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Shmuel S, Monette S, Ibrahim D, Pereira PMR. PDX Models in Theranostic Applications: Generation and Screening for B Cell Lymphoma of Human Origin. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:569-576. [PMID: 38649626 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This MIB guide briefly summarizes the generation of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and highlights the importance of validating PDX models for the presence of B cell lymphoma of human origin before their use in radiotheranostic applications. The use of this protocol will allow researchers to learn different methods for screening PDX models for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Shmuel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dina Ibrahim
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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2
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Wan X, Liu Y, Peng Y, Wang J, Yan SM, Zhang L, Wu W, Zhao L, Chen X, Ren K, Long H, Luo Y, Yan Q, Zhang L, Lei D, Liu P, Li S, Liu L, Guo L, Du J, Zhang M, Dai S, Yang Y, Liu H, Chen N, Bei J, Feng L, Liu Y, Zeng MS, Chen C, Zhong Q. Primary and Orthotopic Murine Models of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Reveal Molecular Mechanisms Underlying its Malignant Progression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403161. [PMID: 39049720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a squamous cell carcinoma originating in the nasopharynx, is a leading malignancy in south China and other south and east Asia areas. It is frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, while there are also some NPC patients without EBV infection. Here, it is shown that the EBV+ (EBV positive) and EBV- (EBV negative) NPCs contain both shared and distinct genetic abnormalities, among the latter are increased mutations in TP53. To investigate the functional roles of NPC-associated genetic alterations, primary, orthotopic, and genetically defined NPC models were developed in mice, a key tool missed in the field. These models, initiated with gene-edited organoids of normal nasopharyngeal epithelium, faithfully recapitulated the pathological features of human disease. With these models, it is found that Trp53 and Cdkn2a deficiency are crucial for NPC initiation and progression. And latent membrane protein1 (LMP1), an EBV-coding oncoprotein, significantly promoted the distal metastasis. Further, loss of TGFBR2, which is frequently disrupted both in EBV- and EBV+ NPCs, dramatically accelerated the progression and lung metastasis of NPC probably by altering tumor microenvironment. Taken together, this work establishes a platform to dissect the genetic mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis and might be of value for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wan
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yiman Peng
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shu-Mei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wanchun Wu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xuelan Chen
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Kexin Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Haicheng Long
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yiling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Dengzhi Lei
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Linjie Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiajia Du
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mengsha Zhang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Siqi Dai
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Nianyong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jinxin Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610212, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
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3
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Wu M, Hau PM, Li L, Tsang CM, Yang Y, Taghbalout A, Chung GTY, Hui SY, Tang WC, Jillette N, Zhu JJ, Lee HHY, Kong EL, Chan MSA, Chan JYK, Ma BBY, Chen MR, Lee C, To KF, Cheng AW, Lo KW. Synthetic BZLF1-targeted transcriptional activator for efficient lytic induction therapy against EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3729. [PMID: 38702330 PMCID: PMC11068728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique virus-cell interaction in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies implies targeting the viral latent-lytic switch is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the lack of specific and efficient therapeutic agents to induce lytic cycle in these cancers is a major challenge facing clinical implementation. We develop a synthetic transcriptional activator that specifically activates endogenous BZLF1 and efficiently induces lytic reactivation in EBV-positive cancer cells. A lipid nanoparticle encapsulating nucleoside-modified mRNA which encodes a BZLF1-specific transcriptional activator (mTZ3-LNP) is synthesized for EBV-targeted therapy. Compared with conventional chemical inducers, mTZ3-LNP more efficiently activates EBV lytic gene expression in EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Here we show the potency and safety of treatment with mTZ3-LNP to suppress tumor growth in EBV-positive cancer models. The combination of mTZ3-LNP and ganciclovir yields highly selective cytotoxic effects of mRNA-based lytic induction therapy against EBV-positive tumor cells, indicating the potential of mRNA nanomedicine in the treatment of EBV-associated epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linxian Li
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yike Yang
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aziz Taghbalout
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shin Yee Hui
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Chung Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jacqueline Jufen Zhu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Horace Hok Yeung Lee
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ee Ling Kong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melissa Sue Ann Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Ying Kuen Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brigette Buig Yue Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Charlie Lee Precision Immuno-oncology program, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Albert Wu Cheng
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Makowska A, Weiskirchen R. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines: Reliable Alternatives to Primary Nasopharyngeal Cells? Cells 2024; 13:559. [PMID: 38606998 PMCID: PMC11011377 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of cancer that originates from the mucosal lining of the nasopharynx and can invade and spread. Although contemporary chemoradiotherapy effectively manages the disease locally, there are still challenges with locoregional recurrence and distant failure. Therefore, it is crucial to have a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of NPC cell movement in order to develop a more effective treatment and to improve patient survival rates. Cancer cell line models are invaluable in studying health and disease and it is not surprising that they play a critical role in NPC research. Consequently, scientists have established around 80 immortalized human NPC lines that are commonly used as in vitro models. However, over the years, it has been observed that many cell lines are misidentified or contaminated by other cells. This cross-contamination leads to the creation of false cell lines that no longer match the original donor. In this commentary, we discuss the impact of misidentified NPC cell lines on the scientific literature. We found 1159 articles from 2000 to 2023 that used NPC cell lines contaminated with HeLa cells. Alarmingly, the number of publications and citations using these contaminated cell lines continued to increase, even after information about the contamination was officially published. These articles were most commonly published in the fields of oncology, pharmacology, and experimental medicine research. These findings highlight the importance of science policy and support the need for journals to require authentication testing before publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Chai AWY, Yee SM, Lee HM, Abdul Aziz N, Yee PS, Marzuki M, Wong KW, Chiang AK, Chow LKY, Dai W, Liu TF, Tan LP, Khoo ASB, Lo KW, Lim PV, Rajadurai P, Lightfoot H, Barthorpe S, Garnett MJ, Cheong SC. Establishment and Characterization of an Epstein-Barr Virus-positive Cell Line from a Non-keratinizing Differentiated Primary Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:645-659. [PMID: 38358347 PMCID: PMC10911800 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a cancer that is etiologically associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is endemic in Southern China and Southeast Asia. The scarcity of representative NPC cell lines owing to the frequent loss of EBV episomes following prolonged propagation and compromised authenticity of previous models underscores the critical need for new EBV-positive NPC models. Herein, we describe the establishment of a new EBV-positive NPC cell line, designated NPC268 from a primary non-keratinizing, differentiated NPC tissue. NPC268 can undergo productive lytic reactivation of EBV and is highly tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. Whole-genome sequencing revealed close similarities with the tissue of origin, including large chromosomal rearrangements, while whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing demonstrated a hypomethylated genome and enrichment in immune-related pathways, respectively. Drug screening of NPC268 together with six other NPC cell lines using 339 compounds, representing the largest high-throughput drug testing in NPC, revealed biomarkers associated with specific drug classes. NPC268 represents the first and only available EBV-positive non-keratinizing differentiated NPC model, and extensive genomic, methylomic, transcriptomic, and drug response data should facilitate research in EBV and NPC, where current models are limited. SIGNIFICANCE NPC268 is the first and only EBV-positive cell line derived from a primary non-keratinizing, differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, an understudied but important subtype in Southeast Asian countries. This model adds to the limited number of authentic EBV-positive lines globally that will facilitate mechanistic studies and drug development for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Mun Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Hui Mei Lee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Norazlin Abdul Aziz
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
| | - Pei San Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Marini Marzuki
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Ka Wo Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Alan K.S. Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Larry Ka-Yue Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Teng Fei Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Ping Tan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation and School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | | | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Syd Barthorpe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
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6
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Hartman-Houstman H, Swenson S, Minea RO, Sinha UK, Chiang MF, Chen TC, Schönthal AH. Activation of Epstein-Barr Virus' Lytic Cycle in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by NEO212, a Conjugate of Perillyl Alcohol and Temozolomide. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:936. [PMID: 38473298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is accepted as a primary risk factor for certain nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) subtypes, where the virus persists in a latent stage which is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis. Current treatments are sub-optimal, and recurrence occurs in many cases. An alternative therapeutic concept is aimed at triggering the lytic cycle of EBV selectively in tumor cells as a means to add clinical benefit. While compounds able to stimulate the lytic cascade have been identified, their clinical application so far has been limited. We are developing a novel anticancer molecule, NEO212, that was generated by covalent conjugation of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) to the naturally occurring monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH). In the current study, we investigated its potential to trigger the lytic cycle of EBV in NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. We used the established C666.1 cell line and primary patient cells derived from the brain metastasis of a patient with NPC, both of which harbored latent EBV. Upon treatment with NEO212, there was an increase in EBV proteins Zta and Ea-D, key markers of the lytic cycle, along with increased levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, followed by the activation of caspases. These effects could also be confirmed in tumor tissue from mice implanted with C666.1 cells. Towards a mechanistic understanding of these events, we used siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP and inclusion of anti-oxidant compounds. Both approaches blocked lytic cycle induction by NEO212. Therefore, we established a sequence of events, where NEO212 caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which triggered ER stress and elevated the levels of CHOP, which was required to stimulate the lytic cascade of EBV. Inclusion of the antiviral agent ganciclovir synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic impact of NEO212, pointing to a potential combination treatment for EBV-positive cancers which should be explored further. Overall, our study establishes NEO212 as a novel agent able to stimulate EBV's lytic cycle in NPC tumors, with implications for other virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hartman-Houstman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Radu O Minea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Uttam K Sinha
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- NeOnc Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90069, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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7
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Zohud O, Lone IM, Nashef A, Iraqi FA. Towards system genetics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the mouse model, cellular platform, and clinical human data. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:537-558. [PMID: 38129938 PMCID: PMC10757216 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is a leading global malignancy. Every year, More than 830 000 people are diagnosed with HNSCC globally, with more than 430 000 fatalities. HNSCC is a deadly diverse malignancy with many tumor locations and biological characteristics. It originates from the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. The most frequently impacted regions are the tongue and larynx. Previous investigations have demonstrated the critical role of host genetic susceptibility in the progression of HNSCC. Despite the advances in our knowledge, the improved survival rate of HNSCC patients over the last 40 years has been limited. Failure to identify the molecular origins of development of HNSCC and the genetic basis of the disease and its biological heterogeneity impedes the development of new therapeutic methods. These results indicate a need to identify more genetic factors underlying this complex disease, which can be better used in early detection and prevention strategies. The lack of reliable animal models to investigate the underlying molecular processes is one of the most significant barriers to understanding HNSCC tumors. In this report, we explore and discuss potential research prospects utilizing the Collaborative Cross mouse model and crossing it to mice carrying single or double knockout genes (e.g. Smad4 and P53 genes) to identify genetic factors affecting the development of this complex disease using genome-wide association studies, epigenetics, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, histone modifications, methylation, phosphorylation, and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayd Zohud
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Iqbal M. Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Aysar Nashef
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryBaruch Padeh Medical CenterPoriyaIsrael
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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8
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Abd Talib FNA, Marzuki M, Hoe SLL. Analysis of NK-92 cytotoxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and patient-derived xenografts using impedance-based growth method. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17480. [PMID: 37415945 PMCID: PMC10320316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that can remove viral-infected tumour cells without antigen priming. This characteristic offers NK cells an edge over other immune cells as a potential therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we report how cytotoxicity was evaluated in target NPC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells with effector NK-92, a commercially available NK cell line, by using xCELLigence RTCA system (a real-time, label-free impedance-based monitoring platform). Cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity were examined by RTCA. Cell morphology, growth and cytotoxicity were also monitored by microscopy. RTCA and microscopy showed that both target and effector cells were able to proliferate normally and to maintain original morphology in co-culture medium as they were in their own respective culture medium. As target and effector (T:E) cell ratios increased, cell viability as measured by arbitrary cell index (CI) values in RTCA decreased in all cell lines and PDX cells. NPC PDX cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxicity effect of NK-92 cells, than the NPC cell lines. These data were substantiated by GFP-based microscopy. We have shown how the RTCA system can be used for a high throughput screening of the effects of NK cells in cancer studies to obtain data such as cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity.
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10
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Rani AQ, Nurmemet D, Liffick J, Khan A, Mitchell D, Li J, Zhao B, Liu X. Conditional Cell Reprogramming and Air-Liquid Interface Modeling Life Cycle of Oncogenic Viruses (HPV and EBV) in Epithelial Cells and Virus-Associated Human Carcinomas. Viruses 2023; 15:1388. [PMID: 37376685 DOI: 10.3390/v15061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several oncogenic viruses are associated with approximately 20% of human cancers. Experimental models are crucial for studying the pathogenicity and biological aspects of oncogenic viruses and their potential mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Current cell models have considerable limitations such as: their low yield, genetic and epigenetic modification, and reduction in tumor heterogeneity during long propagation. Cancer cell lines are limited and not appropriate for studying the viral life cycle, for example, natural viral life cycles of HPV and EBV, and their persistence and latency in epithelial cells are poorly understood, since these processes are highly related to epithelial differentiation. Therefore, there is an urgent need of reliable human physiological cell models to study viral life cycle and cancer initiation. Conditional cell reprogramming (CCR) is a rapid and robust cell culture system, where the cells can be established from minimally invasive or noninvasive specimens and their lineage functions preserved during the long-term culture. These CR cells retain their ability to differentiate at air-liquid interface (ALI). Here, we recapitulated the applications of CR and ALI approaches in modeling host-virus interactions and viral-mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qawee Rani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dilber Nurmemet
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph Liffick
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anam Khan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Darrion Mitchell
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Mahajan S, Bongaerts M, Hardillo J, Tsang A, Lo KW, Kortleve D, Ma B, Debets R. Transcriptomics of Epstein-Barr virus aids to the classification of T-cell evasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102335. [PMID: 37235920 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contributes to oncogenesis and immune evasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). At present, an aggregated, higher-level view on the impact of EBV genes toward the immune microenvironment of NPC is lacking. To this end, we have interrogated tumor-derived RNA sequences of 106 treatment-naive NPC patients for 98 EBV transcripts, and captured the presence of 10 different immune cell populations as well as 23 different modes of T-cell evasion. We discovered 3 clusters of EBV genes that each associate with distinct immunophenotypes of NPC. Cluster 1 associated with gene sets related to immune cell recruitment, such as those encoding for chemoattractants and their receptors. Cluster 2 associated with antigen processing and presentation, such as interferon-related genes, whereas cluster 3 associated with presence of M1-like macrophages, absence of CD4+ T cells, and oncogenic pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B-cell pathway. We discuss these 3 EBV clusters regarding their potential for stratification for T-cell immunity in NPC together with the next steps needed to validate such therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mahajan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel Bongaerts
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Hardillo
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Tsang
- Departments of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kwok W Lo
- Departments of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Dian Kortleve
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigette Ma
- Departments of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Reno Debets
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Xu WW, Liao L, Dai W, Zheng CC, Tan XP, He Y, Zhang QH, Huang ZH, Chen WY, Qin YR, Chen KS, He ML, Law S, Lung ML, He QY, Li B. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies a targetable MEST-PURA interaction in cancer metastasis. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104587. [PMID: 37149929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is one of the most lethal hallmarks of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet the mechanisms remain unclear due to a lack of reliable experimental models and systematic identification of key drivers. There is urgent need to develop useful therapies for this lethal disease. METHODS A genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening, in combination with gene profiling of highly invasive and metastatic ESCC sublines, as well as PDX models, was performed to identify key regulators of cancer metastasis. The Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were taken to examine gene function. Protein interactome, RNA-seq, and whole genome methylation sequencing were used to investigate gene regulation and molecular mechanisms. Clinical significance was analyzed in tumor tissue microarray and TCGA databases. Homology modeling, modified ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and functional assays were performed to identify lead compound which targets MEST to suppress cancer metastasis. FINDINGS High MEST expression was associated with poor patient survival and promoted cancer invasion and metastasis in ESCC. Mechanistically, MEST activates SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-snail signaling by interacting with PURA. miR-449a was identified as a direct regulator of MEST, and hypermethylation of its promoter led to MEST upregulation, whereas systemically delivered miR-449a mimic could suppress tumor metastasis without overt toxicity. Furthermore, molecular docking and computational screening in a small-molecule library of 1,500,000 compounds and functional assays showed that G699-0288 targets the MEST-PURA interaction and significantly inhibits cancer metastasis. INTERPRETATION We identified the MEST-PURA-SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-snail signaling cascade as an important mechanism underlying cancer metastasis. Blockade of MEST-PURA interaction has therapeutic potential in management of cancer metastasis. FUNDING This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2501000, 2021YFC2501900, 2017YFA0505100); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31961160727, 82073196, 81973339, 81803551); NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme (N_HKU727/19); Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515011158, 2021A0505030035); Key Laboratory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes of China (2021KSYS009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Can-Can Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Peng Tan
- Research Center of Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy, and Department of Clinical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-You Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ru Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Department of Clinical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kui-Sheng Chen
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Law
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qing-Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes and Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Gong L, Luo J, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li S, Fang X, Zhang B, Huang J, Chow LKY, Chung D, Huang J, Huang C, Liu Q, Bai L, Tiu YC, Wu P, Wang Y, Tsao GSW, Kwong DLW, Lee AWM, Dai W, Guan XY. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells promote regulatory T cell development and suppressive activity via CD70-CD27 interaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1912. [PMID: 37024479 PMCID: PMC10079957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the intense CD8+ T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, anti-PD-1 immunotherapy shows an unsatisfactory response rate in clinical trials, hindered by immunosuppressive signals. To understand how microenvironmental characteristics alter immune homeostasis and limit immunotherapy efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, here we establish a multi-center single-cell cohort based on public data, containing 357,206 cells from 50 patient samples. We reveal that nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells enhance development and suppressive activity of regulatory T cells via CD70-CD27 interaction. CD70 blocking reverts Treg-mediated suppression and thus reinvigorate CD8+ T-cell immunity. Anti-CD70+ anti-PD-1 therapy is evaluated in xenograft-derived organoids and humanized mice, exhibiting an improved tumor-killing efficacy. Mechanistically, CD70 knockout inhibits a collective lipid signaling network in CD4+ naïve and regulatory T cells involving mitochondrial integrity, cholesterol homeostasis, and fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, ATAC-Seq delineates that CD70 is transcriptionally upregulated by NFKB2 via an Epstein-Barr virus-dependent epigenetic modification. Our findings identify CD70+ nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells as a metabolic switch that enforces the lipid-driven development, functional specialization and homeostasis of Tregs, leading to immune evasion. This study also demonstrates that CD70 blockade can act synergistically with anti-PD-1 treatment to reinvigorate T-cell immunity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqi Gong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuma Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaona Fang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baifeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Larry Ka-Yue Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dittman Chung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuicui Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuen Chak Tiu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pingan Wu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - George Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anne Wing-Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China.
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14
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Yu H, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr Virus History and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:714. [PMID: 36992423 PMCID: PMC10056551 DOI: 10.3390/v15030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human oncogenic virus that can establish asymptomatic life-long persistence. It is associated with a large spectrum of diseases, including benign diseases, a number of lymphoid malignancies, and epithelial cancers. EBV can also transform quiescent B lymphocytes into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro. Although EBV molecular biology and EBV-related diseases have been continuously investigated for nearly 60 years, the mechanism of viral-mediated transformation, as well as the precise role of EBV in promoting these diseases, remain a major challenge yet to be completely explored. This review will highlight the history of EBV and current advances in EBV-associated diseases, focusing on how this virus provides a paradigm for exploiting the many insights identified through interplay between EBV and its host during oncogenesis, and other related non-malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, The Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, The Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Su ZY, Siak PY, Leong CO, Cheah SC. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116143. [PMID: 36846758 PMCID: PMC9947861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a metastasis-prone malignancy closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Despite ubiquitous infection of EBV worldwide, NPC incidences displayed predominance in certain ethnic groups and endemic regions. The majority of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, as a result of anatomical isolation and non-specific clinical manifestation. Over the decades, researchers have gained insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis as a result of the interplay of EBV infection with several environmental and genetic factors. EBV-associated biomarkers were also used for mass population screening for the early detection of NPC. EBV and its encoded products also serve as potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies and tumour-specific drug delivery. This review will discuss the pathogenic role of EBV in NPC and efforts in exploiting the potential of EBV-associated molecules as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The current knowledge on the role of EBV and its associated products in NPC tumorigenesis, development and progression will offer a new outlook and potential intervention strategy against this EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Su
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- AGTC Genomics Sdn Bhd, Pusat Perdagangan Bandar, Persiaran Jalil 1, Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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16
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Lui WY, Bharti A, Wong NHM, Jangra S, Botelho MG, Yuen KS, Jin DY. Suppression of cGAS- and RIG-I-mediated innate immune signaling by Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinase BPLF1. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011186. [PMID: 36802409 PMCID: PMC9983872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has developed effective strategies to evade host innate immune responses. Here we reported on mitigation of type I interferon (IFN) production by EBV deubiquitinase (DUB) BPLF1 through cGAS-STING and RIG-I-MAVS pathways. The two naturally occurring forms of BPLF1 exerted potent suppressive effect on cGAS-STING-, RIG-I- and TBK1-induced IFN production. The observed suppression was reversed when DUB domain of BPLF1 was rendered catalytically inactive. The DUB activity of BPLF1 also facilitated EBV infection by counteracting cGAS-STING- and TBK1-mediated antiviral defense. BPLF1 associated with STING to act as an effective DUB targeting its K63-, K48- and K27-linked ubiquitin moieties. BPLF1 also catalyzed removal of K63- and K48-linked ubiquitin chains on TBK1 kinase. The DUB activity of BPLF1 was required for its suppression of TBK1-induced IRF3 dimerization. Importantly, in cells stably carrying EBV genome that encodes a catalytically inactive BPLF1, the virus failed to suppress type I IFN production upon activation of cGAS and STING. This study demonstrated IFN antagonism of BPLF1 mediated through DUB-dependent deubiquitination of STING and TBK1 leading to suppression of cGAS-STING and RIG-I-MAVS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Aradhana Bharti
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Sai Yin Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Nok-Hei Mickey Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sonia Jangra
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Sai Yin Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Michael G. Botelho
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Sai Yin Pun, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (K-SY); (D-YJ)
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (K-SY); (D-YJ)
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17
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Tang WC, Tsao SW, Jones GE, Liu X, Tsai MH, Delecluse HJ, Dai W, You C, Zhang J, Huang SCM, Leung MMH, Liu T, Ching YP, Chen H, Lo KW, Li X, Tsang CM. Latent membrane protein 1 and macrophage-derived TNFα synergistically activate and mobilize invadopodia to drive invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2023; 259:163-179. [PMID: 36420735 PMCID: PMC10108171 DOI: 10.1002/path.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that digest the matrix barrier during cancer metastasis. Since the discovery of invadopodia, they have been visualized as localized and dot-like structures in different types of cancer cells on top of a 2D matrix. In this investigation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a highly invasive cancer frequently accompanied by neck lymph node and distal organ metastases, we revealed a new form of invadopodium with mobilizing features. Integration of live-cell imaging and molecular assays revealed the interaction of macrophage-released TNFα and EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in co-activating the EGFR/Src/ERK/cortactin and Cdc42/N-WASP signaling axes for mobilizing the invadopodia with lateral movements. This phenomenon endows the invadopodia with massive degradative power, visualized as a shift of focal dot-like digestion patterns on a 2D gelatin to a dendrite-like digestion pattern. Notably, single stimulation of either LMP1 or TNFα could only enhance the number of ordinary dot-like invadopodia, suggesting that the EBV infection sensitizes the NPC cells to form mobilizing invadopodia when encountering a TNFα-rich tumor microenvironment. This study unveils the interplay of EBV and stromal components in driving the invasive potential of NPC via unleashing the propulsion of invadopodia in overcoming matrix hurdles. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Chung Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Han Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Chanping You
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Shaina Chor Mei Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Manton Man-Hon Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yick Pang Ching
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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18
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Yu L, Wang X, Mu Q, Tam SST, Loi DSC, Chan AKY, Poon WS, Ng HK, Chan DTM, Wang J, Wu AR. scONE-seq: A single-cell multi-omics method enables simultaneous dissection of phenotype and genotype heterogeneity from frozen tumors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabp8901. [PMID: 36598983 PMCID: PMC9812385 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell multi-omics can provide a unique perspective on tumor cellular heterogeneity. Most previous single-cell whole-genome RNA sequencing (scWGS-RNA-seq) methods demonstrate utility with intact cells from fresh samples. Among them, many are not applicable to frozen samples that cannot produce intact single-cell suspensions. We have developed scONE-seq, a versatile scWGS-RNA-seq method that amplifies single-cell DNA and RNA without separating them from each other and hence is compatible with frozen biobanked samples. We benchmarked scONE-seq against existing methods using fresh and frozen samples to demonstrate its performance in various aspects. We identified a unique transcriptionally normal-like tumor clone by analyzing a 2-year frozen astrocytoma sample, demonstrating that performing single-cell multi-omics interrogation on biobanked tissue by scONE-seq could enable previously unidentified discoveries in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Quanhua Mu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Sindy Sing Ting Tam
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Danson Shek Chun Loi
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Aden K. Y. Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Danny T. M. Chan
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Angela Ruohao Wu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Center for Aging Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Corresponding author.
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19
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Liu Y, Lui KS, Ye Z, Fung TY, Chen L, Sit PY, Leung CY, Mak NK, Wong KL, Lung HL, Tanaka Y, Cheung AKL. EBV latent membrane protein 1 augments γδ T cell cytotoxicity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma by induction of butyrophilin molecules. Theranostics 2023; 13:458-471. [PMID: 36632221 PMCID: PMC9830437 DOI: 10.7150/thno.78395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a diverse cancer with no well-defined tumor antigen, associated with oncogenic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and with usually late-stage diagnosis and survival <40%. Current radiotherapy and chemotherapy have low effectiveness and cause adverse effects, which calls for the need of new therapy. In this regard, adoptive immunotherapy using γδ T cells has potential, but needs to be coupled with butyrophilin 2A1 and 3A1 protein expression to achieve tumoricidal effect. Methods: Human γδ T cells were expanded (with Zol or PTA) and used for cytotoxicity assay against NPC cells, which were treated with the EBV EBNA1-targeting peptide (L2)P4. Effect of (L2)P4 on BTN2A1/BTN3A1 expression in NPC cells was examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. An NPC-bearing NSG mice model was established to test the effectiveness of P4 and adoptive γδ T cells. Immunofluorescence was performed on NPC tissue sections to examine the presence of γδ T cells and expression of BTN2A1 and BTN3A1. EBV gene expression post-(L2)P4 treatment was assessed by qRT-PCR, and the relationship of LMP1, NLRC5 and BTN2A1/BTN3A1 was examined by transfection, reporter assay, Western blot, and inhibition experiments. Results: Zol- or PTA-expanded the Vδ2 subset of γδ T cells that exerted killing against certain NPC cells. (L2)P4 reactivates latent EBV, which increased BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 expression and conferred higher susceptibility towards Vδ2 T cells cytotoxicity in vitro, as well as enhanced tumor regression in vivo by adoptive transfer of Vδ2 T cells. Mechanistically, (L2)P4 induced EBV LMP1, leading to IFN-γ/p-JNK and NLRC5 activation, and subsequently stimulated the expression of BTN2A1 and BTN3A1. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of using the EBV-targeting probe (L2)P4 and adoptive γδ T cells as a promising combinatorial immunotherapy against NPC. The identification of the LMP1-IFN-γ/p-JNK-NLRC5-BTN2A1/BTN3A1 axis may lead to new insight and therapeutic targets against NPC and other EBV+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Sin Lui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zuodong Ye
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Yan Fung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Luo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ping Yiu Sit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chin Yu Leung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.,✉ Corresponding author: Allen KL Cheung; Address: Rm 833, Run Run Shaw Building, Ho Sin-hang campus, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China. E-mail: ; Tel: (852) 34117745; Fax: (852) 34117095
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20
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Zhang X, Wang T, Zhu X, Lu Y, Li M, Huang Z, Han D, Zhang L, Wu Y, Li L, Klawonn F, Stripecke R. GMP development and preclinical validation of CAR-T cells targeting a lytic EBV antigen for therapy of EBV-associated malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103695. [PMID: 36817460 PMCID: PMC9932894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widely spread pathogen associated with lymphoproliferative diseases, B/ T/ NK cell lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV lytic reactivations contribute to the genomic instability, inflammation and tumorigenesis of NPC, promoting cancer progression. Patients with NPC refractory to standard therapies show dismal survival. EBV gp350 is an envelope protein detectable in NPC specimens intracellularly and on the cell membrane of malignant cells, and is a potential viral antigen for T cell-directed immunotherapies. The potency of T cells engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting gp350 against EBV+ lymphoproliferative disease was previously shown. Methods Here, we advanced towards preclinical and non-clinical developments of this virus-specific CAR-T cell immunotherapy against NPC. Different gp350CAR designs were inserted into a lentiviral vector (LV) backbone. Results A construct expressing the scFv 7A1-anti-gp350 incorporating the CD8 transmembrane and CD28.CD3ζ signaling domain (ZT002) was selected. High titer ZT002 (~1x108 TU/ml) was manufactured in HEK 293T/17 suspension cells in serum free media as large-scale production under good manufacturing practices (GMP). A LV multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 resulted in high frequencies of functional gp350CAR+ T cells (>70%) at a low (<2) vector copy numbers in the genome. ZT002 was therefore used to establish gp350CAR-T batch run production methods. GMP upscaling and validation of T cell transduction and expansion in several runs resulted in average 3x109 gp350CAR-T cells per batch. >80% CD3+ gp350CAR-T cells bound to purified gp350 protein. In vitro cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion assays (IFN-γ and TNF-α) confirmed the specificity of gp350CAR-T cells against gp350+ NPC, GC and lymphoma cell targets. Immunocompromised B-NDG mice (NOD.CB17-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1/Bcgen) were challenged s.c. with a EBV+ NPC C666.1 cell line expressing gp350 and then treated with escalating doses of gp350CAR-T cells or with non-transduced T cells. gp350CAR-T cells promoted antitumor responses, bio-distributed in several tissues, infiltrated in tumors and rejected gp350+ tumor cells. Discussion These results support the use of gp350CAR-T cells generated with ZT002 as an Innovative New Drug to treat patients with solid and liquid EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Biosyngen/Zelltechs Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tiaoxia Wang
- Biosyngen/Zelltechs Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaona Zhu
- Biosyngen/Zelltechs Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Lu
- Biosyngen/Zelltechs Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mingpeng Li
- Biosyngen/Zelltechs Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Deping Han
- Biosyngen/Zelltechs Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liantao Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Information Engineering, Ostfalia University, Wolfenbuettel, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig and Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Hannover, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig and Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Clinic I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Translational Immune-Oncology, Cancer Research Center Cologne-Essen (CCCE), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Epigenomic landscape study reveals molecular subtypes and EBV-associated regulatory epigenome reprogramming in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Cui X, Liu L, Li J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Hu D, Zhang R, Huang S, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Qu Y, Pang SW, Lam RHW. A Microfluidic Platform Revealing Interactions between Leukocytes and Cancer Cells on Topographic Micropatterns. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:963. [PMID: 36354472 PMCID: PMC9687854 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassay for detailed analysis of immune-cancer intercellular interactions can achieve more promising diagnosis and treatment strategies for cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). In this study, we report a microfluidic live-cell immunoassay integrated with a microtopographic environment to meet the rising demand for monitoring intercellular interactions in different tumor microenvironments. The developed assay allows: (1) coculture of immune cells and cancer cells on tunable (flat or micrograting) substrates, (2) simultaneous detection of different cytokines in a wide working range of 5-5000 pg/mL, and (3) investigation of migration behaviors of mono- and co-cultured cells on flat/grating platforms for revealing the topography-induced intercellular and cytokine responses. Cytokine monitoring was achieved on-chip by implementing a sensitive and selective microbead-based sandwich assay with an antibody on microbeads, target cytokines, and the matching fluorescent-conjugated detection antibody in an array of active peristaltic mixer-assisted cytokine detection microchambers. Moreover, this immunoassay requires a low sample volume down to 0.5 μL and short assay time (30 min) for on-chip cytokine quantifications. We validated the biocompatibility of the co-culture strategy between immune cells and NPC cells and compared the different immunological states of undifferentiated THP-1 monocytic cells or PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages co-culturing with NP460 and NPC43 on topographical and planar substrates, respectively. Hence, the integrated microfluidic platform provides an efficient, broad-range and precise on-chip cytokine detection approach, eliminates the manual sampling procedures and allows on-chip continuous cytokine monitoring without perturbing intercellular microenvironments on different topographical ECM substrates, which has the potential of providing clinical significance in early immune diagnosis, personalized immunotherapy, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 519070, China
| | - Lelin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Center of Biological Computation, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Siping Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhongning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Stella W. Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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23
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Ma N, Lu J, Pei Y, Robertson ES. Transcriptome reprogramming of Epstein-Barr virus infected epithelial and B cells reveals distinct host-virus interaction profiles. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:894. [PMID: 36272970 PMCID: PMC9588026 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an opportunistic pathogen that can manifest itself as a potential contributor to human diseases years after primary infection, specifically in lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies in immune-competent and immune-compromised hosts. The virus shuttles between B cells and epithelial cells during its infection cycle, facilitating its persistence and transmission in humans. While EBV efficiently infects and transforms B-lymphocytes, epithelial cells are not as susceptible to transformation in vitro. We utilized a 3D platform for culturing normal oral keratinocyte cells (NOKs) using Matrigel for greater insights into the molecular interactions between EBV and infected cells. We determined the transcriptome of EBV infected NOKs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 7 and 15 days. LMPs (-1, -2A, and -2B) and EBNAs (-1, -2, -3A, -3B and -3C) were detected in all samples, and lytic gene expression was significantly higher in NOKs than PBMCs. We identified over 2000 cellular genes that were differentially expressed (P-value<0.05). Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses significantly identified pathways related to collagen-activation, chemokine signaling, immune response, metabolism, and antiviral responses. We also identified significant changes in metalloproteases and genes encoding chemotactic ligands and cell surface molecules. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) was dramatically downregulated in PBMCs and upregulated in NOKs. However, MMP1 was significantly downregulated in NOKs and upregulated in PBMCs. Therefore, multiple pathways contribute to distinct pathologies associated with EBV infection in epithelial and B cells, and MMP1 and CXCR4 are critical molecules involved in regulation of latent and lytic states linked to viral associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Ma
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Pei
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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24
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Li F, Xu T, Chen P, Sun R, Li C, Zhao X, Ou J, Li J, Liu T, Zeng M, Zheng W, Lin Y, Yang L, Li Z, Chen H, Zhang Q. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit ferroptosis and promote distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by upregulating ITGB3. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5858-5872. [PMID: 36263165 PMCID: PMC9576525 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with high metastatic and invasive nature. Distant metastasis contributes substantially to treatment failure and mortality in NPC. Platelets are versatile blood cells and the number of platelets is positively associated with the distant metastasis of tumor cells. However, the role and underlying mechanism of platelets responsible for the metastasis of NPC cells remain unclear. Here we found that the distant metastasis of NPC patients was positively correlated with the expression levels of integrin β3 (ITGB3) in platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from NPC patients (P-EVs). We further revealed that EVs transfer occurred from platelets to NPC cells, mediating cell-cell communication and inducing the metastasis of NPC cells by upregulating ITGB3 expression. Mechanistically, P-EVs-upregulated ITGB3 increased SLC7A11 expression by enhancing protein stability and activating the MAPK/ERK/ATF4/Nrf2 axis, which suppressed ferroptosis, thereby facilitating the metastasis of NPC cells. NPC xenografts in mouse models further confirmed that P-EVs inhibited the ferroptosis of circulating NPC cells and promoted the distant metastasis of NPC cells. Thus, these findings elucidate a novel role of platelet-derived EVs in NPC metastasis, which not only improves our understanding of platelet-mediated tumor distant metastasis, but also has important implications in diagnosis and treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taoshu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maozhen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zecang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haisheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,✉ Corresponding author: Qing Zhang, Ph.D, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China. Tel: 86-20-84113988, 13903018911; E-mail:
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Megquier K, Turner-Maier J, Morrill K, Li X, Johnson J, Karlsson EK, London CA, Gardner HL. The genomic landscape of canine osteosarcoma cell lines reveals conserved structural complexity and pathway alterations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274383. [PMID: 36099278 PMCID: PMC9469990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of immortalized canine osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines used for research has historically been based on phenotypic features such as cellular morphology and expression of bone specific markers. With the increasing use of these cell lines to investigate novel therapeutic approaches prior to in vivo translation, a much more detailed understanding regarding the genomic landscape of these lines is required to ensure accurate interpretation of findings. Here we report the first whole genome characterization of eight canine OS cell lines, including single nucleotide variants, copy number variants and other structural variants. Many alterations previously characterized in primary canine OS tissue were observed in these cell lines, including TP53 mutations, MYC copy number gains, loss of CDKN2A, PTEN, DLG2, MAGI2, and RB1 and structural variants involving SETD2, DLG2 and DMD. These data provide a new framework for understanding how best to incorporate in vitro findings generated using these cell lines into the design of future clinical studies involving dogs with spontaneous OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Megquier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason Turner-Maier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Morrill
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xue Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Johnson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elinor K. Karlsson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. London
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Gardner
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Ali A, Ara A, Kashyap MK. Gut microbiota: Role and Association with Tumorigenesis in Different Malignancies. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8087-8107. [PMID: 35543828 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota has been associated with different cancer and may vary from patient to patient. A specific microbial strain can alter the progression of cancer and therapeutic outcome in response to anti-cancer therapy. The variations in microbiota contributed due to the individual microbiome of the microorganism are responsible for diverse clinical outcomes. The expansion of microbiota subpopulation during dysbiosis can lead to toxin production, inducing inflammation and cancer. The microbiota can be a dual-edged sword because it can be tumor-suppressive or oncogenic in the case of the gut. The transition of cancer cells from early to late-stage also impacts the composition of the microbiota, and this alteration could change the behavior of cancer. Multi-omics platforms derived data from an individual's multi-dimensional data (DNA, mRNA, microRNA, protein, metabolite, microbiota, and microbiome), i.e., individualome, to exploit it for personalized tailored treatment for different cancers in a precise manner. A number of studies suggest the importance of microbiota and its add-in suitability to existing treatment options for different malignancies. Furthermore, in vitro, and in vivo studies and cancer clinical trials suggest that probiotics have driven modulation of gut microbiota and other sites discourage the aggressive behavior and progression of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altamas Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A central University), Jamia Nagar, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Anam Ara
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A central University), Jamia Nagar, 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Amity Stem Cell Institute/Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Panchgaon (Manesar), Gurugram, HR, 122413, India.
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Yang T, You C, Meng S, Lai Z, Ai W, Zhang J. EBV Infection and Its Regulated Metabolic Reprogramming in Nasopharyngeal Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:935205. [PMID: 35846746 PMCID: PMC9283984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.935205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral oncogenes may drive cellular metabolic reprogramming to modulate the normal epithelia cell malignant transformation. Understanding the viral oncogene-mediated signaling transduction dysregulation that involves in metabolic reprogramming may provide new therapeutic targets for virus-associated cancer treatment. Latent EBV infection and expression of viral oncogenes, including latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1/2), and EBV-encoded BamH I-A rightward transcripts (BART) microRNAs (miR-BARTs), have been demonstrated to play fundamental roles in altering host cell metabolism to support nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pathogenesis. Yet, how do EBV infection and its encoded oncogenes facilitated the metabolic shifting and their roles in NPC carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this review, we will focus on delineating how EBV infection and its encoded oncoproteins altered the metabolic reprograming of infected cells to support their malignances. Furthermore, based on the understanding of the host's metabolic signaling alterations induced by EBV, we will provide a new perspective on the interplay between EBV infection and these metabolic pathways and offering a potential therapeutic intervention strategy in the treatment of EBV-associated malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chanping You
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuhui Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengquan Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Lee SD, Wu M, Lo KW, Yip KY. Accurate reconstruction of viral genomes in human cells from short reads using iterative refinement. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:422. [PMID: 35668367 PMCID: PMC9169298 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After an infection, human cells may contain viral genomes in the form of episomes or integrated DNA. Comparing the genomic sequences of different strains of a virus in human cells can often provide useful insights into its behaviour, activity and pathology, and may help develop methods for disease prevention and treatment. To support such comparative analyses, the viral genomes need to be accurately reconstructed from a large number of samples. Previous efforts either rely on customized experimental protocols or require high similarity between the sequenced genomes and a reference, both of which limit the general applicability of these approaches. In this study, we propose a pipeline, named ASPIRE, for reconstructing viral genomes accurately from short reads data of human samples, which are increasingly available from genome projects and personal genomics. ASPIRE contains a basic part that involves de novo assembly, tiling and gap filling, and additional components for iterative refinement, sequence corrections and wrapping. RESULTS Evaluated by the alignment quality of sequencing reads to the reconstructed genomes, these additional components improve the assembly quality in general, and in some particular samples quite substantially, especially when the sequenced genome is significantly different from the reference. We use ASPIRE to reconstruct the genomes of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) from the whole-genome sequencing data of 61 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) samples and provide these sequences as a resource for EBV research. CONCLUSIONS ASPIRE improves the quality of the reconstructed EBV genomes in published studies and outperforms TRACESPipe in some samples considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Y. Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Current address: Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, 92037 CA USA
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Tay JK, Zhu C, Shin JH, Zhu SX, Varma S, Foley JW, Vennam S, Yip YL, Goh CK, Wang DY, Loh KS, Tsao SW, Le QT, Sunwoo JB, West RB. The microdissected gene expression landscape of nasopharyngeal cancer reveals vulnerabilities in FGF and noncanonical NF-κB signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh2445. [PMID: 35394843 PMCID: PMC8993121 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive epithelial malignancy with an extensive inflammatory infiltrate. Traditional RNA-sequencing techniques uncovered only microenvironment signatures, while the gene expression of the tumor epithelial compartment has remained a mystery. Here, we use Smart-3SEQ to prepare transcriptome-wide gene expression profiles from microdissected NPC tumors, dysplasia, and normal controls. We describe changes in biological pathways across the normal to tumor spectrum and show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands are overexpressed in NPC tumors, while negative regulators of FGF signaling, including SPRY1, SPRY2, and LGALS3, are down-regulated early in carcinogenesis. Within the NF-κB signaling pathway, the critical noncanonical transcription factors, RELB and NFKB2, are enriched in the majority of NPC tumors. We confirm the responsiveness of EBV-positive NPC cell lines to targeted inhibition of these pathways, reflecting the heterogeneity in NPC patient tumors. Our data comprehensively describe the gene expression landscape of NPC and unravel the mysteries of receptor tyrosine kinase and NF-κB pathways in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Tay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - June Ho Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirley X. Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Foley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sujay Vennam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan Keng Goh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John B. Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert B. West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Mu X, Tu CR, Chung Y, Tsao SW, Chan GCF, Leung WH, Lau YL, Liu Y, Tu W. Exosomes derived from γδ-T cells synergize with radiotherapy and preserve antitumor activities against nasopharyngeal carcinoma in immunosuppressive microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003832. [PMID: 35105688 PMCID: PMC8808451 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is the first-line treatment for patients nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but its therapeutic efficacy is poor in some patients due to radioresistance. Adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy has also shown promise to control NPC; however, its antitumor efficacy may be attenuated by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exosomes derived from γδ-T cells (γδ-T-Exos) have potent antitumor potentials. However, it remains unknown whether γδ-T-Exos have synergistic effect with radiotherapy and preserve their antitumor activities against NPC in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Methods γδ-T-Exos were stained with fluorescent membrane dye, and their interactions with NPC were determined both in vitro and in vivo. NPC cell deaths were detected after treatment with γδ-T-Exos and/or irradiation. Moreover, effects of γδ-T-Exos on radioresistant cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) were determined. The therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy using γδ-T-Exos and irradiation on NPC tumor progression was also monitored in vivo. Finally, the tumor-killing and T cell-promoting activities of γδ-T-Exos were determined under the culture in immunosuppressive NPC supernatant. Results γδ-T-Exos effectively interacted with NPC tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. γδ-T-Exos not only killed NPC cells in vitro, which was mainly mediated by Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) and death receptor 5 (DR5)/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathways, but also controlled NPC tumor growth and prolonged tumor-bearing mice survival in vivo. Furthermore, γδ-T-Exos selectively targeted the radioresistant CD44+/high CSCs and induced profound cell apoptosis. The combination of γδ-T-Exos with radiotherapy overcame the radioresistance of CD44+/high NPC cells and significantly improved its therapeutic efficacy against NPC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, γδ-T-Exos promoted T-cell migration into NPC tumors by upregulating CCR5 on T cells that were chemoattracted by CCR5 ligands in the NPC tumor microenvironment. Although NPC tumor cells secreted abundant tumor growth factor beta to suppress T-cell responses, γδ-T-Exos preserved their direct antitumor activities and overcame the immunosuppressive NPC microenvironment to amplify T-cell antitumor immunity. Conclusions γδ-T-Exos synergized with radiotherapy to control NPC by overcoming the radioresistance of NPC CSCs. Moreover, γδ-T-Exos preserved their tumor-killing and T cell-promoting activities in the immunosuppressive NPC microenvironment. This study provides a proof of concept for a novel and potent strategy by combining γδ-T-Exos with radiotherapy in the control of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chloe Ran Tu
- Computational and Systems Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuet Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hang Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Shi J, Wei L. Rho Kinases in Embryonic Development and Stem Cell Research. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2022; 70:4. [PMID: 35043239 PMCID: PMC8766376 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-022-00642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs or Rho kinases) belong to the AGC (PKA/PKG/PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases and are major downstream effectors of small GTPase RhoA, a key regulator of actin-cytoskeleton reorganization. The ROCK family contains two members, ROCK1 and ROCK2, which share 65% overall identity and 92% identity in kinase domain. ROCK1 and ROCK2 were assumed to be functionally redundant, based largely on their major common activators, their high degree kinase domain homology, and study results from overexpression with kinase constructs or chemical inhibitors. ROCK signaling research has expanded to all areas of biology and medicine since its discovery in 1996. The rapid advance is befitting ROCK’s versatile functions in modulating various cell behavior, such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, polarity, cytokinesis, and differentiation. The rapid advance is noticeably driven by an extensive linking with clinical medicine, including cardiovascular abnormalities, aberrant immune responsive, and cancer development and metastasis. The rapid advance during the past decade is further powered by novel biotechnologies including CRISPR-Cas and single cell omics. Current consensus, derived mainly from gene targeting and RNA interference approaches, is that the two ROCK isoforms have overlapping and distinct cellular, physiological and pathophysiology roles. In this review, we present an overview of the milestone discoveries in ROCK research. We then focus on the current understanding of ROCK signaling in embryonic development, current research status using knockout and knockin mouse models, and stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Shi
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
| | - Lei Wei
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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Longitudinal evaluation of five nasopharyngeal carcinoma animal models on the microPET/MR platform. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1497-1507. [PMID: 34862520 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We longitudinally evaluated the tumour growth and metabolic activity of three nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line models (C666-1, C17 and NPC43) and two xenograft models (Xeno76 and Xeno23) using a micropositron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (microPET/MR). With a better understanding of the interplay between tumour growth and metabolic characteristics of these NPC models, we aim to provide insights for the selection of appropriate NPC cell line/xenograft models to assist novel drug discovery and evaluation. METHODS Mice were imaged by 18F-deoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) microPET/MR twice a week for consecutive 3-7 weeks. [18F]FDG uptake was quantified by standardized uptake value (SUV) and presented as SUVmean tumour-to-liver ratio (SUVRmean). Longitudinal tumour growth patterns and metabolic patterns were recorded. SUVRmean and histological characteristics were compared across the five NPC models. Cisplatin was administrated to one selected optimal tumour model, C17, to evaluate our imaging platform. RESULTS We found variable tumour growth and metabolic patterns across different NPC tumour types. C17 has an optimal growth rate and higher tumour metabolic activity compared with C666-1. C666-1 has a fast growth rate but is low in SUVRmean at endpoint due to necrosis as confirmed by H&E. NPC43 and Xeno76 have relatively slow growth rates and are low in SUVRmean, due to severe necrosis. Xeno23 has the slowest growth rate, and a relative high SUVRmean. Cisplatin showed the expected therapeutic effect in the C17 model in marked reduction of tumour size and metabolism. CONCLUSION Our study establishes an imaging platform that characterizes the growth and metabolic patterns of different NPC models, and the platform is well able to demonstrate drug treatment outcome supporting its use in novel drug discovery and evaluation for NPC.
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Yu KHO, Shi CH, Wang B, Chow SHC, Chung GTY, Lung RWM, Tan KE, Lim YY, Tsang ACM, Lo KW, Yip KY. Quantifying full-length circular RNAs in cancer. Genome Res 2021; 31:2340-2353. [PMID: 34663689 PMCID: PMC8647826 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275348.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundantly expressed in cancer. Their resistance to exonucleases enables them to have potentially stable interactions with different types of biomolecules. Alternative splicing can create different circRNA isoforms that have different sequences and unequal interaction potentials. The study of circRNA function thus requires knowledge of complete circRNA sequences. Here we describe psirc, a method that can identify full-length circRNA isoforms and quantify their expression levels from RNA sequencing data. We confirm the effectiveness and computational efficiency of psirc using both simulated and actual experimental data. Applying psirc on transcriptome profiles from nasopharyngeal carcinoma and normal nasopharynx samples, we discover and validate circRNA isoforms differentially expressed between the two groups. Compared with the assumed circular isoforms derived from linear transcript annotations, some of the alternatively spliced circular isoforms have 100 times higher expression and contain substantially fewer microRNA response elements, showing the importance of quantifying full-length circRNA isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hung-On Yu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Christina Huan Shi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Savio Ho-Chit Chow
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond Wai-Ming Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ke-En Tan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yat-Yuen Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Anna Chi-Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Wong KCW, Hui EP, Lo KW, Lam WKJ, Johnson D, Li L, Tao Q, Chan KCA, To KF, King AD, Ma BBY, Chan ATC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an evolving paradigm. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:679-695. [PMID: 34194007 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The past three decades have borne witness to many advances in the understanding of the molecular biology and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancer endemic to southern China, southeast Asia and north Africa. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of key research findings regarding NPC pathogenesis, treatment, screening and biomarker development. We describe how technological advances have led to the advent of proton therapy and other contemporary radiotherapy approaches, and emphasize the relentless efforts to identify the optimal sequencing of chemotherapy with radiotherapy through decades of clinical trials. Basic research into the pathogenic role of EBV and the genomic, epigenomic and immune landscape of NPC has laid the foundations of translational research. The latter, in turn, has led to the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets and of improved approaches for individualizing immunotherapy and targeted therapies for patients with NPC. We provide historical context to illustrate the effect of these advances on treatment outcomes at present. We describe current preclinical and clinical challenges and controversies in the hope of providing insights for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C W Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wai Kei Jacky Lam
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - David Johnson
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwan Chee Allen Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ann D King
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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Van Sciver N, Ohashi M, Nawandar DM, Pauly NP, Lee D, Makielski KR, Bristol JA, Tsao SW, Lambert PF, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. ΔNp63α promotes Epstein-Barr virus latency in undifferentiated epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010045. [PMID: 34748616 PMCID: PMC8601603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and contributes to both B-cell and epithelial-cell malignancies. EBV-infected epithelial cell tumors, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), are largely composed of latently infected cells, but the mechanism(s) maintaining viral latency are poorly understood. Expression of the EBV BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R) encoded immediate-early (IE) proteins induces lytic infection, and these IE proteins activate each other's promoters. ΔNp63α (a p53 family member) is required for proliferation and survival of basal epithelial cells and is over-expressed in NPC tumors. Here we show that ΔNp63α promotes EBV latency by inhibiting activation of the BZLF1 IE promoter (Zp). Furthermore, we find that another p63 gene splice variant, TAp63α, which is expressed in some Burkitt and diffuse large B cell lymphomas, also represses EBV lytic reactivation. We demonstrate that ΔNp63α inhibits the Z promoter indirectly by preventing the ability of other transcription factors, including the viral IE R protein and the cellular KLF4 protein, to activate Zp. Mechanistically, we show that ΔNp63α promotes viral latency in undifferentiated epithelial cells both by enhancing expression of a known Zp repressor protein, c-myc, and by decreasing cellular p38 kinase activity. Furthermore, we find that the ability of cis-platinum chemotherapy to degrade ΔNp63α contributes to the lytic-inducing effect of this agent in EBV-infected epithelial cells. Together these findings demonstrate that the loss of ΔNp63α expression, in conjunction with enhanced expression of differentiation-dependent transcription factors such as BLIMP1 and KLF4, induces lytic EBV reactivation during normal epithelial cell differentiation. Conversely, expression of ΔNp63α in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and TAp63α in Burkitt lymphoma promotes EBV latency in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Van Sciver
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dhananjay M. Nawandar
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Currently at Ring Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Pauly
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Denis Lee
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Makielski
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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36
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Yi C, Lai SL, Tsang CM, Artemenko M, Shuen Tang MK, Pang SW, Lo KW, Tsao SW, Wong AST. A three-dimensional spheroid-specific role for Wnt-β-catenin and Eph-ephrin signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271163. [PMID: 34338780 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.256461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest unmet needs hindering the successful treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) is for representative physiological and cost-effective models. Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is consistently present in NPCs, most studies have focused on EBV-negative NPCs. For the first time, we established and analyzed three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models of EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC cells and compared these to classical two-dimensional (2D) cultures in various aspects of tumor phenotype and drug responses. Compared to 2D monolayers, the 3D spheroids showed significant increases in migration capacity, stemness characteristics, hypoxia and drug resistance. Co-culture with endothelial cells, which mimics essential interactions in the tumor microenvironment, effectively enhanced spheroid dissemination. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed significant changes at the transcriptional level in 3D spheroids compared to expression in 2D monolayers. In particular, we identified known (VEGF, AKT and mTOR) and novel (Wnt-β-catenin and Eph-ephrin) cell signaling pathways that are activated in NPC spheroids. Targeting these pathways in 3D spheroids using FDA-approved drugs was effective in monoculture and co-culture. These findings provide the first demonstration of the establishment of EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC 3D spheroids with features that resemble advanced and metastatic NPCs. Furthermore, we show that NPC spheroids have potential use in identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhui Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Sook Ling Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Margarita Artemenko
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Maggie Kei Shuen Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, 17W, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
| | - Alice Sze Tsai Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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37
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Integrin α5 mediates intrinsic cisplatin resistance in three-dimensional nasopharyngeal carcinoma spheroids via the inhibition of phosphorylated ERK /caspase-3 induced apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 406:112765. [PMID: 34358523 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) originates in the nasopharynx epithelium. Although concurrent chemoradiation therapy followed by chemotherapy is considered as an effective treatment, there is substantial drug resistance in locally advanced NPC patients. One major contributor to the chemoresistance includes aberrant expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as integrin α and β subunits, giving rise to cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of integrin α5 on the development of intrinsic cisplatin resistance in NPC and the associated underlying mechanisms using in vitro three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models, as well as induced cisplatin-resistant NPC (NPCcisR). We demonstrated that established 3D highly- (5-8F) and lowly- (6-10B) metastatic NPC spheroids overexpressed integrin α5 and aggravated their resistance to cisplatin. Besides, enhanced integrin α5 resulted in substantially reduced growth, corresponding to G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest. In addition, 5-8FcisR and 6-10BcisR cells in 3D forms synergistically strengthened endurance of their spheroids to cisplatin treatment as observed by increased resistance index (RI) and decreased apoptosis. Mechanistically, the aberrantly expressed integrin α5 decreased drug susceptibility in NPC spheroids by inactivating ERK and inhibition of caspase-3 inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, the effect of integrin α5 inducing intrinsic resistance was verified via treatment with ATN-161, a peptide inhibitor for integrin α5β1. The results showed dramatic reduction in integrin α5 expression, reversal of ERK phosphorylation and caspase-3 cleavage, together with elevated cisplatin sensitivity, indicating regulation of innate drug resistance via integrin α5. Taken together, our findings suggest that integrin α5 could act as a promising target to enhance the chemotherapeutic sensitivity in NPC.
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38
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Pharaon RR, Xing Y, Agulnik M, Villaflor VM. The Role of Immunotherapy to Overcome Resistance in Viral-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:649963. [PMID: 34336649 PMCID: PMC8322686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.649963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of head and neck cancers arising in the oropharynx and the nasopharynx are associated with human papillomavirus or Epstein-Barr virus. Unfortunately, limited treatment options exist once patients develop recurrent or metastatic disease in these cancers. Interest has risen in utilizing novel strategies including combination immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, and adoptive cellular therapy, to improve treatment response and outcomes. Several ongoing studies are investigating the potential to overcome resistance to standard of care chemoradiation therapy with monotherapy or combination immunotherapy strategies in these viral-associated head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victoria M. Villaflor
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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Bruce JP, To KF, Lui VWY, Chung GTY, Chan YY, Tsang CM, Yip KY, Ma BBY, Woo JKS, Hui EP, Mak MKF, Lee SD, Chow C, Velapasamy S, Or YYY, Siu PK, El Ghamrasni S, Prokopec S, Wu M, Kwan JSH, Liu Y, Chan JYK, van Hasselt CA, Young LS, Dawson CW, Paterson IC, Yap LF, Tsao SW, Liu FF, Chan ATC, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Whole-genome profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals viral-host co-operation in inflammatory NF-κB activation and immune escape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4193. [PMID: 34234122 PMCID: PMC8263564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interplay between EBV infection and acquired genetic alterations during nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development remains vague. Here we report a comprehensive genomic analysis of 70 NPCs, combining whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of microdissected tumor cells with EBV oncogene expression to reveal multiple aspects of cellular-viral co-operation in tumorigenesis. Genomic aberrations along with EBV-encoded LMP1 expression underpin constitutive NF-κB activation in 90% of NPCs. A similar spectrum of somatic aberrations and viral gene expression undermine innate immunity in 79% of cases and adaptive immunity in 47% of cases; mechanisms by which NPC may evade immune surveillance despite its pro-inflammatory phenotype. Additionally, genomic changes impairing TGFBR2 promote oncogenesis and stabilize EBV infection in tumor cells. Fine-mapping of CDKN2A/CDKN2B deletion breakpoints reveals homozygous MTAP deletions in 32-34% of NPCs that confer marked sensitivity to MAT2A inhibition. Our work concludes that NPC is a homogeneously NF-κB-driven and immune-protected, yet potentially druggable, cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vivian W Y Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace T Y Chung
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuk-Yu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John K S Woo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael K F Mak
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chit Chow
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sharmila Velapasamy
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yvonne Y Y Or
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pui Kei Siu
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephenie Prokopec
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Johnny S H Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Y K Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Andrew van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Fah Yap
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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40
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Li HP, Huang CY, Lui KW, Chao YK, Yeh CN, Lee LY, Huang Y, Lin TL, Kuo YC, Huang MY, Lai YR, Yeh YM, Fan HC, Lin AC, Hsieh JCH, Chang KP, Lin CY, Wang HM, Chang YS, Hsu CL. Combination of Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor Blockers and CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122954. [PMID: 34204797 PMCID: PMC8231497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our findings indicated that the EGF-EGFR pathway was highly activated in very young patients with recurrent or metastatic NPC. High EGFR expression in patients with metastatic NPC resulted in poor clinical outcomes. To examine whether the EGFR pathway serves as a therapeutic target for NPC, NPC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and NPC cell lines were treated with EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi) and a cell cycle blocker. Either EGFRi or cell cycle blocker treatment alone could reduce NPC cell growth and PDX tumor growth. Furthermore, combination treatment exerted an additive suppression effect on PDX tumor growth. This study provides promising evidence that EGFRi used in combination with a cell cycle blocker may be used to treat patients with NPC. Abstract Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) involves host genetics, environmental and viral factors. In clinical observations, patients of young and old ages were found to have higher recurrence and metastatic rates. Methods: Cytokine array was employed to screen druggable target(s). The candidate target(s) were confirmed through patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and a new EBV-positive cell line, NPC-B13. Results: Overexpression of epithelial growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR) was detected in young patients than in older patients. The growth of NPC PDX tumors and cell lines was inhibited by EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi) cetuximab and afatinib when used separately or in combination with the cell cycle blocker palbociclib. Western blot analysis of these drug-treated PDXs demonstrated that the blockade of the EGF signaling pathway was associated with a decrease in the p-EGFR level and reduction in PDX tumor size. RNA sequencing results of PDX tumors elucidated that cell cycle-related pathways were suppressed in response to drug treatments. High EGFR expression (IHC score ≥ grade 3) was correlated with poor survival in metastatic patients (p = 0.008). Conclusions: Our results provide encouraging preliminary data related to the combination treatment of EGFRi and palbociclib in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-P.L.); (M.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Chen-Yang Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Kar-Wai Lui
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Yin-Kai Chao
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yenlin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (L.-Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tung-Liang Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Yung-Chia Kuo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Mei-Yuan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-P.L.); (M.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yi-Ru Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-P.L.); (M.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yuan-Ming Yeh
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Hsien-Chi Fan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - An-Chi Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Radiation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Ming Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (H.-P.L.); (M.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (T.-L.L.); (Y.-C.K.); (H.-C.F.); (A.-C.L.); (J.C.-H.H.); (H.-M.W.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-328-1200; Fax: +886-3-327-8211
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41
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Frappier L. Epstein-Barr virus: Current questions and challenges. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200218. [PMID: 34052467 PMCID: PMC8173096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people worldwide and persists for life due to complicated interplay between lytic infection and multiple types of latent infections. While usually asymptomatic, EBV is a causative agent in several types of cancer and has a strong association with multiple sclerosis. Exactly how EBV promotes these diseases and why they are rare consequences of infection are incompletely understood. Here I will discuss current ideas on disease induction by EBV, including the importance of lytic protein expression in the context of latent infection as well as the possible importance of specific EBV variants in disease induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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42
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Yu F, Syn NL, Lu Y, Chong QY, Lai J, Tan WJ, Goh BC, MacAry PA, Wang L, Loh KS. Characterization and Establishment of a Novel EBV Strain Simultaneously Associated With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626659. [PMID: 33898307 PMCID: PMC8059411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—the prototypical human tumor virus—is responsible for 1–2% of the global cancer burden, but divergent strains seem to exist in different geographical regions with distinct predilections for causing lymphoid or epithelial malignancies. Here we report the establishment and characterization of Yu103, an Asia Pacific EBV strain with a highly remarkable provenance of being derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy but subsequently propagated in human B-lymphoma cells and xenograft models. Unlike previously characterized EBV strains which are either predominantly B-lymphotropic or epitheliotropic, Yu103 evinces an uncanny capacity to infect and transform both B-lymphocytes and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Yu103 EBV lies midway along the spectrum of EBV strains known to drive lymphomagenesis or carcinogenesis, and harbors molecular features which likely account for its unusual properties. To our knowledge, Yu103 EBV is currently the only EBV isolate shown to drive human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and B-lymphoma, and should therefore provide a powerful novel platform for research on EBV-driven hematological and epithelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas L Syn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junyun Lai
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jian Tan
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Head & Neck Tumor Group, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Head & Neck Tumor Group, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Sun B, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang C, Xia R, Xu S, Sun S, Li J. Establishment of patient-derived xenograft models of adenoid cystic carcinoma to assess pre-clinical efficacy of combination therapy of a PI3K inhibitor and retinoic acid. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:773-792. [PMID: 33791153 PMCID: PMC7994170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the difficulties and long periods of establishment, preclinical animal models of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) are scarce but imperative. The researches involving molecular features and therapeutic targets of ACC require an integrated group of preclinical animal models which can credibly retain the heterogeneity of this tumor. Currently chemotherapies and targeting therapies have modest efficacy in ACC and the overall response rate is rather low. Therefore, novel therapeutic regimen of ACC is urgently needed and remains a major clinical challenge. We transplanted a group of tumor samples from human salivary ACC into immunodeficient mice to establish patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Patient tumors and their matched PDXs were conducted histological analyses, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA-seq respectively. 13 PDXs were successfully established from 34 ACC, involved in 3 histological types, including cribriform, tubular, and solid. These ACC PDXs generally reflected the histopathological and molecular features of their corresponding original tumors. MYB/MYBL1-NFIB fusion (53.85%) and high-frequency mutation genes, such as KDM6A, KMT2C, KMT2D, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, SMARCA4 and PIK3CA were mainly conserved in PDXs. Guided by the genetic alterations, the efficiencies of retinoic acid (RA) and a PI3K inhibitor were evaluated in ACC PDX models harboring both MYB fusion and PIK3CA amplification/mutation. Combination treatment of the PI3K inhibitor and RA demonstrated remarkable inhibition of tumors in PDXs harboring both PIK3CA mutation/amplification and MYB-NFIB fusion gene in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we displayed the morphologically and genetic featured PDXs which recapitulated the heterogeneity of original ACC tumors, indicating that the models could be used as a platform for drug screening for therapy response. The feasibility of combination treatment approaches for dual targets were confirmed, providing new regimens for personalized therapies in ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Ronghui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Shengming Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Shuyang Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesShanghai 200011, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of StomatologyShanghai 200011, P. R. China
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44
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Lucky SS, Law M, Lui MH, Mong J, Shi J, Yu S, Yoon DK, Djeng SK, Wang J, Lim CM, Tan MH. Patient-Derived Nasopharyngeal Cancer Organoids for Disease Modeling and Radiation Dose Optimization. Front Oncol 2021; 11:622244. [PMID: 33732646 PMCID: PMC7959730 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.622244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective radiation treatment (RT) for recurrent nasopharyngeal cancers (NPC), featuring an intrinsic hypoxic sub-volume, remains a clinical challenge. Lack of disease‐specific in-vitro models of NPC, together with difficulties in establishing patient derived xenograft (PDX) models, have further hindered development of personalized therapeutic options. Herein, we established two NPC organoid lines from recurrent NPC PDX models and further characterized and compared these models with original patient tumors using RNA sequencing analysis. Organoids were cultured in hypoxic conditions to examine the effects of hypoxia and radioresistance. These models were then utilized to determine the radiobiological parameters, such as α/β ratio and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), characteristic to radiosensitive normoxic and radioresistant hypoxic NPC, using simple dose-survival data analytic tools. The results were further validated in-vitro and in-vivo, to determine the optimal boost dose and fractionation regimen required to achieve effective NPC tumor regression. Despite the differences in tumor microenvironment due to the lack of human stroma, RNA sequencing analysis revealed good correlation of NPC PDX and organoid models with patient tumors. Additionally, the established models also mimicked inter-tumoral heterogeneity. Hypoxic NPC organoids were highly radioresistant and had high α/β ratio compared to its normoxic counterparts. In-vitro and in-vivo fractionation studies showed that hypoxic NPC was less sensitive to RT fractionation scheme and required a large bolus dose or 1.4 times of the fractionated dose that was effective against normoxic cells in order to compensate for oxygen deficiency. This study is the first direct experimental evidence to predict optimal RT boost dose required to cause sufficient damage to recurrent hypoxic NPC tumor cells, which can be further used to develop dose-painting algorithms in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharan Swarnalatha Lucky
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Law
- Proton Therapy Centre Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Hong Lui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jamie Mong
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junli Shi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sidney Yu
- Proton Therapy Centre Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Do Kun Yoon
- Proton Therapy Centre Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Systems Biology and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology, National University Health System, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Han Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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45
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The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
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46
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Sinha D, Srihari S, Beckett K, Le Texier L, Solomon M, Panikkar A, Ambalathingal GR, Lekieffre L, Crooks P, Rehan S, Neller MA, Smith C, Khanna R. 'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic antigen-specific adoptive T-cell therapy for the treatment of multiple EBV-associated malignancies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001608. [PMID: 33589524 PMCID: PMC7887372 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus, is associated with a wide range of human malignancies of epithelial and B-cell origin. Recent studies have demonstrated promising safety and clinical efficacy of allogeneic ‘off-the-shelf’ virus-specific T-cell therapies for post-transplant viral complications. Methods Taking a clue from these studies, we developed a highly efficient EBV-specific T-cell expansion process using a replication-deficient AdE1-LMPpoly vector that specifically targets EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1 and LMP2), expressed in latency II malignancies. Results These allogeneic EBV-specific T cells efficiently recognized human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched EBNA1-expressing and/or LMP1 and LMP2-expressing malignant cells and demonstrated therapeutic potential in a number of in vivo models, including EBV lymphomas that emerged spontaneously in humanized mice following EBV infection. Interestingly, we were able to override resistance to T-cell therapy in vivo using a ‘restriction-switching’ approach, through sequential infusion of two different allogeneic T-cell therapies restricted through different HLA alleles. Furthermore, we have shown that inhibition of the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 axis in combination with EBV-specific T-cell therapy significantly improved overall survival of tumor-bearing mice when compared with monotherapy. Conclusion These findings suggest that restriction switching by sequential infusion of allogeneic T-cell therapies that target EBV through distinct HLA alleles may improve clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Sinha
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirrliee Beckett
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laetitia Le Texier
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Solomon
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Archana Panikkar
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Lea Lekieffre
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pauline Crooks
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sweera Rehan
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle A Neller
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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47
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Garcia P, Harrod A, Jha S, Jenkins J, Barnhill A, Lee H, Thompson M, Williams JP, Barefield J, Mckinnon A, Suarez P, Shah A, Lowrey AJ, Bentz GL. Effects of targeting sumoylation processes during latent and induced Epstein-Barr virus infections using the small molecule inhibitor ML-792. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105038. [PMID: 33577806 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the second leading cause of death in the United States, cancer has a considerable impact on society, and one cellular process that is commonly dysregulated in many cancers is the post-translational modification of proteins by the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO; sumoylation). We documented that sumoylation processes are up-regulated in lymphoma tissues in the presence of Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP1), the principal oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). LMP1-mediated dysregulation of cellular sumoylation processes contributes to oncogenesis, modulates innate immune responses, and aids the maintenance of viral latency. Manipulation of protein sumoylation has been proposed for anti-cancer and anti-viral therapies; however, known inhibitors of sumoylation do not only target sumoylation processes. Recently, a specific and selective small-molecule inhibitor of sumoylation (ML-792) was identified; however, nothing is known about the effect of ML-792 on LMP1-mediated dysregulation of cellular sumoylation or the EBV life-cycle. We hypothesized that ML-792 modulates viral replication and the oncogenic potential of EBV LMP1 by inhibiting protein sumoylation. Results showed that ML-792 inhibited sumoylation processes in multiple EBV-positive B cell lines and EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines but not in their EBV-negative counterparts. Focusing on its effect on B cells, ML-792 inhibited B-cell growth and promoted cell death at very low doses. ML-792 also modulated LMP1-induced cell migration and cell adhesion, which suggests the abrogation of the oncogenic potential of LMP1. Finally, while higher concentrations of ML-792 were sufficient to induce low levels EBV spontaneous reactivation, they decreased the production of new infectious virus following an induced reactivation and the infection of new cells, suggesting that ML-792 has anti-viral potential. Together, these findings suggest that ML-792 may be a potential therapeutic drug to treat EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies by targeting oncogenesis and the EBV life-cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garcia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Harrod
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Shruti Jha
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Alex Barnhill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Holden Lee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Merritt Thompson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | | | - James Barefield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Ashton Mckinnon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Persia Suarez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Ananya Shah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Angela J Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Gretchen L Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.
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48
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Reversal of cisplatin sensitization and abrogation of cisplatin-enriched cancer stem cells in 5-8F nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line through a suppression of Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1663-1672. [PMID: 33423190 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the rare cancers in western countries but predominant in Southeast Asian countries including Thailand. One major cause for failure of NPC chemotherapeutic treatments is reportedly correlated with the elevation of cancer stem cell (CSC) fractions. Thus, this present study aims to investigate the effect of cisplatin (CDDP) treatment on the enrichment of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and its associated signaling pathway in EBV-negative NPC cells. Cisplatin-pretreated 5-8F NPC cells (5-8F CDDP) were first generated by treating the cells with 0.5 μM cisplatin for 48 h. After the instant treatment, 5-8F CDDP showed increased IC50 values, demonstrating a decrease in CDDP sensitization. Besides, the proportion of NPC cells with cancer stem-like phenotypes comprising side population (SP), key stemness-related gene expressions including SOX2, ALDH1, CD24 was significantly enhanced. Additionally, 5-8F CDDP displayed the upregulation of β-catenin gene, suggesting its association with the CSC-initiating mechanism. Furthermore, a tankyrase inhibitor for Wnt/β-catenin pathway, XAV939, substantially reduced CSCs and retrieved the cisplatin sensitivity in 5-8F CDDP. This confirms that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling is accountable for rising of the CSC population in EBV-negative NPC. Finally, the combined treatment of CDDP and XAV939 exhibited lower 5-8F CDDP cell viability compared to the treatment of CDDP alone, suggesting the reversal of cisplatin sensitization. In conclusion, the enhancement of CSCs in 5-8F NPC cells caused by the instant cisplatin treatment is initially mediated through the upregulation of β-catenin and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. As a result, a primary chemotherapeutic treatment with closely monitoring the targeted Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway could potentially prevent the development of CSCs and improve the treatment efficiency in NPC.
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49
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Lechner M, Schartinger VH, Steele CD, Nei WL, Ooft ML, Schreiber LM, Pipinikas CP, Chung GTY, Chan YY, Wu F, To KF, Tsang CM, Pearce W, Morelli D, Philpott M, Masterson L, Nibhani R, Wells G, Bell CG, Koller J, Delecluse S, Yip YL, Liu J, Forde CT, Forster MD, Jay A, Dudás J, Krapp A, Wan S, Uprimny C, Sprung S, Haybaeck J, Fenton TR, Chester K, Thirlwell C, Royle G, Marafioti T, Gupta R, Indrasari SR, Herdini C, Slim MAM, Indrawati I, Sutton L, Fles R, Tan B, Yeong J, Jain A, Han S, Wang H, Loke KSH, He W, Xu R, Jin H, Cheng Z, Howard D, Hwang PH, Le QT, Tay JK, West RB, Tsao SW, Meyer T, Riechelmann H, Oppermann U, Delecluse HJ, Willems SM, Chua MLK, Busson P, Lo KW, Wollmann G, Pillay N, Vanhaesebroeck B, Lund VJ. Somatostatin receptor 2 expression in nasopharyngeal cancer is induced by Epstein Barr virus infection: impact on prognosis, imaging and therapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:117. [PMID: 33402692 PMCID: PMC7785735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), endemic in Southeast Asia, lacks effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Even in high-income countries the 5-year survival rate for stage IV NPC is less than 40%. Here we report high somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression in multiple clinical cohorts comprising 402 primary, locally recurrent and metastatic NPCs. We show that SSTR2 expression is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) via the NF-κB pathway. Using cell-based and preclinical rodent models, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SSTR2 targeting using a cytotoxic drug conjugate, PEN-221, which is found to be superior to FDA-approved SSTR2-binding cytostatic agents. Furthermore, we reveal significant correlation of SSTR expression with increased rates of survival and report in vivo uptake of the SSTR2-binding 68Ga-DOTA-peptide radioconjugate in PET-CT scanning in a clinical trial of NPC patients (NCT03670342). These findings reveal a key role in EBV-associated NPC for SSTR2 in infection, imaging, targeted therapy and survival.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/mortality
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/mortality
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/virology
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/mortality
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/virology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Octreotide/pharmacology
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
- Receptors, Somatostatin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Lechner
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Volker H Schartinger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Wen Long Nei
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Lucas Ooft
- King´s College Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liesa-Marie Schreiber
- Institute of Virology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk Yu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Pearce
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Liam Masterson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reshma Nibhani
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Wells
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher G Bell
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Koller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanne Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) and Inserm, Unit F100/U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacklyn Liu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cillian T Forde
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin D Forster
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Amrita Jay
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, Euston Road, London, UK
| | - József Dudás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Krapp
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Wan
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College Hospital, Euston Road, London, UK
| | - Christian Uprimny
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Sprung
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tim R Fenton
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Thirlwell
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, UK
| | - Gary Royle
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rajeev Gupta
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sagung Rai Indrasari
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Camelia Herdini
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohd Afiq Mohd Slim
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, University Hospital Crosshouse, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK
| | - I Indrawati
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Renske Fles
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bing Tan
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of ENT/Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Yeong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Jain
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haitao Wang
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin S H Loke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan He
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruilian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongtao Jin
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - David Howard
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- ENT Department, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter H Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joshua K Tay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Herbert Riechelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Divisions of Radiation Oncology and Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS-UMR 9018-METSY, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Institute of Virology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, UK
| | | | - Valerie J Lund
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital and Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
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50
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Wang P, Deng Y, Guo Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Ou X, Xie L, Lu M, Zhong J, Li B, Hu L, Deng S, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. Epstein-Barr Virus Early Protein BFRF1 Suppresses IFN-β Activity by Inhibiting the Activation of IRF3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:513383. [PMID: 33391252 PMCID: PMC7774019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.513383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis that is closely associated with several human malignant diseases, while type I interferon (IFN-I) plays an important role against EBV infection. As we all know, EBV can encode some proteins to inhibit the production of IFN-I, but it’s not clear whether other proteins also take part in this progress. EBV early lytic protein BFRF1 is shown to be involved in viral maturation, however, whether BFRF1 participates in the host innate immune response is still not well known. In this study, we found BFRF1 could down-regulate sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activity and mRNA expression of IFN-β and ISG54 during BFRF1 plasmid transfection and EBV lytic infection, but BFRF1 could not affect the promoter activity of NF-κB or IRF7. Specifically, BFRF1 could co-localize and interact with IKKi. Although BFRF1 did not interfere the interaction between IKKi and IRF3, it could block the kinase activity of IKKi, which finally inhibited the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Taken together, BFRF1 may play a critical role in disrupting the host innate immunity by suppressing IFN-β activity during EBV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Centralab, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manjiao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolin Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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