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Kim YK, Walters JA, Moss ND, Wells KL, Sheridan R, Miranda JG, Benninger RKP, Pyle LL, O'Brien RM, Sussel L, Davidson HW. Zinc transporter 8 haploinsufficiency protects against beta cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes by increasing mitochondrial respiration. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101632. [PMID: 36347424 PMCID: PMC9672421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is a major humoral target in human type 1 diabetes (T1D). Polymorphic variants of Slc30A8, which encodes ZnT8, are also associated with protection from type 2 diabetes (T2D). The current study examined whether ZnT8 might play a role beyond simply being a target of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of T1D. METHODS The phenotypes of NOD mice with complete or partial global loss of ZnT8 were determined using a combination of disease incidence, histological, transcriptomic, and metabolic analyses. RESULTS Unexpectedly, while complete loss of ZnT8 accelerated spontaneous T1D, heterozygosity was partially protective. In vivo and in vitro studies of ZnT8 deficient NOD.SCID mice suggested that the accelerated disease was due to more rampant autoimmunity. Conversely, beta cells in heterozygous animals uniquely displayed increased mitochondrial fitness under mild proinflammatory conditions. CONCLUSIONS In pancreatic beta cells and immune cell populations, Zn2+ plays a key role as a regulator of redox signaling and as an independent secondary messenger. Importantly, Zn2+ also plays a major role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Our results suggest that regulating mitochondrial fitness by altering intra-islet zinc homeostasis may provide a novel mechanism to modulate T1D pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyung Kim
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay A Walters
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicole D Moss
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Biology Initiative, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan Sheridan
- RNA Biology Initiative, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jose G Miranda
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard K P Benninger
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Laura L Pyle
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Director Child Health Research Biostatistics Core, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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2
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Rojas M, Heuer LS, Zhang W, Chen YG, Ridgway WM. The long and winding road: From mouse linkage studies to a novel human therapeutic pathway in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918837. [PMID: 35935980 PMCID: PMC9353112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves a loss of immune tolerance to self-proteins due to a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental provocation, which generates autoreactive T and B cells. Genetic susceptibility affects lymphocyte autoreactivity at the level of central tolerance (e.g., defective, or incomplete MHC-mediated negative selection of self-reactive T cells) and peripheral tolerance (e.g., failure of mechanisms to control circulating self-reactive T cells). T regulatory cell (Treg) mediated suppression is essential for controlling peripheral autoreactive T cells. Understanding the genetic control of Treg development and function and Treg interaction with T effector and other immune cells is thus a key goal of autoimmunity research. Herein, we will review immunogenetic control of tolerance in one of the classic models of autoimmunity, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes (T1D). We review the long (and still evolving) elucidation of how one susceptibility gene, Cd137, (identified originally via linkage studies) affects both the immune response and its regulation in a highly complex fashion. The CD137 (present in both membrane and soluble forms) and the CD137 ligand (CD137L) both signal into a variety of immune cells (bi-directional signaling). The overall outcome of these multitudinous effects (either tolerance or autoimmunity) depends upon the balance between the regulatory signals (predominantly mediated by soluble CD137 via the CD137L pathway) and the effector signals (mediated by both membrane-bound CD137 and CD137L). This immune balance/homeostasis can be decisively affected by genetic (susceptibility vs. resistant alleles) and environmental factors (stimulation of soluble CD137 production). The discovery of the homeostatic immune effect of soluble CD137 on the CD137-CD137L system makes it a promising candidate for immunotherapy to restore tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Luke S. Heuer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: William M. Ridgway,
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3
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Yoshiki A, Ballard G, Perez AV. Genetic quality: a complex issue for experimental study reproducibility. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:413-430. [PMID: 35751794 PMCID: PMC9489590 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory animal research involving mice, requires consideration of many factors to be controlled. Genetic quality is one factor that is often overlooked but is essential for the generation of reproducible experimental results. Whether experimental research involves inbred mice, spontaneous mutant, or genetically modified strains, exercising genetic quality through careful breeding, good recordkeeping, and prudent quality control steps such as validation of the presence of mutations and verification of the genetic background, will help ensure that experimental results are accurate and that reference controls are representative for the particular experiment. In this review paper, we will discuss various techniques used for the generation of genetically altered mice, and the different aspects to be considered regarding genetic quality, including inbred strains and substrains used, quality check controls during and after genetic manipulation and breeding. We also provide examples for when to use the different techniques and considerations on genetic quality checks. Further, we emphasize on the importance of establishing an in-house genetic quality program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, 3050074, Japan.
| | - Gregory Ballard
- Comparative Medicine and Quality, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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4
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Iwata S, Sasaki T, Nagahara M, Iwamoto T. An efficient i-GONAD method for creating and maintaining lethal mutant mice using an inversion balancer identified from the C3H/HeJJcl strain. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:6291665. [PMID: 34849815 PMCID: PMC8496231 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the efficiency of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas system is extremely high, creation and maintenance of homozygous lethal mutants are often difficult. Here, we present an efficient in vivo electroporation method called improved genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (i-GONAD), wherein one of two alleles in the lethal gene was selectively edited in the presence of a non-targeted B6.C3H-In(6)1J inversion identified from the C3H/HeJJcl strain. This method did not require isolation, culture, transfer, or other in vitro handling of mouse embryos. The edited lethal genes were stably maintained in heterozygotes, as recombination is strongly suppressed within this inversion interval. Using this strategy, we successfully generated the first Tprkb null knockout strain with an embryonic lethal mutation and showed that B6.C3H-In(6)1J can efficiently suppress recombination. As B6.C3H-In(6)1J was tagged with a gene encoding the visible coat color marker, Mitf, the Tprkb mutation could be visually recognized. We listed the stock balancer strains currently available as public bioresources to create these lethal gene knockouts. This method will allow for more efficient experiments for further analysis of lethal mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Iwata
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takahisa Sasaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Miki Nagahara
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwamoto
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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Liu S, Lockhart JR, Fontenard S, Berlett M, Ryan TM. Mapping the Chromosomal Insertion Site of the GFP Transgene of UBC-GFP Mice to the MHC Locus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1982-1987. [PMID: 32122998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GFP is frequently used as a marker for tracking donor cells adoptively transplanted into recipient animals. The human ubiquitin C promoter (UBC)-driven-GFP transgenic mouse is a commonly used source of donor cells for this purpose. This mouse was initially generated in the C57BL/6 inbred strain and has been backcrossed into the BALB/cBy strain for over 11 generations. Both the C57BL/6 inbred and BALB/cBy congenic UBC-GFP lines are commercially available and have been widely distributed. These UBC-GFP lines can be a convenient resource for tracking donor cells in both syngenic MHC-matched and in allogenic MHC-mismatched studies as C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/cBy (H-2d) have disparate MHC haplotypes. In this report, we surprisingly discover that the UBC-GFP BALB/cBy congenic mice still retain the H-2b MHC haplotype of their original C57BL/6 founder, suggesting that the UBC-GFP transgene integration site is closely linked to the MHC locus on chromosome 17. Using linear amplification-mediated PCR, we successfully map the UBC-GFP transgene to the MHC locus. This study highlights the importance and urgency of mapping the transgene integration site of transgenic mouse strains used in biomedical research. Furthermore, this study raises the possibility of alternative interpretations of previous studies using congenic UBC-GFP mice and focuses attention on the necessity for rigor and reproducibility in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanrun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jonathan R Lockhart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Suean Fontenard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Mike Berlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thomas M Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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6
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Analysis of Polymorphisms in the Mediator Complex Subunit 13-like (Med13L) Gene in the Context of Immune Function and Development of Experimental Arthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:365-377. [PMID: 29951696 PMCID: PMC6154033 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Mediator complex subunit 13-like (MED13L) protein is part of the multi-protein mediator complex and plays an important role in gene transcription. Polymorphisms in the MED13L gene have been linked to congenital heart anomalies and intellectual disabilities. Despite recent evidence of indirect links of MED13L to cytokine release and inflammation, impact of genetic variations in MED13L on immune cells remains unexplored. The B10.RIII and RIIIS/J mouse strains vary in susceptibility to induced experimental autoimmune disease models. From sequencing data of the two mouse strains, we identified six polymorphisms in the coding regions of Med13L. Using congenic mice, we studied the effect of these polymorphisms on immune cell development and function along with susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis. Combining in vivo disease data, in vitro functional data, and computational analysis of the reported non-synonymous polymorphisms, we report that genetic polymorphisms in Med13L do not affect the immune phenotype in these mice and are predicted to be non-disease associated.
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7
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A Role for the Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Abl2/Arg in Experimental Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:265-276. [PMID: 29550892 PMCID: PMC5928183 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a neuroinflammatory degenerative disease, caused by activated immune cells infiltrating the CNS. The disease etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. The mouse genetic locus, Eae27, linked to disease development in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis, was studied in order to identify contributing disease susceptibility factors and potential drug targets for multiple sclerosis. Studies of an Eae27 congenic mouse strain, revealed that genetic variation within Eae27 influences EAE development. The Abl2 gene, encoding the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Arg, is located in the 4,1 megabase pair long Eae27 region. The Arg protein plays an important role in cellular regulation and is, in addition, involved in signaling through the B- and T-cell receptors, important for the autoimmune response. The presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism causing an amino acid change in a near actin-interacting domain of Arg, in addition to altered lymphocyte activation in the congenic mice upon immunization with myelin antigen, makes Abl2/Arg a candidate gene for EAE. Here we demonstrate that the non-synonymous SNP does not change Arg's binding affinity for F-actin but suggest a role for Abl kinases in CNS inflammation pathogenesis by showing that pharmacological inhibition of Abl kinases ameliorates EAE, but not experimental arthritis.
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8
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Congenic mapping and candidate gene analysis for streptozotocin-induced diabetes susceptibility locus on mouse chromosome 11. Mamm Genome 2018. [PMID: 29523950 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) has been widely used to induce diabetes in rodents. Strain-dependent variation in susceptibility to STZ has been reported; however, the gene(s) responsible for STZ susceptibility has not been identified. Here, we utilized the A/J-11SM consomic strain and a set of chromosome 11 (Chr. 11) congenic strains developed from A/J-11SM to identify a candidate STZ-induced diabetes susceptibility gene. The A/J strain exhibited significantly higher susceptibility to STZ-induced diabetes than the A/J-11SM strain, confirming the existence of a susceptibility locus on Chr. 11. We named this locus Stzds1 (STZ-induced diabetes susceptibility 1). Congenic mapping using the Chr. 11 congenic strains indicated that the Stzds1 locus was located between D11Mit163 (27.72 Mb) and D11Mit51 (36.39 Mb). The Mpg gene, which encodes N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), a ubiquitous DNA repair enzyme responsible for the removal of alkylated base lesions in DNA, is located within the Stzds1 region. There is a close relationship between DNA alkylation at an early stage of STZ action and the function of MPG. A Sanger sequence analysis of the Mpg gene revealed five polymorphic sites in the A/J genome. One variant, p.Ala132Ser, was located in a highly conserved region among rodent species and in the minimal region for retained enzyme activity of MPG. It is likely that structural alteration of MPG caused by the p.Ala132Ser mutation elicits increased recognition and excision of alkylated base lesions in DNA by STZ.
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9
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Bihoreau MT, Dumas ME, Lathrop M, Gauguier D. Genomic regulation of type 2 diabetes endophenotypes: Contribution from genetic studies in the Goto-Kakizaki rat. Biochimie 2017; 143:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Comparative study of fertilization rates of C57BL/6NKorl and C57BL/6N mice obtained from two other sources. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:179-186. [PMID: 28747985 PMCID: PMC5527145 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6N is the most widely used inbred mouse strain applied in a wide variety of research areas including cancer, cardiovascular biology, developmental biology, diabetes and obesity, genetics, immunology, neurobiology, and sensorineural research. To compare the fertilization rates of C57BL/6NKorl mice with two commercial C57BL/6N stocks, differences in reproductive organ structures, sperm and egg numbers, fertilization rates, and embryo development rates among C57BL/6NKorl (Korea FDA source), C57BL/6NA (USA source), and C57BL/6NB (Japan source) mice were determined. Among the stocks, no significant differences were detected in organ weight and histological structure of male and female reproductive organs, although body weight was higher in C57BL/6NKorl mice than that in the other groups. The concentration and morphology of sperm and eggs in C57BL/6NKorl mice were similar to those of C57BL/6NA and C57BL/6NB mice. Furthermore, the three stocks had similar in vitro fertilization and embryo development rates, although these rates tended to be higher in C57BL/6NB mice. Pup body weight was higher in C57BL/6NKorl and C57BL/6NB mice than that in C57BL/6NA mice. The results of the present study suggest that C57BL/6NKorl, C57BL/6NA, and C57BL/6NB mice obtained from three different sources have similar fertilization and embryo development rates, although there were slight differences in the magnitude of their responses rates.
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11
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IL-10 Production Is Critical for Sustaining the Expansion of CD5+ B and NKT Cells and Restraining Autoantibody Production in Congenic Lupus-Prone Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150515. [PMID: 26964093 PMCID: PMC4786215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus is mediated by the complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. To decipher the genetics that contribute to pathogenesis and the production of pathogenic autoantibodies, our lab has focused on the generation of congenic lupus-prone mice derived from the New Zealand Black (NZB) strain. Previous work has shown that an NZB-derived chromosome 4 interval spanning 32 to 151 Mb led to expansion of CD5+ B and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, and could suppress autoimmunity when crossed with a lupus-prone mouse strain. Subsequently, it was shown that CD5+ B cells but not NKT cells derived from these mice could suppress the development of pro-inflammatory T cells. In this paper, we aimed to further resolve the genetics that leads to expansion of these two innate-like populations through the creation of additional sub-congenic mice and to characterize the role of IL-10 in the suppression of autoimmunity through the generation of IL-10 knockout mice. We show that expansion of CD5+ B cells and NKT cells localizes to a chromosome 4 interval spanning 91 to 123 Mb, which is distinct from the region that mediates the majority of the suppressive phenotype. We also demonstrate that IL-10 is critical to restraining autoantibody production and surprisingly plays a vital role in supporting the expansion of innate-like populations.
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Sankaran JS, Li B, Donahue LR, Judex S. Modulation of unloading-induced bone loss in mice with altered ERK signaling. Mamm Genome 2015; 27:47-61. [PMID: 26546009 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations mediate skeletal responsiveness to mechanical unloading, with individual space travelers exhibiting large variations in the extent of bone loss. We previously identified genomic regions harboring several hundred genes that can modulate the magnitude of skeletal adaptation to mechanical unloading. Here, bioinformatic filters aided in shortlisting 30 genes with bone-related and mechanoregulatory roles. The genes CD44, FGF2, NOD2, and Fas, all associated with ERK signaling, were then functionally tested in hindlimb-unloaded (HLU) knockout (KO) mice. Compared to their respective normally ambulating wildtype (WT) controls, all KO strains, except Fas mice, had lower trabecular bone volume, bone volume fraction, and/or trabecular number. For cortical bone and compared to ambulatory WT mice, CD44(-/-) had impaired properties while FGF2(-/-) showed enhanced indices. NOD2(-/-) and Fas(-/-) did not have a cortical phenotype. In all KO and WT groups, HLU resulted in impaired trabecular and cortical indices, primarily due to trabecular tissue loss and mitigation of cortical bone growth. The difference in trabecular separation between HLU and ambulatory controls was significantly greater in CD44(-/-) and NOD2(-/-) mice than in WT mice. In cortical bone, differences in cortical thickness, total pore volume, and cortical porosity between HLU and controls were aggravated in CD44(-/-) mice. In contrast, deletion of NOD2 and Fas genes mitigated the differences in Po.V between HLU and control mice. Together, we narrowed a previous list of QTL-derived candidate genes from over 300 to 30, and showed that CD44, NOD2, and Fas have distinct functions in regulating changes in trabecular and cortical bone indices during unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyantt S Sankaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | | | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA.
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The Cnes2 locus on mouse chromosome 17 regulates host defense against cryptococcal infection through pleiotropic effects on host immunity. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4541-54. [PMID: 26371125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00697-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of natural susceptibility to progressive Cryptococcus neoformans infection is not well understood. Using C57BL/6 and CBA/J inbred mice, we previously identified three chromosomal regions associated with C. neoformans susceptibility (Cnes1, Cnes2, and Cnes3). To validate and characterize the role of Cnes2 during the host response, we constructed a congenic strain on the C57BL/6 background (B6.CBA-Cnes2). Phenotypic analysis of B6.CBA-Cnes2 mice 35 days after C. neoformans infection showed a significant reduction of fungal burden in the lungs and spleen with higher pulmonary expression of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), lower expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and an absence of airway epithelial mucus production compared to that in C57BL/6 mice. Multiparameter flow cytometry of infected lungs also showed a significantly higher number of neutrophils, exudate macrophages, CD11b(+) dendritic cells, and CD4(+) cells in B6.CBA-Cnes2 than in C57BL/6 mice. The activation state of recruited macrophages and dendritic cells was also significantly increased in B6.CBA-Cnes2 mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the Cnes2 interval is a potent regulator of host defense, immune responsiveness, and differential Th1/Th2 polarization following C. neoformans infection.
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14
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Simpfendorfer KR, Strugnell RA, Brodnicki TC, Wijburg OLC. Increased autoimmune diabetes in pIgR-deficient NOD mice is due to a "Hitchhiking" interval that refines the genetic effect of Idd5.4. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121979. [PMID: 25835383 PMCID: PMC4383422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective breeding to introduce a gene mutation from one mouse strain onto the genetic background of another strain invariably produces “hitchhiking” (i.e. flanking) genomic intervals, which may independently affect a disease trait of interest. To investigate a role for the polymeric Ig receptor in autoimmune diabetes, a congenic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain was generated that harbors a Pigr null allele derived from C57BL/6 (B6) mice. These pIgR-deficient NOD mice exhibited increased serum IgA along with an increased diabetes incidence. However, the Pigr null allele was encompassed by a relatively large “hitchhiking” genomic interval that was derived from B6 mice and overlaps Idd5.4, a susceptibility locus for autoimmune diabetes. Additional congenic NOD mouse strains, harboring smaller B6-derived intervals, confirmed Idd5.4 independently of the other three known susceptibility loci on chromosome 1, and further localized Idd5.4 to an interval proximal to Pigr. Moreover, these congenic NOD mice showed that B6 mice harbor a more diabetogenic allele than NOD mice for this locus. The smallest B6-derived interval encompassing the Pigr null allele may, however, confer a small degree of protection against diabetes, but this protection appears to be dependent on the absence of the diabetogenic B6 allele for Idd5.4. This study provides another example of the potential hidden effects of “hitchhiking" genomic intervals and how such intervals can be used to localize disease susceptibility loci.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Alleles
- Animals
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/chemistry
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Loci
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/deficiency
- Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R. Simpfendorfer
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C. Brodnicki
- Immunology & Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Odilia L. C. Wijburg
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Yazdi FT, Clee SM, Meyre D. Obesity genetics in mouse and human: back and forth, and back again. PeerJ 2015; 3:e856. [PMID: 25825681 PMCID: PMC4375971 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern. This condition results from a constant and complex interplay between predisposing genes and environmental stimuli. Current attempts to manage obesity have been moderately effective and a better understanding of the etiology of obesity is required for the development of more successful and personalized prevention and treatment options. To that effect, mouse models have been an essential tool in expanding our understanding of obesity, due to the availability of their complete genome sequence, genetically identified and defined strains, various tools for genetic manipulation and the accessibility of target tissues for obesity that are not easily attainable from humans. Our knowledge of monogenic obesity in humans greatly benefited from the mouse obesity genetics field. Genes underlying highly penetrant forms of monogenic obesity are part of the leptin-melanocortin pathway in the hypothalamus. Recently, hypothesis-generating genome-wide association studies for polygenic obesity traits in humans have led to the identification of 119 common gene variants with modest effect, most of them having an unknown function. These discoveries have led to novel animal models and have illuminated new biologic pathways. Integrated mouse-human genetic approaches have firmly established new obesity candidate genes. Innovative strategies recently developed by scientists are described in this review to accelerate the identification of causal genes and deepen our understanding of obesity etiology. An exhaustive dissection of the molecular roots of obesity may ultimately help to tackle the growing obesity epidemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh T. Yazdi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne M. Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Qi Z, Wang J, Han X, Yang J, Zhao G, Cao Y. Listr1 locus regulates innate immunity against Listeria monocytogenes infection in the mouse liver possibly through Cxcl11 polymorphism. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:231-42. [PMID: 24566892 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inbred stains of mice display differential susceptibility to infection with the common foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Previously, Listr1 and Listr2, two genetic loci that control differential sensitivity to Lm infection between BALB/cByJ and C57BL/6ByJ mice, were identified. To analyze the role of Listr1 in innate immune responses, we employed congenic mice (C.B6By-Listr1/Rag2 (-/-) ) bearing the C57BL/6ByJ-derived Listr1 locus on a BALB/c-Rag2 (-/-) background. Consistent with the results of a previous genetic analysis, the congenic mice showed increased susceptibility to Lm infection. The bacterial burden in the liver between the congenic and control lines was significantly different (P < 0.05) from 24 h postinfection with Lm. Analysis of genes within the Listr1 locus identified a frameshift mutation in the Cxcl11 gene of the C57BL/6 strain that prevents production of the mature chemokine CXCL11. No differences in inflammatory cell infiltration or cells expressing CXCR3 and CXCR7 which are the receptors of CXCL11 occurred because of CXCL11 deficiency in the congenic mice spleens. However, these mice lacked a distinct population of CD14(+) positive resident mononuclear cells that express intermediate levels of CXCR3 and CXCR7 in the liver. There were fewer microabscesses in the liver of CXCL11-deficient mice during the early stage of infection, which is consistent with their decreased ability to resist Lm. Our results, when taken together, show that the Listr1 locus plays an important role in early control of Lm infection in the mouse liver and that Cxcl11 is a candidate gene for disease severity within this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanmei Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei Er Ma Lu, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China,
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17
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Steward CA, Gonzalez JM, Trevanion S, Sheppard D, Kerry G, Gilbert JGR, Wicker LS, Rogers J, Harrow JL. The non-obese diabetic mouse sequence, annotation and variation resource: an aid for investigating type 1 diabetes. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2013; 2013:bat032. [PMID: 23729657 PMCID: PMC3668384 DOI: 10.1093/database/bat032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Model organisms are becoming increasingly important for the study of complex diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an experimental model for T1D having been bred to develop the disease spontaneously in a process that is similar to humans. Genetic analysis of the NOD mouse has identified around 50 disease loci, which have the nomenclature Idd for insulin-dependent diabetes, distributed across at least 11 different chromosomes. In total, 21 Idd regions across 6 chromosomes, that are major contributors to T1D susceptibility or resistance, were selected for finished sequencing and annotation at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Here we describe the generation of 40.4 mega base-pairs of finished sequence from 289 bacterial artificial chromosomes for the NOD mouse. Manual annotation has identified 738 genes in the diabetes sensitive NOD mouse and 765 genes in homologous regions of the diabetes resistant C57BL/6J reference mouse across 19 candidate Idd regions. This has allowed us to call variation consequences between homologous exonic sequences for all annotated regions in the two mouse strains. We demonstrate the importance of this resource further by illustrating the technical difficulties that regions of inter-strain structural variation between the NOD mouse and the C57BL/6J reference mouse can cause for current next generation sequencing and assembly techniques. Furthermore, we have established that the variation rate in the Idd regions is 2.3 times higher than the mean found for the whole genome assembly for the NOD/ShiLtJ genome, which we suggest reflects the fact that positive selection for functional variation in immune genes is beneficial in regard to host defence. In summary, we provide an important resource, which aids the analysis of potential causative genes involved in T1D susceptibility. Database URLs:http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/mouse/nod/; http://vega-previous.sanger.ac.uk/info/data/mouse_regions.html
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Steward
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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18
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Oishi H, Tsubaki T, Miyazaki T, Ono M, Nose M, Takahashi S. A bacterial artificial chromosome transgene with polymorphic Cd72 inhibits the development of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in MRL-Faslpr lupus mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2129-37. [PMID: 23365086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is considered to be under the control of polygenic inheritance, developing according to the cumulative effects of susceptibility genes with polymorphic alleles; however, the mechanisms underlying the roles of polygenes based on functional and pathological genomics remain uncharacterized. In this study, we substantiate that a CD72 polymorphism in the membrane-distal extracellular domain impacts on both the development of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in a lupus model strain of mice, MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr), and the reactivity of BCR signal stimulation. We generated mice carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome transgene originating from C57BL/6 (B6) mice that contains the Cd72(b) locus (Cd72(B6) transgenic [tg]) or the modified Cd72(b) locus with an MRL-derived Cd72(c) allele at the polymorphic region corresponding to the membrane-distal extracellular domain (Cd72(B6/MRL) tg). Cd72(B6) tg mice, but not Cd72(B6/MRL) tg mice, showed a significant reduction in mortality following a marked improvement of disease associated with decreased serum levels of IgG3 and anti-dsDNA Abs. The number of splenic CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells in Cd72(B6) tg mice was decreased significantly in association with a reduced response to B cell receptor signaling. These results indicate that the Cd72 polymorphism affects susceptibility to lupus phenotypes and that novel functional rescue by a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis is an efficient approach with wide applications for conducting a genomic analysis of polygene diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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Hattori S, Takao K, Tanda K, Toyama K, Shintani N, Baba A, Hashimoto H, Miyakawa T. Comprehensive behavioral analysis of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) knockout mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:58. [PMID: 23060763 PMCID: PMC3462416 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide acting as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, or neurotrophic factor. PACAP is widely expressed throughout the brain and exerts its functions through the PACAP-specific receptor (PAC(1)). Recent studies reveal that genetic variants of the PACAP and PAC(1) genes are associated with mental disorders, and several behavioral abnormalities of PACAP knockout (KO) mice are reported. However, an insufficient number of backcrosses was made using PACAP KO mice on the C57BL/6J background due to their postnatal mortality. To elucidate the effects of PACAP on neuropsychiatric function, the PACAP gene was knocked out in F1 hybrid mice (C57BL/6J × 129SvEv) for appropriate control of the genetic background. The PACAP KO mice were then subjected to a behavioral test battery. PACAP deficiency had no significant effects on neurological screen. As shown previously, the mice exhibited significantly increased locomotor activity in a novel environment and abnormal anxiety-like behavior, while no obvious differences between genotypes were shown in home cage (HC) activity. In contrast to previous reports, the PACAP KO mice showed normal prepulse inhibition (PPI) and slightly decreased depression-like behavior. Previous study demonstrates that the social interaction (SI) in a resident-intruder test was decreased in PACAP KO mice. On the other hand, we showed that PACAP KO mice exhibited increased SI in Crawley's three-chamber social approach test, although PACAP KO had no significant impact on SI in a HC. PACAP KO mice also exhibited mild performance deficit in working memory in an eight-arm radial maze (RM) and the T-maze (TM), while they did not show any significant abnormalities in the left-right discrimination task in the TM. These results suggest that PACAP has an important role in the regulation of locomotor activity, social behavior, anxiety-like behavior and, potentially, working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health UniversityToyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyKawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyKawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Tanda
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Toyama
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health UniversityToyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihito Shintani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemichi Baba
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University and Hamamatsu University School of MedicineSuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health UniversityToyoake, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyKawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Stewart TP, Mao X, Aqqad MN, Uffort D, Dillon KD, Saxton AM, Kim JH. Subcongenic analysis of tabw2 obesity QTL on mouse chromosome 6. BMC Genet 2012; 13:81. [PMID: 23025571 PMCID: PMC3519667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously established a congenic mouse strain with TALLYHO/Jng (TH) donor segment on chromosome 6 in a C57BL/6 (B6) background that harbors an obesity quantitative trait locus, tabw2. The B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice developed increased adiposity that became exacerbated upon feeding a high fat-high sucrose (HFS) diet. To fine map the tabw2, in this study we generated and characterized subcongenic lines with smaller TH donor segments. Results We fixed four subcongenic lines, with maximum size of donor segment retained in the lines ranging from 10.8 – 92.5 Mb. For mapping, all the subcongenic mice, along with B6.TH-tabw2 congenic and B6-homozygous control mice were fed either chow or HFS diets, and their post-mortem fat pads were weighed. Mice were also characterized for energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, locomotor activity, and food intake. As previously reported, B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice showed a significantly larger fat mass than controls on both diets. On chow, a subcongenic line retaining the distal region of the TH donor congenic interval exhibited significantly larger fat mass than B6-homozygous controls, and comparable that to B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice. Two nested subcongenic lines within that region suggested that the effect of tabw2 on obesity could be attributed to at least two subloci. On HFS diets, on the other hand, all the subcongenic mice had significantly larger fat mass than controls without genotype differences, but none of them had fat mass as large as the original congenic mice. This possibly implicates that further genetic complexity involves in the effect of tabw2 on diet-induced obesity. Significantly reduced locomotor activity was exhibited in B6.TH-tabw2 congenic and subcongenic mice compared to controls when animals were fed HFS diets. B6.TH-tabw2 congenic mice, but not subcongenic mice, also had significantly increased food intake on HFS diets. Conclusions It appears that at least two subloci explaining the tabw2 effect under chow feeding map to the distal region of the congenic interval, whereas the diet-induced obesity mediated by tabw2 is attributed to more complex genetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn P Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C, Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave, BBSC #435K, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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21
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Nagarajan P, Shailendra A, Venkatesan R, Kumar MJM, Majumdar SS, Juyal RC. Sex and strain-related differences in the peripheral blood cell values of mutant mouse strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-011-1330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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DeAtley KL, Rincon G, Farber CR, Medrano JF, Luna-Nevarez P, Enns RM, VanLeeuwen DM, Silver GA, Thomas MG. Genetic analyses involving microsatellite ETH10 genotypes on bovine chromosome 5 and performance trait measures in Angus- and Brahman-influenced cattle. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2031-41. [PMID: 21357449 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ETH10 is a dinucleotide microsatellite within the promoter of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) gene on bovine chromosome 5. ETH10 is included in the panel of genetic markers used in parentage testing procedures of cattle breed associations. Allelic sizes of ETH10 PCR amplicons range from 199 to 225 bp. Objectives of this study were to use microsatellite data from beef cattle breed associations to investigate genetic distance and population stratification among Angus- and Brahman-influenced cattle and to use ETH10 genotypes and growth and ultrasound carcass data to investigate their statistical relationships. Three series of genotype to phenotype association analyses were conducted with 1) Angus data (n=5,094), 2) Brangus data (3/8 Brahman × 5/8 Angus; n=2,296), and 3) multibreed data (n=4,426) of Angus and Brangus cattle. Thirteen alleles and 38 genotypes were observed, but frequencies varied among breed groups. Tests of genetic identity and distance among 6 breed composition groups increasing in Brahman influence from 0 to 75% revealed that as Brahman-influence increased to ≥50%, genetic distance from Angus ranged from 18.3 to 43.5%. This was accomplished with 10 microsatellite loci. A mixed effects model involving genotype as a fixed effect and sire as a random source of variation suggested that Angus cattle with the 217/219 genotype tended to have 2.1% heavier (P=0.07) 205-d BW than other genotypes. In Brangus cattle, allele combinations were classified as small (≤215 bp) or large (≥217 bp). Brangus cattle with the small/large genotype had 2.0% heavier (P<0.05) birth weight, yet cattle with the large/large genotype had approximately 5.1% greater (P<0.05) percentage of fat within LM and more LM per BW than cattle with small/large or small/small genotypes. Genotype-to-phenotype relationships were not detected in multibreed analyses. The ETH10 locus appears to be associated with growth and carcass traits in Angus and Brangus cattle. Results from this study provide support for STAT6 as one of the candidate genes underlying cattle growth QTL on chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L DeAtley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88003, USA
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23
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Tan IKL, Mackin L, Wang N, Papenfuss AT, Elso CM, Ashton MP, Quirk F, Phipson B, Bahlo M, Speed TP, Smyth GK, Morahan G, Brodnicki TC. A recombination hotspot leads to sequence variability within a novel gene (AK005651) and contributes to type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Genome Res 2010; 20:1629-38. [PMID: 21051460 DOI: 10.1101/gr.101881.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
More than 25 loci have been linked to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, but identification of the underlying genes remains challenging. We describe here the positional cloning of a T1D susceptibility locus, Idd11, located on mouse chromosome 4. Sequence analysis of a series of congenic NOD mouse strains over a critical 6.9-kb interval in these mice and in 25 inbred strains identified several haplotypes, including a unique NOD haplotype, associated with varying levels of T1D susceptibility. Haplotype diversity within this interval between congenic NOD mouse strains was due to a recombination hotspot that generated four crossover breakpoints, including one with a complex conversion tract. The Idd11 haplotype and recombination hotspot are located within a predicted gene of unknown function, which exhibits decreased expression in relevant tissues of NOD mice. Notably, it was the recombination hotspot that aided our mapping of Idd11 and confirms that recombination hotspots can create genetic variation affecting a common polygenic disease. This finding has implications for human genetic association studies, which may be affected by the approximately 33,000 estimated hotspots in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K L Tan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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He CX, Prevot N, Boitard C, Avner P, Rogner UC. Inhibition of type 1 diabetes by upregulation of the circadian rhythm-related aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:585-92. [PMID: 20676886 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic locus Idd6 is involved in type 1 diabetes development in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse through its effect on the immune system and in particular, on T cell activities. Analysis of congenic strains for Idd6 has established the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2 (Arntl2) as a likely candidate gene. In this study we investigate the role of Arntl2 in the autoimmune disease and T cell activation. An Arntl2 expressing plasmid was transfected into CD4(+) T cells by nucleofection. Expression levels of cytokines and CD4(+) T cell activation markers, cell death, apoptosis, and cell proliferation rates were characterized in ex vivo experiments whilst in vivo the transfected cells were transferred into NOD.SCID mice to monitor diabetes development. The results demonstrate that Arntl2 overexpression leads to inhibition of CD4(+) T cell proliferation and decreases in their diabetogenic activity without influence on the expression levels of cytokines, CD4(+) T cell activation markers, cell death, and apoptosis. Our findings suggest that Arntl2 at the Idd6 locus may act via the inhibition of CD4(+) T cell proliferation and the reduction in the diabetogenic activity of CD4(+) T cells to protect against autoimmune type 1 diabetes in the NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia He
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Murine, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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25
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Role for neutrophils in host immune responses and genetic factors that modulate resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3848-60. [PMID: 20643856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00044-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a complex disease in which the host-bacterium interactions are strongly influenced by genetic factors of the host. We demonstrate that SPRET/Ei, an inbred mouse strain derived from Mus spretus, is resistant to S. Typhimurium infections. The kinetics of bacterial proliferation, as well as histological examinations of tissue sections, suggest that SPRET/Ei mice can control bacterial multiplication and spreading despite significant attenuation of the cytokine response. The resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to S. Typhimurium infection is associated with increased leukocyte counts in the circulation and enhanced neutrophil influx into the peritoneum during the course of infection. A critical role of neutrophils was confirmed by neutrophil depletion: neutropenic SPRET/Ei mice were sensitive to infection with S. Typhimurium and showed much higher bacterial loads. To identify genes that modulate the natural resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to S. Typhimurium infection, we performed a genome-wide study using an interspecific backcross between C3H/HeN and SPRET/Ei mice. The results of this analysis demonstrate that at least two loci, located on chromosomes 6 and 11, affect survival following lethal infection with S. Typhimurium. These two loci contain several interesting candidate genes which may have important implications for the search for genetic factors controlling Salmonella infections in humans and for our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions in general.
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Xiao J, Liang Y, Li K, Zhou Y, Cai W, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Xing Z, Chen G, Jin L. A novel strategy for genetic dissection of complex traits: the population of specific chromosome substitution strains from laboratory and wild mice. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:370-6. [PMID: 20623355 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mouse is an irreplaceable model for understanding the precise genetic mechanisms of mammalian physiological pathways. Thousands of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been mapped onto the mouse genome during the last two decades. However, only a few genes' underlying complex traits have been successfully identified, and rapid fine mapping of QTL genes still remains a challenge for mouse geneticists. Currently, the Collaborative Cross (CC) has proceeded to the goal of establishing more than 1,000 recombinant inbred strains for the sub-centimorgan mapping resolution of QTL loci. In this article, a novel complementary strategy, designated as population of specific chromosome substitution strains or PSCSS, is proposed for rapid fine mapping of QTLs on the substituted chromosome. One specific chromosome (Chr 1) of recipient mouse strain C57BL/6 J has been substituted by homologous counterparts from five different inbred strains (C3H/He, FVB/N, AKR, NOD/LtJ, NZW/LacJ), an outbred line Kunmin mouse in China, and 23 wild mice captured in different localities. The primary genetic studies on the structure of these wild donor chromosomes (Chr 1) show that these donor chromosomes harbor extensive genetic polymorphisms, with a high density of SNP distribution, abundant variations of STR alleles, and a high level of historical recombination accumulation. These specific chromosome substitution strains eventually form a special population that has the identical genetic background of the recipient strain and differs only in the donor chromosomes. With simple association studies, known QTLs on the donor chromosome can be rapidly mapped in high resolution without requirement of further crosses. This approach, taking advantage of the extensive genetic polymorphisms of wild resources and chromosome substitution strategy, brings a new outlook for genetic dissection of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xiao
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Beckers J, Wurst W, de Angelis MH. Towards better mouse models: enhanced genotypes, systemic phenotyping and envirotype modelling. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 10:371-80. [PMID: 19434078 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mouse is the leading mammalian model organism for basic genetic research and for studying human diseases. Coordinated international projects are currently in progress to generate a comprehensive map of mouse gene functions - the first for any mammalian genome. There are still many challenges ahead to maximize the value of the mouse as a model, particularly for human disease. These involve generating mice that are better models of human diseases at the genotypic level, systemic (assessing all organ systems) and systematic (analysing all mouse lines) phenotyping of existing and new mouse mutant resources, and assessing the effects of the environment on phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Genomic Approaches to the Host Response to Pathogens. ESSENTIALS OF GENOMIC AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7149829 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374934-5.00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The need to better understand host–pathogen interactions has risen with the expansion in genomics and related technologies. This chapter focuses on two aspects of the host response to pathogens where major advances are being made using genomic approaches. The availability of complete genomic sequences of an expanding number of pathogens, the human and mouse genome sequences, and the advent of genome-wide genotyping and gene expression profiling has opened up new avenues of investigation in the field. The genotype of the pathogen plays a major role in the response of the host to infection with more virulent pathogenic strains possessing the capability to interfere with the host immune response. In addition, different individuals in a population can have very different responses to a genetically identical pathogen. Part of the differential response is governed by the underlying genetic differences between individuals. The advent of genome-wide genotyping using single nucleotide polymorphisms or microsatellite markers is leading to major advances in molecular epidemiology. The future impact of genomic approaches on the development of diagnostics and therapeutics is discussed for infectious diseases. This includes defining the basis of genetic susceptibility to infection and system-wide molecular response to a pathogen.
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Milner LC, Buck KJ. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes (QTGs) for alcohol-related phenotypes in mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2010; 91:173-204. [PMID: 20813243 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(10)91006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a complex clinical disorder with genetic and environmental contributions. Although no animal model duplicates alcoholism, models for specific factors, such as the withdrawal syndrome, are useful to identify potential genetic determinants of liability in humans. Murine models have been invaluable to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence a variety of alcohol responses. However, the QTL regions are typically large, at least initially, and contain numerous genes, making identification of the causal quantitative trait gene(s) (QTGs) challenging. Here, we present QTG identification strategies currently used in the field of alcohol genetics and discuss relevance to alcoholic human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Milner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, VA Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Dulude G, Cheynier R, Gauchat D, Abdallah A, Kettaf N, Sékaly RP, Gratton S. The magnitude of thymic output is genetically determined through controlled intrathymic precursor T cell proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7818-24. [PMID: 19017971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The thymus plays a crucial role in providing the immune system with naive T cells showing a diverse TCR repertoire. Whereas the diversity of thymic production is mainly ensured by TCR rearrangement at both the TRA and TRB loci, the number of cells reaching the double-positive differentiation stage defines the extent of thymic output. A quantitative analysis of TCR excision circles (TREC; signal-joint TRECs and DJbetaTRECs) produced at different stages of thymopoiesis was performed in nine laboratory mouse strains. The results clearly demonstrate that the magnitude of thymic output is directly proportional to the extent of proliferation in the double-negative 4 thymocyte subset. Strikingly, intrathymic precursor T cell proliferation was found to be strain dependent, thus suggesting a genetic regulation of thymic output. The inherited character of thymic output was further confirmed by the transmission of the phenotype in a recessive fashion in F(1) progeny of the different parental strains. Our results provide the first demonstration of the genetic regulation of thymic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Dulude
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherches du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Montréal, Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Zhu W, Fan Z, Zhang C, Guo Z, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Li K, Xing Z, Chen G, Liang Y, Jin L, Xiao J. A dominant X-linked QTL regulating pubertal timing in mice found by whole genome scanning and modified interval-specific congenic strain analysis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3021. [PMID: 18725948 PMCID: PMC2516528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pubertal timing in mammals is triggered by reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and modulated by both genetic and environmental factors. Strain-dependent differences in vaginal opening among inbred mouse strains suggest that genetic background contribute significantly to the puberty timing, although the exact mechanism remains unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a genome-wide scanning for linkage in reciprocal crosses between two strains, C3H/HeJ (C3H) and C57BL6/J (B6), which differed significantly in the pubertal timing. Vaginal opening (VO) was used to characterize pubertal timing in female mice, and the age at VO of all female mice (two parental strains, F1 and F2 progeny) was recorded. A genome-wide search was performed in 260 phenotypically extreme F2 mice out of 464 female progeny of the F1 intercrosses to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling this trait. A QTL significantly associated was mapped to the DXMit166 marker (15.5 cM, LOD = 3.86, p<0.01) in the reciprocal cross population (C3HB6F2). This QTL contributed 2.1 days to the timing of VO, which accounted for 32.31% of the difference between the original strains. Further study showed that the QTL was B6-dominant and explained 10.5% of variation to this trait with a power of 99.4% at an alpha level of 0.05.The location of the significant ChrX QTL found by genome scanning was then fine-mapped to a region of approximately 2.5 cM between marker DXMit68 and rs29053133 by generating and phenotyping a panel of 10 modified interval-specific congenic strains (mISCSs). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Such findings in our study lay a foundation for positional cloning of genes regulating the timing of puberty, and also reveal the fact that chromosome X (the sex chromosome) does carry gene(s) which take part in the regulative pathway of the pubertal timing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongpeng Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxia Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai British SIPPR/BK Lab Animal Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxun Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Xing
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai British SIPPR/BK Lab Animal Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai British SIPPR/BK Lab Animal Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinming Liang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jin
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai Songjiang, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Model Animal Biodiversity, Shanghai Pudong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Wallis RH, Collins SC, Kaisaki PJ, Argoud K, Wilder SP, Wallace KJ, Ria M, Ktorza A, Rorsman P, Bihoreau MT, Gauguier D. Pathophysiological, genetic and gene expression features of a novel rodent model of the cardio-metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2962. [PMID: 18698428 PMCID: PMC2500170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex etiology and pathogenesis of pathophysiological components of the cardio-metabolic syndrome have been demonstrated in humans and animal models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have generated extensive physiological, genetic and genome-wide gene expression profiles in a congenic strain of the spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat containing a large region (110 cM, 170 Mb) of rat chromosome 1 (RNO1), which covers diabetes and obesity quantitative trait loci (QTL), introgressed onto the genetic background of the normoglycaemic Brown Norway (BN) strain. This novel disease model, which by the length of the congenic region closely mirrors the situation of a chromosome substitution strain, exhibits a wide range of abnormalities directly relevant to components of the cardio-metabolic syndrome and diabetes complications, including hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced insulin secretion both in vivo and in vitro, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and altered pancreatic and renal histological structures. Gene transcription data in kidney, liver, skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue indicate that a disproportionately high number (43-83%) of genes differentially expressed between congenic and BN rats map to the GK genomic interval targeted in the congenic strain, which represents less than 5% of the total length of the rat genome. Genotype analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in strains genetically related to the GK highlights clusters of conserved and strain-specific variants in RNO1 that can assist the identification of naturally occurring variants isolated in diabetic and hypertensive strains when different phenotype selection procedures were applied. CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasize the importance of rat congenic models for defining the impact of genetic variants in well-characterised QTL regions on in vivo pathophysiological features and cis-/trans- regulation of gene expression. The congenic strain reported here provides a novel and sustainable model for investigating the pathogenesis and genetic basis of risks factors for the cardio-metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wallis
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan C. Collins
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela J. Kaisaki
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karène Argoud
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Wilder
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karin J. Wallace
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Massimiliano Ria
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Ktorza
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Nutrition, CNRS UMR 7059, University of Paris 7, Paris, France
- Servier International Research Institute, Courbevoie, France
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Thérèse Bihoreau
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gauguier D, Bihoreau MT. Nouveaux outils de cartographie génétique et génomique pour les études des traits complexes chez le rat. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:545-7. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2008245545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Skitzki JJ, Muhitch JB, Evans SS. Tracking the elusive lymphocyte: methods of detection during adoptive immunotherapy. Immunol Invest 2007; 36:807-27. [PMID: 18161530 DOI: 10.1080/08820130701712867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is an attractive cancer treatment modality due to its capacity to target primary and metastatic lesions with large numbers of tumor-reactive, cytotoxic lymphocytes. The inability of fully armed lymphocytes to traffic into sites of tumor has been proposed as a causal factor for the minimal success observed clinically with this type of immunotherapy. The study of lymphocyte trafficking during adoptive immunotherapy has been limited, despite the existence of a variety of tracking methods. In murine models that simulate adoptive immunotherapy, the use of congenic mice and cell tracking dyes can be used to elucidate lymphocyte trafficking behavior. The continued development of novel technologies will further contribute to this expanding area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Skitzki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Sancho-Shimizu V, Khan R, Mostowy S, Larivière L, Wilkinson R, Riendeau N, Behr M, Malo D. Molecular genetic analysis of two loci (Ity2 and Ity3) involved in the host response to infection with Salmonella typhimurium using congenic mice and expression profiling. Genetics 2007; 177:1125-39. [PMID: 17660555 PMCID: PMC2034618 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.075523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous genes have been identified to date that contribute to the host response to systemic Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. We have previously identified two loci, Ity2 and Ity3, that control survival to Salmonella infection in the wild-derived inbred MOLF/Ei mouse using a (C57BL/6J x MOLF/Ei)F(2)cross. We validated the existence of these two loci by creating congenic mice carrying each quantitative trait locus (QTL) in isolation. Subcongenic mice generated for each locus allowed us to define the critical intervals underlying Ity2 and Ity3. Furthermore, expression profiling was carried out with the aim of identifying differentially expressed genes within the critical intervals as potential candidate genes. Genomewide expression arrays were used to interrogate expression differences in the Ity2 congenics, leading to the identification of a new candidate gene (Havcr2, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2). Interval-specific oligonucleotide arrays were created for Ity3, identifying one potential candidate gene (Chi3l1, chitinase 3-like 1) to be pursued further. The combination of the use of congenics in QTL confirmation and fine mapping and in the identification of candidate genes by expression profiling has been successful and represents a step toward quantitative gene(s) identification.
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Yeo TW, De Jager PL, Gregory SG, Barcellos LF, Walton A, Goris A, Fenoglio C, Ban M, Taylor CJ, Goodman RS, Walsh E, Wolfish CS, Horton R, Traherne J, Beck S, Trowsdale J, Caillier SJ, Ivinson AJ, Green T, Pobywajlo S, Lander ES, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Daly MJ, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL, Compston A, Hafler DA, Rioux JD, Sawcer S. A second major histocompatibility complex susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2007; 61:228-36. [PMID: 17252545 PMCID: PMC2737610 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p21 is known to influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis with the strongest effect originating from the HLA-DRB1 gene in the class II region. The possibility that other genes in the MHC independently influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis has been suggested but remains unconfirmed. Methods Using a combination of microsatellite, single nucleotide polymorphism, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, we screened the MHC in trio families looking for evidence of residual association above and beyond that attributable to the established DRB1*1501 risk haplotype. We then refined this analysis by extending the genotyping of classical HLA loci into independent cases and control subjects. Results Screening confirmed the presence of residual association and suggested that this was maximal in the region of the HLA-C gene. Extending analysis of the classical loci confirmed that this residual association is partly due to allelic heterogeneity at the HLA-DRB1 locus, but also reflects an independent effect from the HLA-C gene. Specifically, the HLA-C*05 allele, or a variant in tight linkage disequilibrium with it, appears to exert a protective effect (p = 3.3 × 10−5). Interpretation Variation in the HLA-C gene influences susceptibility to multiple sclerosis independently of any effect attributable to the nearby HLA-DRB1 gene. Ann Neurol 2007
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wai Yeo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chiu S, Kim K, Haus KA, Espinal GM, Millon LV, Warden CH. Identification of positional candidate genes for body weight and adiposity in subcongenic mice. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:75-85. [PMID: 17536020 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00267.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously constructed a congenic mouse, B6.S-D2Mit194-D2Mit311 (B6.S-2) with 27 Mb of SPRET/Ei donor DNA on distal chromosome 2 in a C57BL/6J background that captured an obesity quantitative trait locus (QTL). Mice homozygous for SPRET/Ei alleles at the donor region had decreased body weight and obesity-related phenotypes (Diament AL, Farahani P, Chiu S, Fisler J, Warden CH. Mamm Genome 15: 452-459, 2004). In this study, we constructed five overlapping subcongenics with smaller SPRET/Ei donor regions to fine map the underlying gene(s). One of the five subcongenic lines derived from the B6.S-2 founding congenic, B6.S-2A, captured the body weight and adiposity phenotypes in a donor region with a maximum size of 7.4 Mb. Homozygous SPRET/Ei donor alleles in both the founding congenic and the derived B6.S-2A subcongenic exhibited significant decreases in body weight, multiple fat pad weights, and adiposity index (total fat pad weight divided by body weight). Interval-specific microarray analysis in four tissues for donor region genes from the founding B6.S-2 congenic identified several differentially expressed genes mapping to the B6.S-2A subcongenic donor region, including prohormone convertase 2 (PC2; gene name: Pcsk2). Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed a modest decrease of PC2 expression in brains of mice homozygous for SPRET/Ei donor alleles. Analysis of the relative levels of mRNA for B6 and SPRET/Ei in heterozygous congenic mice showed differentially higher expression of the C57BL/6J allele over the SPRET/Ei allele, indicating a cis regulation of differential expression. Using subcongenic mapping, we successfully narrowed a body weight and obesity QTL interval and identified PC2 as a positional candidate gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Chiu
- Rowe Program in Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Schlick NE, Jensen-Seaman MI, Orlebeke K, Kwitek AE, Jacob HJ, Lazar J. Sequence analysis of the complete mitochondrial DNA in 10 commonly used inbred rat strains. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1183-92. [PMID: 16855218 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00234.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rat remains a major biomedical model system for common, complex diseases. The rat continues to gain importance as a model system with the completion of its full genomic sequence. Although the genomic sequence has generated much interest, only three complete sequences of the rat mitochondria exist. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of the rat genome, the entire mitochondrial genomes (16,307–16,315 bp) from 10 inbred rat strains (that are standard laboratory models around the world) and 2 wild rat strains were sequenced. We observed a total of 195 polymorphisms, 32 of which created an amino acid change (nonsynonymous substitutions) in 12 of the 13 protein coding genes within the mitochondrial genome. There were 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the tRNA genes, six in the 12S rRNA, and 12 in the 16S rRNA including 3 insertions/deletions. We found 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 2 insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the D-loop. The inbred rat strains cluster phylogenetically into three distinct groups. The wild rat from Tokyo grouped closely with five inbred strains in the phylogeny, whereas the wild rat from Milwaukee was not closely related to any inbred strain. These data will enable investigators to rapidly assess the potential impact of the mitochondria in these rats on the physiology and the pathophysiology of phenotypes studied in these strains. Moreover, these data provide information that may be useful as new animal models, which result in novel combinations of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Schlick
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
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Morin J, Boitard C, Vallois D, Avner P, Rogner UC. Mapping of the murine type 1 diabetes locus Idd20 by genetic interaction. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:1105-12. [PMID: 17091317 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-006-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the nonobese diabetes mouse, the murine type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus Idd20 interacts genetically with the diabetes resistance locus Idd19. Both Idds are located on distal mouse Chromosome 6, and previous studies on NOD.C3H congenic strains have shown that C3H alleles at Idd20 can suppress the disease-promoting effects of C3H alleles at Idd19 in both spontaneous and cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes. In this article we present the construction of novel congenic strains which, while maintaining the C3H alleles at Idd19, have allowed the candidate interval of Idd20 to be reduced from 4 to 1.8 cM. The analysis of these strains shows that Idd20 controls the progression of insulitis. Idd20 also increases the suppressive but not the pathogenic activity of splenocytes in diabetes transfer experiments. Our results suggest that the two Chromosome 6 susceptibility loci, Idd6 and Idd20, interact with the resistance locus Idd19 by regulating the activity of suppressor cells in the peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Morin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U561, Hôpital Cochin St. Vincent de Paul, 82, avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
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Hung MS, Avner P, Rogner UC. Identification of the transcription factor ARNTL2 as a candidate gene for the type 1 diabetes locus Idd6. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2732-42. [PMID: 16893914 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Idd6 murine type 1 diabetes locus has been shown to control diabetes by regulating the protective activity of the peripheral immune system, as demonstrated by diabetes transfer assays using splenocytes. The analysis of three novel subcongenic (NOD.C3H nonobese. C3H) diabetes strains has confirmed the presence of at least two diabetes-related genes within the 5.8 Mb Idd6 interval with the disease protection conferred by splenocyte co-transfer being located to the 700 kb Idd6.3 subregion. This subinterval contains the circadian rhythm-related transcription factor Arntl2 (Bmal2), a homologue of the type 2 diabetes-associated ARNT (HIF1beta) gene. Arntl2 exhibited a six-fold upregulation in spleens of the NOD.C3H 6.VIII congenic strain compared with the NOD control strain, strain-specific splice variants and a large number of polymorphisms in both coding and non-coding regions. Arntl2 upregulation was not associated with changes in the expression levels of other circadian genes in the spleen, but did correlate with the upregulation of the ARNT-binding motif containing Pla2g4a gene, which has recently been described as being protective for the progression of insulitis and autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse via regulation of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha pathway. Our studies strongly suggest that the HIFbeta-homologous Arntl2 gene is involved in the control of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shiu Hung
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Murine CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Kielczewska A, Vidal SM. Enemy at the gates: forward genetics of the mouse antiviral response. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:617-26. [PMID: 16879955 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The environment and the genetic constitution of both the pathogen and the host influence the severity and the outcome of viral infections. Whereas identification of the host component in humans remains challenging, recent progress in defining genes through analysis of mouse models of infection presenting natural or chemically induced variation in host susceptibility mark a fruitful period of gene discovery. This includes recognition that UNC93B1, which encodes an endocytic protein, is a susceptibility gene, providing an unexpected entry point to our understanding of the response against herpesvirus infection. By contrast, elucidation of alternative mechanisms of host resistance against mouse cytomegalovirus in inbred mouse strains has led to new insights regarding molecular recognition of the infected cells by natural killer cell MHC class I receptors. In addition, the conservation of genetic and functional aspects between mouse and human is enabling a rational pursuit of potential cures. With the continuous development of resources for experimental investigation of the genome, the production of new mutant alleles, and the phenotypic characterization of new models of infection, we predict that mouse genetic models will make an increasing contribution to our understanding of the genetic puzzle of host response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kielczewska
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Nathan BM, Hodges CA, Palmert MR. The use of mouse chromosome substitution strains to investigate the genetic regulation of pubertal timing. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 254-255:103-8. [PMID: 16762493 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genes underlying complex traits such as pubertal timing, is vital to our understanding of fundamental human developmental processes. Animal models can provide an important adjunct to more traditional human investigations. Within this review, we discuss the use and advantages of chromosome substitution strains in the investigation of factors that regulate the timing of the onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Nathan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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Spurkland A, Sollid LM. Mapping genes and pathways in autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:336-42. [PMID: 16753344 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Identifying novel genes and pathways controlling T-cell activation holds the promise of developing novel therapies for autoimmune disease and cancer. Recent advances in the human genome project have shown that it is timely for small groups searching for this Holy Grail to rethink their options. In this review, some alternative strategies employed in pursuing novel disease pathways in rodents and humans, including recent results, are presented. Examples include the murine Roquin and Ncf1 genes, and the PTPN22 gene identified in humans. The potential benefit of reducing the heterogeneity of clinically defined diseases by the careful phenotyping of patients, cells and lesions using advanced molecular biology and imaging techniques is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Spurkland
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo N-0317, Norway.
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Hedeler C, Paton NW, Behnke JM, Bradley JE, Hamshere MG, Else KJ. A classification of tasks for the systematic study of immune response using functional genomics data. Parasitology 2006; 132:157-67. [PMID: 16472413 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A full understanding of the immune system and its responses to infection by different pathogens is important for the development of anti-parasitic vaccines. A growing number of large-scale experimental techniques, such as microarrays, are being used to gain a better understanding of the immune system. To analyse the data generated by these experiments, methods such as clustering are widely used. However, individual applications of these methods tend to analyse the experimental data without taking publicly available biological and immunological knowledge into account systematically and in an unbiased manner. To make best use of the experimental investment, to benefit from existing evidence, and to support the findings in the experimental data, available biological information should be included in the analysis in a systematic manner. In this review we present a classification of tasks that shows how experimental data produced by studies of the immune system can be placed in a broader biological context. Taking into account available evidence, the classification can be used to identify different ways of analysing the experimental data systematically. We have used the classification to identify alternative ways of analysing microarray data, and illustrate its application using studies of immune responses in mice to infection with the intestinal nematode parasites Trichuris muris and Heligmosomoides polygyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hedeler
- School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Armstrong NJ, Brodnicki TC, Speed TP. Mind the gap: analysis of marker-assisted breeding strategies for inbred mouse strains. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:273-87. [PMID: 16596449 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of congenic mouse strains is the principal approach for confirming and fine mapping quantitative trait loci, as well as for comparing the phenotypic effect of a transgene or gene-targeted disruption between different inbred mouse strains. The traditional breeding scheme calls for at least nine consecutive backcrosses before establishing a congenic mouse strain. Recent availability of genome sequence and high-throughput genotyping now permit the use of polymorphic DNA markers to reduce this number of backcrosses, and empirical data suggest that marker-assisted breeding may require as few as four backcrosses. We used simulation studies to investigate the efficiency of different marker-assisted breeding schemes by examining the trade-off between the number of backcrosses, the number of mice produced per generation, and the number of genotypes per mouse required to achieve a quality congenic mouse strain. An established model of crossover interference was also incorporated into these simulations. The quality of the strain produced was assessed by the probability of an undetected region of heterozygosity (i.e., "gaps") in the recipient genetic background, while maintaining the desired donor-derived interval. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that there is a relatively high probability for undetected gaps in potential breeders for establishing a congenic mouse strain. Marker-assisted breeding may decrease the number of backcross generations required to generate a congenic strain, but only additional backcrossing will guarantee a reduction in the number and length of undetected gaps harboring contaminating donor alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Armstrong
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
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Gauguier D. Diabetes quantitative trait locus research: from physiology to genetics and back. Diabetologia 2006; 49:431-3. [PMID: 16447055 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Gauguier
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Abitbol M, Bernex F, Puy H, Jouault H, Deybach JC, Guénet JL, Montagutelli X. A mouse model provides evidence that genetic background modulates anemia and liver injury in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G1208-16. [PMID: 15677551 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00505.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria is an inherited disorder of heme biosynthesis caused by partial ferrochelatase deficiency, resulting in protoporphyrin (PP) overproduction by erythrocytes. In humans, it is responsible for painful skin photosensitivity and, occasionally, liver failure due to accumulation of PP in the liver. The ferrochelatase deficiency mouse mutation is the best animal model available for human erythropoietic protoporphyria. The original description, based on mice with a BALB/cByJCrl genetic background, reported a disease resembling the severe form of the human disease, with anemia, jaundice, and liver failure. Using congenic strains, we investigated the effect of genetic background on the severity of the phenotype. Compared with BALB/cByJCrl, C57BL/6JCrl mice developed moderate but increasing anemia and intense liver accumulation of PP with severe hepatocyte damage and loss. Bile excretory function was not affected, and bilirubin remained low. Despite the highest PP concentration in erythrocytes, anemia was mild and there were few PP deposits in the liver in SJL/JOrlCrl homozygotes. Discriminant analysis using six hematologic and biochemical parameters showed that homozygotes of the three genetic backgrounds could be clustered in three well-separated groups. These three congenic strains provide strong evidence for independent genetic control of bone marrow contribution of PP overproduction to development of liver disease and biliary PP excretion. They provide a tool to investigate the physiological mechanisms involved in these phenotypic differences and to identify modifying genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Abitbol
- Unité de Génétique des Mammifères, Institut Pasteur 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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Serrano-Fernández P, Ibrahim SM, Koczan D, Zettl UK, Möller S. In silico fine-mapping: narrowing disease-associated loci by intergenomics. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:1737-8. [PMID: 15591355 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genetic linkage and association studies define quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and susceptibility loci (SLs) that influence the phenotype of polygenic traits. A web-accessible application was created to identify intergenomic consensuses to fine map QTLs and SLs in silico and select particularly promising candidate genes for such traits. Furthermore, this approach offers an empirical evaluation of animal models for their applicability to the study of human traits. AVAILABILITY http://qtl.pzr.uni-rostock.de/qtlmix.php CONTACT serrano@pzr.uni-rostock.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Serrano-Fernández
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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