Inhibition of SIRT1 deacetylase and p53 activation uncouples the anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive actions of NSAIDs

Advancements in understanding the role and mechanism of sirtuin family (SIRT1-7) in breast cancer management

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in women worldwide and it is classified into a few distinct molecular subtypes based on the expression of growth factor and hormone receptors. Though significant progress has been achieved in the search for novel medications through traditional and advanced approaches, still we need more efficacious and reliable treatment options to treat different types and stages of BC. Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) a class III histone deacetylase play a major role in combating various cancers including BC. Studies reveal thateach sirtuin has a unique and well-balanced biology, indicating that it regulates a variety of biological processes that result in the initiation, progression,and metastasis of BC. SIRT also plays a major role in numerous vital biological functions, including apoptosis, axonal protection, transcriptional silencing, DNA recombination and repair, fat mobilization, and aging. As per the current demand, we wish to outline the structural insights into sirtuin's catalytic site, substantial variations among all SIRT types, and their mechanism in BC management. Additionally, this review will focus on the application of SIRT modulators along with their clinical significance, hurdles, and future perspective to develop successful SIRT-based drug candidates to conquer the BC problem.

Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic, immunological, and diagnostic roles of SIRT1 in pan-cancer and its validation in KIRC

Background

Disturbances in DNA damage repair may lead to cancer. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through the regulation of processes such as histone posttranslational modifications, DNA repair, and cellular metabolism. However, a comprehensive exploration of SIRT1's involvement in pan-cancer remains lacking. Our study aimed to analyze the role of SIRT1 in pan-cancer to gain a more comprehensive understanding of its role in multiple malignancies.

Methods

We systematically examined the role of SIRT1 in pan-cancer by analyzing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. Various tools, including R, Cytoscape, HPA, Archs4, TISIDB, cBioPortal, STRING, GSCALite, and CancerSEA, were used to integrate and analyze SIRT1 gene expression, prognosis, protein interactions, signaling pathways, immune infiltration, and other relevant information. Furthermore, we validated the differential expression of SIRT1 in normal human kidney cells and kidney cancer cell lines via experimental verification.

Results

SIRT1 expression was significantly reduced in various cancers and was different across molecular and immune subtypes. SIRT1 is intricately linked to numerous cancer pathways. In most cancer types, increased SIRT1 expression is positively associated with eosinophils, helper T cells, central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, γδ T cells, and Th2 cells. SIRT1 expression is significantly correlated with immune regulatory factors across various cancer types. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot (WB) analyses confirmed that SIRT1 is differentially expressed in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC).

Conclusions

Using an integrative approach involving bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we clarified the potential roles and mechanisms of SIRT1 in pan-cancer, providing a theoretical basis for the development of SIRT1-targeted therapies in clinical applications.

Exploring COX-Independent Pathways: A Novel Approach for Meloxicam and Other NSAIDs in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Treatment

As a fundamental process of innate immunity, inflammation is associated with the pathologic process of various diseases and constitutes a prevalent risk factor for both cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies have indicated that several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including Meloxicam, may prevent tumorigenesis, reduce the risk of carcinogenesis, improve the efficacy of anticancer therapies, and reduce the risk of CVD, in addition to controlling the body's inflammatory imbalances. Traditionally, most NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, thereby blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), which play a role in inflammation, cancer, and various cardiovascular conditions. However, long-term COX inhibition and reduced PGs synthesis can result in serious side effects. Recent studies have increasingly shown that some selective COX-2 inhibitors and NSAIDs, such as Meloxicam, may exert effects beyond COX inhibition. This emerging understanding prompts a re-evaluation of the mechanisms by which NSAIDs operate, suggesting that their benefits in cancer and CVD treatment may not solely depend on COX targeting. In this review, we will explore the potential COX-independent mechanisms of Meloxicam and other NSAIDs in addressing oncology and cardiovascular health.

SIRT1 regulates the localization and stability of telomerase protein by direct interaction

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) not only upholds telomeric equilibrium but also plays a pivotal role in multiple non-canonical cellular mechanisms, particularly in the context of aging, cancer, and genomic stability. Though depletion of SIRT1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts has demonstrated telomere shortening, the impact of SIRT1 on enabling TERT to regulate telomeric homeostasis remains enigmatic. Here, we reveal that SIRT1 directly interacts with TERT, and promotes the nuclear localization and stability of TERT. Reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of TERT and N-terminus of SIRT1 mainly participated in their direct interaction. TERT, concomitantly expressed with intact SIRT1, exhibits nuclear localization, whereas TERT co-expressed with N-terminal-deleted SIRT1 remains in the cytosol. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT1 enhances the nuclear localization and protein stability of TERT, akin to overexpression of deacetylase-inactive SIRT1, whereas N-terminal-deleted SIRT1 has no effect on TERT. These findings suggest a novel regulatory role of SIRT1 for TERT through direct interaction. This interaction provides new insights into the fields of aging, cancer, and genome stability governed by TERT and SIRT1.

Organic light-emitting diode therapy promotes longevity through the upregulation of SIRT1 in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice

Phototherapy has been extensively used to prevent and treat signs of aging and stimulate wound healing, and phototherapy through light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In contrast to LED, organic LED (OLED) devices are composed of organic semiconductors that possess novel characteristics. We investigated the regenerative potential of OLED for restoring cellular potential from senescence and thus delaying animal aging. Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated from the control and OLED- treated groups to evaluate their proliferation, migration, and differentiation potentials. Cellular senescence was evaluated using a senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity assay and gene expression biomarker assessment. OLED treatment significantly increased the cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration abilities of stem cells. SA-β-gal activity was significantly decreased in both ADSCs and BMSCs in the OLED-treated group. Gene expression biomarkers from treated mice indicated a significant upregulation of IGF-1 (insulin growthfactor-1). The upregulation of the SIRT1 gene inhibited the p16 and p19 genes then to downregulate the p53 expressions for regeneration of stem cells in the OLED-treated group. Our findings indicated that the survival rates of 10-month aging senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice were prolonged and that their gross appearance improved markedly after OLED treatment. Histological analysis of skin and brain tissue also indicated significantly greater collagen fibers density, which prevents ocular abnormalities and β-amyloid accumulation. Lordokyphosis and bone characteristics were observed to resemble those of younger mice after OLED treatment. In conclusion, OLED therapy reduced the signs of aging and enhanced stem-cell senescence recovery and then could be used for tissue regeneration.

Discovery and characterization of a new class of NAD+-independent SIRT1 activators

The activity of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1, a member of the NAD+-dependent deacetylases family) decreases during aging as NAD+ levels naturally decline, thus increasing the risk of several age-associated diseases. Several sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) have been developed to counteract the age-associated reduction in SIRT1 activity, and some of them are currently under development in clinical trials. STACs induce SIRT1 activation, either through allosteric activation of the enzyme in the presence of NAD+, or by increasing NAD+ levels by inhibiting its degradation or by supplying a key precursor in biosynthesis. In this study, we have identified (E)-2'-des-methyl sulindac analogues as a novel class of STACs that act also in the absence of NAD+, a peculiar behavior demonstrated through enzymatic and mass spectrometry experiments, both in vitro and in cell lines. The activation of the SIRT1 pathway was confirmed in vivo through gene expression and metabolomics analysis. Our data suggest that these compounds could serve as candidate leads for a novel therapeutic strategy aimed at addressing a key metabolic deficiency that may contribute to metabolic and age-associated diseases.

Inhibitory effect of diacerein on diclofenac-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats via modulating SIRT1/HIF-1α/NF-κB and SIRT1/p53 regulatory axes

The aim of this study is to explore the potential of repurposing the antiarthritic drug diacerein (DCN) against diclofenac (DCF)-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: Group I (CTRL) served as the negative control; Group II (DCF) served as the positive control and was injected with DCF (50 mg/kg/day) for three consecutive days (fourth-sixth) while being deprived of water starting on day 5; Group III (DCF + DCN50) and Group IV (DCF + DCN100) were orally administered DCN (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively) for six days and injected with DCF, while being deprived of water as described above. Changes in kidney function biomarkers were assessed. Levels of MDA and GSH along with NO content in kidney tissues were measured as indicators of oxidative stress status. Histopathological changes of the renal cortex and medulla were evaluated. Changes in renal NF-κB and SIRT-1 levels were immunohistochemically addressed. Western blotting was used to estimate the relative expressions of HIF-1α, p53, and active caspase-3. Our results showed that DCN inhibited kidney dysfunction and suppressed oxidative stress, which were reflected in improved kidney architecture, including less tubular degeneration and necrosis in the cortex and medulla. Interestingly, DCN reduced renal HIF-1α, p53, and active caspase-3 expression and NF-κB activation while increasing renal SIRT1 expression. In conclusion, for the first time, DCN counteracts acute kidney injury induced by DCF in rats by its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, and anti-apoptotic effects in a dose-dependent manner, which are mainly via targeting SIRT1/HIF-1α/NF-κB and SIRT1/p53 regulatory axes.

Fucoxanthin Abrogates Ionizing Radiation-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Modulating Sirtuin 1 in Macrophages

Ionizing radiation (IR) triggers an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting the normal function of both immune and metabolic systems, leading to inflammation and metabolic disturbances. To address the pressing requirement for protection against IR, fucoxanthin (FX), a naturally occurring compound extracted from algae, was utilized as an efficient radioprotective agent in macrophages. In this study, we cultured murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and treated them with FX, along with agents influencing the activity of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and estrogen receptor α (ERα), to investigate their impact on IR-induced cellular responses. FX significantly attenuated IR-induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (Il1b, Tnf, and Ccl2) and inhibited macrophage polarization toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. Additionally, FX regulated IR-induced metabolic genes mediating glycolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The ability of FX to mitigate IR-induced inflammation and glycolysis was ascribed to the expression and activity of SIRT1 and ERα in macrophages. This study not only uncovers the underlying mechanisms of FX's radioprotective properties but also highlights its potential as a protective agent against the detrimental effects of IR, thus offering new opportunities for enhancing radiation protection in the future.

SIRT1 is an actionable target to restore p53 function in HPV-associated cancer therapy

BACKGROUND

Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and anti-cancer action of a precision medicine approach involving a novel SIRT1-dependent pathway that, when disrupted, leads to the restoration of a functional p53 in human papillomavirus (HPV)-transformed cells.

METHODS

The anticancer potential of inhibiting SIRT1 was evaluated by examining the effects of the specific SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 (also known as Selisistat) or genetic silencing, either individually or in conjunction with standard chemotherapeutic agents, on a range of HPV+ cancer cells and a preclinical mouse model of HPV16-induced cancer.

RESULTS

We show that SIRT1 inhibition restores a transcriptionally active K382-acetylated p53 in HPV+ but not HPV- cell lines, which in turn promotes G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibits clonogenicity specifically in HPV+ cells. Additionally, EX527 treatment increases the sensitivity of HPV+ cells to sublethal doses of standard genotoxic agents. The enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin as well as p53 restoration were also observed in an in vivo tumorigenicity assay using syngeneic C3.43 cells harbouring an integrated HPV16 genome, injected subcutaneously into C57BL/6J mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings uncover an essential role of SIRT1 in HPV-driven oncogenesis, which may have direct translational implications for the treatment of this type of cancer.

Oxidative Stress and MicroRNAs in Endothelial Cells under Metabolic Disorders

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur. EC dysfunction shifts the vascular system into a pro-coagulative, proinflammatory state, thereby increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases and metabolic disorders. Studies have turned to the investigation of microRNA treatment for CV risk factors, as these post-transcription regulators are known to co-regulate ROS. In this review, we will discuss ROS pathways and generation, normal endothelial cell physiology and ROS-induced dysfunction, and the current knowledge of common metabolic disorders and their connection to oxidative stress. Therapeutic strategies based on microRNAs in response to oxidative stress and microRNA's regulatory roles in controlling ROS will also be explored. It is important to gain an in-depth comprehension of the mechanisms generating ROS and how manipulating these enzymatic byproducts can protect endothelial cell function from oxidative stress and prevent the development of vascular disorders.

Sirtuin1-p53: a potential axis for cancer therapy

Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent histone deacetylase that plays key roles in a range of cellular events, including the maintenance of genome stability, gene regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. P53 is one of the most studied tumor suppressors and the first identified non-histone target of SIRT1. SIRT1 deacetylates p53 in a NAD⁺-dependent manner and inhibits its transcriptional activity, thus exerting action on a series of pathways related to tissue homeostasis and various pathological states. The SIRT1-p53 axis is thought to play a central role in tumorigenesis. Although SIRT1 was initially identified as a tumor promoter, evidence now indicates that SIRT1 may also act as a tumor suppressor. This seemingly contradictory evidence indicates that the functionality of SIRT1 may be dictated by different cell types and intracellular localization patterns. In this review, we summarize recent evidence relating to the interactions between SIRT1 and p53 and discuss the relative roles of these two molecules with regards to cancer-associated cellular events. We also provide an overview of current knowledge of SIRT1-p53 signaling in tumorigenesis. Given the vital role of the SIRT1-p53 pathway, targeting this axis may provide promising strategies for the treatment of cancer.

Novel Non-Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Derivative of Sulindac Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro and Reduces Mammary Tumorigenesis in Rats

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac demonstrates attractive anticancer activity, but the toxicity resulting from cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and the suppression of physiologically important prostaglandins precludes its long-term, high dose use in the clinic for cancer prevention or treatment. While inflammation is a known tumorigenic driver, evidence suggests that sulindac's antineoplastic activity is partially or fully independent of its COX inhibitory activity. One COX-independent target proposed for sulindac is cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cGMP PDE) isozymes. Sulindac metabolites, i.e., sulfide and sulfone, inhibit cGMP PDE enzymatic activity at concentrations comparable with those associated with cancer cell growth inhibitory activity. Additionally, the cGMP PDE isozymes PDE5 and PDE10 are overexpressed during the early stages of carcinogenesis and appear essential for cancer cell proliferation and survival based on gene silencing experiments. Here, we describe a novel amide derivative of sulindac, sulindac sulfide amide (SSA), which was rationally designed to eliminate COX-inhibitory activity while enhancing cGMP PDE inhibitory activity. SSA was 68-fold and 10-fold less potent than sulindac sulfide (SS) in inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2, respectively, but 10-fold more potent in inhibiting growth and inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The pro-apoptotic activity of SSA was associated with inhibition of cGMP PDE activity, elevation of intracellular cGMP levels, and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling, as well as the inhibition of β-catenin/Tcf transcriptional activity. SSA displayed promising in vivo anticancer activity, resulting in a 57% reduction in the incidence and a 62% reduction in the multiplicity of tumors in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced model of breast carcinogenesis. These findings provide strong evidence for cGMP/PKG signaling as a target for breast cancer prevention or treatment and the COX-independent anticancer properties of sulindac. Furthermore, this study validates the approach of optimizing off-target effects by reducing the COX-inhibitory activity of sulindac for future targeted drug discovery efforts to enhance both safety and efficacy.

Development and Challenges of Diclofenac-Based Novel Therapeutics: Targeting Cancer and Complex Diseases

Simple Summary

Diclofenac is a widely used drug for its anti-inflammatory and pain alleviating properties. This review summarizes the current understanding about the drug diclofenac. The potential applications of diclofenac beyond its well-known anti-inflammatory properties for other diseases such as cancer are discussed, along with existing limitations.

Abstract

Diclofenac is a highly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that relieves inflammation, pain, fever, and aches, used at different doses depending on clinical conditions. This drug inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes, which are responsible for the generation of prostaglandin synthesis. To improve current diclofenac-based therapies, we require new molecular systematic therapeutic approaches to reduce complex multifactorial effects. However, the critical challenge that appears with diclofenac and other drugs of the same class is their side effects, such as signs of stomach injuries, kidney problems, cardiovascular issues, hepatic issues, and diarrhea. In this article, we discuss why defining diclofenac-based mechanisms, pharmacological features, and its medicinal properties are needed to direct future drug development against neurodegeneration and imperfect ageing and to improve cancer therapy. In addition, we describe various advance molecular mechanisms and fundamental aspects linked with diclofenac which can strengthen and enable the better designing of new derivatives of diclofenac to overcome critical challenges and improve their applications.

Progressive liver, kidney, and heart degeneration in children and adults affected by TULP3 mutations

Organ fibrosis is a shared endpoint of many diseases, yet underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Several pathways governed by the primary cilium, a sensory antenna present on most vertebrate cells, have been linked with fibrosis. Ciliopathies usually start early in life and represent a considerable disease burden. We performed massively parallel sequencing by using cohorts of genetically unsolved individuals with unexplained liver and kidney failure and correlated this with clinical, imaging, and histopathological analyses. Mechanistic studies were conducted with a vertebrate model and primary cells. We detected bi-allelic deleterious variants in TULP3, encoding a critical adaptor protein for ciliary trafficking, in a total of 15 mostly adult individuals, originating from eight unrelated families, with progressive degenerative liver fibrosis, fibrocystic kidney disease, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with atypical fibrotic patterns on histopathology. We recapitulated the human phenotype in adult zebrafish and confirmed disruption of critical ciliary cargo composition in several primary cell lines derived from affected individuals. Further, we show interaction between TULP3 and the nuclear deacetylase SIRT1, with roles in DNA damage repair and fibrosis, and report increased DNA damage ex vivo. Transcriptomic studies demonstrated upregulation of profibrotic pathways with gene clusters for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and WNT and TGF-β signaling. These findings identify variants in TULP3 as a monogenic cause for progressive degenerative disease of major organs in which affected individuals benefit from early detection and improved clinical management. Elucidation of mechanisms crucial for DNA damage repair and tissue maintenance will guide novel therapeutic avenues for this and similar genetic and non-genomic diseases.

Deacetylation of Transcription Factors in Carcinogenesis

Reversible Nε-lysine acetylation/deacetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM) of histones and non-histone proteins that is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). This epigenetic process is highly involved in carcinogenesis, affecting histone and non-histone proteins' properties and their biological functions. Some of the transcription factors, including tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, undergo this modification altering different cell signaling pathways. HDACs deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modifications are of great clinical importance and may constitute a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment. This review is aimed to present the significance of HDACs in carcinogenesis through their influence on functions of transcription factors, and therefore regulation of different signaling pathways, cancer progression, and metastasis.

FGF21 promotes migration and differentiation of epidermal cells during wound healing via SIRT1-dependent autophagy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Migration and differentiation of epidermal cells are essential for epidermal regeneration during wound healing. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays key roles in mediating a variety of biological activities. However, its role in skin wound healing remains unknown.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Fgf21 knockout (Fgf21 KO) mice were used to determine the effect of FGF21 on wound healing. The source of FGF21 and its target cells were determined by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and ELISA assay. Moreover, Sirt1^flox/flox and Atg7^flox/flox mice were constructed and injected with the epidermal-specific Cre virus to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Migration and differentiation of keratinocytes were evaluated in vitro by cell scratch assays, immunofluorescence, and qRT-RCR. The effects were further assessed when SIRT1, ATG7, ATG5, BECN1, and P53 were silenced. Interactions between SIRT1 and autophagy-related genes were assessed using immunoprecipitation assays.

KEY RESULTS

FGF21 was active in fibroblasts and promoted migration and differentiation of keratinocytes following injury. After wounding, SIRT1 expression and autophagosome synthesis were lower in Fgf21 KO mice. Depletion of ATG7 in keratinocytes counteracted the FGF21-induced increases in migration and differentiation, suggesting that autophagy is required for the FGF21-mediated pro-healing effects. Furthermore, epithelial-specific Sirt1 knockout abolished the FGF21-mediated improvements of autophagy and wound healing. Silencing of SIRT1 in keratinocytes, which decreased deacetylation of p53 and autophagy-related proteins, revealed that FGF21-induced autophagy during wound healing was SIRT1-dependent.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

FGF21 is a key regulator of keratinocyte migration and differentiation during wound healing. FGF21 may be a novel therapeutic target to accelerate would healing.

Current View on the Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely used and, unfortunately, often abused. In addition to acute effects such as intoxication, it may cause many chronic pathological conditions. Some of the effects are very well described and explained, but there are still gaps in the explanation of empirically co-founded dysfunction in many alcohol-related conditions. This work focuses on reviewing actual knowledge about the toxic effects of ethanol and its degradation products.

Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19 Pathogenesis

In 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. With the advancing development of COVID-19 vaccines and their administration globally, it is expected that COVID-19 will converge in the future; however, the situation remains unpredictable because of a series of reports regarding SARS-CoV-2 variants. Currently, there are still few specific effective treatments for COVID-19, as many unanswered questions remain regarding the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19. Continued elucidation of COVID-19 pathogenic mechanisms is a matter of global importance. In this regard, recent reports have suggested that epigenetics plays an important role; for instance, the expression of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, an important factor in human infection with SARS-CoV-2, is epigenetically regulated; further, DNA methylation status is reported to be unique to patients with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on epigenetic mechanisms to provide a new molecular framework for elucidating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and of COVID-19, along with the possibility of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key epigenetic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection

COVID-19 is an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2), which has caused a global outbreak. Current research efforts are focused on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in order to propose drug-based therapeutic options. Transcriptional changes due to epigenetic regulation are key host cell responses to viral infection and have been studied in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV; however, such changes are not fully described for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we analyzed multiple transcriptomes obtained from cell lines infected with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and from COVID-19 patient-derived samples. Using integrative analyses of gene co-expression networks and de-novo pathway enrichment, we characterize different gene modules and protein pathways enriched with Transcription Factors or Epifactors relevant for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identified EP300, MOV10, RELA, and TRIM25 as top candidates, and more than 60 additional proteins involved in the epigenetic response during viral infection that has therapeutic potential. Our results show that targeting the epigenetic machinery could be a feasible alternative to treat COVID-19.

Antiproliferative potential of Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) juice in combination with Aspirin in human SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells

Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Sw.) is a South American fruit rich in phytochemicals with promising anti-cancer properties as co-adjuvants to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Aspirin. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative potential of Andean Berry Juice (ABJ) in combination with Aspirin in human SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells. ABJ primarily contained 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic and chlorogenic acids. The combined treatment of ABJ (IC₅₀ : 30.0 ± 0.11%) and Aspirin (IC₅₀ : 20.0 ± 0.57) exhibited a higher (p < .01) antiproliferative effect than each counterpart. Moreover the same mixture displayed a lower reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) than the untreated cells. ABJ-Aspirin combination induced late apoptosis stage without stimulating mitochondrial depolarization and prompted phosphatidylserine relocalization. These results emphasize the antiproliferative potential of bioactive compounds from ABJ and Aspirin combinations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Natural products such as Andean Berry (V. meridionale Sw.) juice (ABJ) contains antioxidant polyphenols that could reduce the need to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, currently employed in cancer treatment, to prevent its side effects. The high abundance of polyphenols from this underutilized berry could stimulate the standardization of its production and industrial exploitation to be transformed into suitable food products delivering natural bioactive compounds with potential anti-cancer effects in vitro.

A comprehensive guide to the pharmacologic regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor

The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic has prompted scientists to address an urgent need for defining mechanisms of disease pathology and treatment. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, employs angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary target for cell surface attachment and likely entry into the host cell. Thus, understanding factors that may regulate the expression and function of ACE2 in the healthy and diseased body is critical for clinical intervention. Over 66% of all adults in the United States are currently using a prescription drug and while earlier findings have focused on possible upregulation of ACE2 expression through the use of renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, mounting evidence suggests that various other widely administered drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemias, coagulation disorders, and pulmonary disease may also present a varied risk for COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize mechanisms on how heparin, statins, steroids and phytochemicals, besides their established therapeutic effects, may also interfere with SARS-CoV-2 viral entry into cells. We also describe evidence on the effect of several vitamins, phytochemicals, and naturally occurring compounds on ACE2 expression and activity in various tissues and disease models. This comprehensive review aims to provide a timely compendium on the potential impact of commonly prescribed drugs and pharmacologically active compounds on COVID-19 pathology and risk through regulation of ACE2 and RAS signaling.

A Network Pharmacology Study Based on the Mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Pinelliae Rhizoma in the Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Objective

To explore the mechanism of action of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium-Pinelliae Rhizoma (CRP-PR) in treating gastric cancer (GC) by using pharmacology network.

Methods

Based on oral bioavailability and drug-likeness, the main active components of CRP-PR were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). DisGeNET Database was used to establish target databases for GC. Cytoscape software was used to construct a visual interactive network diagram of “Active Component-Target” and screen out the key targets. The STRING database was used to construct a protein interaction network. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the key targets. Additionally, TCGA and HPA databases were used for key target verification.

Results

Thirty-seven active components of CRP-PR were screened. The results of network analysis showed that the main components include 8-octadecenoic acid, stigmasterol, ferulic acid, and naringenin of the CRP-PR herb pair. The key targets of the PPI network mainly involved GAPDH, MAPK3, JUN, STAT3, GSK3B, SIRT1, ERBB2, and SMAD2. GO enrichment analysis involves 540 biological processes, 118 cellular components, and 171 molecular functions. CRP-PR components were predicted to exert their therapeutic effect on the tumor signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and estrogen signaling pathway. The validation of the key genes in the TCGA and HPA database showed that most of the key target verification results were consistent with this article.

Conclusion

CRP-PR can treat GC by mediating PI3K-Akt signal pathway, MAPK signal pathway, and other biological processes such as tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and vascular regeneration, which embodies the synergistic effect of multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-channels, and provides the theoretical basis and research ideas for further study of CRP-PR in treating GC. 8-octadecenoic acid, stigmasterol, ferulic acid, and naringenin may be the material basis for the treatment of GC.

Anti-Breast Cancer Activities of Ketoprofen-RGD Conjugate by Targeting Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells and Parental Cells

BACKGROUND

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) play an important role in various stages of cancer development, advancement, and therapy resistance. Ketoprofen-RGD has been revealed to act as an anti-cancer agent against some tumors.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore the effects of a novel Ketoprofen-RGD compound on the suppression of Breast Cancer Stem-like Cells (BCSCs) and their parental cells.

METHODS

Mammospheres were developed from MCF-7 cells and assessed by CSC surface markers through flowcytometry. The anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of Ketoprofen-RGD were measured by MTS assay and flowcytometry. The expression levels of stemness markers and JAK2/STAT proteins were measured by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was measured using a cell permeable, oxidant-sensitive fluorescence probe (carboxy-H2DCFDA).

RESULTS

Ketoprofen-RGD significantly reduced the mammosphere formation rate and the expression of three out of six stemness markers and remarkably decreased viability and induced apoptosis of spheroidal and parental cells compared to controls. Further experiments using CD95L, as a death ligand, and ZB4 antibody, as an extrinsic apoptotic pathway blocker, showed that Ketoprofen-RGD induced intrinsic pathway, suggesting a mechanism by which Ketoprofen-RGD triggers apoptosis. ROS production was also another way to induce apoptosis. Results of western blot analysis also revealed a marked diminish in the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT proteins.

CONCLUSION

Our study, for the first time, elucidated an anti-BCSC activity for Ketoprofen-RGD via declining stemness markers, inducing toxicity, and apoptosis in these cells and parental cells. These findings may suggest this compound as a promising anti-breast cancer.

Optimization of Erlotinib Plus Sulindac Dosing Regimens for Intestinal Cancer Prevention in an Apc-Mutant Model of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

A clinical trial in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) demonstrated that sulindac plus erlotinib (SUL+ERL) had good efficacy in the duodenum and colon, but toxicity issues raised concerns for long-term prevention. We performed a biomarker study in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model, observing phosphorylated Erk inhibition in colon polyps for up to 10 days after discontinuing ERL+SUL administration. In a follow-up study lasting 16 weeks, significant reduction of colon and small intestine (SI) tumor burden was detected, especially in rats given 250 ppm SUL in the diet plus once-a-week intragastric dosing of ERL at 21 or 42 mg/kg body weight (BW). A long-term study further demonstrated antitumor efficacy in the colon and SI at 52 weeks, when 250 ppm SUL was combined with once-a-week intragastric administration of ERL at 10, 21, or 42 mg/kg BW. Tumor-associated matrix metalloproteinase-7 (Mmp7), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), and early growth response 1 (Egr1) were decreased at 16 weeks by ERL+SUL, and this was sustained in the long-term study for Mmp7 and Tnf. Based on the collective results, the optimal dose combination of ERL 10 mg/kg BW plus 250 ppm SUL lacked toxicity, inhibited molecular biomarkers, and exhibited effective antitumor activity. We conclude that switching from continuous to once-per-week ERL, given at one-quarter of the current therapeutic dose, will exert good efficacy with standard-of-care SUL against adenomatous polyps in the colon and SI, with clinical relevance for patients with FAP before or after colectomy. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: This investigation concludes that switching from continuous to once-per-week erlotinib, given at one-quarter of the current therapeutic dose, will exert good efficacy with standard-of-care sulindac against adenomatous polyps in the colon and small intestine, with clinical relevance for patients with FAP before or after colectomy.

Association of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin type II blockers with ACE2 overexpression in COVID-19 comorbidities: A pathway-based analytical study

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak is a major public health concern, which has accounted for >1.7 million deaths across the world. A surge in the case fatality ratio as compared with the infection ratio has been observed in most of the countries. The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 shares the most common sequence with SARS-CoV, but it has a higher rate of transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is initiated by the binding of viral spike protein with the target receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) facilitating virus internalization within host cells. SARS-CoV-2 mainly causes alveolar damage ranging from mild to severe clinical respiratory manifestations. Most of the cases have revealed the association of Coronavirus disease with patients having earlier comorbidities like Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, and Cerebrovascular diseases. Pharmacological investigation of the SARS-Cov-2 patients has revealed the frequent use of drugs belongs to Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and/or Angiotensin II type I receptor blockers (ARBs). Interestingly, a significant increase in ACE2 expression was noticed in patients routinely treated with the above group of drugs were also reported. To date, the association of ACEi and/or ARBs with the up-regulation of ACE2 expression has not been defined distinctively. The proposed review will focus on the pathways which are responsible for the upregulation of ACE2 and its impact on gravity of SARS-CoV-2 disease.

DDX3 modulates cisplatin resistance in OSCC through ALKBH5-mediated m6A-demethylation of FOXM1 and NANOG

Platinum based drugs alone or in combination with 5FU and docetaxel are common regimen chemotherapeutics for the treatment of advanced OSCC. Chemoresistance is one of the major factors of treatment failure in OSCC. Human RNA helicase DDX3 plays an important role in cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in several neoplasms. The potential role of DDX3 in chemoresistance is yet to be explored. Enhanced cancer stem cells (CSCs) population significantly contributes to chemoresistance and recurrence. A recent study showed that m⁶A RNA regulates self-renewal and tumorigenesis property in cancer. In this study we found genetic (shRNA) or pharmacological (ketorolac salt) inhibition of DDX3 reduced CSC population by suppressing the expression of FOXM1 and NANOG. We also found that m⁶A demethylase ALKBH5 is directly regulated by DDX3 which leads to decreased m⁶A methylation in FOXM1 and NANOG nascent transcript that contribute to chemoresistance. Here, we found DDX3 expression was upregulated in both cisplatin-resistant OSCC lines and chemoresistant tumors when compared with their respective sensitive counterparts. In a patient-derived cell xenograft model of chemoresistant OSCC, ketorolac salt restores cisplatin-mediated cell death and facilitates a significant reduction of tumor burdens. Our work uncovers a critical function of DDX3 and provides a new role in m⁶ demethylation of RNA. A combination regimen of ketorolac salt with cisplatin deserves further clinical investigation in advanced OSCC.

Epigenetic alterations and genetic variations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2: potential clinical implications

Receptor recognition is a crucial step in viral infection and is a critical factor for cell entry and tissue tropism. In several recent studies, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been demonstrated to be the cellular receptor of SARS-CoV-2 as it was previously well known as the receptor of SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 can bind with high affinity to human ACE2 and engages it as an entry receptor. It seems that the genetic, notably epigenetic variations of ACE2 are less known in different populations, indicating the need for its further investigation. These variations have the potential to affect its contribution to the pathogenicity of COVID-19. The contribution of epigenetics in the interindividual variability of ACE2 merits more attention because epigenetic processes can play important roles in ACE2 alterations in various tissues and different people and populations. Analyzing different DNA methylation patterns and microRNAs, contributing to the ACE2 modulation in the lungs will have a high priority. The epigenetic and genetic variations of ACE2 become even more important when considering that some people have mild clinical symptoms despite having COVID-19. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is complex; therefore, a better understanding of the underlying pathobiology, especially binding the virus to its receptors, could help improve therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review aims to highlight the importance of evaluating both the epigenetic and genetic variations of ACE2 as a receptor for the deadly SARS-CoV-2.

Effect of Cuttlebone on Healing of Indomethacin-Induced Acute Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats

The continuing use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usually increases the side effects such as peptic ulcer and acute gastric lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Cuttlebone (CB), isolated from Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune, was reported to have antioxidant activities, but its role in the treatment of indomethacin-induced gastric lesions has not yet been confirmed. In this research, we investigate the protective effect of cuttlebone on indomethacin-related ulcers in rats and possible mechanisms. Here, gastric ulcers were induced by oral administration of indomethacin, and then the rats were treated with omeprazole (4 mg/kg) or different doses (750, 1500, and 3000 mg/kg of body weight) of cuttlebone. We evaluated lesion index, inflammation score, and a series of oxidant/antioxidant parameters. The data demonstrated that cuttlebone could protect against gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin in a dose-dependent manner (positive correlation). Also, these effects were associated with attenuating the expression of malonaldehyde (MDA) and increasing the levels of some protective ingredients like epidermal growth factor (EGF), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus, considering its ability to protect indomethacin-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions and the underlying mechanisms, CB might be a potential candidate for treating gastric damage caused by NSAIDs.

ACE2 Expression Is Increased in the Lungs of Patients With Comorbidities Associated With Severe COVID-19

Patients who died from COVID-19 often had comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive lung disease. Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 to bind and enter host cells, no study has systematically assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples from patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients compared to control individuals. This finding suggests that patients with such comorbidities may have higher chances of developing severe COVID-19. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. Our systems biology approach offers a possible explanation for increased COVID-19 severity in patients with certain comorbidities.

ACE2 Expression is Increased in the Lungs of Patients with Comorbidities Associated with Severe COVID-19

The pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in several thousand deaths worldwide in just a few months. Patients who died from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often had comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive lung disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was identified as a crucial factor that facilitates SARS-CoV2 to bind and enter host cells. To date, no study has assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients, compared to control individuals. This finding suggests that patients with such comorbidities may have higher chances of developing severe COVID-19. We also found other genes, such as RAB1A, that can be important for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. In fact, epigenetic marks found in ACE2 locus were compatible to with those promoted by KDM5B. Our systems biology approach offers a possible explanation for increase of COVID-19 severity in patients with certain comorbidities.

Inhibition of Pancreatic α-amylase by Resveratrol Derivatives: Biological Activity and Molecular Modelling Evidence for Cooperativity between Viniferin Enantiomers

To improve the current understanding of the role of stilbenoids in the management of diabetes, the inhibition of the pancreatic α-amylase by resveratrol derivatives was investigated. To approach in a systematic way, the mechanistic and structural aspects of the interaction, potential bioactive agents were prepared as single molecules, that were used for the biological evaluation of the determinants of inhibitory binding. Some dimeric stilbenoids-in particular, viniferin isomers- were found to be better than the reference drug acarbose in inhibiting the pancreatic α-amylase. Racemic mixtures of viniferins were more effective inhibitors than the respective isolated pure enantiomers at an equivalent total concentration, and displayed cooperative effects not observed with the individual enantiomers. The molecular docking analysis provided a thermodynamics-based rationale for the measured inhibitory ability and for the observed synergistic effects. Indeed, the binding of additional ligands on the surface of the alpha-amylase was found to decrease the dissociation constant of inhibitors bound to the active site of the enzyme, thus providing a mechanistic rationale for the observed inhibitory synergies.

MiR-29a function as tumor suppressor in cervical cancer by targeting SIRT1 and predict patient prognosis

INTRODUCTION

Cervical cancer is the second most frequently malignant tumors in females and metastasis is a challenge of the treatment of cervical cancer. MiR-29a is usually low expressed in several tumors and its functions in cervical cancer remain unclear.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to assess the expression of miR-29a and the Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Cell metastatic ability was assessed using Transwell and Western blot assays. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify that miR-29a targeted to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of SIRT1 mRNA.

RESULTS

MiR-29a was low expressed in cervical cancer and downregulation of miR-29a was associated with poor outcome. MiR-29a regulated the expression of SIRT1 by targeting to its 3'-UTR of mRNA in HeLa cells. SIRT1 was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and cells in comparison with the non-tumor tissues and normal cells. Upregulation of SIRT1 predicted worse outcome of cervical cancer patients. MiR-29a was participated in the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cervical cancer through directly targeting to the 3'-UTR of SIRT1 mRNA. SIRT1 reversed partial roles of miR-29a on metastasis in cervical cancer.

CONCLUSION

miR-29a suppressed migration, invasion and EMT by directly targeting to SIRT1 in cervical cancer. The newly identified miR-29a/SIRT1 axis provides novel insight into the pathogenesis of cervical cancer.