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Paik SH, Choi MR, Kwak SM, Bang SH, Chun JW, Kim JY, Choi J, Cho H, Jeong JE, Kim DJ. An association study of Taq1A ANKK1 and C957T and - 141C DRD2 polymorphisms in adults with internet gaming disorder: a pilot study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16:45. [PMID: 29234453 PMCID: PMC5721653 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-017-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is considered to share similar genetic vulnerability with substance addictions, little has been explored about the role of the genetic variants on IGD. This pilot study was designed to investigate the association of the Taq1A polymorphism of the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene and C957T and - 141C of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) with IGD and their role on the personality and temperament traits in IGD among adult population. METHODS Sixty-three subjects with IGD and 87 control subjects who regularly played Internet games were recruited. Self-administered questionnaires on self-control, dysfunctional impulsivity, and temperament and character domains were done. The Taq1A ANKK1 and the C957T and - 141C ins/del from the DRD2 genes were genotyped using the specific TaqMan PCR assay. RESULTS The distributions of allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different between the IGD and control groups in both genders. In male, excessive gaming and use of gaming to escape from a negative feeling were associated with the del- genotype of the - 141C. Among IGD, the del+ genotype was associated with higher novelty seeking. Logistic regression showed no predictive value of these polymorphisms for IGD when using age and gender as covariates. CONCLUSIONS Though no direct association of the Taq1A ANKK1 and C957T DRD2 variants with IGD were observed, the - 141C polymorphism may play a role in IGD via mediating symptoms or temperament traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Paik
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Su Min Kwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Sol Hee Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Chun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591 South Korea
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Ilhan M, Kahraman OT, Turan S, Turgut S, Karaman O, Zeybek U, Shukurov S, Yaylim I, Tasan E. Does DRD2 polymorphism influence the clinical characteristics of prolactinoma? ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2015; 76:614-9. [PMID: 26514951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic alterations explaining the clinical variability of prolactinomas still could not be clarified and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) polymorphism is a putative candidate for the variable response to dopaminergic treatment. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism on initial and follow-up characteristics of prolactinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-two patients with prolactinoma and 98 age and gender matched control subjects were recruited to the case-control study. Serum prolactin levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and DRD2 polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Decrease of prolactin levels and the tumor shrinkage after cabergoline treatment were 93.9±5.9% and 58.3±33.1% in microadenomas and 96.1±6.1% and 51.7±29.3 in macroadenomas (P=0.02 and P>0.05, respectively). We observed no significant difference for DRD2 genotypes and the alleles between the patients and healthy group (P>0.05). Prolactin levels before treatment were correlated with tumor diameter before and after treatment and the percentage of prolactin decrease with treatment (P<0.001 r=0.58, P<0.001 r=0.40 and P<0.001 r=0.47, respectively). Tumor diameter before the treatment was also correlated with the tumor diameter after the treatment (P<0.001 r=0.64) and the percentage of prolactin decrease (P=0.01 r=0.30). However, no significant association was found between characteristics of prolactinoma and DRD2 genotypes and alleles (P>0.05). CONCLUSION This study revealed that DRD2 TaqI A receptor polymorphism was not associated with the development of prolactinoma and its clinical characteristics. Future studies are needed to clarify the clinical implications of genetic alterations in prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Ilhan
- Bezmialem University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vatan Caddesi, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Timirci Kahraman
- The Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Turan
- The Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Turgut
- Bezmialem University, Internal Medicine Department, Vatan Caddesi, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Karaman
- Bezmialem University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vatan Caddesi, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Zeybek
- The Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samir Shukurov
- Bezmialem University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vatan Caddesi, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Yaylim
- The Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Tasan
- Bezmialem University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vatan Caddesi, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
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Lucchese G, Capone G, Kanduc D. Peptide sharing between influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin and human axon guidance proteins. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:362-75. [PMID: 23378012 PMCID: PMC3932078 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that maternal microbial infections may cause fetal neurodevelopmental disorders, potentially increasing susceptibility to heavy psychopathologies such as schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, autism, pervasive developmental disorders, bipolar disorders, psychosis, epilepsy, language and speech disorders, and cognitive impairment in adult offspring. However, the molecular pathomechanisms underlying such a relationship are not clear. Here we analyze the potential role of the maternal immune response to viral infection in determining fetal brain injuries that increase the risk of neurological disorders in the adult. We use influenza infection as a disease model and human axon guidance pathway, a key process in the formation of neural network during midgestation, as a potential fetal target of immune insults. Specifically, we examined influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA), an antigenic viral protein, for amino acid sequence similarity to a random library of 188 axon guidance proteins. We obtain the results that (1) contrary to any theoretical expectations, 45 viral pentapeptide matches are distributed throughout a subset of 36 guidance molecules; (2) in 24 guidance proteins, the peptide sharing with HA antigen involves already experimentally validated influenza HA epitopes; and (3) most of the axon guidance vs HA peptide overlap is conserved among influenza A viral strains and subsets. Taken together, our data indicate that immune cross-reactivity between influenza HA and axon guidance molecules is possible and may well represent a pathologic mechanism capable of determining neurodevelopmental disruption in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Lucchese
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +39.080.544.3321, fax: +39.080.544.3317, e-mail:
| | - Giovanni Capone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +39.080.544.3321, fax: +39.080.544.3317, e-mail:
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Saraswathy KN, Mukhopadhyay R, Shukla D, Kaur H, Sachdeva MP, Rao A, Saksena D, Kalla AK. Haplotype Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium atDRD2Locus—A Study on Four Population Groups of Andhra Pradesh, India. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:115-9. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2008.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Shukla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India
| | | | - A.P. Rao
- Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Deepti Saksena
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India
| | - Aloke Kumar Kalla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, India
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Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms and response to cabergoline therapy in patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2008; 8:357-63. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tallerico T, Novak G, Liu IS, Ulpian C, Seeman P. Schizophrenia: elevated mRNA for dopamine D2(Longer) receptors in frontal cortex. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 87:160-5. [PMID: 11245917 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Because dopamine D2 receptors are the primary targets for antipsychotic drugs, including clozapine and quetiapine, and because some studies have found D2 receptors to be elevated in schizophrenia, we examined the mRNA of three forms of the D2 receptor, particularly the new form of the dopamine D2 receptor, D2(Longer), in post-mortem brains from patients who died with schizophrenia. Using quantitative competitive RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction), the D2(Longer) mRNA was higher in the frontal cortex, compared to control tissues. The mRNA concentration of D2(Long) and D2(Short) was also higher in the frontal cortex, compared to control tissues. Although most of the schizophrenia patients had received different antipsychotic drugs for varying periods of time, the mRNA of D2(Longer), as well as that for D2(Long) and D2(Short), in such medicated tissues was similar to that in a frontal cortex tissue from a patient who had reliably never received antipsychotic drugs. It is possible, therefore, that the elevation of the mRNAs for D2(Longer), D2(Long) and D2(Short) in the frontal cortex may be related to the disease of schizophrenia itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tallerico
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Science Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
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Abstract
Many genetic studies have focussed on dopamine receptors and their relationship to neuropsychiatric disease. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse have been the most studied, but no conclusive linkage or association has been found. The possible influence of dopamine receptor variants on drug response has not received as much attention. While there is some evidence that polymorphisms and mutations in dopamine receptors can alter functional activity and pharmacological profiles, no conclusive data link these gene variants to drug response or disease. The lack of unequivocal findings may be related, in part, to the subtle changes in receptor pharmacology that these polymorphisms and mutations mediate. These subtle effects may be obscured by the influence of genes controlling drug metabolism and kinetics. Further insight into the pharmacogenetics of dopamine receptors may require not just more studies, but novel approaches to the study of complex genetic traits and diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dopamine Agents/pharmacology
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D3
- Receptors, Dopamine D4
- Receptors, Dopamine D5
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Wong
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Novak G, Seeman P, Tallerico T. Schizophrenia: elevated mRNA for calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIbeta in frontal cortex. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 82:95-100. [PMID: 11042361 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Because amphetamine releases two to three times more dopamine in schizophrenia patients than in control subjects, and because calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II has a key role in the enhanced action of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in rats, the synaptic content of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIbeta mRNA was measured (by quantitative competitive RT-PCR; reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) in seven frontal cerebral cortices of post-mortem brains from patients who had schizophrenia and in seven control tissues. The results indicate that the mRNA of this kinase is elevated in the schizophrenia frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Novak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Science Building, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Toronto, Canada
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Parsian A, Cloninger CR, Zhang ZH. Functional variant in the DRD2 receptor promoter region and subtypes of alcoholism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 96:407-11. [PMID: 10898923 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<407::aid-ajmg32>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic pathway genes are considered as candidate genes for several neuropsychiatric diseases including severe alcoholism. Since 1990, there have been numerous reports of conflicting association studies of the Taq I A allele of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and alcoholism. Functional and structural variations in candidate genes offer more direct evaluation of their role in the development of a disorder. To determine the role of such variations in the DRD2 gene in the development of alcoholism subtypes, we screened a sample of 173 alcoholics and 88 normal controls with the A-241G and -141C Ins/Del variations in the promoter region and C311G variation in exon 7 of the DRD2 gene. Comparison of alcoholics with normal controls for allele frequency differences of these three variations was negative. Allele frequency differences of the two variations in the promoter region between type II alcoholics, alcoholics with medical complications, and normal controls were not significant. There was linkage disequilibrium only between -141 Ins/Del and Taq I D polymorphisms. We conclude that the functional and structural variations in DRD2 gene do not play a major role in the development of alcoholism subtypes in our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parsian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, KY 40202, USA.
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Seeman P, Nam D, Ulpian C, Liu IS, Tallerico T. New dopamine receptor, D2(Longer), with unique TG splice site, in human brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 76:132-41. [PMID: 10719223 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain dopamine receptor agonists alleviate the signs of Parkinson's disease, while dopamine receptor antagonists alleviate hallucinations and delusions in psychosis. The dopamine type 2 receptor (or D2) is blocked by antipsychotic drugs, including even the "atypical" drugs such as clozapine or remoxipride, in direct relation to their clinical potencies. Compared to the long form of the D2 receptor (D2(Long)), the short form (D2(Short)) may be three times more sensitive to benzamide antipsychotic drugs. Hence, it is essential to identify additional variants of dopamine receptors for which more selective antipsychotic drugs can be found. Although no family linkage has been found between the D2 receptor and schizophrenia, there can be brain region abnormalities in the RNA transcript expression of dopamine receptors. Therefore, in order to identify variant dopamine D2 receptors, we searched for mutations in the RNA transcripts for the dopamine D2 receptor in the striatum of post-mortem brains from individuals who died with psychosis, including schizophrenia. A new splice variant of the D2 receptor, D2(Longer), with a unique TG splice site, was found in one control brain and in two psychotic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Science Building, 8 Taddle Creek Road, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gelernter J, Southwick S, Goodson S, Morgan A, Nagy L, Charney DS. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) "A" system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:620-5. [PMID: 10088049 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies between marker alleles at the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and various psychiatric illnesses have produced conflicting results. Reports of allelic associations were originally made with alcoholism, but were then extended to other psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS We studied allele frequency of the DRD2 TaqI "A," "B," and "D" system markers in 52 European-American subjects with diagnoses of PTSD (based on structured interviews). RESULTS Frequency of the A1 allele in this sample was .15, not significantly different from the .19 allele frequency seen in 87 control subjects. We were thus unable to replicate the previous reports of allelic association between the DRD2 TaqI "A1" allele and PTSD. There were also no significant differences in allele frequency for the "B" or "D" systems. We then computed three marker (TaqI "A," "B," and "D" system) haplotypes for the sample; DRD2 haplotype frequencies also did not differ between control subjects and subjects with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DRD2 alleles are not associated with PTSD in this sample, and that genetic variation at the DRD2 locus is not likely to be an important contributor to risk for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Satel SL. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence or severity of cocaine dependence in European- and African-Americans. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:340-5. [PMID: 10023512 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies between marker alleles at the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and various psychiatric illnesses have produced conflicting results. Reports of allelic associations were originally made with alcoholism, but were then extended to other psychiatric disorders; there has been a series of positive reports suggesting an association between DRD2 alleles and substance dependence in European-American (EA) subjects. METHODS In an attempt to replicate the reported association between DRD2 alleles, substance dependence, and severity of substance dependence, we studied allele frequencies for three polymorphic DRD2 systems (TaqI "A," "B," and "D") in 96 EA and 77 African-American (AA) cocaine-dependent subjects, and 87 EA and 45 AA control subjects. To increase our power to detect such an association and to better understand any association detected, we also constructed three-locus haplotypes and compared haplotype frequencies. RESULTS For both the EA and AA samples, there were no significant differences in allele frequency between substance-dependent and control subjects for any of the three DRD2 polymorphic systems studied. There were also no significant differences in haplotype frequency between substance-dependent and control subjects for either EA or AA subjects; and, finally, there were no significant differences in "A" or "B" system allele frequency by severity. There were, however, significant differences between EAs and AAs. CONCLUSIONS Our data do not support an association between DRD2 alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence, in EA or AA subjects. Moreover, DRD2 alleles are not associated with severity of cocaine dependence in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Cubells JF, Ichinose H, Nagatsu T. DRD2 allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria, including the -141CIns/Del promoter polymorphism, in European-American, African-American, and Japanese subjects. Genomics 1998; 51:21-6. [PMID: 9693029 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have addressed the possible association of D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles-particularly in the TaqI "A" system (with the DRD2*A1 allele)-with positive results for a range of behavioral phenotypes in populations of European origin, the interpretation of those results remains controversial; they could reflect physiological relationships between gene and phenotype, population stratification, or random variation. Since mutational analysis studies of the DRD2 gene have thus far failed to reveal a mutation that could provide a physiological basis for these results, functional meaning for them depends on linkage disequilibrium with a functional variant. A recently described functional variant in the DRD2 promoter (-141CIns/Del), which is about 250 kb 5' to the variants studied in psychiatric illness, could conceivably provide an explanation for the positive findings, if it were in linkage disequilibrium with DRD2*A1 in populations similar to those for which an association has been reported. We studied linkage disequilibrium (LD) and frequencies of haplotypes containing the DRD2*A, DRD2*D, and -141CIns/Del systems in European-Americans, African-Americans, and Japanese subjects. Although we found evidence for LD across the 250-kb first intron in both American populations, we did not find significant LD between the DRD2*A system and the -141CIns/Del system in the European-Americans. This newly described functional variant therefore does not provide a straightforward physiological explanation for previously reported genetic associations with DRD2*A1 in European-American subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gelernter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to summarise the latest molecular genetic findings in schizophrenia, while providing background information on a number of relevant methodological issues. METHOD Accumulative genetic data indicate that schizophrenia is a genetically complex disease with an unclear mode of transmission. The development and rapid progression of molecular genetics have provided a wide variety of methods to search for genes predisposing to human disease. The genetic basis for a number of the simpler diseases has been identified and characterised using these methods. More recently, progress has been made in identifying genes predisposing to the genetically more complex diseases such as diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. RESULTS The latest findings on chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 13, 18 and 22 and on the X chromosome are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS There is now suggestive support for three susceptibility loci (6p24-22, 8p22-21 and 22q12-q13.1) for schizophrenia, and it is likely that other regions will emerge from studies now in progress. Finding and then characterising genes within these loci will require long-term commitment and systematic efforts in clinical, laboratory and analytical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mowry
- University of Queensland, Wolston Park Hospital, Wacol, Australia
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Pohjalainen T, Cravchik A, Gejman PV, Rinne J, Någren K, Syvälahti E, Hietala J. Antagonist binding characteristics of the Ser311-->Cys variant of human dopamine D2 receptor in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 232:143-6. [PMID: 9125119 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report in vivo and in vitro antagonist binding characteristics of the naturally occurring Ser311-->Cys variant of the human D2 dopamine receptor. Striatal receptor binding characteristics in vivo were measured with positron emission tomography and the D2 antagonist [11C]raclopride. The in vitro affinity of raclopride for the Ser311-->Cys variant and the wild type receptor was studied in membrane binding assays from stably transfected cell lines. One healthy male carrying the heterozygous Ser311-->Cys (TCC-->TGC) substitution was identified with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The striatal D2 receptor binding characteristics in vivo in this subject were normal. This was supported by the in vitro data as the Ki values of raclopride for the Ser311-->Cys variant and the wild type receptor were identical. Our data suggest that the Ser311-->Cys variant of the human D2 receptor does not influence antagonist-receptor recognition in vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pohjalainen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Finland
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Ohara K, Nakamura Y, Xie DW, Ishigaki T, Deng ZL, Tani K, Zhang HY, Kondo N, Liu JC, Miyasato K, Ohara K. Polymorphisms of dopamine D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptors in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:1209-17. [PMID: 8959285 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The result of most association studies and linkage analyses have suggested a negative association between schizophrenia and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor polymorphisms. Although the polymorphisms of the D2-like receptor in themselves may not account for the etiology of schizophrenia, they can contribute to the severity of the symptoms. Thus, we studied the associations between the polymorphisms and their combinations, and the vulnerability of schizophrenics. Fragments of the D2-like receptor genes were amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction, and the polymorphisms were identified by the restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-stranded conformation polymorphism methods. There were no statistically significant differences in the polymorphisms and their combinations between schizophrenics and controls. Schizophrenics with D4E1(A1/A2), which contains 2 and 1 tandem repeats of a 12-base-pair sequence in exon 1, had a lower total positive symptom score before medication than schizophrenics with D4E1(A1/A1). There was no association between the polymorphisms and negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Ram A, Cao Q, Keck PE, Pope HG, Otani K, Addonizio G, McElroy SL, Kaneko S, Redlichova M, Gershon ES. Structural change in dopamine D2 receptor gene in a patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 60:228-30. [PMID: 7573176 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the dopaminergic system has been suggested as a pathogenic mechanism in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Therefore, we examined the complete coding sequences of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene for structural abnormalities in 12 patients with a history of NMS, including two cases of familial NMS. Mutational analysis was performed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), a highly sensitive technique for detecting sequences differences. We found in one patient with a history of NMS a nucleotide substitution at codon 310 (CCG-->TCG) of exon 7 of the DRD2 gene which predicts the replacement of proline to serine in the third cytoplasmic loop of the receptor, a part of the receptor that interacts with G-proteins. A larger series of patients with NMS needs to be investigated to establish whether this allele is associated with an increased susceptibility to NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ram
- Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Sumiyoshi T, Stockmeier CA, Overholser JC, Thompson PA, Meltzer HY. Dopamine D4 receptors and effects of guanine nucleotides on [3H]raclopride binding in postmortem caudate nucleus of subjects with schizophrenia or major depression. Brain Res 1995; 681:109-16. [PMID: 7552267 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The densities of dopamine-D4 receptors were determined in postmortem samples of caudate nucleus from patients with schizophrenia (n = 9) and age-matched controls (n = 10). D4 receptor binding was defined as the difference between binding sites labeled by [3H]YM-09151-2 (D2 + D3 + D4 receptors) and those by [3H]raclopride, in the presence of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) (D2 + D3 receptors). D4 receptor binding was measurable in all the subjects with schizophrenia (mean = 3.8 pmol/g tissue) but only in 3/10 controls. To determine the specificity of these findings for schizophrenia, D4 receptor binding was also measured in the caudate nucleus of suicide victims with major depression (n = 6) and age-matched controls (n = 6). A small amount of D4 binding was noted in some of the controls + depressed subjects and there was no significant difference between controls and patients with major depression. The addition of 200 microM Gpp(NH)p to the assay significantly increased the amount of specific binding of [3H]raclopride in control tissues, but not in tissues from subjects with schizophrenia, suggesting an abnormality in the G-protein component coupled to the D2 receptor. [3H]Raclopride binding was also significantly increased by Gpp(NH)p in subjects with major depression. These results confirm a previous report of Seeman et al. (1993) and suggest that measurable D4 receptor binding in the caudate nucleus is more frequent in patients with schizophrenia as compared with normal controls and subjects with major depression and that guanine nucleotides do not enhance [3H]raclopride binding in schizophrenia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sumiyoshi
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-5000, USA
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20
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Shimron-Abarbanell D, Nöthen MM, Erdmann J, Propping P. Lack of genetically determined structural variants of the human serotonin-1E (5-HT1E) receptor protein points to its evolutionary conservation. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 29:387-90. [PMID: 7609628 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00003-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using single strand conformational analysis, we screened the complete coding sequence of the serotonin-1E (5-HT1E) receptor gene for the presence of DNA sequence variation in a sample of 157 unrelated individuals. We detected only a silent C-->T transition at the third position of codon 177. The lack of significant mutations leading to structural variants of the human 5-HT1E receptor protein points to a high evolutionary conservation of this receptor protein.
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21
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Macrae AD, Brenner S. Analysis of the dopamine receptor family in the compact genome of the puffer fish Fugu rubripes. Genomics 1995; 25:436-46. [PMID: 7789977 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80044-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes (Fugu), is approximately 400 Mb, 7.5 times smaller than that of human. We have isolated four dopamine receptor-like genes from Fugu genomic DNA. These genes show high sequence and structural homology to the known dopamine receptor genes, although, in contrast to previously described genes from this species, the intron size is comparable to that in human. The 5' noncoding exons of the D2/D3 dopamine receptor-like genes is described and compared to that in human. The high gene density of Fugu is shown by the close proximity of a cystatin-like gene 1503 bp from the dopamine receptor gene D222. We propose that the compact genome of Fugu can serve as a model for identifying gene family members directly from genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Macrae
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Seeman P, Ulpian C, Chouinard G, Van Tol HH, Dwosh H, Lieberman JA, Siminovitch K, Liu IS, Waye J, Voruganti P. Dopamine D4 receptor variant, D4GLYCINE194, in Africans, but not in Caucasians: no association with schizophrenia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 54:384-90. [PMID: 7726213 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320540419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because antipsychotic drugs selectively block dopamine receptors and since dopamine D4 receptors are elevated sixfold in postmortem schizophrenia brain, we searched for possible abnormalities in the coding region of the genomic DNA sequence for the dopamine D4 receptor in control and schizophrenia tissues. The DNA sequence for the first 250 bases of exon 3 of this receptor was examined in the genomic DNA from 296 control individuals and 58 schizophrenics. Twenty-three out of 183 control blacks (12.6%) and 3 out of 24 (12.5%) schizophrenic blacks revealed a replacement of T by G, predicting a substitution of valine by glycine at amino acid position 194. The identical prevalence of 12.5% indicates that the variant is not associated with schizophrenia. The amino acid replacement occurs one amino acid away from a serine amino acid which is critical for the attachment of dopamine. None of the 147 Caucasians (113 controls; 34 schizophrenics) revealed this variant, termed D4GLYCINE194.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Hallmayer J, Maier W, Schwab S, Ertl MA, Minges J, Ackenheil M, Lichtermann D, Wildenauer DB. No evidence of linkage between the dopamine D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1994; 53:203-15. [PMID: 7824680 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(94)90111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The antipsychotic effects of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists (neuroleptics) and the psychotomimetic effects of dopamine agonists suggest that a defect of the D2 receptor gene might be a factor in the etiology of schizophrenia. Fifteen families that contained several members suffering from schizophrenia were tested for linkage between the D2 receptor gene and schizophrenia. In addition, four flanking markers were tested. The mode of inheritance was assumed to be dominant. Five different models of the affection status, which ranged from a narrow to a broad definition of the affection status, were studied. Linkage analysis was carried out with dominant, recessive, and intermediate modes of transmission. Two-point and multipoint analyses between schizophrenia and the D2 receptor gene resulted in log-likelihood differences < -2 for all five models, and linkage between this candidate gene and schizophrenia was excluded. A mutation in the D2 receptor gene itself is therefore extremely unlikely to be related to a higher susceptibility to schizophrenia, at least in the present group of families.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hallmayer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5120
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24
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Arinami T, Itokawa M, Enguchi H, Tagaya H, Yano S, Shimizu H, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. Association of dopamine D2 receptor molecular variant with schizophrenia. Lancet 1994; 343:703-4. [PMID: 7907680 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have examined a variant of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (Ser311-->Cys) in 156 Japanese schizophrenic patients and 300 controls. The allele frequency of Cys311 was significantly higher in the whole patient group (0.054), among patients with onset before age 25 (0.090), and among those with a family history (0.135) than in the controls (0.018). 3 patients were homozygous for Cys311. The patients with Cys311 showed significantly less severe thought disorder and negative symptoms of schizophrenia than those without Cys311. The Cys311 variant of the D2 receptor may be a genetic risk factor for some types of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arinami
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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25
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Farooqui SM. Induction of adenylate cyclase sensitive dopamine D2-receptors in retinoic acid induced differentiated human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells. Life Sci 1994; 55:1887-93. [PMID: 7990648 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptor (D2-receptor) expression and its coupling to Gi sensitive adenylate cyclase was investigated in human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells. Incubation of SHSY-5Y cells in the presence of 100 nM retinoic acid (RA) for 24 hours resulted in phenotypic differentiation accompanied by a 47% increase in D2-receptor mRNA and a significant increase in the specific binding of a D2-receptor antagonist, [3H]YM09151-2. Stimulation of D2-receptors in differentiated cells by LY171-555, a D2-agonist, attenuated cellular cAMP levels by 30%. The effect of LY171-555 on cAMP levels was blocked by the D2-antagonist, (-)sulpride. Application of these drugs to control undifferentiated cells or differentiated cells incubated with vehicle only had no effect on cellular cAMP levels. These studies suggest that differentiated SHSY-5Y cells express functional D2-receptors and will provide a useful model for future studies on the regulation of expression and function of D2-receptors in cellular differentiation of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Farooqui
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
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26
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Watson M, Isackson PJ, Makker M, Yamada MS, Yamada M, Cusack B, Richelson E. Identification of a polymorphism in the human neurotensin receptor gene. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68:1043-8. [PMID: 8231267 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding the neurotensin receptor was isolated from a human substantia nigra cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence of this clone was almost identical to that of a cDNA for this receptor cloned from a previously described HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line. We found three base changes between the previously reported HT29 cDNA clone and the current cDNA clone. We investigated these changes by using polymerase chain reactions to amplify these areas from various human samples. One of the differences, which resulted in an amino acid change at AA194 (a leucine in the HT29 sequence was a phenylalanine in the current sequence), was found in some, but not in all, human samples. This finding represents genetic variability in human neurotensin receptors, the first such report for a peptide receptor. Both of these receptors, however, when expressed separately in transfected cell lines, had similar affinities for neurotensin and some related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watson
- Department of Research Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida 32224
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