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Arleo A, Montagner A, Giovannini C, Suzzi F, Piscaglia F, Gramantieri L. Multifaceted Aspects of Dysfunctional Myelopoiesis in Cancer and Therapeutic Perspectives with Focus on HCC. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1496. [PMID: 39766202 PMCID: PMC11673139 DOI: 10.3390/biom14121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 11/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Myelopoiesis provides for the formation and continued renewal of cells belonging primarily to the innate immune system. It is a highly plastic process that secures the response to external and internal stimuli to face acute and changing needs. Infections and chronic diseases including cancer can modulate it by producing several factors, impacting proliferation and differentiation programs. While the lymphocytic compartment has attracted major attention due to the role of adaptive immunity in anticancer immune response, in recent years, research has found convincing evidence that confirms the importance of innate immunity and the key function played by emergency myelopoiesis. Due to cancer's ability to manipulate myelopoiesis to its own advantage, the purpose of this review is to outline myelopoiesis processes within the tumor microenvironment and suggest possible therapeutic lines of research to restore the physiological functioning of the host's immune system, with a special outlook on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arleo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Annapaola Montagner
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Catia Giovannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (F.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Suzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (C.G.); (F.S.); (F.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gramantieri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Figg J, Chen D, Falceto Font L, Flores C, Jin D. In vivo mouse models for adult brain tumors: Exploring tumorigenesis and advancing immunotherapy development. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1964-1980. [PMID: 38990913 PMCID: PMC11534310 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), are devastating and challenging to treat, with a low 5-year survival rate of only 6.6%. Mouse models are established to understand tumorigenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies. Large-scale genomic studies have facilitated the identification of genetic alterations driving human brain tumor development and progression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) with clinically relevant genetic alterations are widely used to investigate tumor origin. Additionally, syngeneic implantation models, utilizing cell lines derived from GEMMs or other sources, are popular for their consistent and relatively short latency period, addressing various brain cancer research questions. In recent years, the success of immunotherapy in specific cancer types has led to a surge in cancer immunology-related research which specifically necessitates the utilization of immunocompetent mouse models. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of GEMMs and syngeneic mouse models for adult brain tumors, emphasizing key features such as model origin, genetic alteration background, oncogenic mechanisms, and immune-related characteristics. Our review serves as a valuable resource for the brain tumor research community, aiding in the selection of appropriate models to study cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Figg
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dongjiang Chen
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurological Surgery and Neurology, USC Keck Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Falceto Font
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine Flores
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dan Jin
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Luo D, Luo A, Hu S, Ye G, Li D, Zhao H, Peng B. Genomics and proteomics to determine novel molecular subtypes and predict the response to immunotherapy and the effect of bevacizumab in glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17630. [PMID: 39085480 PMCID: PMC11292017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive, infiltrative malignancy that cannot be completely cured by current treatment modalities, and therefore requires more precise molecular subtype signatures to predict treatment response for personalized precision therapy. Expression subtypes of GBM samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were identified using BayesNM and compared with existing molecular subtypes of GBM. Biological features of the subtypes were determined by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. Genomic and proteomic data from GBM samples were combined and Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer analysis was used to screen genes with recurrent somatic copy-number alterations phenomenon. The immune environment among subtypes was compared by assessing the expression of immune molecules and the infiltration of immune cells. Molecular subtypes adapted to immunotherapy were identified based on Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) score. Finally, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression was performed on the expression profiles of S2, S3 and S4 in TCGA-GBM and RPPA to determine the respective corresponding best predictive model. Four novel molecular subtypes were classified. Specifically, S1 exhibited a low proliferative profile; S2 exhibited the profile of high proliferation, IDH1 mutation, TP53 mutation and deletion; S3 was characterized by high immune scores, innate immunity and adaptive immune infiltration scores, with the lowest TIDE score and was most likely to benefit from immunotherapy; S4 was characterized by high proliferation, EGFR amplification, and high protein abundance, and was the most suitable subtype for bevacizumab. LASSO analysis constructed the best prediction model composed of 13 genes in S2 with an accuracy of 96.7%, and the prediction model consisting of 17 genes in S3 with an accuracy of 86.7%, and screened 14 genes as components of the best prediction model in S4 with an accuracy of 93%. To conclude, our study classified reproducible and robust molecular subtypes of GBM, and these findings might contribute to the identification of patients responding to immunotherapy, thereby improving GBM prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Luo
- Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China
| | - Aiping Luo
- Radiology Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China.
| | - Su Hu
- Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China.
| | - Ganwei Ye
- Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China
| | - Dan Li
- Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China
| | - Biao Peng
- Neurosurgery Department, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510032, China.
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4
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Akhavan D, Subham S, Jeppson JD, Aguilar B, Wong RA, Hibbard JC, Hui S, Wong JYC, Forman SJ, Alizadeh D, Brown CE. Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Radiation for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cells 2024; 13:1075. [PMID: 38994929 PMCID: PMC11240512 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Standard-of-care treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is comprised of surgery and adjuvant chemoradiation. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has demonstrated disease-modifying activity in GBM and holds great promise. Radiation, a standard-of-care treatment for GBM, has well-known immunomodulatory properties and may overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME); however, radiation dose optimization and integration with CAR T cell therapy is not well defined. Murine immunocompetent models of GBM were treated with titrated doses of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of 5, 10, and 20 Gray (Gy), and the TME was analyzed using Nanostring. A conditioning dose of 10 Gy was determined based on tumor growth kinetics and gene expression changes in the TME. We demonstrate that a conditioning dose of 10 Gy activates innate and adaptive immune cells in the TME. Mice treated with 10 Gy in combination with mCAR T cells demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity and superior memory responses to rechallenge with IL13Rα2-positive tumors. Furthermore, 10 Gy plus mCAR T cells also protected against IL13Rα2-negative tumors through a mechanism that was, in part, c-GAS-STING pathway-dependent. Together, these findings support combination conditioning with low-dose 10 Gy radiation in combination with mCAR T cells as a therapeutic strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Akhavan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (D.A.); (S.S.); (J.D.J.)
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (S.H.); (J.Y.C.W.)
| | - Siddharth Subham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (D.A.); (S.S.); (J.D.J.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - John D. Jeppson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (D.A.); (S.S.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robyn A. Wong
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Hibbard
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Susanta Hui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (S.H.); (J.Y.C.W.)
| | - Jeffrey Y. C. Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (S.H.); (J.Y.C.W.)
| | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Christine E. Brown
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (B.A.); (R.A.W.); (J.C.H.); (S.J.F.); (D.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Yang H, Li M, Deng Y, Wen H, Luo M, Zhang W. Roles and interactions of tumor microenvironment components in medulloblastoma with implications for novel therapeutics. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23233. [PMID: 38607297 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors, can be classified into the wingless, sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3, and group 4 subgroups. Among them, the SHH subgroup with the TP53 mutation and group 3 generally present with the worst patient outcomes due to their high rates of recurrence and metastasis. A novel and effective treatment for refractory medulloblastomas is urgently needed. To date, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to influence tumor growth, recurrence, and metastasis through immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and chronic inflammation. Treatments targeting TME components have emerged as promising approaches to the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, we summarize progress in research on medulloblastoma microenvironment components and their interactions. We also discuss challenges and future research directions for TME-targeting medulloblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Deng
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huantao Wen
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minjie Luo
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangming Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fenton GA, Mitchell DA. Cellular Cancer Immunotherapy Development and Manufacturing in the Clinic. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:843-857. [PMID: 36383184 PMCID: PMC9975672 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transfusion of naturally derived or modified cellular therapies, referred to as adoptive cell therapy (ACT), has demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and metastatic melanoma. In addition, cellular vaccination, such as dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, continues to be actively explored. The manufacturing of these therapies presents a considerable challenge to expanding the use of ACT as a viable treatment modality, particularly at academic production facilities. Furthermore, the expanding commercial interest in ACT presents new opportunities as well as strategic challenges for the future vision of cellular manufacturing in academic centers. Current trends in the production of ACT at tertiary care centers and prospects for improved manufacturing practices that will foster further clinical benefit are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme A Fenton
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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DiVita Dean B, Wildes T, Dean J, Yegorov O, Yang C, Shin D, Francis C, Figg JW, Sebastian M, Font LF, Jin D, Reid A, Moore G, Fernandez B, Wummer B, Kuizon C, Mitchell D, Flores CT. Immunotherapy reverses glioma-driven dysfunction of immune system homeostasis. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e004805. [PMID: 36750252 PMCID: PMC9906384 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma-induced immune dysregulation of the hematopoietic system has been described in a limited number of studies. In this study, our group further demonstrates that gliomas interrupt the cellular differentiation programming and outcomes of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow. HSPCs from glioma-bearing mice are reprogrammed and driven towards expansion of myeloid lineage precursors and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in secondary lymphoid organs. However, we found this expansion is reversed by immunotherapy. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) has been demonstrably efficacious in multiple preclinical models of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, and here we describe how glioma-induced dysfunction is reversed by this immunotherapeutic platform. METHODS The impact of orthotopic KR158B-luc glioma on HSPCs was evaluated in an unbiased fashion using single cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) of lineage- cells and phenotypically using flow cytometry. Mature myeloid cell frequencies and function were also evaluated using flow cytometry. Finally, ACT containing total body irradiation, tumor RNA-pulsed dendritic cells, tumor-reactive T cells and HSPCs isolated from glioma-bearing or non-tumor-bearing mice were used to evaluate cell fate differentiation and survival. RESULTS Using scRNAseq, we observed an altered HSPC landscape in glioma-bearing versus non-tumor-bearing mice . In addition, an expansion of myeloid lineage subsets, including granulocyte macrophage precursors (GMPs) and MDSCs, were observed in glioma-bearing mice relative to non-tumor-bearing controls. Furthermore, MDSCs from glioma-bearing mice demonstrated increased suppressive capacity toward tumor-specific T cells as compared with MDSCs from non-tumor-bearing hosts. Interestingly, treatment with ACT overcame these suppressive properties. When HSPCs from glioma-bearing mice were transferred in the context of ACT, we observed significant survival benefit and long-term cures in orthotopic glioma models compared with mice treated with ACT using non-glioma-bearing HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayli DiVita Dean
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tyler Wildes
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph Dean
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Oleg Yegorov
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Changlin Yang
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Shin
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Connor Francis
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John W Figg
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mathew Sebastian
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Falceto Font
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dan Jin
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra Reid
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ginger Moore
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon Fernandez
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon Wummer
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carmelle Kuizon
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine T Flores
- Lillian S Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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8
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The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Primary CNS Neoplasms: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032020. [PMID: 36768342 PMCID: PMC9917056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary CNS neoplasms are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, and many therapies directed at primary brain tumors have proven unsuccessful despite their success in preclinical studies. Recently, the tumor immune microenvironment has emerged as a critical aspect of primary CNS neoplasms that may affect their malignancy, prognosis, and response to therapy across patients and tumor grades. This review covers the tumor microenvironment of various primary CNS neoplasms, with a focus on glioblastoma and meningioma. Additionally, current therapeutic strategies based on elements of the tumor microenvironment, including checkpoint inhibitor therapy and immunotherapeutic vaccines, are discussed.
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9
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Gustafson MP, Ligon JA, Bersenev A, McCann CD, Shah NN, Hanley PJ. Emerging frontiers in immuno- and gene therapy for cancer. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:20-32. [PMID: 36280438 PMCID: PMC9790040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The field of cell and gene therapy in oncology has moved rapidly since 2017 when the first cell and gene therapies, Kymriah followed by Yescarta, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, followed by multiple other countries. Since those approvals, several new products have gone on to receive approval for additional indications. Meanwhile, efforts have been made to target different cancers, improve the logistics of delivery and reduce the cost associated with novel cell and gene therapies. Here, we highlight various cell and gene therapy-related technologies and advances that provide insight into how these new technologies will speed the translation of these therapies into the clinic. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we provide a broad overview of the current state of cell and gene therapy-based approaches for cancer treatment - discussing various effector cell types and their sources, recent advances in both CAR and non-CAR genetic modifications, and highlighting a few promising approaches for increasing in vivo efficacy and persistence of therapeutic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Gustafson
- Immuno-Gene Therapy Committee, International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - John A Ligon
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexey Bersenev
- Immuno-Gene Therapy Committee, International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chase D McCann
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Immuno-Gene Therapy Committee, International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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10
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Schakelaar MY, Monnikhof M, Crnko S, Pijnappel E, Meeldijk J, Ten Broeke T, Bovenschen N. Cellular Immunotherapy for Medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2022; 25:617-627. [PMID: 36219688 PMCID: PMC10076947 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, making up ~20% of all primary pediatric brain tumors. Current therapies consist of maximal surgical resection and aggressive radio- and chemotherapy. A third of the treated patients cannot be cured and survivors are often left with devastating long-term side effects. Novel efficient and targeted treatment is desperately needed for this patient population. Cellular immunotherapy aims to enhance and utilize immune cells to target tumors, and has been proven successful in various cancers. However, for MB, the knowledge and possibilities of cellular immunotherapy are limited. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of cellular immunotherapy for MB, from fundamental in vitro research to in vivo models and (ongoing) clinical trials. In addition, we compare our findings to cellular immunotherapy in glioma, an MB-like intracranial tumor. Finally, future possibilities for MB are discussed to improve efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Schakelaar
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Monnikhof
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Crnko
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Bachelor Research Hub, Educational Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Pijnappel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Bachelor Research Hub, Educational Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Meeldijk
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Bachelor Research Hub, Educational Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Toine Ten Broeke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Bachelor Research Hub, Educational Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Bachelor Research Hub, Educational Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Li QL, Mao J, Meng XY. Comprehensive Characterization of Immune Landscape Based on Tumor Microenvironment for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Prognosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091521. [PMID: 36146599 PMCID: PMC9505673 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to identify an immune-related signature to predict clinical outcomes of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Methods: Gene transcriptome data of both tumor and normal tissues from OSCC and the corresponding clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Tumor Immune Estimation Resource algorithm (ESTIMATE) was used to calculate the immune/stromal-related scores. The immune/stromal scores and associated clinical characteristics of OSCC patients were evaluated. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, least absolute shrinkage, and selection operator (LASSO) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to assess the prognostic prediction capacity. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation were used to analysis the functions of TME-related genes. Results: Eleven predictor genes were identified in the immune-related signature and overall survival (OS) in the high-risk group was significantly shorter than in the low-risk group. An ROC analysis showed the TME-related signature could predict the total OS of OSCC patients. Moreover, GSEA and GO function annotation proved that immunity and immune-related pathways were mainly enriched in the high-risk group. Conclusions: We identified an immune-related signature that was closely correlated with the prognosis and immune response of OSCC patients. This signature may have important implications for improving the clinical survival rate of OSCC patients and provide a potential strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Mao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin-Yao Meng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Della Pepa GM, Menna G. In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "5-Aminolevulinic Acid False Positives in Cerebral Neuro-Oncology: Not All That Is Fluorescent Is Tumor. A Case-Based Update and Literature Review". World Neurosurg 2022; 161:218-219. [PMID: 35505534 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grazia Menna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Eisemann T, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Coming in from the cold: overcoming the hostile immune microenvironment of medulloblastoma. Genes Dev 2022; 36:514-532. [PMID: 35680424 PMCID: PMC9186392 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349538.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor that occurs predominantly in children. Despite intensive therapy, many patients die of the disease, and novel therapies are desperately needed. Although immunotherapy has shown promise in many cancers, the low mutational burden, limited infiltration of immune effector cells, and immune-suppressive microenvironment of medulloblastoma have led to the assumption that it is unlikely to respond to immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence is challenging this view. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies that have identified mechanisms of immune evasion in medulloblastoma, and highlight possible therapeutic interventions that may give new hope to medulloblastoma patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eisemann
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
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14
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Ren W, Jin W, Liang Z. Construction and Validation of an Immune-Related Risk Score Model for Survival Prediction in Glioblastoma. Front Neurol 2022; 13:832944. [PMID: 35370869 PMCID: PMC8965766 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.832944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAs one of the most important brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM) has a poor prognosis, especially in adults. Immune-related genes (IRGs) and immune cell infiltration are responsible for the pathogenesis of GBM. This study aimed to identify new tumor markers to predict the prognosis of patients with GBM.MethodsThe Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and ImmPort database were used for model construction. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was applied to identify the differentially expressed IRGs (DEIRGs) between the GBM and normal samples. Univariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between each DEIRG and overall survival. Next, multivariate Cox regression analysis was exploited to further explore the prognostic potential of DEIRGs. A risk-score model was constructed based on the above results. The area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated to assess the effect of the model prediction. Furthermore, the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset was used for model validation. STRING database and functional enrichment analysis were used for exploring the gene interactions and the underlying functions and pathways. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used for correlation analysis of the marker genes and the tumor-infiltrating immune cells.ResultsThere were 198 DEIRGs in GBM, including 153 upregulated genes and 45 downregulated genes. Seven marker genes (LYNX1, PRELID1P4, MMP9, TCF12, RGS14, RUNX1, and CCR2) were filtered out by sequential screening for DEIRGs. The regression coefficients (0.0410, 1.335, 0.005, −0.021, 0.123, 0.142, and −0.329) and expression data of the marker genes were used to construct the model. The AUC values for 1, 2, and 3 years were 0.744, 0.737, and 0.749 in the TCGA–GBM cohort and 0.612, 0.602, and 0.594 in the CGGA-GBM cohort, respectively, which indicated a high predictive power. The results of enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in the activation of T cell and cytokine receptor interaction pathways. The interaction network map demonstrated a close relationship between the marker genes MMP9 and CCR2. Infiltration analysis of the immune cells showed that dendritic cells (DCs) could identify GBM, while LYNX1, RUNX1, and CCR2 were significantly positively correlated with DCs expression.ConclusionThis study analyzed the expression of IRGs in GBM and identified seven marker genes for the construction of an immune-related risk score model. These marker genes were found to be associated with DCs and were enriched in similar immune response pathways. These findings are likely to provide new insights for the immunotherapy of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Liang
- School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zehua Liang
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15
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Codrici E, Popescu ID, Tanase C, Enciu AM. Friends with Benefits: Chemokines, Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages, and Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052509. [PMID: 35269652 PMCID: PMC8910233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and has the greatest prevalence of all brain tumors. Treatment resistance and tumor recurrence in GBM are mostly explained by considerable alterations within the tumor microenvironment, as well as extraordinary cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types, resident or newly recruited immune cells together make up the GBM microenvironment. Regardless of many immune cells, a profound state of tumor immunosuppression is supported and developed, posing a considerable hurdle to cancer cells' immune-mediated destruction. Several studies have suggested that various GBM subtypes present different modifications in their microenvironment, although the importance of the microenvironment in treatment response has yet to be determined. Understanding the microenvironment and how it changes after therapies is critical because it can influence the remaining invasive GSCs and lead to recurrence. This review article sheds light on the various components of the GBM microenvironment and their roles in tumoral development, as well as immune-related biological processes that support the interconnection/interrelationship between different cell types. Also, we summarize the current understanding of the modulation of soluble factors and highlight the dysregulated inflammatory chemokine/specific receptors cascades/networks and their significance in tumorigenesis, cancer-related inflammation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Codrici
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Ionela-Daniela Popescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
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16
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Abstract
Glioblastoma has emerged as an immunotherapy-refractory tumor based on negative phase III studies of anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy among newly diagnosed as well as recurrent patients. In addition, although much work on vaccine and cellular approaches is ongoing, therapeutic benefit with these approaches has been underwhelming. Much scientific insight into the multitiered layers of immunosuppression exploited by glioblastoma tumors is emerging that sheds light on the explanation for the disappointing results to date and highlights possible therapeutic avenues that may offer a better likelihood of therapeutic benefit for immune-based therapies.
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17
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Tumor-associated hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells positively linked to glioblastoma progression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3895. [PMID: 34162860 PMCID: PMC8222381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are typically immunosuppressive and refractory to immunotherapies for reasons that remain poorly understood. The unbiased profiling of immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment may reveal immunologic networks affecting therapy and course of disease. Here we identify and validate the presence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) within glioblastoma tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrate a positive link of tumor-associated HSPCs with malignant and immunosuppressive phenotypes. Compared to the medullary hematopoietic compartment, tumor-associated HSPCs contain a higher fraction of immunophenotypically and transcriptomically immature, CD38- cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors, express genes related to glioblastoma progression and display signatures of active cell cycle phases. When cultured ex vivo, tumor-associated HSPCs form myeloid colonies, suggesting potential in situ myelopoiesis. In experimental models, HSPCs promote tumor cell proliferation, expression of the immune checkpoint PD-L1 and secretion of tumor promoting cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2, indicating concomitant support of both malignancy and immunosuppression. In patients, the amount of tumor-associated HSPCs in tumor tissues is prognostic for patient survival and correlates with immunosuppressive phenotypes. These findings identify an important element in the complex landscape of glioblastoma that may serve as a target for brain tumor immunotherapies. A deeper knowledge of the immune cell profile within the brain cancer tumor microenvironment (TM) could identify targets to improve immunotherapy efficacy. Here, in glioblastoma, the authors find haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the TM, which are associated with poor prognosis and increased immunosuppression.
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18
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Quintarelli C, Camera A, Ciccone R, Alessi I, Del Bufalo F, Carai A, Del Baldo G, Mastronuzzi A, De Angelis B. Innovative and Promising Strategies to Enhance Effectiveness of Immunotherapy for CNS Tumors: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2021; 12:634031. [PMID: 34163465 PMCID: PMC8216238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors under evaluation, currently none of these approaches have received approval from the regulatory agencies. CNS tumors, especially glioblastomas, are tumors characterized by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, limiting the possibility of effectively eliciting an immune response. Moreover, the peculiar anatomic location of these tumors poses relevant challenges in terms of safety, since uncontrolled hyper inflammation could lead to cerebral edema and cranial hypertension. The most promising strategies of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology consist of the use of autologous T cells redirected against tumor cells through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs or genetically modified T-cell receptors. Trials based on native or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses and on vaccination with tumor-associated antigen peptides are also under evaluation. Despite some sporadic complete remissions achieved in clinical trials, the outcome of patients with CNS tumors treated with different immunotherapeutic approaches remains poor. Based on the lessons learned from these unsatisfactory experiences, novel immune-therapy approaches aimed at overcoming the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment of these diseases are bringing new hope to reach the cure for CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Quintarelli
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Camera
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Iside Alessi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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19
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Wildes TJ, DiVita Dean B, Flores CT. Myelopoiesis during Solid Cancers and Strategies for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050968. [PMID: 33919157 PMCID: PMC8143143 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the relationship between the immune system and cancers has undergone significant discovery recently. Immunotherapy with T cell therapies and checkpoint blockade has meaningfully changed the oncology landscape. While remarkable clinical advances in adaptive immunity are occurring, modulation of innate immunity has proven more difficult. The myeloid compartment, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, has a significant impact on the persistence or elimination of tumors. Myeloid cells, specifically in the tumor microenvironment, have direct contact with tumor tissue and coordinate with tumor-reactive T cells to either stimulate or antagonize cancer immunity. However, the myeloid compartment comprises a broad array of cells in various stages of development. In addition, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells at various stages of myelopoiesis in distant sites undergo significant modulation by tumors. Understanding how tumors exert their influence on myeloid progenitors is critical to making clinically meaningful improvements in these pathways. Therefore, this review will cover recent developments in our understanding of how solid tumors modulate myelopoiesis to promote the formation of pro-tumor immature myeloid cells. Then, it will cover some of the potential avenues for capitalizing on these mechanisms to generate antitumor immunity.
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20
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Alizadeh D, Wong RA, Gholamin S, Maker M, Aftabizadeh M, Yang X, Pecoraro JR, Jeppson JD, Wang D, Aguilar B, Starr R, Larmonier CB, Larmonier N, Chen MH, Wu X, Ribas A, Badie B, Forman SJ, Brown CE. IFNγ Is Critical for CAR T Cell-Mediated Myeloid Activation and Induction of Endogenous Immunity. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2248-2265. [PMID: 33837065 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells mediate potent antigen-specific antitumor activity; however, their indirect effects on the endogenous immune system are not well characterized. Remarkably, we demonstrate that CAR T-cell treatment of mouse syngeneic glioblastoma (GBM) activates intratumoral myeloid cells and induces endogenous T-cell memory responses coupled with feed-forward propagation of CAR T-cell responses. IFNγ production by CAR T cells and IFNγ responsiveness of host immune cells are critical for tumor immune landscape remodeling to promote a more activated and less suppressive tumor microenvironment. The clinical relevance of these observations is supported by studies showing that human IL13Rα2-CAR T cells activate patient-derived endogenous T cells and monocytes/macrophages through IFNγ signaling and induce the generation of tumor-specific T-cell responses in a responding patient with GBM. These studies establish that CAR T-cell therapy has the potential to shape the tumor microenvironment, creating a context permissible for eliciting endogenous antitumor immunity. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight the critical role of IFNγ signaling for a productive CAR T-cell therapy in GBM. We establish that CAR T cells can activate resident myeloid populations and promote endogenous T-cell immunity, emphasizing the importance of host innate and adaptive immunity for CAR T-cell therapy of solid tumors.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Alizadeh
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
| | - Robyn A Wong
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Department of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Madeleine Maker
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Maryam Aftabizadeh
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Xin Yang
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph R Pecoraro
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - John D Jeppson
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Dongrui Wang
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Renate Starr
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Claire B Larmonier
- Department of Biopathology, Molecular Pathology Unit, Bergonié Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- CNRS UMR 5164, ImmunoConcEpT, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Min-Hsuan Chen
- Core of Integrative Genomics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Core of Integrative Genomics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Stephen J Forman
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- T Cell Therapeutics Research Labs, Cellular Immunotherapy Center, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California.
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21
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Chuntova P, Chow F, Watchmaker PB, Galvez M, Heimberger AB, Newell EW, Diaz A, DePinho RA, Li MO, Wherry EJ, Mitchell D, Terabe M, Wainwright DA, Berzofsky JA, Herold-Mende C, Heath JR, Lim M, Margolin KA, Chiocca EA, Kasahara N, Ellingson BM, Brown CE, Chen Y, Fecci PE, Reardon DA, Dunn GP, Liau LM, Costello JF, Wick W, Cloughesy T, Timmer WC, Wen PY, Prins RM, Platten M, Okada H. Unique challenges for glioblastoma immunotherapy-discussions across neuro-oncology and non-neuro-oncology experts in cancer immunology. Meeting Report from the 2019 SNO Immuno-Oncology Think Tank. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:356-375. [PMID: 33367885 PMCID: PMC7992879 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable advances with over 50 separate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals as first- or second-line indications since 2015. These include immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells, and bispecific T-cell-engaging antibodies. While multiple cancer types now benefit from these immunotherapies, notable exceptions thus far include brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. As such, it seems critical to gain a better understanding of unique mechanistic challenges underlying the resistance of malignant gliomas to immunotherapy, as well as to acquire insights into the development of future strategies. An Immuno-Oncology Think Tank Meeting was held during the 2019 Annual Society for Neuro-Oncology Scientific Conference. Discussants in the fields of neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, neuro-imaging, medical oncology, and cancer immunology participated in the meeting. Sessions focused on topics such as the tumor microenvironment, myeloid cells, T-cell dysfunction, cellular engineering, and translational aspects that are critical and unique challenges inherent with primary brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the discussions and the key messages from the meeting, which may potentially serve as a basis for advancing the field of immune neuro-oncology in a collaborative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Chuntova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Frances Chow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Mildred Galvez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron Diaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - William C Timmer
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK CCU Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
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22
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Decipher the Glioblastoma Microenvironment: The First Milestone for New Groundbreaking Therapeutic Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030445. [PMID: 33804731 PMCID: PMC8003887 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour in adults. Despite the combination of novel therapeutical approaches, it remains a deadly malignancy with an abysmal prognosis. GBM is a polymorphic tumour from both molecular and histological points of view. It consists of different malignant cells and various stromal cells, contributing to tumour initiation, progression, and treatment response. GBM’s microenvironment is multifaceted and is made up of soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types (e.g., neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts) together with resident (e.g., microglia) or recruited (e.g., bone marrow-derived macrophages) immune cells. These latter constitute the so-called immune microenvironment, accounting for a substantial GBM’s tumour volume. Despite the abundance of immune cells, an intense state of tumour immunosuppression is promoted and developed; this represents the significant challenge for cancer cells’ immune-mediated destruction. Though literature data suggest that distinct GBM’s subtypes harbour differences in their microenvironment, its role in treatment response remains obscure. However, an in-depth investigation of GBM’s microenvironment may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities to improve patients’ outcomes. This review will elucidate the GBM’s microenvironment composition, highlighting the current state of the art in immunotherapy approaches. We will focus on novel strategies of active and passive immunotherapies, including vaccination, gene therapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapies.
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Chen J, Sun HW, Yang YY, Chen HT, Yu XJ, Wu WC, Xu YT, Jin LL, Wu XJ, Xu J, Zheng L. Reprogramming immunosuppressive myeloid cells by activated T cells promotes the response to anti-PD-1 therapy in colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:4. [PMID: 33414378 PMCID: PMC7791142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming local immunosuppression is critical for immunotherapy to produce robust anti-tumor responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key regulators of immunosuppressive networks and promote tumor progression. However, it remains unclear whether and how tumor-infiltrating MDSCs are shaped in response to anti-PD-1 treatment and what their impact on therapeutic efficacy is in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, the levels of infiltrating MDSCs were significantly higher in the non-responding organoids and were selectively reduced in the responding group, with MDSCs showing increased apoptosis and attenuated functional activity after anti-PD-1 treatment. A negative correlation between T-cell activation and MDSC function was also observed in fresh human CRC tissues. Mechanistic studies revealed that autocrine IFN-α/β upregulated TRAIL expression on activated T cells to elicit MDSC apoptosis via the TRAIL–DR5 interaction and acted synergistically with TNF-α to inhibit MDSC function of suppressing the T-cell response through the JNK-NMDAR-ARG-1 pathway. Moreover, blockade of IFN-α/β and TNF-α abolished the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment by preserving the frequency and suppressive activity of infiltrating MDSCs in a CRC mouse model. This result suggested that reprogramming MDSCs by IFN-α/β and TNF-α from activated T cells was necessary for successful anti-PD-1 treatment and might serve as a novel strategy to improve the response and efficacy of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tian Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Juan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Tuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Lian Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. .,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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De Leo A, Ugolini A, Veglia F. Myeloid Cells in Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E18. [PMID: 33374253 PMCID: PMC7824606 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, malignant primary brain tumor in adults. GBM is notoriously resistant to immunotherapy mainly due to its unique immune microenvironment. High dimensional data analysis reveals the extensive heterogeneity of immune components making up the GBM microenvironment. Myeloid cells are the most predominant contributors to the GBM microenvironment; these cells are critical regulators of immune and therapeutic responses to GBM. Here, we will review the most recent advances on the characteristics and functions of different populations of myeloid cells in GBM, including bone marrow-derived macrophages, microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Epigenetic, metabolic, and phenotypic peculiarities of microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages will also be assessed. The final goal of this review will be to provide new insights into novel therapeutic approaches for specific targeting of myeloid cells to improve the efficacy of current treatments in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Leo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA; (A.D.L.); (A.U.)
| | - Alessio Ugolini
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA; (A.D.L.); (A.U.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Veglia
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA; (A.D.L.); (A.U.)
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Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has proven effective against hematologic malignancies and demonstrated efficacy against a variety of solid tumors in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Nonetheless, antitumor responses against solid tumors remain modest, highlighting the need to enhance the effectiveness of this therapy. Genetic modification of T cells with RNA has been explored to enhance T-cell antigen specificity, effector function, and migration to tumor sites, thereby potentiating antitumor immunity. This review describes the rationale for RNA-electroporated T cell modifications and provides an overview of their applications in preclinical and clinical investigations for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pohl-Guimarães
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lan B Hoang-Minh
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Wildes TJ, Dyson KA, Francis C, Wummer B, Yang C, Yegorov O, Shin D, Grippin A, Dean BD, Abraham R, Pham C, Moore G, Kuizon C, Mitchell DA, Flores CT. Immune Escape After Adoptive T-cell Therapy for Malignant Gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5689-5700. [PMID: 32788225 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy has been demonstrably effective against multiple cancers, yet tumor escape is common. It remains unclear how brain tumors escape immunotherapy and how to overcome this immune escape. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied KR158B-luc glioma-bearing mice during treatment with adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with polyclonal tumor-specific T cells. We tested the immunogenicity of primary and escaped tumors using T-cell restimulation assays. We used flow cytometry and RNA profiling of whole tumors to further define escape mechanisms. To treat immune-escaped tumors, we generated escape variant-specific T cells through the use of escape variant total tumor RNA and administered these cells as ACT. In addition, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoint blockade was studied in combination with ACT. RESULTS Escape mechanisms included a shift in immunogenic tumor antigens, downregulation of MHC class I, and upregulation of checkpoint molecules. Polyclonal T cells specific for escape variants displayed greater recognition of escaped tumors than primary tumors. When administered as ACT, these T cells prolonged median survival of escape variant-bearing mice by 60%. The rational combination of ACT with PD-1 blockade prolonged median survival of escape variant glioma-bearing mice by 110% and was dependent upon natural killer cells and T cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the immune landscape of brain tumors are markedly different postimmunotherapy yet can still be targeted with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Wildes
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kyle A Dyson
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Connor Francis
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brandon Wummer
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Changlin Yang
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Oleg Yegorov
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David Shin
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adam Grippin
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bayli DiVita Dean
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christina Pham
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ginger Moore
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carmelle Kuizon
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Catherine T Flores
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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Kabir TF, Kunos CA, Villano JL, Chauhan A. Immunotherapy for Medulloblastoma: Current Perspectives. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:57-77. [PMID: 32368525 PMCID: PMC7182450 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s198162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-mediated therapies have transformed the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal, bladder, and both small and non-small cell lung carcinomas. However, immunotherapy is yet to demonstrate dramatic results in brain tumors like medulloblastoma for a variety of reasons. Recent pre-clinical and early phase human trials provide encouraging results that may overcome the challenges of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, which include the intrinsic immunosuppressive properties of these cancers, a lack of antigen targets, antigenic variability, and the immune-restrictive site of the CNS. These studies highlight the growing potential of immunotherapy to treat patients with medulloblastoma, a disease that is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality to children and young adults. Methods We conducted an inclusive review of the PubMed-indexed literature and studies listed in clinicaltrials.gov using combinations of the keywords medulloblastoma, immunotherapy, CNS tumors, brain tumors, vaccines, oncolytic virus, natural killer, and CAR T to identify trials evaluating immunotherapy in preclinical experiments or in patients with medulloblastoma. Given a limited number of investigations using immunotherapy to treat patients with medulloblastoma, 24 studies were selected for final analysis and manuscript citation. Results This review presents results from pre-clinical studies in medulloblastoma cell lines, animal models, and the limited trials involving human patients. Conclusion From our review, we suggest that cancer vaccines, oncolytic viral therapy, natural killer cells, and CAR T therapy hold promise against the innate immunosuppressive properties of medulloblastoma in order to prolong survival. There is an unmet need for immunotherapy regimens that target overexpressed antigens in medulloblastoma tumors. We advocate for more combination treatment clinical trials using conventional surgical and radiochemotherapy approaches in the near-term clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir F Kabir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Charles A Kunos
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John L Villano
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aman Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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28
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Pombo Antunes AR, Scheyltjens I, Duerinck J, Neyns B, Movahedi K, Van Ginderachter JA. Understanding the glioblastoma immune microenvironment as basis for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. eLife 2020; 9:52176. [PMID: 32014107 PMCID: PMC7000215 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy by immune checkpoint blockade has proven its great potential by saving the lives of a proportion of late stage patients with immunogenic tumor types. However, even in these sensitive tumor types, the majority of patients do not sufficiently respond to the therapy. Furthermore, other tumor types, including glioblastoma, remain largely refractory. The glioblastoma immune microenvironment is recognized as highly immunosuppressive, posing a major hurdle for inducing immune-mediated destruction of cancer cells. Scattered information is available about the presence and activity of immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory cell types in glioblastoma tumors, including tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. These cell types are heterogeneous at the level of ontogeny, spatial distribution and functionality within the tumor immune compartment, providing insight in the complex cellular and molecular interplay that determines the immune refractory state in glioblastoma. This knowledge may also yield next generation molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pombo Antunes
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Scheyltjens
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology, UZ Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Wan B, Liu B, Huang Y, Lv C. Identification of genes of prognostic value in the ccRCC microenvironment from TCGA database. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1159. [PMID: 32012488 PMCID: PMC7196483 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common pathological subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen candidate genes associated with the prognosis and microenvironment of ccRCC and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Methods The gene expression profiles and clinical data of ccRCC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The ESTIMATE algorithm was used to compute the immune and stromal scores of patients. Based on the median immune/stromal scores, all patients were sorted into low‐ and high‐immune/stromal score groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from high‐ versus low‐immune/stromal score groups and were described using functional annotations and protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network. Results Patients in the high‐immune/stromal score group had poorer survival outcome. In total, 95 DEGs (48 upregulated and 47 downregulated genes) were screened from the gene expression profiles of patients with high immune and stromal scores. The genes were primarily involved in six signaling pathways. Among the 95 DEGs, 43 were markedly related to overall survival of patients. The PPI network identified the top 10 hub genes—CD19, CD79A, IL10, IGLL5, POU2AF1, CCL19, AMBP, CCL18, CCL21, and IGJ—and four modules. Enrichment analyses revealed that the genes in the most important module were involved in the B‐cell receptor signaling pathway. Conclusion This study mainly revealed the relationship between the ccRCC microenvironment and prognosis of patients. These results also increase the understanding of how gene expression patterns can impact the prognosis and development of ccRCC by modulating the tumor microenvironment. The results could contribute to the search for ccRCC biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangbei Wan
- Department of Urology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Cai Lv
- Department of Urology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
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30
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Ren D, Hua Y, Yu B, Ye X, He Z, Li C, Wang J, Mo Y, Wei X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Liao Q, Wang H, Xiang B, Zhou M, Li X, Li G, Li Y, Zeng Z, Xiong W. Predictive biomarkers and mechanisms underlying resistance to PD1/PD-L1 blockade cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:19. [PMID: 32000802 PMCID: PMC6993488 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-1144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has promising therapeutic efficacy in a variety of tumors, but resistance during treatment is a major issue. In this review, we describe the utility of PD-L1 expression levels, mutation burden, immune cell infiltration, and immune cell function for predicting the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. Furthermore, we explore the mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance caused by PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, T cell dysfunction, and T cell exhaustion. Based on these mechanisms, we propose combination therapeutic strategies. We emphasize the importance of patient-specific treatment plans to reduce the economic burden and prolong the life of patients. The predictive indicators, resistance mechanisms, and combination therapies described in this review provide a basis for improved precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixi Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuze Hua
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Boyao Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziheng He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Shergold AL, Millar R, Nibbs RJ. Understanding and overcoming the resistance of cancer to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wildes TJ, Flores CT, Mitchell DA. Concise Review: Modulating Cancer Immunity with Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:166-175. [PMID: 30353618 PMCID: PMC6368859 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are the progenitor cells that can regenerate the entire blood compartment, including the immune system. Recent studies have unearthed considerable immune-modulating potential of these cells. They can migrate through chemotactic gradients, differentiate into functional immune cells, and crosstalk with immune cells during infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Although the primary role of HSPCs during solid malignancies is considered immunosuppressive, recent studies have discovered immune-activating HSPCs and progeny. In this review, we will discuss the recent evidence that HSPCs act as immunomodulators during solid cancers and highlight the future directions of discovery. Stem Cells 2019;37:166-175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Wildes
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of NeurosurgeryMcKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Catherine T. Flores
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of NeurosurgeryMcKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Duane A. Mitchell
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of NeurosurgeryMcKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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