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Shearrer GE, House BT, Gallas MC, Luci JJ, Davis JN. Fat Imaging via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Young Children (Ages 1-4 Years) without Sedation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149744. [PMID: 26901881 PMCID: PMC4762633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This pilot study developed techniques to perform Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of specific fat deposition in 18 children (age 18 months to 4 years). Methods The children engaged in a series of practice tests to become acclimated to the scanner noises, reduce claustrophobia, and rehearse holding still for a set time. The practice tests assessed if the child could remain still for two minutes while watching a video, first while lying on a blanket, second, on the blanket with headphones, and third, in the mock scanner. The children who passed the three practice tests were then scanned with a 3T Siemens Skyra magnet. Abdominal fat distribution (region of interest (ROI) from the top of the ileac crest to the bottom of the ribcage) volume was measured using 2-point DIXON technique. This region was chosen to give an indication of the body composition around the liver. Results Twelve out of eighteen participants successfully completed the actual MRI scan. Chi-squared test showed no significant difference between male and female pass-fail rates. The median age of completed scans was 36 months, whereas the median age for children unable to complete a scan was 28 months. The average total trunk fat was 240.9±85.2mL and the average total VAT was 37.7±25.9mLand liver fat was not quantifiable due to physiological motion. Several strategies (modeling, videos, and incentives) were identified to improve pediatric imaging in different age ranges. Conclusion Using an age-specific and tailored protocol, we were able to successfully use MRI for fat imaging in a majority of young children. Development of such protocols enables researchers to better understand the etiology of fat deposition in young children, which can be used to aid in the prevention and treatment of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Shearrer
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin T. House
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Gallas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Luci
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaimie N. Davis
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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De Larochellière E, Côté J, Gilbert G, Bibeau K, Ross MK, Dion-Roy V, Pibarot P, Després JP, Larose E. Visceral/epicardial adiposity in nonobese and apparently healthy young adults: association with the cardiometabolic profile. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:23-9. [PMID: 24589564 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate associations of regional adipose tissues with cardiometabolic profile of nonobese and apparently healthy young adults. METHODS Four hundred twenty-five nonobese and apparently healthy individuals were assessed for blood pressure and fasting lipid profile, blood glucose and adiponectin. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) and ectopic fat depots (visceral abdominal adipose tissue [VAT], epicardial adipose tissue [EAT] and hepatic fat fraction [HFF]) were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS According to anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and blood markers, the population (18-35 years, 54% women) had a low cardiometabolic risk. Compared to women, men had more VAT, EAT and HFF, but less SAT. Regional adipose tissues were positively correlated with each other. VAT and EAT carried significant correlations with all markers of cardiometabolic risk, while SAT and HFF correlated variably with these markers. While taking into account age and gender, SAT, VAT and EAT were associated with most cardiometabolic markers, while HFF was only associated with total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (TC/HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). When comparing SAT, VAT and EAT head-to-head, VAT was the only adipose tissue location maintaining significant association with most markers of cardiometabolic risk. Greater VAT (≥50th percentile) was associated with a worse cardiometabolic profile, whether individuals were overweight or normal weight. CONCLUSION Even in nonobese and apparently healthy young women and men, accumulation of ectopic visceral adiposity in general, and of VAT in particular, is associated with a worse cardiometabolic profile whether individuals were overweight or normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elianne De Larochellière
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julie Côté
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- MR Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare Canada, 281, Hillmount Road, Markham, ON L6C 2S3, Canada
| | - Karine Bibeau
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Kristelle Ross
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Véronique Dion-Roy
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Eric Larose
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, ave de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Hoffman WH, Barbeau P, Litaker MS, Johnson MH, Howe CA, Gutin B. Tanner Staging of Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Body Composition, Blood Pressure, and Insulin in Black Girls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:2195-201. [PMID: 16421355 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess Tanner staging (breast and pubic hair development) and its relationship to measures of body composition, blood pressure, and fasting insulin and glucose in young black girls. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Subjects were 138 black girls, 8 to 12 years of age, recruited from elementary schools in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods. Exclusion criteria included the presence of any acute/chronic medical conditions. Pubertal stages were assessed by one of two pediatricians and analyzed individually, as well as with a composite index (prepubertal, pubertal/premenarcheal, or pubertal/menarcheal). Glucose and insulin were measured after a 12-hour fast. Measures of body composition included height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, fat mass, fat-free soft tissue, bone mineral density (DXA), and visceral adipose tissue (magnetic resonance imaging). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Dinamap. RESULTS With age in the model, breast development explained significant proportions of the variance in height, weight, fat-free soft tissue, bone mineral density, and insulin. Adding pubic hair development or menarche to those models did not significantly increase the proportion of variance that was explained by breast development. Furthermore, using a composite index of pubertal staging explained a smaller proportion of the variance compared with breast development alone. DISCUSSION Combined with age, breast development was a better predictor of body composition and fasting insulin than was pubic hair development or a composite index of pubertal staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hoffman
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA.
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Samara A, Ventura EE, Alfadda AA, Goran MI. Use of MRI and CT for fat imaging in children and youth: what have we learned about obesity, fat distribution and metabolic disease risk? Obes Rev 2012; 13:723-32. [PMID: 22520361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a matter of great concern for public health. Efforts have been made to understand its impact on health through advanced imaging techniques. An increasing number of studies focus on fat distribution and its associations with metabolic risk, in interaction with genetics, environment and ethnicity, in children. The present review is a qualitative synthesis of the existing literature on visceral and subcutaneous abdominal, intrahepatic and intramuscular fat. Our search revealed 80 original articles. Abdominal as well as ectopic fat depots are prevalent already in childhood and contribute to abnormal metabolic parameters, starting early in life. Visceral, hepatic and intramuscular fat seem to be interrelated but their patterns as well as their independent contribution on metabolic risk are not clear. Some ethnic-specific characteristics are also prevalent. These results encourage further research in childhood obesity by using imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. These imaging methods can provide a better understanding of fat distribution and its relationships with metabolic risk, compared to less detailed fat and obesity assessment. However, studies on bigger samples and with a prospective character are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samara
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ethnic and sex differences in body fat and visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1261-9. [PMID: 22710928 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Body fat and the specific depot where adipose tissue (AT) is stored can contribute to cardiometabolic health risks in children and adolescents. Imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography allow for the exploration of individual and group differences in pediatric adiposity. This review examines the variation in pediatric total body fat (TBF), visceral AT (VAT) and subcutaneous AT (SAT) due to age, sex, maturational status and ethnicity. TBF, VAT and SAT typically increase as a child ages, though different trends emerge. Girls tend to accumulate more TBF and SAT during and after puberty, depositing fat preferentially in the gynoid and extremity regions. In contrast, pubertal and postpubertal boys tend to deposit more fat in the abdominal region, particularly in the VAT depot. Sexual maturation significantly influences TBF, VAT and SAT. Ethnic differences in TBF are mixed. VAT tends to be higher in white and Hispanic youth, whereas SAT is typically higher in African American youth. Asian youth typically have less gynoid fat but more VAT than whites. Obesity per se may attenuate sex and ethnic differences. Particular health risks are associated with high amounts of TBF, VAT and SAT, including insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. These risks are affected by genetic, biological and lifestyle factors including physical activity, nutrition and stress. Synthesizing evidence is difficult as there is no consistent methodology or definition to estimate and define depot-specific adiposity, and many analyses compare SAT and VAT without controlling for TBF. Future research should include longitudinal examinations of adiposity changes over time in representative samples of youth to make generalizations to the entire pediatric population and examine variation in organ-specific body fat.
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Cherqaoui R, Kassim TA, Kwagyan J, Freeman C, Nunlee-Bland G, Ketete M, Xu S, Randall OS. The metabolically healthy but obese phenotype in African Americans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2011; 14:92-96. [PMID: 22277141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become one of the leading public health concerns in the United States and worldwide. While obesity is associated with the metabolic syndrome, some obese individuals do not possess the constellation of the metabolic abnormalities and are referred to as metabolically healthy but obese (MHO) persons. Limited data exist on the prevalence and characteristics of the MHO in African Americans. The authors studied 126 obese African Americans and defined the MHO phenotype as an individual with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥40 mg/dL, absence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and absence of arterial hypertension. The correlates of the MHO phenotype with anthropometrical and metabolic indices were examined, as well as the effect of age on these correlates. Results showed that 36 (28.5%) of the individuals were identified with the MHO phenotype. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly lower (P<.05) in MHO than in non-MHO patients. While there were significant lower levels of low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides in MHO among patients younger than 40 years, the significance was lost among patients 40 years or older. This study indicates that increased WC and WHR may be early premetabolic syndrome markers in obese individuals and should warrant aggressive risk factor reduction therapy to prevent future development of related cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Cherqaoui
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, 2041 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
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Lee S, Kuk JL, Kim Y, Arslanian SA. Measurement site of visceral adipose tissue and prediction of metabolic syndrome in youth. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12:250-7. [PMID: 21129140 PMCID: PMC3426866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unknown whether measurement site of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) influences the relationship between VAT and associated health risk in youth and if so, whether ethnic differences exist in this relationship. We examined the influence of the measurement site of VAT on the relationships between VAT and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in African-American (AA) and American-White (AW) youth. SUBJECTS Healthy AA (n = 54) and AW (n = 54) children and adolescents (age: 8-18 yr; BMI: 15.3-42.5 kg/m(2)). MEASUREMENTS VAT mass was derived using a series of five transverse images measured by magnetic resonance imaging, extending from 5 cm below to 15 cm above L4-L5. MetS was defined using a modified IDF criteria. RESULTS In AA, VAT measure at 5 cm above L4-L5 (R(2) = 0.93) was most strongly (p < 0.05) correlated with VAT mass and was a significantly (p < 0.05) stronger correlate as compared to L4-L5 (R(2) = 0.84). In AW, VAT measures at 5 cm (R(2) = 0.93) and 10 cm (R(2) = 0.93) above L4-L5 were most strongly (p < 0.05) correlated with VAT mass; however, these were not stronger correlates as compared to L4-L5 (R(2) = 0.91). In AW, all VAT measures were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) for prevalent MetS, wherein the VAT mass [OR = 5.32(1.9-15.0)] and VAT at L4-L5[OR = 5.99(1.9-18.4)] were most strongly associated with MetS. In contrast, only VAT at 10 cm above L4-L5 [OR = 4.39 (1.1-18.1)] was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with MetS in AA. CONCLUSION In AA and AW youth, the measurement site for VAT has impact on the estimation of total VAT and the magnitude of the association with obesity-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoJung Lee
- Division of Weight Management & Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - YoonMyung Kim
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA and
| | - Silva A Arslanian
- Division of Weight Management & Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Lagou V, Liu G, Zhu H, Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Gutin B, Dong Y, Snieder H. Lifestyle and socioeconomic-status modify the effects of ADRB2 and NOS3 on adiposity in European-American and African-American adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:595-603. [PMID: 20930716 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of and interaction between lifestyle behaviors (diet and physical activity (PA)) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in obesity-candidate genes (ADRB2, APOB and NOS3) on general and central adiposity. Six-hundred-and-twenty-one European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) youths aged 13-19 years were classified by ethnicity (49% AA), gender (45% male), and socioeconomic status (SES). PA and dietary intake with up to seven 24-h recalls were reported for all subjects. Percent body fat (%BF) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) by magnetic resonance imaging. Reported energy intake (EI) and vigorous PA (VPA) were negative predictors of %BF and SAAT. Carriers of the NOS3 Asp298 allele had higher %BF only in the presence of an adverse environment (low SES). Compared to the most common NOS3 haplotype, homozygotes for haplotype A-non4r-Asp had 6.1% higher %BF. Significant interactions were revealed between the ADRB2 Arg16Gly SNP and VPA on VAT, SAAT and waist circumference (WC) such that Gly16 homozygotes may benefit less from increased VPA to reduce their weight. Genetic susceptibility to increased general and central adiposity is dependent on several factors, such as SES and vigorous exercise. Improved understanding of the joint effect of genes and lifestyle on adiposity will offer new insights into obesity and may provide new avenues for personalized prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lagou
- Department of Epidemiology, Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Tybor DJ, Lichtenstein AH, Dallal GE, Daniels SR, Must A. Independent effects of age-related changes in waist circumference and BMI z scores in predicting cardiovascular disease risk factors in a prospective cohort of adolescent females. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:392-401. [PMID: 21147855 PMCID: PMC3021431 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional data indicate that central adiposity is associated with cardiovascular disease risk, independent of total adiposity. The use of longitudinal data to investigate the relation between changes in fat distribution and the emergence of risk factors is limited. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that age-related change in waist circumference (to reflect central adiposity) during adolescence is a significant predictor of longitudinal change in cardiovascular disease risk, after adjustment for change in body mass index (BMI) z score (to reflect total adiposity) in a cohort of postmenarcheal adolescent females. We also tested whether race modified this relation. DESIGN We analyzed publicly available data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Longitudinal regression models were fitted to investigate the independent effects of changes in waist circumference on cardiovascular disease risk factors. RESULTS Steeper age-related increases in waist circumference over time were associated with a greater increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, after adjustment for BMI z score, in white but not in black females. Change in waist circumference was not a statistically significant predictor of age-related changes in HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and glucose concentrations, after adjustment for changes in BMI z score, in either white or black females. CONCLUSIONS Our research suggests that monitoring waist circumference in addition to BMI z score has the potential to identify adolescents at risk of the emergence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, at least in white females. The data also suggest that race may modify the relation between fat distribution pattern and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Tybor
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lee S, Kim Y, Kuk JL, Boada FE, Arslanian S. Whole-body MRI and ethnic differences in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle distribution in overweight black and white adolescent boys. J Obes 2011; 2011:159373. [PMID: 21772999 PMCID: PMC3136119 DOI: 10.1155/2011/159373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether ethnic differences exist in adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM) distribution in black and white youth. Investigation into the pattern of AT and SM distribution in black versus white youth may provide insight into the previously reported health disparities between these ethnicities. Therefore, we examined total and regional AT and SM in overweight black and white boys. The study sample included overweight black (n = 19) and white (n = 21) boys (11-18 yr, BMI ≥ 85th) whose body composition was evaluated using whole-body MRI. Despite similar age, Tanner stage, and BMI, black boys had significantly (P < .05) less visceral AT than white boys and more (P < .05) total and lower-body subcutaneous AT (SAT) in both absolute (kg) and relative (%) terms. There was a main effect (P < .05) of ethnicity on the relationship between total and regional AT, such that for a given amount of total body AT (kg), black boys had a greater (P < .05) lower-body SAT and less visceral AT than their white peers. For a given amount of total SM, black boys had more (P < .05) SM in the thigh. Compared with overweight white boys, overweight black boys have less visceral fat, more subcutaneous fat, and more thigh skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoJung Lee
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Faculty Pavilion Sixth Floor (6102), 400 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- *SoJung Lee:
| | - YoonMyung Kim
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Faculty Pavilion Sixth Floor (6102), 400 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Fernando E. Boada
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Faculty Pavilion Sixth Floor (6102), 400 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes Mellitus, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Saelens BE, Grow HM, Stark LJ, Seeley RJ, Roehrig H. Efficacy of increasing physical activity to reduce children's visceral fat: a pilot randomized controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:102-12. [PMID: 20528109 DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.482157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether differentially targeting physical activity within the context of pilot family-based pediatric weight control treatment results in differential change in abdominal fat, particularly visceral fat. METHOD Twenty-nine overweight children (>85(th) body mass index [BMI] percentile) and at least one participating parent were randomly assigned to one of two family-based behavioral weight management conditions that either targeted 1) primarily dietary change (STANDARD; n = 15) or 2) dietary plus physical activity change (ADDED; n = 14). Differences at post-treatment in overall child weight status (e.g., BMI), whole-body composition (measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry), and abdominal fat (measured by waist circumference and magnetic resonance imaging) were assessed using intent-to-treat analyses, as were post-treatment parent BMI and waist circumference. Child and parent physical activity and dietary behavior changes were also evaluated. Results. At post-treatment, overall child weight status, whole-body composition, and child dietary measures did not differ by condition. Children in the ADDED condition tended to have higher physical activity and lower visceral abdominal fat at post-treatment relative to children in the STANDARD condition. CONCLUSIONS Increasing physical activity may be important to optimize reductions in abdominal fat, especially visceral fat, among overweight children provided with family-based behavioral weight management treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00359957.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Saelens
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Lee S, Guerra N, Arslanian S. Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin sensitivity in black versus white obese adolescents: is there a race differential? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2426-32. [PMID: 20219892 PMCID: PMC2869541 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle lipid content (SMLC) is higher in obese black adolescents compared with their white peers and assessed the relationship between SMLC and insulin sensitivity (IS). METHODS Subjects were healthy obese black (n = 42) and white (n = 38) adolescents. Measurements included an oral glucose tolerance test, IS by a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, abdominal adipose tissue (AT) by magnetic resonance imaging and midthigh SMLC by computed tomography. RESULTS All measures of SMLC including intermuscular AT (IMAT), low-density muscle, and thigh sc AT increased (P < 0.05) with increasing total adiposity independent of race. For a given total body adiposity or thigh circumference, SMLC did not differ between black and white adolescents; however, for a given visceral adipose tissue, IMAT was higher in blacks. Consistent with prior observations, IS did not differ between black and white obese adolescents despite lower visceral fat in blacks. In whites, all markers of SMLC were associated (P < 0.05) with IS, whereas in blacks, only IMAT correlated (P < 0.05) with IS. However, in both races, these relationships did not remain significant after accounting for total fat (kilograms). CONCLUSIONS SMLC is not different between black and white obese adolescents who have similar total body adiposity but lower visceral fat in blacks. The lack of association between IS and SMLC after adjusting for total adiposity suggest that muscle fat does not make a unique contribution to IS in this group of obese adolescents regardless of race.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoJung Lee
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA.
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Liu G, Zhu H, Lagou V, Gutin B, Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Treiber FA, Dong Y, Snieder H. FTO variant rs9939609 is associated with body mass index and waist circumference, but not with energy intake or physical activity in European- and African-American youth. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:57. [PMID: 20377915 PMCID: PMC2864242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies found common variants in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene associated with adiposity in Caucasians and Asians but the association was not confirmed in African populations. Association of FTO variants with insulin resistance and energy intake showed inconsistent results in previous studies. This study aimed to assess the influence of FTO variant rs9939609 on adiposity, insulin resistance, energy intake and physical activity in European - (EA) and African-American (AA) youth. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in EA and AA youths. One thousand, nine hundred and seventy-eight youths (48.2% EAs, 47.1% male, mean age 16.5 years) had measures of anthropometry. Percent body fat (%BF) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) by magnetic resonance imaging. Energy intake and physical activity were based on self report from up to 7 24-hour recalls. Physical activity was also measured by accelerometry. Results FTO rs9939609 was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.01), weight (P = 0.03) and waist circumference (P = 0.04), with per-allele effects of 0.4 kg/m2, 1.3 kg and 0.8 cm, respectively. No significant association was found between rs9939609 and %BF, VAT, SAAT or insulin resistance (P > 0.05), or between rs9939609 and energy intake or vigorous physical activity (P > 0.05). No significant interactions of rs9939609 with ethnicity, gender, energy intake or physical activity were observed (P > 0.05). Conclusions The FTO variant rs9939609 is modestly associated with BMI and waist circumference, but not with energy intake or physical activity. Moreover, these effects were similar for EAs and AAs. Improved understanding of the effect of the FTO variant will offer new insights into the etiology of excess adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaifen Liu
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Liu G, Zhu H, Lagou V, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Treiber FA, Dong Y, Snieder H. Common variants near melanocortin 4 receptor are associated with general and visceral adiposity in European- and African-American youth. J Pediatr 2010; 156:598-605.e1. [PMID: 20070976 PMCID: PMC4018229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent genome-wide association studies found common variants near the melanocortin 4 receptor gene associated with obesity. This study aimed to assess the influence of the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms rs17782313 and rs17700633 on general and visceral adiposity in European- and African-American youth. STUDY DESIGN In 1890 youth (49.1% European-American, 45.6% male, mean age 16.7 years), we examined the associations of the rs17782313 and rs17700633 with anthropometry, percent body fat, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Interaction of the single nucleotide polymorphisms with ethnicity or sex was investigated and haplotype analyses conducted. RESULTS Rs17782313 was significantly associated with weight (P = .02) and waist circumference (P = .03) in all subjects and with body mass index (P = .002) in females. In females rs17700633 was significantly associated with percent body fat (P = .001), visceral adipose tissue (P < .001), and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (P < .001). Rs17700633 was significantly associated with fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment, but the significance attenuated after adjustment for percent body fat. These findings were confirmed by haplotype analysis. No significant interactions of the variants with ethnicity were found for any of these phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS The relatively large effect of these common variants near melanocortin 4 receptor on general and visceral adiposity in childhood, especially in girls, could prove helpful in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of obesity in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaifen Liu
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Gutin
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Paule Barbeau
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Frank A Treiber
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Kelishadi R, Cook SR, Amra B, Adibi A. Factors associated with insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among youths. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204:538-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dencker M, Thorsson O, Karlsson MK, Lindén C, Eiberg S, Wollmer P, Andersen LB, Ahrén B. Body fat related to daily physical activity and insulin concentrations in non-diabetic children. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2008; 28:211-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2007.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lee S, Kuk JL, Hannon TS, Arslanian SA. Race and gender differences in the relationships between anthropometrics and abdominal fat in youth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1066-71. [PMID: 18356853 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the influence of race and gender on abdominal adipose tissue (AT) distribution for a given anthropometric measure including waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height (W/Ht) in youth. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Subjects included healthy 62 black and 98 white youth. A single transverse image of the abdomen (L4-L5) was obtained using computed tomography. RESULTS For a given BMI, there was a significant (P<0.05) main effect of race and sex on the relationship between BMI and WC, such that boys and whites had a higher WC than girls and blacks. There was a significant (P<0.05) main effect and interaction effect of gender on the relationship between WC and visceral AT, such that boys had a higher visceral AT than girls, and the difference was magnified with increasing WC. For a given WC, black boys and girls had higher abdominal subcutaneous AT (SAT) than white peers, wherein the magnitude of the difference is increased with increasing WC. For a given W/Ht, black boys had significantly (P<0.05) lower visceral AT than white boys, but with no difference in girls. Black boys and girls had higher SAT than white peers, wherein the magnitude of the difference is increased with increasing W/Ht. DISCUSSION Our findings demonstrate a significant race and gender differential in the abdominal AT distribution for a given BMI, WC, WHR, and W/Ht. Future studies should take these differences into consideration when developing race- and gender-specific anthropometric cut-offs for obesity and obesity-related health risks in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoJung Lee
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Weight Management & Wellness, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver and The Children's Hospital, Denver, Colorado, USA
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De Ferranti SD, Osganian SK. Epidemiology of paediatric metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007; 4:285-96. [PMID: 18158698 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic in childhood obesity is a driving force behind the increase in paediatric metabolic syndrome, a collection of abnormalities that is associated in adults with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although there is no clear consensus about the paediatric definition for metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of this syndrome is clearly rising. Children with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for metabolic syndrome in adulthood. A late consequence of metabolic syndrome is type 2 diabetes, which increasingly affects adolescents. The rise in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in children is almost sure to lead to an increase in associated complications in young adulthood, including early cardiovascular disease. This epidemic will bear fruit in forthcoming decades, putting further stress on the healthcare system and probably leading to increased morbidity and a shorter lifespan for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D De Ferranti
- Preventive Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Benfield LL, Fox KR, Peters DM, Blake H, Rogers I, Grant C, Ness A. Magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal adiposity in a large cohort of British children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 32:91-9. [PMID: 18193066 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe abdominal adipose tissue distribution in a large sample of contemporary British children; to determine the influence of gender, stage of maturation and body mass index (BMI) on abdominal adipose tissue distribution; and to compare the ability of BMI and waist circumference to predict abdominal adipose tissue. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 74 boys (mean age 13.4+/-0.4 years) and 96 girls (mean age 13.5+/-0.5 years) were selected from volunteer children enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and BMI calculated. Stage of sexual maturation was available for 113 children using a self-report questionnaire based on Tanner's criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) volumes and patterning. RESULTS Boys had lower levels of IAAT (P=0.036) and SAAT (P=0.003) than girls. IAAT and SAAT were higher in overweight and obese boys and girls when compared with normal weight children (P<0.0001). This pattern was also reflected in waist circumference groups. Boys had higher IAAT/SAAT ratios than girls, indicating proportionately more adipose tissue deposited intra-abdominally (P=0.002). However, both boys and girls deposited less than 10% of their abdominal fat as internal adipose tissue. WC predicted 67.4% of the variance in IAAT (P<0.001), and BMI predicted 84.8% of the variance in SAAT (P<0.001). However, BMI as the best single predictor explained only 8.4% of the variance in the IAAT/SAAT ratio (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS At this age and stage of sexual maturation, the amount of IAAT remains relatively small. WC and BMI offer a feasible alternative to the MRI estimation of IAAT and SAAT, respectively, in a population-based sample of boys and girls. International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 91-99; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803780; published online 27 November 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Benfield
- Department of Exercise, Nutrition, and Health Sciences, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Gutin B, Hatfield-Laube JL, Humphries MC, Johnson MH, Barbeau P. General and visceral adiposity in black and white adolescents and their relation with reported physical activity and diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31:622-9. [PMID: 17384663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess body fat accumulation may begin in youth and is linked with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Examination of physical activity (PA) and diet behaviours predictive of adiposity may help target efforts to reduce chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that energy intake (EI) from fat, vigorous PA (VPA), and their interaction would predict body fat percentage (%BF) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in youth and that sedentary behaviours and intake of dairy, fruit, vegetable and whole grain foods would be related to adiposity. DESIGN A cross-sectional, observational study of reported PA and diet behaviours and objective adiposity measures. SUBJECTS Six-hundred sixty-one healthy black and white adolescents aged 14-18 years. MEASUREMENTS Diet by 24-h recalls using Nutrition Data Systems for Research (Minneapolis, MN, USA), VPA by previous day physical activity recalls (PAR), and %BF with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VAT by magnetic resonance imaging for 434 subjects. RESULTS Reported EI and VPA were positively correlated with each other and were negative predictors of %BF. Time spent watching television or movies and %EI from protein were positive predictors of %BF. Adjusted for EI, none of the independent variables predictive of %BF retained their significance. %BF and VAT were highly correlated (r=0.73, P<0.0001). EI was the sole and negative predictor of VAT. CONCLUSIONS Higher energy 'throughput', not energy restriction, characterize leaner youths. Youths should be advised to engage in VPA so that they can eat sufficient calories to obtain the nutrients required for optimal health while remaining lean.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Stallmann-Jorgensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Ruiz JR, Rizzo NS, Ortega FB, Loit HM, Veidebaum T, Sjöström M. Markers of insulin resistance are associated with fatness and fitness in school-aged children: the European Youth Heart Study. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1401-8. [PMID: 17492430 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Our aim was to examine the association between markers of insulin resistance and: (1) body fat and waist circumference, taking into account cardiorespiratory fitness in school-aged children; and (2) cardiorespiratory fitness at differing levels of body fat and waist circumference. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 873 children aged 9.6 +/- 0.4 years from Estonia and Sweden. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Body fat was expressed as the sum of five skinfold thicknesses. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by a maximal cycle-ergometer test. The studied markers of insulin resistance were fasting insulin and glucose, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). RESULTS HOMA and fasting insulin were positively associated with body fat and waist circumference after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness, age, pubertal status and study location. HOMA and fasting insulin were negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in children in the third (highest) tertile of body fat and waist circumference after controlling for sex, age, pubertal status and study location. Fasting glucose was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in children in the third (highest) tertile of waist circumference, but it was not associated when body fat was taken into account. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In school-aged children, HOMA and fasting insulin are significantly associated with body fat and waist circumference. In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness explains a significant proportion of the HOMA and fasting insulin variance in those children with high levels of body fat and waist circumference. The findings suggest that the deleterious consequences ascribed to high fatness could be counteracted by having high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Ruiz
- Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, 14157, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Gutin B, Johnson MH, Humphries MC, Hatfield-Laube JL, Kapuku GK, Allison JD, Gower BA, Daniels SR, Barbeau P. Relationship of visceral adiposity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white teens. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1029-35. [PMID: 17426339 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that visceral adiposity, compared with general adiposity, would explain more of the variance in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES Subjects were 464 adolescents (238 black and 205 girls). Adiposity measures included visceral adipose tissue (VAT; magnetic resonance imaging), percent body fat (%BF; DXA), BMI, and waist girth (anthropometry). CVD risk factors were fasting insulin, fibrinogen, total to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio, triglycerides (TGs), systolic blood pressure, and left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7. RESULTS After adjustment for age, race, and sex, all adiposity indices explained significant proportions of the variance in all of the CVD risk factors; %BF tended to explain more variance than VAT. Regression models that included both %BF and VAT found that both indices explained independent proportions of the variance only for total to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio. For TGs, the model that included both %BF and VAT found that only VAT was significant. For systolic blood pressure and left ventricular mass indexed to height2.7, anthropometric measures explained more of the variance than VAT and %BF. DISCUSSION The hypothesis that visceral adiposity would explain more variance in CVD risk than general adiposity was not supported in this relatively large sample of black and white adolescents. Only for TGs did it seem that VAT was more influential than %BF. Perhaps the deleterious effect of visceral adiposity becomes greater later in life as it increases in proportion to general adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gutin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Prevention Institute, 1499 Walton Way, HS1755, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Mesa JL, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, Tresaco B, Carreño F, Moreno LA, Gutiérrez A, Bueno M. Anthropometric Determinants of a Clustering of Lipid-Related Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Non-Overweight Adolescents – Influence of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 50:519-27. [PMID: 17191028 DOI: 10.1159/000098144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To explore in adolescents the associations between simple anthropometric variables with a continuously distributed summary score for lipid-related metabolic risk in both overweight and non-overweight adolescents, and to test whether these associations are modified by the level of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS Cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI, skinfold thicknesses, body circumferences, and a continuously distributed clustering of lipid- related metabolic risk (calculated from LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose) were measured in 524 adolescents (265 males, 259 females, 15.3 +/- 1.4 years) from the cross-sectional multicentric AVENA study. Participants were classified as overweight (including obesity) or non-overweight. RESULTS Most anthropometric parameters were univariately related to the continuous lipid-related metabolic risk. However, after multicollinear analysis and generalized linear modelling, suprailiac skinfold thickness in males (p < 0.001, explained variance 12.2%) and waist-to-height ratio in females (p < 0.001, explained variance 10.0%) were the best determinants of the continuous metabolic risk score, after adjustment for age, sexual maturation, and economic status. These associations were slightly weakened in overweight males (p = 0.034) and females (p = 0.087), and did not interact with cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSION Our data emphasize the usefulness of suprailiac skinfold thickness in males and waist-to-height ratio in females as simple anthropometric measurements associated to an overall lipid-related metabolic risk, mainly in non-overweight adolescents and regardless their cardiorespiratory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Mesa
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Krekoukia M, Nassis GP, Psarra G, Skenderi K, Chrousos GP, Sidossis LS. Elevated total and central adiposity and low physical activity are associated with insulin resistance in children. Metabolism 2007; 56:206-13. [PMID: 17224334 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to examine insulin resistance, blood lipid levels, and inflammatory markers in 9- to 11.5-year-old obese and lean children and (2) to identify factors that influence insulin resistance in this cohort of youths. Body mass index, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, physical activity (4-day triaxial accelerometer), cardiorespiratory fitness (submaximal bicycle ergometer test), and dietary intake (3-day food records) were evaluated in 27 obese and 27 lean boys and girls. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for insulin, glucose, lipids and lipoproteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used to evaluate insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Obese children presented higher HOMA-IR, CRP, and blood lipid levels (all P < .01) compared with lean children. Total body fat and waist circumference were positively associated with fasting insulin (r > or = 0.51), HOMA-IR (r > or = 0.56), CRP (r > or = 0.51), and blood triacylglycerol (r > or = 0.38), and were inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r > or = -0.39; all P < .01). Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.24; P < .05), but this association disappeared when adjusted for age, sex, and fat mass. Waist circumference and total daily physical activity explained 49% of the variance in HOMA-IR in these children. In conclusion, these findings suggest that total and central adiposity are positively associated and physical activity is negatively associated with insulin resistance in children. Interventions to improve glucose metabolism in youth should target at reducing total body and abdominal fat and increasing physical activity. The lack of association between inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR suggests that obesity may precede the elevation of these markers in the evolution of insulin resistance in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krekoukia
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 176 71 Athens, Greece
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von Eyben FE, Mouritsen E, Holm J, Dimcevski G, Montvilas P, Suciu G. Computed tomography scans of intra-abdominal fat, anthropometric measurements, and 3 nonobese metabolic risk factors. Metabolism 2006; 55:1337-43. [PMID: 16979404 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study of 46 adult Danish white men and women aimed to evaluate association between intra-abdominal obesity, 4 anthropometric measurements of obesity, and combinations of 3 nonobese metabolic risk factors: systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or higher, serum triglyceride concentration of more than 1.7 mmol/L, and fasting capillary blood glucose concentration of 5.6 mmol/L or more. For 80% of the subjects, intra-abdominal fat on a computed tomography scan of the abdomen using a cutoff limit of more than 144 cm(2) gave a correct classification of combinations of at least 2 of the 3 metabolic risk factors. Body mass index and waist circumference were better markers of intra-abdominal obesity than waist-to-hip ratio in receiver operating characteristic analyses (P = .0035). Body mass index of more than 26 kg/m(2) and waist circumference of more than 0.92 m classified 76% and 74% of the subjects correctly regarding combinations of the 3 nonobese metabolic risk factors. Intra-abdominal obesity was significantly stronger associated with the combinations than a raised waist-to-hip ratio (P = .016). Both body mass index and waist circumference may be used as markers of intra-abdominal obesity, whereas waist-to-hip ratio was significantly inferior. Correspondingly, both body mass index and waist circumference were better than waist-to-hip ratio to indicate combinations of the 3 nonobese metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn E von Eyben
- Department of Internal Medicine, Herning Hospital, DK-7400 Herning, Denmark.
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27
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Libman IM, Arslanian SA. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth. HORMONE RESEARCH 2006; 67:22-34. [PMID: 17008794 DOI: 10.1159/000095981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parallel to the increase in obesity worldwide, there has been a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. The etiology of T2DM in youth, similar to adults, is multifactorial including genetic and environmental factors, among them obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of the disease, high-risk ethnicity and insulin resistance phenotype playing major roles. Treatment of T2DM should not have a glucocentric approach; it should rather target improving glycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, weight management and the prevention of short- and long-term complications. Prevention strategies, especially in high-risk groups, should focus on environmental change involving participation of families, schools, the food and entertainment industries and governmental agencies. Presently, limited pharmacotherapeutic options need to be expanded both for childhood T2DM and obesity. The coming decades will prove very challenging for healthcare providers battling socioeconomic waves conducive to obesity and T2DM. Evidence-based research and clinical experience in pediatrics, possibly modeled after adult trials, need to be developed if this public health threat is to be contained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Libman
- Division of Weight Management & Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Brambilla P, Bedogni G, Moreno LA, Goran MI, Gutin B, Fox KR, Peters DM, Barbeau P, De Simone M, Pietrobelli A. Crossvalidation of anthropometry against magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:23-30. [PMID: 16344845 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the relationship between anthropometry and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is of great interest because VAT is associated with many risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and anthropometry is easy to perform in clinical practice. The studies hitherto available for children have, however, been performed on small sample sizes. DESIGN Pooling of the data of studies published from 1992 to 2004 as indexed on Medline. AIMS To assess the relationship between anthropometry and VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children and to analyze the effect of age, gender, pubertal status and ethnicity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eligible subjects were 7-16 year-old, with availability of VAT and SAT, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). A total of 497 subjects were collected from seven different investigators and 407 of them (178 Caucasians and 229 Hispanics) were analyzed. RESULTS Despite ethnic differences in MRI data, BMI, WC and age, no difference in VAT was found between Caucasians and Hispanics after correction for SAT and BMI. Univariate regression analysis identified WC as the best single predictor of VAT (64.8% of variance) and BMI of SAT (88.9% of variance). The contribution of ethnicity and gender to the unexplained variance of the VAT-WC relationship was low (< or =3%) but significant (P < or =0.002). The different laboratories explained a low (< or =4.8%) but significant (P < 0.0001) portion of the unexplained variance of the VAT-WC and SAT-BMI relationships. Prediction equations for VAT (VAT (cm(2)) = 1.1 x WC (cm)-52.9) and SAT (SAT (cm(2)) = 23.2 x BMI (kg/m(2))-329) were developed on a randomly chosen half of the population and crossvalidated in the remaining half. The pure error of the estimate was 13 cm(2) for VAT and 57 cm(2) for SAT. CONCLUSIONS WC can be considered a good predictor of VAT as well as BMI of SAT. The importance of ethnicity and gender on VAT estimation is not negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brambilla
- Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Mesa JL, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Wärnberg J, González-Lamuño D, Moreno LA, Gutiérrez A, Castillo MJ. Aerobic physical fitness in relation to blood lipids and fasting glycaemia in adolescents: influence of weight status. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006; 16:285-293. [PMID: 16679221 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We explored the associations between aerobic physical fitness with blood lipids and a composite index of blood lipids and fasting glycaemia in adolescents, analysing possible interactions with weight status. METHODS AND RESULTS Body mass index and aerobic physical fitness was measured in 2090 adolescents (1034 males and 1056 females) 13-18.5 years by using the 20-m shuttle run test. Plasma glucose, total, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B-100 and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] were measured in 460 of the 2090 subjects. After adjustment for confounding factors, a continuously distributed summary score for blood lipids and fasting glycaemia was significantly related to aerobic fitness in males (P=0.018) and females (P=0.045, from the 2nd to the 4th quartile of aerobic fitness). After adjustment for gender, age, sexual maturation and economic status, aerobic fitness was related to the composite index of blood lipids and glycaemia in both overweight and non-overweight adolescents (P< 0.05). However, for the same level of aerobic fitness, the composite index of blood lipids and glycaemia was significantly higher in overweight adolescents (P=0.001). After setting the minimal aerobic fitness standards to present a healthy lipid profile, about 50% of males did not reach such values. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that both aerobic fitness and weight management are associated with a composite index of blood lipids and glycaemia in adolescents. Our study also provides the minimal levels of aerobic physical fitness associated with a favourable lipid profile in male adolescents, a new tool which should be adopted by schools as "aerobic fitness standards".
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Mesa
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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30
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Li C, Huang TK, Cruz ML, Goran MI. Birth weight, puberty, and systolic blood pressure in children and adolescents: a longitudinal analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20:444-50. [PMID: 16617311 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) from pre-puberty to late puberty in a cohort of American children. Ninety-eight children aged 4-12 years at baseline were followed annually for 2-6 years with at least two Tanner stages. Annual measures included SBP, age, gender, race, birth weight, Tanner stage, and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Birth weight was inversely correlated with SBP in pre-pubertal children (r=-0.23, P<0.05), especially in white children. SBP persisted at a higher level from pre-puberty through late puberty among children with low birth weight (<2500 g). However, SBP significantly increased from pre-puberty to early or late puberty among children with high birth weight (>or=4000 g). After adjusting for visceral fat, one unit change of birth weight category was associated with a 2.6 mm Hg reduction in SBP (P<0.05), but this association was attenuated as puberty progressed. The changes in SBP across puberty followed different trajectories in children with low vs high birth weight. Attenuation in the association between birth weight and SBP from pre-puberty to late puberty may be influenced by sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Goldbacher EM, Matthews KA, Salomon K. Central adiposity is associated with cardiovascular reactivity to stress in adolescents. Health Psychol 2005; 24:375-84. [PMID: 16045373 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the association between central adiposity, measured by waist circumference, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress among 106 White and 105 Black adolescents, approximately 50% of whom were girls. Participants engaged in 4 laboratory tasks while cardiovascular reactivity measures were taken. Independent of body mass index, race, and gender, participants with a greater waist circumference exhibited greater systolic blood pressure reactivity and diastolic blood pressure reactivity (boys only). Race did not affect the results. Results from the present study suggest that central adiposity is associated with blood pressure reactivity early in life, especially in adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie M Goldbacher
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Blackett PR, Blevins KS, Stoddart M, Wang W, Quintana E, Alaupovic P, Lee ET. Body mass index and high-density lipoproteins in Cherokee Indian children and adolescents. Pediatr Res 2005; 58:472-7. [PMID: 16148059 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000176947.98014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Native Americans are predisposed to insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk. Therefore, we studied whether BMI (body mass index) in a population of Cherokee children and adolescents is associated with HDL-C (HDL cholesterol), and the HDL particles Lp (lipoprotein) A-I and LpA-I:A-II. Subjects were grouped by BMI Z score quartiles within three gender-specific age brackets (5-9, 10-14, and 15-19 y) to examine for trends in lipoprotein and HOMA-IR (homeostasis index insulin resistance) values associated with adiposity and age. HDL-C decreased by BMI Z score quartiles in all three age groups for both genders. HDL-C, LpA-I, and LpA-I:A-II decreased with age in boys but not girls. Log HOMA-IR increased by BMI Z score quartiles in all three age groups for both genders. Linear regression modeling showed BMI Z score, triglyceride, and age to be associated with HDL-C, whereas HOMA-IR was associated with LpA-I:A-II but not with HDL-C or LpA-I. When waist circumference was substituted for BMI Z score in the same models, it was associated with HDL-C and both lipoprotein particles. In conclusion, adiposity is more associated with HDL-C lowering than with declines in the lipoprotein particles. HOMA-IR is less associated with HDL-C but may selectively influence LpA-I:A-II. Greater decreases in HDL-C, LpA-I, and LpA-I:A-II with age in boys is attributed to gender-specific hormonal changes. The early onset of HDL lowering in these Native American children and adolescents, particularly boys, warrants intervention strategies to prevent obesity and associated cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers R Blackett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Gutin B, Yin Z, Humphries MC, Hoffman WH, Gower B, Barbeau P. Relations of fatness and fitness to fasting insulin in black and white adolescents. J Pediatr 2004; 145:737-43. [PMID: 15580193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine in black and white youths the degree to which fatness and cardiovascular fitness (CVF) explained independent proportions of the variance in fasting insulin concentrations. STUDY DESIGN Youths 14 to 18 years of age (n = 278) were studied. Insulin was measured after a 12-hour fast. Percent body fat (%BF) was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. CVF was determined with a multistage treadmill test. RESULTS Girls had higher %BF and lower CVF than boys. Whites were higher in CVF than blacks. There was a race by sex interaction for fasting insulin concentration, such that black girls had the highest and white girls had the lowest concentrations. When %BF and CVF was controlled statistically, this interaction was no longer significant. Multiple regression models that controlled for race, sex, and their interaction showed that (1) both higher %BF and lower CVF were significantly associated with higher insulin concentrations; (2) there were significant interactions with sex, such that the deleterious effects of low CVF and high %BF were greater in boys than in girls; (3) there was a significant CVF-%BF interaction, such that youths who were both fit and lean had especially low insulin concentrations; and (4) sex-specific regressions showed that both %BF and CVF explained significant independent proportion of the insulin variance for the boys but that only %BF did so for the girls. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to prevent hyperinsulinemia in youths should be designed both to minimize fatness and maximize CVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gutin
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA.
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Ball GDC, McCargar LJ. Childhood obesity in Canada: a review of prevalence estimates and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2003; 28:117-40. [PMID: 12671200 DOI: 10.1139/h03-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity in Canada has become increasingly prevalent over the past 2 decades. Despite inconsistencies regarding different anthropometric indicators, cut-offs, and reference populations, both regional and national investigations have revealed high numbers of overweight and obese children and adolescents. A number of risk factors and health consequences have been associated with increased levels of body fatness in youth. Specifically, risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes are known to develop early in life and tend to emerge in clusters among overweight youngsters. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (i.e., physical inactivity), a genetic disposition, and a centralized body fat distribution, all contribute to increased risk. In order to prevent future generations of children from experiencing increased morbidity and mortality as overweight and obese adults, coordinated efforts at all levels (family, school, community, and government) must be established with a long-term commitment to promote healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviours in our youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff D C Ball
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kang HS, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Owens S, Lemmon CR, Allison J, Litaker MS, Le NA. Physical training improves insulin resistance syndrome markers in obese adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:1920-7. [PMID: 12471297 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200212000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that physical training (PT), especially high-intensity PT, would have a favorable effect on components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in obese adolescents. METHODS Obese 13- to 16-yr-olds (N = 80) were randomly assigned to one of the following 8-month interventions; 1) lifestyle education (LSE)-alone every 2 wk, 2) LSE+moderate-intensity PT, and 3) LSE+high-intensity PT. PT was offered 5 d x wk(-1). Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), low-density lipoprotein (low density lipoprotein (LDL)) particle size, apolipoproteins AI and B, glucose, insulin, and blood pressure were measured with standardized methods. RESULTS The intent-to-treat analyses for all subjects who completed pre- and post-tests regardless of their adherence to the interventions showed that the LSE+high-intensity PT group had more favorable changes than the LSE-alone group in TAG level (P = 0.012), TC/HDLC (P = 0.013), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.031). For efficacy analyses, all PT subjects who attended at least 2 d x wk(-1) (40%) were combined into one group (LSE+PT) and compared with the LSE-alone group. These two-group analyses showed significant interactions (P < 0.001) between baseline values and group membership for deltaTAG, deltaVLDLC, and deltaTC/HDLC, such that subjects who had the least favorable baseline values showed the most beneficial impact of the PT. Of particular interest was a favorable effect of the PT on LDL particle size. CONCLUSION PT, especially high-intensity PT, had a favorable effect on several IRS markers in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sik Kang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, 1499 Walton Way, HS-1640, Augusta, GA 30912-3710, USA.
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Humphries MC, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Vemulapalli S, Allison J, Owens S. Relations of adiposity and effects of training on the left ventricle in obese youths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:1428-35. [PMID: 12218734 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200209000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To determine the relations of left ventricular (LV) structure and function to total body composition, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and hemodynamics in obese children; 2) to determine the effects of 4-month of physical training (PT) on LV structure and function and hemodynamics; and 3) to explore determinants of individual variability in response to PT. METHODS Measurements included LV structure/function with echocardiography, total body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, VAT with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and resting and exercising hemodynamics with a Dinamap monitor and Doppler-echocardiography. Youths were randomly assigned to engage in PT for the first or second 4-month periods of the 8-month intervention period. RESULTS Correlation and regression at baseline showed that elevated LV mass was associated with excess general and visceral adiposity, and elevated cardiac output. Although the PT had favorable effects on percent body fat and VAT, no significant changes were found in LV or hemodynamic variables. Over the 4-month period of the PT intervention, those who increased the most in VAT tended to increase the most in LV mass. CONCLUSION General and visceral adiposity were associated with elevated LV mass. However, no evidence was provided that 4 months of PT had a significant effect on LV or hemodynamic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Humphries
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, 1499 Walton Way, HS1640, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Davison KK, Birch LL. Obesigenic families: parents' physical activity and dietary intake patterns predict girls' risk of overweight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1186-93. [PMID: 12187395 PMCID: PMC2530921 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2001] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 04/18/2002] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether obesigenic families can be identified based on mothers' and fathers' dietary and activity patterns. METHODS A total of 197 girls and their parents were assessed when girls were 5 y old; 192 families were reassessed when girls were 7 y old. Measures of parents' physical activity and dietary intake were obtained and entered into a cluster analysis to assess whether distinct family clusters could be identified. Girls' skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) were also assessed and were used to examine the predictive validity of the clusters. RESULTS Obesigenic and a non-obesigenic family clusters were identified. Mothers and fathers in the obesigenic cluster reported high levels of dietary intake and low levels of physical activity, while mothers and fathers in the non-obesigenic cluster reported low levels of dietary intake and high levels of activity. Girls from families in the obesigenic cluster had significantly higher BMI and skinfold thickness values at age 7 and showed significantly greater increases in BMI and skinfold thickness from ages 5 to 7 y than girls from non-obesigenic families; differences were reduced but not eliminated after controlling for parents' BMI. CONCLUSIONS Obesigenic families, defined in terms of parents' activity and dietary patterns, can be used predict children's risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krahnstoever Davison
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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Gutin B, Barbeau P, Owens S, Lemmon CR, Bauman M, Allison J, Kang HS, Litaker MS. Effects of exercise intensity on cardiovascular fitness, total body composition, and visceral adiposity of obese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:818-26. [PMID: 11976154 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.5.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how the intensity of exercise influences cardiovascular fitness and body composition, especially in obese adolescents. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine the effects of physical training intensity on the cardiovascular fitness, percentage of body fat (%BF), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese adolescents. DESIGN Obese 13-16-y-olds (n = 80) were assigned to 1) biweekly lifestyle education (LSE), 2) LSE + moderate-intensity physical training, or 3) LSE + high-intensity physical training. The intervention lasted 8 mo. Physical training was offered 5 d/wk, and the target energy expenditure for all subjects in physical training groups was 1047 kJ (250 kcal)/session. Cardiovascular fitness was measured with a multistage treadmill test, %BF with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and VAT with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The increase in cardiovascular fitness in the high-intensity physical training group, but not in the moderate-intensity group, was significantly greater than that in the LSE alone group (P = 0.009); no other comparisons of the 3 groups were significant. Compared with the LSE alone group, a group composed of subjects in both physical training groups combined who attended training sessions >or=2 d/wk showed favorable changes in cardiovascular fitness (P < 0.001), %BF (P = 0.001), and VAT (P = 0.029). We found no evidence that the high-intensity physical training was more effective than the moderate-intensity physical training in enhancing body composition. CONCLUSIONS The cardiovascular fitness of obese adolescents was significantly improved by physical training, especially high-intensity physical training. The physical training also reduced both visceral and total-body adiposity, but there was no clear effect of the intensity of physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gutin
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Mitchell BM, Gutin B, Kapuku G, Barbeau P, Humphries MC, Owens S, Vemulapalli S, Allison J. Left ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents: relations to cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, and visceral adiposity, and effects of physical training. Pediatrics 2002; 109:E73-3. [PMID: 11986479 DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.5.e73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the relations of fitness and fatness to left ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents. This project had 2 purposes: 1) to determine the correlations of cardiovascular fitness and adiposity to left ventricular parameters in obese adolescents; and 2) to see the effect of 8 months of physical training (PT) at low and high intensities. DESIGN Obese 13- to 16-year-olds (N = 81) were tested at baseline and then randomly assigned to lifestyle education (LSE) alone, LSE plus moderate-intensity PT, or LSE plus high-intensity PT. Follow-up testing was conducted 8 months later. Because no significant differences were found between moderate-intensity and high-intensity PT, the groups were combined to form a LSE + PT group. INTERVENTION Eight months of PT, offered 5 days per week with the target energy expenditure for all PT participants being 250 kcal/session, and LSE every 2 weeks. Outcome Measures. Left ventricular mass divided by height to the 2.7th power (LVM/Ht(2.7)), midwall fractional shortening (MFS), and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using M-mode echocardiography. Cardiovascular fitness was measured by a maximal multistage treadmill test; percent body fat (%BF) with dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry; and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS At baseline, high levels of VAT were associated with higher RWT (r = 0.30) and lesser MFS (r = -0.29). Compared with the LSE-alone group, the LSE + PT group significantly improved in cardiovascular fitness and decreased in %BF and VAT. However, there were no significant differences between groups on changes in LVM/Ht(2.7), MFS, or RWT. Individual changes in cardiovascular fitness, %BF, and VAT did not correlate significantly with interindividual changes in left ventricular structure and function. CONCLUSIONS High levels of VAT were associated with unfavorable left ventricular structure and function. However, no evidence was provided that an 8-month PT program, which improved cardiovascular fitness and reduced general and visceral adiposity, improved left ventricular structure and function. Future studies consisting of longer training programs and/or greater weight reductions are needed to see whether the adverse left ventricular effects of obesity can be ameliorated by exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Mitchell
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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