Furthermore, pathological changes in bioenergetics and metabolism are considered downstream consequences of epileptic seizures that begin at the synaptic level. However, as we highlight in this Review, evidence is also emerging that primary derangements in cellular or mitochondrial metabolism can result in seizure genesis and lead to spontaneous recurrent seizures. Basic and translational research indicates that the relationships between brain metabolism and epileptic seizures are complex and bidirectional, producing a vicious cycle that compounds the deleterious consequences of seizures. Metabolism-based treatments such as the high-fat, antiseizure ketogenic diet have become mainstream, and metabolic substrates and enzymes have become attractive molecular targets for seizure prevention and recovery. Moreover, given that metabolism is crucial for epigenetic as well as inflammatory changes, the idea that epileptogenesis can be both negatively and positively influenced by metabolic changes is rapidly gaining ground. Here, we review evidence that supports both pathophysiological and therapeutic roles for brain metabolism in epilepsy.
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29
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Tidman M. Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Symptoms, Biomarkers, Depression, and Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e23684. [PMID: 35505754 PMCID: PMC9055978 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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30
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Zhang W, Kong L, Zhu H, Sun D, Han Q, Yan B, Cui Z, Zhang W, Zhang S, Kang X, Dai G, Qian N, Yan W. Retinoic Acid-Induced 2 (RAI2) Is a Novel Antagonist of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway and Potential Biomarker of Chemosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:805290. [PMID: 35299743 PMCID: PMC8922473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.805290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to the maintenance of cancer stem cells and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) was proved to be a tumor suppressor in CRC in our previous report. In this study, the role of RAI2 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling was further investigated. Methods As a transcriptional co-regulator, C-terminal Binding Protein 2 (CtBP2) was reported to be involved in Wnt signaling in multiple and complex ways. The correlation of RAI2 and CtBP2 in CRC was analyzed by TCGA dataset, and the interaction between RAI2 and CtBP2 was explored by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) in CRC cells. The effect of RAI2 on the activity of Wnt signaling and the location of β-catenin was detected by Dual-Luciferase reporter assay and Immunofluorescence respectively. Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the expression of target genes involved in Wnt signaling. Sphere formation assay was employed to detect the effect of RAI2 on stem cell like properties. Cell viability assay was used to detect the chemosensitivity of cells before and after transfection of RAI2. Results The interaction between RAI2 and CtBP2 was confirmed by Co-IP in CRC cells. Besides, the negative correlation of RAI2 and CtBP2 in CRC was found by analyzing the TCGA dataset. Re-expression of RAI2 in human colon cancer cells (HCT116 and LoVo) suppressed the fluorescent activity of Wnt signaling, increased the phosphorylation and inhibited nuclear translocation of β-catenin, with down-regulation of target genes like c-Myc, CyclinD1, ASCL2, and LGR5. In contrast, the mutated RAI2, which can’t interact with CtBP2, has no above effects. We observed low expression of RAI2 in 33.89% (101/298) of CRC patients, which was significantly associated with reduced phosphorylation of β-catenin (r=0.8866, P<0.0001), poor 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.0029) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0102). Restoration of RAI2 in HCT116 and LoVo cells inhibited stem cell-like properties of CRC cells and increased chemosensitivity of these cells to oxaliplatin and fluorouracil. Conclusion Low expression of RAI2 can serve as an independent poor prognostic marker. RAI2 inhibits Wnt signaling by interacting with or down-regulating CtBP2, resulting in repression of stem cell-like properties and increased chemosensitivity of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Cancer Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Kong
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Medical Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) NO.983 Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Decong Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quanli Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shurong Zhang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xindan Kang
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghai Dai
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Niansong Qian
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenji Yan
- Department of Oncology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Distinct Epileptogenic Mechanisms Associated with Seizures in Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3159-3169. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wijayasinghe YS, Bhansali MP, Borkar MR, Chaturbhuj GU, Muntean BS, Viola RE, Bhansali PR. A Comprehensive Biological and Synthetic Perspective on 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-DG), A Sweet Molecule with Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potentials. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3706-3728. [PMID: 35192360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, the primary substrate for ATP synthesis, is catabolized during glycolysis to generate ATP and precursors for the synthesis of other vital biomolecules. Opportunistic viruses and cancer cells often hijack this metabolic machinery to obtain energy and components needed for their replication and proliferation. One way to halt such energy-dependent processes is by interfering with the glycolytic pathway. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is a synthetic glucose analogue that can inhibit key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. The efficacy of 2-DG has been reported across an array of diseases and disorders, thereby demonstrating its broad therapeutic potential. Recent approval of 2-DG in India as a therapeutic approach for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought renewed attention to this molecule. The purpose of this perspective is to present updated therapeutic avenues as well as a variety of chemical synthetic strategies for this medically useful sugar derivative, 2-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasanandana S Wijayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Maheshkumar R Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganesh U Chaturbhuj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Ronald E Viola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Pravin R Bhansali
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Alliance University, Chikkahagade Cross, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Anekal, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India
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33
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Expression Profile of miRs in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020951. [PMID: 35055144 PMCID: PMC8781102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common forms of focal epilepsy in children and adults. TLE is characterized by variable onset and seizures. Moreover, this form of epilepsy is often resistant to pharmacotherapy. The search for new mechanisms for the development of TLE may provide us with a key to the development of new diagnostic methods and a personalized approach to the treatment. In recent years, the role of non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNA) has been actively studied, among which microRNA (miR) is of the greatest interest. (1) Background: The purpose of the systematic review is to analyze the studies carried out on the role of miRs in the development of mesial TLE (mTLE) and update the existing knowledge about the biomarkers of this disease. (2) Methods: The search for publications was carried out in the databases PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, Clinicalkeys, Scopus, OxfordPress, Cochrane. The search was carried out using keywords and combinations. We analyzed publications for 2016–2021, including original studies in an animal model of TLE and with the participation of patients with TLE, thematic and systemic reviews, and Cochrane reviews. (3) Results: this thematic review showed that miR‒155, miR‒153, miR‒361‒5p, miR‒4668‒5p, miR‒8071, miR‒197‒5p, miR‒145, miR‒181, miR‒199a, miR‒1183, miR‒129‒2‒3p, miR‒143‒3p (upregulation), miR–134, miR‒0067835, and miR‒153 (downregulation) can be considered as biomarkers of mTLE. However, the roles of miR‒146a, miR‒142, miR‒106b, and miR‒223 are questionable and need further study. (4) Conclusion: In the future, it will be possible to consider previously studied miRs, which have high specificity and sensitivity in mTLE, as prognostic biomarkers (predictors) of the risk of developing this disease in patients with potentially epileptogenic structural damage to the mesial regions of the temporal lobe of the brain (congenital disorders of the neuronal migration and neurogenesis, brain injury, neuro-inflammation, tumor, impaired blood supply, neurodegeneration, etc.).
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Salvati KA, Ritger ML, Davoudian PA, O’Dell F, Wyskiel DR, Souza GMPR, Lu AC, Perez-Reyes E, Drake JC, Yan Z, Beenhakker MP. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2332-2346. [PMID: 35134125 PMCID: PMC9337815 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism regulates neuronal activity and modulates the occurrence of epileptic seizures. Here, using two rodent models of absence epilepsy, we show that hypoglycaemia increases the occurrence of spike-wave seizures. We then show that selectively disrupting glycolysis in the thalamus, a structure implicated in absence epilepsy, is sufficient to increase spike-wave seizures. We propose that activation of thalamic AMP-activated protein kinase, a sensor of cellular energetic stress and potentiator of metabotropic GABAB-receptor function, is a significant driver of hypoglycaemia-induced spike-wave seizures. We show that AMP-activated protein kinase augments postsynaptic GABAB-receptor-mediated currents in thalamocortical neurons and strengthens epileptiform network activity evoked in thalamic brain slices. Selective thalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activation also increases spike-wave seizures. Finally, systemic administration of metformin, an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist and common diabetes treatment, profoundly increased spike-wave seizures. These results advance the decades-old observation that glucose metabolism regulates thalamocortical circuit excitability by demonstrating that AMP-activated protein kinase and GABAB-receptor cooperativity is sufficient to provoke spike-wave seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Salvati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weil Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew L Ritger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Pasha A Davoudian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Finnegan O’Dell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Daniel R Wyskiel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - George M P R Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Adam C Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Center for Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Center for Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mark P Beenhakker
- Correspondence to: Mark P. Beenhakker Department of Pharmacology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA E-mail:
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Pantic B, Ives D, Mennuni M, Perez-Rodriguez D, Fernandez-Pelayo U, Lopez de Arbina A, Muñoz-Oreja M, Villar-Fernandez M, Dang TMJ, Vergani L, Johnston IG, Pitceathly RDS, McFarland R, Hanna MG, Taylor RW, Holt IJ, Spinazzola A. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose couples mitochondrial DNA replication with mitochondrial fitness and promotes the selection of wild-type over mutant mitochondrial DNA. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6997. [PMID: 34873176 PMCID: PMC8648849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological variants of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typically co-exist with wild-type molecules, but the factors driving the selection of each are not understood. Because mitochondrial fitness does not favour the propagation of functional mtDNAs in disease states, we sought to create conditions where it would be advantageous. Glucose and glutamine consumption are increased in mtDNA dysfunction, and so we targeted the use of both in cells carrying the pathogenic m.3243A>G variant with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), or the related 5-thioglucose. Here, we show that both compounds selected wild-type over mutant mtDNA, restoring mtDNA expression and respiration. Mechanistically, 2DG selectively inhibits the replication of mutant mtDNA; and glutamine is the key target metabolite, as its withdrawal, too, suppresses mtDNA synthesis in mutant cells. Additionally, by restricting glucose utilization, 2DG supports functional mtDNAs, as glucose-fuelled respiration is critical for mtDNA replication in control cells, when glucose and glutamine are scarce. Hence, we demonstrate that mitochondrial fitness dictates metabolite preference for mtDNA replication; consequently, interventions that restrict metabolite availability can suppress pathological mtDNAs, by coupling mitochondrial fitness and replication. It has been a longstanding goal to promote the propagation of functional mitochondrial DNAs at the expense of pathological molecules in cells where the two species coexist. Here, the authors show that restricting the availability of glucose and glutamine can achieve this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Pantic
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Daniel Ives
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Mara Mennuni
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Diego Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | | | - Mikel Muñoz-Oreja
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Nursing Faculty, Universidad de País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Thanh-Mai Julie Dang
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Lodovica Vergani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert D S Pitceathly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ian J Holt
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK. .,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain. .,CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Institute Carlos III), 28031, Madrid, Spain. .,Universidad de País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Antonella Spinazzola
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Prestigio C, Ferrante D, Marte A, Romei A, Lignani G, Onofri F, Valente P, Benfenati F, Baldelli P. REST/NRSF drives homeostatic plasticity of inhibitory synapses in a target-dependent fashion. eLife 2021; 10:e69058. [PMID: 34855580 PMCID: PMC8639147 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The repressor-element 1-silencing transcription/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) controls hundreds of neuron-specific genes. We showed that REST/NRSF downregulates glutamatergic transmission in response to hyperactivity, thus contributing to neuronal homeostasis. However, whether GABAergic transmission is also implicated in the homeostatic action of REST/NRSF is unknown. Here, we show that hyperactivity-induced REST/NRSF activation, triggers a homeostatic rearrangement of GABAergic inhibition, with increased frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and amplitude of evoked IPSCs in mouse cultured hippocampal neurons. Notably, this effect is limited to inhibitory-onto-excitatory neuron synapses, whose density increases at somatic level and decreases in dendritic regions, demonstrating a complex target- and area-selectivity. The upscaling of perisomatic inhibition was occluded by TrkB receptor inhibition and resulted from a coordinated and sequential activation of the Npas4 and Bdnf gene programs. On the opposite, the downscaling of dendritic inhibition was REST-dependent, but BDNF-independent. The findings highlight the central role of REST/NRSF in the complex transcriptional responses aimed at rescuing physiological levels of network activity in front of the ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Prestigio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenovaGenovaItaly
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Daniele Ferrante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenovaGenovaItaly
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenovaGenovaItaly
| | - Alessandra Romei
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square HouseLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenovaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
| | - Pierluigi Valente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenovaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of GenovaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
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37
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Boada CM, Grossman SN, Grzeskowiak CL, Dumanis S, French JA. Proceedings of the 2020 Epilepsy Foundation Pipeline Conference: Emerging Drugs and Devices. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108364. [PMID: 34731723 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From August 27-28, 2020 the Epilepsy Foundation hosted the Pipeline Conference, exploring emerging issues related to antiepileptic drug and device development. The conference featured epilepsy therapeutic companies and academic laboratories developing drugs for focal epilepsies, innovations for rare and ultra-rare diseases, and devices both in clinical trials and approved for use. In this paper, we outline the virtual presentations by the authors, including novel data from their development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Boada
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Scott N Grossman
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline A French
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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38
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Janicot R, Shao LR, Stafstrom CE. 2-deoxyglucose and β-hydroxybutyrate fail to attenuate seizures in the betamethasone-NMDA model of infantile spasms. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7:181-186. [PMID: 34784103 PMCID: PMC8886066 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS) is an epileptic encephalopathy with a poor neurodevelopmental prognosis, and limited, often ineffective treatment options. The effectiveness of metabolic approaches to seizure control is being increasingly shown in a wide variety of epilepsies. This study investigates the efficacy of the glycolysis inhibitor 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG) and the ketone body β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the betamethasone‐NMDA model of rat IS. Prenatal rats were exposed to betamethasone on gestational day 15 (G15) and NMDA on postnatal day 15 (P15). Video‐electroencephalography (v‐EEG) was used to monitor spasms. NMDA consistently induced hyperflexion spasms associated with interictal sharp‐slow wave EEG activity and ictal flattening of EEG signals, reminiscent of hypsarrhythmia and electrodecrement, respectively. 2‐DG (500 mg/kg, i.p), BHB (200 mg/kg, i.p.), or both were administered immediately after occurrence of the first spasm. No experimental treatment altered significantly the number, severity, or progression of spasms compared with saline treatment. These data suggest that metabolic inhibition of glycolysis or ketogenesis does not reduce infantile spasms in the NMDA model. The study further validates the betamethasone‐NMDA model in terms of its behavioral and electrographic resemblance to human IS and supports its use for preclinical drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Janicot
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li-Rong Shao
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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39
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Samoilova EM, Belopasov VV, Baklaushev VP. Transcription Factors of Direct Neuronal Reprogramming in Ontogenesis and Ex Vivo. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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García-Rodríguez D, Giménez-Cassina A. Ketone Bodies in the Brain Beyond Fuel Metabolism: From Excitability to Gene Expression and Cell Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:732120. [PMID: 34512261 PMCID: PMC8429829 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.732120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are metabolites that replace glucose as the main fuel of the brain in situations of glucose scarcity, including prolonged fasting, extenuating exercise, or pathological conditions such as diabetes. Beyond their role as an alternative fuel for the brain, the impact of ketone bodies on neuronal physiology has been highlighted by the use of the so-called “ketogenic diets,” which were proposed about a century ago to treat infantile seizures. These diets mimic fasting by reducing drastically the intake of carbohydrates and proteins and replacing them with fat, thus promoting ketogenesis. The fact that ketogenic diets have such a profound effect on epileptic seizures points to complex biological effects of ketone bodies in addition to their role as a source of ATP. In this review, we specifically focus on the ability of ketone bodies to regulate neuronal excitability and their effects on gene expression to respond to oxidative stress. Finally, we also discuss their capacity as signaling molecules in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío García-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Giménez-Cassina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Lou S, Cui S. Drug treatment of epilepsy: From serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3366-3391. [PMID: 34514980 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder caused by abnormal firing of neurons. Up to now, using antiepileptic drugs is the main method of epilepsy treatment. The development of antiepileptic drugs lasted for centuries. In general, most agents entering clinical practice act on the balance mechanisms of brain "excitability-inhibition". More specifically, they target voltage-gated ion channels, GABAergic transmission and glutamatergic transmission. In recent years, some novel drugs representing new mechanisms of action have been discovered. Although there are about 30 available drugs in the market, it is still in urgent need of discovering more effective and safer drugs. The development of new antiepileptic drugs is into a new era: from serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanism-based design. This article presents an overview of drug treatment of epilepsy, including a series of traditional and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
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42
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A Warburg-like metabolic program coordinates Wnt, AMPK, and mTOR signaling pathways in epileptogenesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252282. [PMID: 34358226 PMCID: PMC8345866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological condition characterized by repeated spontaneous seizures and can be induced by initiating seizures known as status epilepticus (SE). Elaborating the critical molecular mechanisms following SE are central to understanding the establishment of chronic seizures. Here, we identify a transient program of molecular and metabolic signaling in the early epileptogenic period, centered on day five following SE in the pre-clinical kainate or pilocarpine models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Our work now elaborates a new molecular mechanism centered around Wnt signaling and a growing network comprised of metabolic reprogramming and mTOR activation. Biochemical, metabolomic, confocal microscopy and mouse genetics experiments all demonstrate coordinated activation of Wnt signaling, predominantly in neurons, and the ensuing induction of an overall aerobic glycolysis (Warburg-like phenomenon) and an altered TCA cycle in early epileptogenesis. A centerpiece of the mechanism is the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) through its kinase and Wnt target genes PDK4. Intriguingly, PDH is a central gene in certain genetic epilepsies, underscoring the relevance of our elaborated mechanisms. While sharing some features with cancers, the Warburg-like metabolism in early epileptogenesis is uniquely split between neurons and astrocytes to achieve an overall novel metabolic reprogramming. This split Warburg metabolic reprogramming triggers an inhibition of AMPK and subsequent activation of mTOR, which is a signature event of epileptogenesis. Interrogation of the mechanism with the metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose surprisingly demonstrated that Wnt signaling and the resulting metabolic reprogramming lies upstream of mTOR activation in epileptogenesis. To augment the pre-clinical pilocarpine and kainate models, aspects of the proposed mechanisms were also investigated and correlated in a genetic model of constitutive Wnt signaling (deletion of the transcriptional repressor and Wnt pathway inhibitor HBP1). The results from the HBP1-/- mice provide a genetic evidence that Wnt signaling may set the threshold of acquired seizure susceptibility with a similar molecular framework. Using biochemistry and genetics, this paper outlines a new molecular framework of early epileptogenesis and advances a potential molecular platform for refining therapeutic strategies in attenuating recurrent seizures.
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Butler-Ryan R, Wood IC. The functions of repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor in models of epileptogenesis and post-ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1135-1150. [PMID: 33813634 PMCID: PMC8272694 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures for which 30% of patients are refractory to current treatments. The genetic and molecular aetiologies behind epilepsy are under investigation with the goal of developing new epilepsy medications. The transcriptional repressor REST (Repressor Element 1-Silencing Transcription factor) is a focus of interest as it is consistently upregulated in epilepsy patients and following brain insult in animal models of epilepsy and ischemia. This review analyses data from different epilepsy models and discusses the contribution of REST to epileptogenesis. We propose that in healthy brains REST acts in a protective manner to homeostatically downregulate increases in excitability, to protect against seizure through downregulation of BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and its receptor, TrkB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B). However, in epilepsy patients and post-seizure, REST may increase to a larger degree, which allows downregulation of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2. This leads to AMPA glutamate receptors lacking GluR2 subunits, which have increased permeability to Ca2+, causing excitotoxicity, cell death and seizure. This concept highlights therapeutic potential of REST modulation through gene therapy in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Butler-Ryan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ian C. Wood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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Molina BG, Valle LJ, Casanovas J, Lanzalaco S, Pérez‐Madrigal MM, Turon P, Armelin E, Alemán C. Plasma-Functionalized Isotactic Polypropylene Assembled with Conducting Polymers for Bacterial Quantification by NADH Sensing. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100425. [PMID: 33893723 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of bacterial presence on implantable medical devices is essential to prevent biofilm formation, which consists of densely packed bacteria colonies able to withstand antibiotic-mediated killing. In this work, a smart approach is presented to integrate electrochemical sensors for detecting bacterial infections in biomedical implants made of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) using chemical assembly. The electrochemical detection is based on the capacity of conducting polymers (CPs) to detect extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) released from cellular respiration of bacteria, which allows distinguishing prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells. Oxygen plasma-functionalized free-standing i-PP, coated with a layer (≈1.1 µm in thickness) of CP nanoparticles obtained by oxidative polymerization, is used as working electrode for the anodic polymerization of a second CP layer (≈8.2 µm in thickness), which provides very high electrochemical activity and stability. The resulting layered material, i-PPf /CP2 , detects the electro-oxidation of NADH in physiological media with a sensitivity 417 µA cm-2 and a detection limit up to 0.14 × 10-3 m, which is below the concentration of extracellular NADH found for bacterial cultures of biofilm-positive and biofilm-negative strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda G. Molina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya C/Eduard Maristany, 10–14 Barcelona 08019 Spain
| | - Luis J. Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya C/Eduard Maristany, 10–14 Barcelona 08019 Spain
| | - Jordi Casanovas
- Departament de Química Universitat de Lleida Escola Politècnica Superior C/ Jaume II no. 69 Lleida E‐25001 Spain
| | - Sonia Lanzalaco
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya C/Eduard Maristany, 10–14 Barcelona 08019 Spain
| | - Maria M. Pérez‐Madrigal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya C/Eduard Maristany, 10–14 Barcelona 08019 Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10–12 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Pau Turon
- B. Braun Surgical S.A.U. Carretera de Terrassa 121, Rubí Barcelona 08191 Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya C/Eduard Maristany, 10–14 Barcelona 08019 Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering EEBE Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya C/Eduard Maristany, 10–14 Barcelona 08019 Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Baldiri Reixac 10–12 Barcelona 08028 Spain
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45
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Ivanova D, Imig C, Camacho M, Reinhold A, Guhathakurta D, Montenegro-Venegas C, Cousin MA, Gundelfinger ED, Rosenmund C, Cooper B, Fejtova A. CtBP1-Mediated Membrane Fission Contributes to Effective Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2444-2459.e7. [PMID: 32075774 PMCID: PMC7034063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory endocytosis of released synaptic vesicles (SVs) relies on coordinated signaling at the lipid-protein interface. Here, we address the synaptic function of C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1), a ubiquitous regulator of gene expression and membrane trafficking in cultured hippocampal neurons. In the absence of CtBP1, synapses form in greater density and show changes in SV distribution and size. The increased basal neurotransmission and enhanced synaptic depression could be attributed to a higher vesicular release probability and a smaller fraction of release-competent SVs, respectively. Rescue experiments with specifically targeted constructs indicate that, while synaptogenesis and release probability are controlled by nuclear CtBP1, the efficient recycling of SVs relies on its synaptic expression. The ability of presynaptic CtBP1 to facilitate compensatory endocytosis depends on its membrane-fission activity and the activation of the lipid-metabolizing enzyme PLD1. Thus, CtBP1 regulates SV recycling by promoting a permissive lipid environment for compensatory endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ivanova
- RG Presynaptic Plasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cordelia Imig
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, German
| | - Marcial Camacho
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Reinhold
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Debarpan Guhathakurta
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, University of Edinburgh, EH9 9XD Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science and Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Cooper
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, German
| | - Anna Fejtova
- RG Presynaptic Plasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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46
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Bliźniewska-Kowalska K, Gałecki P, Szemraj J, Talarowska M. Expression of Selected Genes Involved in Neurogenesis in the Etiopathogenesis of Depressive Disorders. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030168. [PMID: 33804468 PMCID: PMC7998568 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The neurogenic theory suggests that impaired neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of the factors causing depression. Immunology also has an impact on neurotrophic factors. The aim of the study was to assess the importance of selected genes involved in the process of neurogenesis i.e., nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST gene) in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorders. (2) Methods: A total of 189 subjects took part in the study (95 depressed patients, 94 healthy controls). Sociodemographic data were collected. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RT-PCR was used to assess gene expression at the mRNA levels, while Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to assess gene expression at the protein level. (3) Results: Expression of NGF, BDNF, REST genes is lower in depressed patients than in the control group, whereas the expression of GDNF gene is higher in patients with depressive disorders than in the group of healthy volunteers. (4) Conclusions: The expression of selected genes might serve as a biomarker of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bliźniewska-Kowalska
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-608-203-624
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Monika Talarowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology University of Lodz, 91-433 Lodz, Poland;
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Xiong H, Lai L, Ye Y, Zheng Y. Glucose Protects Cochlear Hair Cells Against Oxidative Stress and Attenuates Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:657-668. [PMID: 33415566 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the key determinant in the pathogenesis of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Given that cellular defense against oxidative stress is an energy-consuming process, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether increasing energy availability by glucose supplementation protects cochlear hair cells against oxidative stress and attenuates NIHL. Our results revealed that glucose supplementation reduced the noise-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently attenuated noise-induced loss of outer hair cells, inner hair cell synaptic ribbons, and NIHL in CBA/J mice. In cochlear explants, glucose supplementation increased the levels of ATP and NADPH, as well as attenuating H2O2-induced ROS production and cytotoxicity. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of glucose transporter type 1 activity abolished the protective effects of glucose against oxidative stress in HEI-OC1 cells. These findings suggest that energy availability is crucial for oxidative stress resistance and glucose supplementation offers a simple and effective approach for the protection of cochlear hair cells against oxidative stress and NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lan Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongyi Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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48
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Brahma D, Banerjee P, Sarma I, Sekhar D, Surong M. 2-deoxy-d-glucose: A ray of hope in covid pandemic. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jpp.jpp_69_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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49
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Conover ZR, Talai A, Klockau KS, Ing RJ, Chatterjee D. Perioperative Management of Children on Ketogenic Dietary Therapies. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:1872-1882. [PMID: 32769381 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) is an effective treatment modality for children with drug-resistant epilepsy and certain other metabolic and neurologic disorders. With a resurgence of interest in KDT, pediatric anesthesiologists are increasingly encountering children on KDT for a variety of surgical and medical procedures. Maintenance of ketosis is critical throughout the perioperative period, and if not managed appropriately, these patients are at an increased risk of seizures. This review article provides an overview of the clinical indications, contraindications, proposed anticonvulsant mechanisms, initiation, and monitoring of children on KDTs. Recommendations for the perioperative anesthetic management of children on KDT are summarized. A comprehensive table listing the carbohydrate content of common anesthetic drugs is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine S Klockau
- Pharmacy, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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50
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Fei Y, Shi R, Song Z, Wu J. Metabolic Control of Epilepsy: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:592514. [PMID: 33363507 PMCID: PMC7753014 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.592514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease that is not always controlled, and the ketogenic diet shows good antiepileptic effects drug-resistant epilepsy or seizures caused by specific metabolic defects via regulating the metabolism. The brain is a vital organ with high metabolic demands, and epileptic foci tend to exhibit high metabolic characteristics. Accordingly, there has been growing interest in the relationship between brain metabolism and epilepsy in recent years. To date, several new antiepileptic therapies targeting metabolic pathways have been proposed (i.e., inhibiting glycolysis, targeting lactate dehydrogenase, and dietary therapy). Promising strategies to treat epilepsy via modulating the brain's metabolism could be expected, while a lack of thorough understanding of the role of brain metabolism in the control of epilepsy remains. Herein, this review aims to provide insight into the state of the art concerning the brain's metabolic patterns and their association with epilepsy. Regulation of neuronal excitation via metabolic pathways and antiepileptic therapies targeting metabolic pathways are emphasized, which could provide a better understanding of the role of metabolism in epilepsy and could reveal potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Fei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruting Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinze Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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