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Sol S, Boncimino F, Todorova K, Mandinova A. Unraveling the Functional Heterogeneity of Human Skin at Single-Cell Resolution. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2024:S0889-8588(24)00050-9. [PMID: 38839486 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The skin consists of several cell populations, including epithelial, immune, and stromal cells. Recently, there has been a significant increase in single-cell RNA-sequencing studies, contributing to the development of a consensus Human Skin Cell Atlas. The aim is to understand skin biology better and identify potential therapeutic targets. The present review utilized previously published single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets to explore human skin's cellular and functional heterogeneity. Additionally, it summarizes the functional significance of newly identified cell subpopulations in processes such as wound healing and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sol
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Fabiana Boncimino
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kristina Todorova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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2
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Grommisch D, Wang M, Eenjes E, Svetličič M, Deng Q, Giselsson P, Genander M. Defining the contribution of Troy-positive progenitor cells to the mouse esophageal epithelium. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1269-1283.e6. [PMID: 38565145 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Progenitor cells adapt their behavior in response to tissue demands. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling esophageal progenitor decisions remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a Troy (Tnfrsf19)-expressing progenitor subpopulation localized to defined regions along the mouse esophageal axis. Lineage tracing and mathematical modeling demonstrate that Troy-positive progenitor cells are prone to undergoing symmetrical fate choices and contribute to esophageal tissue homeostasis long term. Functionally, TROY inhibits progenitor proliferation and enables commitment to differentiation without affecting fate symmetry. Whereas Troy expression is stable during esophageal homeostasis, progenitor cells downregulate Troy in response to tissue stress, enabling proliferative expansion of basal cells refractory to differentiation and reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. Our results demonstrate functional, spatially restricted progenitor heterogeneity in the esophageal epithelium and identify how dynamic regulation of Troy coordinates tissue generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grommisch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Evelien Eenjes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maja Svetličič
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Genander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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3
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Choksi Y. Autophagy Regulates Esophageal Epithelial Renewal. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:155-156. [PMID: 38583484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yash Choksi
- Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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4
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Klochkova A, Karami AL, Fuller AD, Parham LR, Panchani SR, Natarajan S, Jackson JL, Mu A, Tan Y, Cai KQ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Muir AB, Tétreault MP, Graña X, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA. Autophagy Contributes to Homeostasis in Esophageal Epithelium Where High Autophagic Vesicle Level Marks Basal Cells With Limited Proliferation and Enhanced Self-Renewal Potential. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:15-40. [PMID: 38452871 PMCID: PMC11126828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autophagy plays roles in esophageal pathologies both benign and malignant. Here, we aim to define the role of autophagy in esophageal epithelial homeostasis. METHODS We generated tamoxifen-inducible, squamous epithelial-specific Atg7 (autophagy related 7) conditional knockout mice to evaluate effects on esophageal homeostasis and response to the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) using histologic and biochemical analyses. We fluorescence-activated cell sorted esophageal basal cells based on fluorescence of the autophagic vesicle (AV)-identifying dye Cyto-ID and then subjected these cells to transmission electron microscopy, image flow cytometry, three-dimensional organoid assays, RNA sequencing, and cell cycle analysis. Three-dimensional organoids were subjected to passaging, single-cell RNA sequencing, cell cycle analysis, and immunostaining. RESULTS Genetic autophagy inhibition in squamous epithelium resulted in increased proliferation of esophageal basal cells under homeostatic conditions and also was associated with significant weight loss in mice treated with 4NQO that further displayed perturbed epithelial tissue architecture. Esophageal basal cells with high AV level (Cyto-IDHigh) displayed limited organoid formation capability on initial plating but passaged more efficiently than their counterparts with low AV level (Cyto-IDLow). RNA sequencing suggested increased autophagy in Cyto-IDHigh esophageal basal cells along with decreased cell cycle progression, the latter of which was confirmed by cell cycle analysis. Single-cell RNA sequencing of three-dimensional organoids generated by Cyto-IDLow and Cyto-IDHigh cells identified expansion of 3 cell populations and enrichment of G2/M-associated genes in the Cyto-IDHigh group. Ki67 expression was also increased in organoids generated by Cyto-IDHigh cells, including in basal cells localized beyond the outermost cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy contributes to maintenance of the esophageal proliferation-differentiation gradient. Esophageal basal cells with high AV level exhibit limited proliferation and generate three-dimensional organoids with enhanced self-renewal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Klochkova
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam L Karami
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annie D Fuller
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Louis R Parham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Surali R Panchani
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shruthi Natarajan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jazmyne L Jackson
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anbin Mu
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Amanda B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Cancer & Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Beumer J, Clevers H. Hallmarks of stemness in mammalian tissues. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 38181752 PMCID: PMC10769195 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
All adult tissues experience wear and tear. Most tissues can compensate for cell loss through the activity of resident stem cells. Although the cellular maintenance strategies vary greatly between different adult (read: postnatal) tissues, the function of stem cells is best defined by their capacity to replace lost tissue through division. We discuss a set of six complementary hallmarks that are key enabling features of this basic function. These include longevity and self-renewal, multipotency, transplantability, plasticity, dependence on niche signals, and maintenance of genome integrity. We discuss these hallmarks in the context of some of the best-understood adult stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Yu X, Yuan H, Yang Y, Zheng W, Zheng X, Lu SH, Jiang W, Yu X. Mammalian esophageal stratified tissue homeostasis is maintained distinctively by the epithelial pluripotent p63 +Sox2 + and p63 -Sox2 + cell populations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:305. [PMID: 37752383 PMCID: PMC11072776 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing, damage-repair and differentiation of mammalian stratified squamous epithelia are subject to tissue homeostasis, but the regulation mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigate the esophageal squamous epithelial tissue homeostasis in vitro and in vivo. We establish a rat esophageal organoid (rEO) in vitro system and show that the landscapes of rEO formation, development and maturation trajectories can mimic those of rat esophageal epithelia in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), snapshot immunostaining and functional analyses of stratified "matured" rEOs define that the epithelial pluripotent stem cell determinants, p63 and Sox2, play crucial but distinctive roles for regulating mammalian esophageal tissue homeostasis. We identify two cell populations, p63+Sox2+ and p63-Sox2+, of which the p63+Sox2+ population presented at the basal layer is the cells of origin required for esophageal epithelial stemness maintenance and proliferation, whereas the p63-Sox2+ population presented at the suprabasal layers is the cells of origin having a dual role for esophageal epithelial differentiation (differentiation-prone fate) and rapid tissue damage-repair responses (proliferation-prone fate). Given the fact that p63 and Sox2 are developmental lineage oncogenes and commonly overexpressed in ESCC tissues, p63-Sox2+ population could not be detected in organoids formed by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. Taken together, these findings reveal that the tissue homeostasis is maintained distinctively by p63 and/or Sox2-dependent cell lineage populations required for the tissue renewing, damage-repair and protection of carcinogenesis in mammalian esophagi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xuejing Zheng
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Departments of Orthopedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Lu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Xiying Yu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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7
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Klochkova A, Karami AL, Fuller AD, Parham LR, Panchani SR, Natarajan S, Jackson JL, Mu A, Tan Y, Cai KQ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Muir AB, Tétreault MP, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA. Autophagy contributes to homeostasis in esophageal epithelium where high autophagic vesicle content marks basal cells with limited proliferation and enhanced self-renewal potential. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.558614. [PMID: 37781581 PMCID: PMC10541137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Autophagy has been demonstrated to play roles in esophageal pathologies both benign and malignant. Here, we aim to define the role of autophagy in esophageal epithelium under homeostatic conditions. Methods We generated tamoxifen-inducible, squamous epithelial-specific Atg7 (autophagy related 7) conditional knockout mice to evaluate effects on esophageal homeostasis and response to the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) using histological and biochemical analyses. We FACS sorted esophageal basal cells based upon fluorescence of the autophagic vesicle (AV)-identifying dye Cyto-ID, then subjected these cells to transmission electron microscopy, image flow cytometry, 3D organoid assays, RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq), and cell cycle analysis. 3D organoids were subjected to passaging, single cell (sc) RNA-Seq, cell cycle analysis, and immunostaining. Results Genetic autophagy inhibition in squamous epithelium resulted in increased proliferation of esophageal basal cells. Esophageal basal cells with high AV level (Cyto-ID High ) displayed limited organoid formation capability upon initial plating but passaged more efficiently than their counterparts with low AV level (Cyto-ID Low ). RNA-Seq suggested increased autophagy in Cyto- ID High esophageal basal cells along with decreased cell cycle progression, the latter of which was confirmed by cell cycle analysis. scRNA-Seq of 3D organoids generated by Cyto-ID Low and Cyto- ID High cells identified expansion of 3 cell populations, enrichment of G2/M-associated genes, and aberrant localization of cell cycle-associated genes beyond basal cell populations in the Cyto- ID High group. Ki67 expression was also increased in organoids generated by Cyto-ID High cells, including in cells beyond the basal cell layer. Squamous epithelial-specific autophagy inhibition induced significant weight loss in mice treated with 4NQO that further displayed perturbed epithelial tissue architecture. Conclusions High AV level identifies esophageal epithelium with limited proliferation and enhanced self-renewal capacity that contributes to maintenance of the esophageal proliferation- differentiation gradient in vivo .
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8
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Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. Transit Amplifying Cells (TACs): a still not fully understood cell population. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1189225. [PMID: 37229487 PMCID: PMC10203484 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1189225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration after an insult are essential functions of adult stem cells (SCs). In adult tissues, SCs proliferate at a very slow rate within "stem cell niches", but, during tissue development and regeneration, before giving rise to differentiated cells, they give rise to multipotent and highly proliferative cells, known as transit-amplifying cells (TACs). Although differences exist in diverse tissues, TACs are not only a transitory phase from SCs to post-mitotic cells, but they also actively control proliferation and number of their ancestor SCs and proliferation and differentiation of their progeny toward tissue specific functional cells. Autocrine signals and negative and positive feedback and feedforward paracrine signals play a major role in these controls. In the present review we will consider the generation and the role played by TACs during development and regeneration of lining epithelia characterized by a high turnover including epidermis and hair follicles, ocular epithelial surfaces, and intestinal mucosa. A comparison between these different tissues will be made. There are some genes and molecular pathways whose expression and activation are common to most TACs regardless their tissue of origin. These include, among others, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and BMP pathways. However, the response to these molecular signals can vary in TACs of different tissues. Secondly, we will consider cultured cells derived from tissues of mesodermal origin and widely adopted for cell therapy treatments. These include mesenchymal stem cells and dedifferentiated chondrocytes. The possible correlation between cell dedifferentiation and reversion to a transit amplifying cell stage will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Emeritus Professor, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mastrogiacomo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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9
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Wang Q, Qin Y, Li B. CD8 + T cell exhaustion and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2023; 559:216043. [PMID: 36584935 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy plays an increasingly important role in the treatment of most malignant tumors, and CD8+ T cells are the most important antitumor effector cells in the process of immunotherapy, and their number and functional status largely determine the antitumor effect. However, under continuous antigen exposure and the stimulation of inflammatory factors, CD8+ T cells gradually show a weakened proliferation and effector function, accompanied by the expression of a variety of inhibitory receptors. This state is known as CD8+ T cell "exhaustion" and often leads to the loss of control and progression of tumors. Recent studies provided us a better understanding of the mechanisms of T cell exhaustion, this review provides an overview of the activation, exhaustion mechanisms and exhaustion characteristics of CD8+ T cells. Although immunotherapy can reverse the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and significantly improve the antitumor effects, single immunotherapy often has limitations, and it is difficult to achieve satisfactory antitumor effects, therefore, this review also summarizes up-to-date information related to cancer immunotherapy, and these emerging insights provide promising clues to the future management of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Medical School, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Banjac I, Maimets M, Jensen KB. Maintenance of high-turnover tissues during and beyond homeostasis. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:348-361. [PMID: 37028402 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissues with a high turnover rate produce millions of cells daily and have abundant regenerative capacity. At the core of their maintenance are populations of stem cells that balance self-renewal and differentiation to produce the adequate numbers of specialized cells required for carrying out essential tissue functions. Here, we compare and contrast the intricate mechanisms and elements of homeostasis and injury-driven regeneration in the epidermis, hematopoietic system, and intestinal epithelium-the fastest renewing tissues in mammals. We highlight the functional relevance of the main mechanisms and identify open questions in the field of tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Banjac
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martti Maimets
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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11
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Abstract
Organ development and homeostasis involve dynamic interactions between individual cells that collectively regulate tissue architecture and function. To ensure the highest tissue fidelity, equally fit cell populations are continuously renewed by stochastic replacement events, while cells perceived as less fit are actively removed by their fitter counterparts. This renewal is mediated by surveillance mechanisms that are collectively known as cell competition. Recent studies have revealed that cell competition has roles in most, if not all, developing and adult tissues. They have also established that cell competition functions both as a tumour-suppressive mechanism and as a tumour-promoting mechanism, thereby critically influencing cancer initiation and development. This Review discusses the latest insights into the mechanisms of cell competition and its different roles during embryonic development, homeostasis and cancer.
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12
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Liao G, Tang J, Bai J. Early development of esophageal squamous cell cancer: Stem cells, cellular origins and early clone evolution. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216047. [PMID: 36587837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a highly malignant cancer with poor prognosis, is an example of the classical view of cancer development based on stem cell origin and multistep progression. In the past five years, the applications of large-scale sequencing and single-cell sequencing have expanded to human esophageal normal tissues and precancerous lesions, which, coupled with the application of transgenic lineage tracing technology in mouse models, has provided a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of esophageal stem cell heterogeneity and early clonal evolution of ESCC. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of esophageal basal-layer stem cells and their potential relationship with cells of ESCC origin. We present evidence that expansion of NOTCH1 mutants may call into play an evolutionarily conserved anti-cancer mechanism and mold the model of early clonal evolution in ESCCs. Finally, we discuss the potential avenues in this context. This review provides a focused understanding of the early development of ESCC, as a background for early tumor detection, intervention, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The 901 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Unit, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 901 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Unit, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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13
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Yin H, Hu M, Li D. Regulation of epidermal stratification and development by basal keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:742-748. [PMID: 36815398 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium distributed in the outermost layer of the skin and is intimately involved in the formation of a physical barrier to pathogens. Basal keratinocytes possess the properties of stem cells and play an essential role in epidermal development and skin damage recovery. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of how basal keratinocytes participate in epidermal development and stratification is vital for preventing and treating skin lesions. During epidermal morphogenesis, the symmetric division of basal keratinocytes contributes to the extension of skin tissues, while their asymmetric division and migration facilitate epidermal stratification. In this review, we summarize the process of epidermal stratification and illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying epidermal morphogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the coordination of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors in epidermal stratification, together with the roles of cell polarity and cell dynamics during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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14
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Abby E, Dentro SC, Hall MWJ, Fowler JC, Ong SH, Sood R, Herms A, Piedrafita G, Abnizova I, Siebel CW, Gerstung M, Hall BA, Jones PH. Notch1 mutations drive clonal expansion in normal esophageal epithelium but impair tumor growth. Nat Genet 2023; 55:232-245. [PMID: 36658434 PMCID: PMC9925379 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
NOTCH1 mutant clones occupy the majority of normal human esophagus by middle age but are comparatively rare in esophageal cancers, suggesting NOTCH1 mutations drive clonal expansion but impede carcinogenesis. Here we test this hypothesis. Sequencing NOTCH1 mutant clones in aging human esophagus reveals frequent biallelic mutations that block NOTCH1 signaling. In mouse esophagus, heterozygous Notch1 mutation confers a competitive advantage over wild-type cells, an effect enhanced by loss of the second allele. Widespread Notch1 loss alters transcription but has minimal effects on the epithelial structure and cell dynamics. In a carcinogenesis model, Notch1 mutations were less prevalent in tumors than normal epithelium. Deletion of Notch1 reduced tumor growth, an effect recapitulated by anti-NOTCH1 antibody treatment. Notch1 null tumors showed reduced proliferation. We conclude that Notch1 mutations in normal epithelium are beneficial as wild-type Notch1 favors tumor expansion. NOTCH1 blockade may have therapeutic potential in preventing esophageal squamous cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan C Dentro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Artificial Intelligence in Oncology (B450), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael W J Hall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Albert Herms
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Piedrafita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Artificial Intelligence in Oncology (B450), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Evans MA, Walsh K. Clonal hematopoiesis, somatic mosaicism, and age-associated disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:649-716. [PMID: 36049115 PMCID: PMC9639777 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mosaicism, the occurrence of multiple genetically distinct cell clones within the same tissue, is an evitable consequence of human aging. The hematopoietic system is no exception to this, where studies have revealed the presence of expanded blood cell clones carrying mutations in preleukemic driver genes and/or genetic alterations in chromosomes. This phenomenon is referred to as clonal hematopoiesis and is remarkably prevalent in elderly individuals. While clonal hematopoiesis represents an early step toward a hematological malignancy, most individuals will never develop blood cancer. Somewhat unexpectedly, epidemiological studies have found that clonal hematopoiesis is associated with an increase in the risk of all-cause mortality and age-related disease, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Studies using murine models of clonal hematopoiesis have begun to shed light on this relationship, suggesting that driver mutations in mature blood cells can causally contribute to aging and disease by augmenting inflammatory processes. Here we provide an up-to-date review of clonal hematopoiesis within the context of somatic mosaicism and aging and describe recent epidemiological studies that have reported associations with age-related disease. We will also discuss the experimental studies that have provided important mechanistic insight into how driver mutations promote age-related disease and how this knowledge could be leveraged to treat individuals with clonal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Evans
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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16
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Herms A, Jones PH. Splitting up differentiation and cell cycle exit. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1687-1688. [PMID: 36357620 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Herms
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Cell Compartments and Signalling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. .,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Murai K, Dentro S, Ong SH, Sood R, Fernandez-Antoran D, Herms A, Kostiou V, Abnizova I, Hall BA, Gerstung M, Jones PH. p53 mutation in normal esophagus promotes multiple stages of carcinogenesis but is constrained by clonal competition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6206. [PMID: 36266286 PMCID: PMC9584949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging normal human oesophagus accumulates TP53 mutant clones. These are the origin of most oesophageal squamous carcinomas, in which biallelic TP53 disruption is almost universal. However, how p53 mutant clones expand and contribute to cancer development is unclear. Here we show that inducing the p53R245W mutant in single oesophageal progenitor cells in transgenic mice confers a proliferative advantage and clonal expansion but does not disrupt normal epithelial structure. Loss of the remaining p53 allele in mutant cells results in genomically unstable p53R245W/null epithelium with giant polyaneuploid cells and copy number altered clones. In carcinogenesis, p53 mutation does not initiate tumour formation, but tumours developing from areas with p53 mutation and LOH are larger and show extensive chromosomal instability compared to lesions arising in wild type epithelium. We conclude that p53 has distinct functions at different stages of carcinogenesis and that LOH within p53 mutant clones in normal epithelium is a critical step in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Murai
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Dentro
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
- DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Swee Hoe Ong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Roshan Sood
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Fernandez-Antoran
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Herms
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Kostiou
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Abnizova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
- DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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18
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Ferrer-Torres D, Wu JH, Zhang CJ, Hammer MA, Dame MK, Wu A, Holloway EM, Karpoff K, McCarthy CL, Bohm MS, Cuttitta AJ, Tigani DJ, Huang S, Tsai YH, Miller AJ, Walker T, Bayer DE, Hogan SP, Turgeon DK, Lin J, Higgins PDR, Sexton J, Spence JR. Mapping the adult human esophagus in vivo and in vitro. Development 2022; 149:dev200614. [PMID: 36278875 PMCID: PMC9720751 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Many esophageal diseases can arise during development or throughout life. Therefore, well-characterized in vitro models and detailed methods are essential for studying human esophageal development, homeostasis and disease. Here, we (1) create an atlas of the cell types observed in the normal adult human esophagus; (2) establish an ancestrally diverse biobank of in vitro esophagus tissue to interrogate homeostasis and injury; and (3) benchmark in vitro models using the adult human esophagus atlas. We created a single-cell RNA sequencing reference atlas using fresh adult esophagus biopsies and a continuously expanding biobank of patient-derived in vitro cultures (n=55 lines). We identify and validate several transcriptionally distinct cell classes in the native human adult esophagus, with four populations belonging to the epithelial layer, including basal, epibasal, early differentiating and terminally differentiated luminal cells. Benchmarking in vitro esophagus cultures to the in vivo reference using single-cell RNA sequencing shows that the basal stem cells are robustly maintained in vitro, and the diversity of epithelial cell types in culture is dependent on cell density. We also demonstrate that cultures can be grown in 2D or as 3D organoids, and these methods can be employed for modeling the complete epithelial layers, thereby enabling in vitro modeling of the human adult esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daysha Ferrer-Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua H. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles J. Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Max A. Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael K. Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M. Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kateryna Karpoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Caroline L. McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Margaret S. Bohm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ashley J. Cuttitta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dominic J. Tigani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Taylor Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David E. Bayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Danielle Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jules Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter D. R. Higgins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- U-M Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Altshuler A, Wickström SA, Shalom-Feuerstein R. Spotlighting adult stem cells: advances, pitfalls, and challenges. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 33:477-494. [PMID: 36270939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The existence of stem cells (SCs) at the tip of the cellular differentiation hierarchy has fascinated the scientific community ever since their discovery in the early 1950s to 1960s. Despite the remarkable success of the SC theory and the development of SC-based treatments, fundamental features of SCs remain enigmatic. Recent advances in single-cell lineage tracing, live imaging, and genomic technologies have allowed capture of life histories and transcriptional signatures of individual cells, leaving SCs much less space to 'hide'. Focusing on epithelial SCs and comparing them to other SCs, we discuss new paradigms of the SC niche, dynamics, and pathology, highlighting key open questions in SC biology that need to be resolved for harnessing SC potential in regenerative medicine.
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20
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The KEAP1-NRF2 System and Esophageal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194702. [PMID: 36230622 PMCID: PMC9564177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of many cytoprotective genes. NRF2 activation is mainly regulated by KEAP1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) through ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. Esophageal cancer is classified histologically into two major types: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). ESCC harbors more genetic alterations in the KEAP-NRF2 system than EAC does, which results in NRF2 activation in these cancers. NRF2-addicted ESCC exhibits increased malignancy and acquisition of resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, it has been recognized that the development of drugs targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 system based on the molecular dissection of NRF2 function is important and urgent for the treatment of ESCC, along with efficient clinical screening for NRF2-addicted ESCC patients. Recently, the fate of NRF2-activated cells in esophageal tissues, which was under the influence of strong cell competition, and its relationship to the pathogenesis of ESCC, was clarified. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the KEAP1-NRF2 system and the treatment of ESCC. We propose three main strategies for the treatment of NRF2-addicted cancer: (1) NRF2 inhibitors, (2) synthetic lethal drugs for NRF2-addicted cancers, and (3) NRF2 inducers of the host defense system.
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21
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Ghuwalewala S, Lee SA, Jiang K, Baidya J, Chovatiya G, Kaur P, Shalloway D, Tumbar T. Binary organization of epidermal basal domains highlights robustness to environmental exposure. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110488. [PMID: 35949182 PMCID: PMC9475544 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulte interfollicular epidermis (IFE) renewal is likely orchestrated by physiological demands of its complex tissue architecture comprising spatial and cellular heterogeneity. Mouse tail and back skin display two kinds of basal IFE spatial domains that regenerate at different rates. Here, we elucidate the molecular and cellular states of basal IFE domains by marker expression and single-cell transcriptomics in mouse and human skin. We uncover two paths of basal cell differentiation that in part reflect the IFE spatial domain organization. We unravel previously unrecognized similarities between mouse tail IFE basal domains defined as scales and interscales versus human rete ridges and inter-ridges, respectively. Furthermore, our basal IFE transcriptomics and gene targeting in mice provide evidence supporting a physiological role of IFE domains in adaptation to differential UV exposure. We identify Sox6 as a novel UV-induced and interscale/inter-ridge preferred basal IFE-domain transcription factor, important for IFE proliferation and survival. The spatial, cellular, and molecular organization of IFE basal domains underscores skin adaptation to environmental exposure and its unusual robustness in adult homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seon A Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Kevin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Joydeep Baidya
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Gopal Chovatiya
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Curtin Medical School/Curtin Health Innovation Research InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - David Shalloway
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Tudorita Tumbar
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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22
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Liao G, Dai N, Xiong T, Wang L, Diao X, Xu Z, Ni Y, Chen D, Jiang A, Lin H, Dai S, Bai J. Single-cell transcriptomics provides insights into the origin and microenvironment of human oesophageal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e874. [PMID: 35608199 PMCID: PMC9128161 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HIN) is the precursor of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The molecular and functional properties of HIN are determined by intrinsic origin cells and the extrinsic microenvironment. Yet, these factors are poorly understood. Methods We performed single‐cell RNA sequencing of cells from HINs and adjacent tissues from the human oesophagus. We analysed the heterogeneity of basal layer cells and confirmed it using immunostaining. Aneuploid cells in HIN were studied using primary cell culture combined with karyotype analysis. We reconstructed the lineage relationship between tumour and normal populations based on transcriptome similarity. Integration analysis was applied to our epithelial data and published invasive cancer data, and results were confirmed by immunostaining and 3D organoid functional experiments. We also analysed the tumour microenvironment of HIN. Results The basal layer contained two cell populations: KRT15highSTMN1low and KRT15highSTMN1high cells, which were located mainly in the interpapillary and papillary zones, respectively. The KRT15highSTMN1low population more closely resembled stem cells and transcriptome similarity revealed that HIN probably originated from these slow‐cycling KRT15highSTMN1low cells. 3D Organoid experiments and RNA‐sequencing showed that basal‐cell features and the differentiation ability of the normal epithelium were largely retained in HIN, but may change dramatically in tumour invasion stage. Moreover, the tumour microenvironment of HIN was characterised by both inflammation and immunosuppression. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive single‐cell transcriptome landscape of human oesophageal HIN. Our findings on the origin cells and unique microenvironment of HIN will allow for the development of strategies to block tumour progression and even prevent cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Dai
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiantian Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinwei Diao
- Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhizhen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanli Ni
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Dingrong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Airui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Single cell transcriptomic analysis reveals cellular diversity of murine esophageal epithelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2167. [PMID: 35443762 PMCID: PMC9021266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although morphologic progression coupled with expression of specific molecular markers has been characterized along the esophageal squamous differentiation gradient, the molecular heterogeneity within cell types along this trajectory has yet to be classified at the single cell level. To address this knowledge gap, we perform single cell RNA-sequencing of 44,679 murine esophageal epithelial, to identify 11 distinct cell populations as well as pathways alterations along the basal-superficial axis and in each individual population. We evaluate the impact of aging upon esophageal epithelial cell populations and demonstrate age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. We compare single cell transcriptomic profiles in 3D murine organoids and human esophageal biopsies with that of murine esophageal epithelium. Finally, we employ pseudotemporal trajectory analysis to develop a working model of cell fate determination in murine esophageal epithelium. These studies provide comprehensive molecular perspective on the cellular heterogeneity of murine esophageal epithelium in the context of homeostasis and aging. The level of cellular diversity in the esophageal epithelium has yet to be classified at the single cell level. Here the authors analyze the transcriptome of 44,679 murine esophageal keratinocytes to identify an unexpected level of cellular heterogeneity.
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24
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Fowler JC, Jones PH. Somatic mutation: What shapes the mutational landscape of normal epithelia? Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1642-1655. [PMID: 35397477 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial stem cells accumulate mutations throughout life. Some of these mutants increase competitive fitness and may form clones that colonize the stem cell niche and persist to acquire further genome alterations. After a transient expansion, mutant stem cells must revert to homeostatic behavior so normal tissue architecture is maintained. Some positively selected mutants may promote cancer development while others inhibit carcinogenesis. Factors that shape the mutational landscape include wild type and mutant stem cell dynamics, competition for the niche, and environmental exposures. Understanding these processes may give new insight into the basis of cancer risk and opportunities for cancer prevention.
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25
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Wang J, He J, Zhu M, Han Y, Yang R, Liu H, Xu X, Chen X. Cellular Heterogeneity and Plasticity of Skin Epithelial Cells in Wound Healing and Tumorigenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1912-1925. [PMID: 35143021 PMCID: PMC9391238 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular differentiation, the fundamental hallmark of cells, plays a critical role in homeostasis. And stem cells not only regulate the process where embryonic stem cells develop into a complete organism, but also replace ageing or damaged cells by proliferation, differentiation and migration. In characterizing distinct subpopulations of skin epithelial cells, stem cells show large heterogeneity and plasticity for homeostasis, wound healing and tumorigenesis. Epithelial stem cells and committed progenitors replenish each other or by themselves owing to the remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity of epidermal cells under certain circumstance. The development of new assay methods, including single-cell RNA sequence, lineage tracing assay, intravital microscopy systems and photon-ablation assay, highlight the plasticity of epidermal stem cells in response to injure and tumorigenesis. However, the critical mechanisms and key factors that regulate cellular plasticity still need for further exploration. In this review, we discuss the recent insights about the heterogeneity and plasticity of epithelial stem cells in homeostasis, wound healing and skin tumorigenesis. Understanding how stem cells collaborate together to repair injury and initiate tumor will offer new solutions for relevant diseases. Schematic abstract of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of skin epithelial cells in wound healing and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meishu Zhu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Han
- The Yonghe Medical Group Limited Company, George Town, Cayman Islands
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejuan Xu
- Endocrinology Department, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
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26
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Cockburn K, Annusver K, Gonzalez DG, Ganesan S, May DP, Mesa KR, Kawaguchi K, Kasper M, Greco V. Gradual differentiation uncoupled from cell cycle exit generates heterogeneity in the epidermal stem cell layer. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1692-1700. [PMID: 36357619 PMCID: PMC9729105 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly regenerative tissues continuously produce terminally differentiated cells to replace those that are lost. How they orchestrate the complex transition from undifferentiated stem cells towards post-mitotic, molecularly distinct and often spatially segregated differentiated populations is not well understood. In the adult skin epidermis, the stem cell compartment contains molecularly heterogeneous subpopulations1-4 whose relationship to the complete trajectory of differentiation remains unknown. Here we show that differentiation, from commitment to exit from the stem cell layer, is a multi-day process wherein cells transit through a continuum of transcriptional changes with upregulation of differentiation genes preceding downregulation of typical stemness genes. Differentiation-committed cells remain capable of dividing to produce daughter cells fated to further differentiate, demonstrating that differentiation is uncoupled from cell cycle exit. These cell divisions are not required as part of an obligate transit-amplifying programme but help to buffer the differentiating cell pool during heightened demand. Thus, instead of distinct contributions from multiple progenitors, a continuous gradual differentiation process fuels homeostatic epidermal turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Cockburn
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Karl Annusver
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David G. Gonzalez
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Smirthy Ganesan
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dennis P. May
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Kailin R. Mesa
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Kyogo Kawaguchi
- grid.508743.dNonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Habuki Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan ,grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Kobe, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XUniversal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Kasper
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Greco
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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27
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Abstract
A simple, universal and fundamental definition of adult stem cell communities is proposed. Key principles of cell lineage methods for defining adult stem cell numbers, locations and behaviors are critically evaluated, emphasizing the imperatives of capturing the full spectrum of individual stem cell behaviors, examining a variety of experimental time periods and avoiding unwarranted assumptions. The focus is first on defining fundamentals and then addresses stem cell heterogeneity, potential hierarchies and how individual cells serve the function of a stem cell community.
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28
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Jones BC, Shibuya S, Durkin N, De Coppi P. Regenerative medicine for childhood gastrointestinal diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 56-57:101769. [PMID: 35331401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2021.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several paediatric gastrointestinal diseases result in life-shortening organ failure. For many of these conditions, current therapeutic options are suboptimal and may not offer a cure. Regenerative medicine is an inter-disciplinary field involving biologists, engineers, and clinicians that aims to produce cell and tissue-based therapies to overcome organ failure. Exciting advances in stem cell biology, materials science, and bioengineering bring engineered gastrointestinal cell and tissue therapies to the verge of clinical trial. In this review, we summarise the requirements for bioengineered therapies, the possible sources of the various cellular and non-cellular components, and the progress towards clinical translation of oesophageal and intestinal tissue engineering to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan C Jones
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soichi Shibuya
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Durkin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Colom B, Herms A, Hall MWJ, Dentro SC, King C, Sood RK, Alcolea MP, Piedrafita G, Fernandez-Antoran D, Ong SH, Fowler JC, Mahbubani KT, Saeb-Parsy K, Gerstung M, Hall BA, Jones PH. Mutant clones in normal epithelium outcompete and eliminate emerging tumours. Nature 2021; 598:510-514. [PMID: 34646013 PMCID: PMC7612642 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human epithelial tissues accumulate cancer-driver mutations with age1-9, yet tumour formation remains rare. The positive selection of these mutations suggests that they alter the behaviour and fitness of proliferating cells10-12. Thus, normal adult tissues become a patchwork of mutant clones competing for space and survival, with the fittest clones expanding by eliminating their less competitive neighbours11-14. However, little is known about how such dynamic competition in normal epithelia influences early tumorigenesis. Here we show that the majority of newly formed oesophageal tumours are eliminated through competition with mutant clones in the adjacent normal epithelium. We followed the fate of nascent, microscopic, pre-malignant tumours in a mouse model of oesophageal carcinogenesis and found that most were rapidly lost with no indication of tumour cell death, decreased proliferation or an anti-tumour immune response. However, deep sequencing of ten-day-old and one-year-old tumours showed evidence of selection on the surviving neoplasms. Induction of highly competitive clones in transgenic mice increased early tumour removal, whereas pharmacological inhibition of clonal competition reduced tumour loss. These results support a model in which survival of early neoplasms depends on their competitive fitness relative to that of mutant clones in the surrounding normal tissue. Mutant clones in normal epithelium have an unexpected anti-tumorigenic role in purging early tumours through cell competition, thereby preserving tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Colom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - A Herms
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - M W J Hall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - S C Dentro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - C King
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - R K Sood
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - M P Alcolea
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - G Piedrafita
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Fernandez-Antoran
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S H Ong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - K T Mahbubani
- Department of Surgery and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B A Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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30
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Kostiou V, Hall MWJ, Jones PH, Hall BA. Simulations reveal that different responses to cell crowding determine the expansion of p53 and Notch mutant clones in squamous epithelia. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210607. [PMID: 34637643 PMCID: PMC8510697 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During ageing, normal epithelial tissues progressively accumulate clones carrying mutations that increase mutant cell fitness above that of wild-type cells. Such mutants spread widely through the tissues, yet despite this cellular homeostasis and functional integrity of the epithelia are maintained. Two of the genes most commonly mutated in human skin and oesophagus are p53 and Notch1, both of which are also recurrently mutated in cancers of these tissues. From observations taken in human and mouse epithelia, we find that clones carrying p53 and Notch pathway mutations have different clone dynamics which can be explained by their different responses to local cell crowding. p53 mutant clone growth in mouse epidermis approximates a logistic curve, but feedbacks responding to local crowding are required to maintain tissue homeostasis. We go on to show that the observed ability of Notch pathway mutant cells to displace the wild-type population in the mouse oesophageal epithelium reflects a local density feedback that affects both mutant and wild-type cells equally. We then show how these distinct feedbacks are consistent with the distribution of mutations observed in human datasets and are suggestive of a putative mechanism to constrain these cancer-associated mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kostiou
- Department of medical physics and biomedical engineering, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael W. J. Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Philip H. Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Benjamin A. Hall
- Department of medical physics and biomedical engineering, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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31
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Nguyen TM, Aragona M. Regulation of tissue architecture and stem cell dynamics to sustain homeostasis and repair in the skin epidermis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 130:79-89. [PMID: 34563461 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stratified epithelia are made up of several layers of cells, which act as a protective barrier for the organ they cover. To ensure their shielding effect, epithelia are naturally able to cope with constant environmental insults. This ability is enabled by their morphology and architecture, as well as the continuous turnover of stem and progenitor cells that constitute their building blocks. Stem cell fate decisions and dynamics are fundamental key biological processes that allow epithelia to exert their functions. By focusing on the skin epidermis, this review discusses how tissue architecture is generated during development, maintained through adult life, and re-established during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Mai Nguyen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariaceleste Aragona
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Pereira D, Sequeira I. A Scarless Healing Tale: Comparing Homeostasis and Wound Healing of Oral Mucosa With Skin and Oesophagus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682143. [PMID: 34381771 PMCID: PMC8350526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are the most rapidly dividing tissues in the body, holding a natural ability for renewal and regeneration. This ability is crucial for survival as epithelia are essential to provide the ultimate barrier against the external environment, protecting the underlying tissues. Tissue stem and progenitor cells are responsible for self-renewal and repair during homeostasis and following injury. Upon wounding, epithelial tissues undergo different phases of haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling, often resulting in fibrosis and scarring. In this review, we explore the phenotypic differences between the skin, the oesophagus and the oral mucosa. We discuss the plasticity of these epithelial stem cells and contribution of different fibroblast subpopulations for tissue regeneration and wound healing. While these epithelial tissues share global mechanisms of stem cell behaviour for tissue renewal and regeneration, the oral mucosa is known for its outstanding healing potential with minimal scarring. We aim to provide an updated review of recent studies that combined cell therapy with bioengineering exporting the unique scarless properties of the oral mucosa to improve skin and oesophageal wound healing and to reduce fibrotic tissue formation. These advances open new avenues toward the ultimate goal of achieving scarless wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Hayakawa Y, Nakagawa H, Rustgi AK, Que J, Wang TC. Stem cells and origins of cancer in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1343-1361. [PMID: 34129814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The esophagus and stomach, joined by a unique transitional zone, contain actively dividing epithelial stem cells required for organ homeostasis. Upon prolonged inflammation, epithelial cells in both organs can undergo a cell fate switch leading to intestinal metaplasia, predisposing to malignancy. Here we discuss the biology of gastroesophageal stem cells and their role as cells of origin in cancer. We summarize the interactions between the stromal niche and gastroesophageal stem cells in metaplasia and early expansion of mutated stem-cell-derived clones during carcinogenesis. Finally, we review new approaches under development to better study gastroesophageal stem cells and advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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34
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Farrelly O, Suzuki-Horiuchi Y, Brewster M, Kuri P, Huang S, Rice G, Bae H, Xu J, Dentchev T, Lee V, Rompolas P. Two-photon live imaging of single corneal stem cells reveals compartmentalized organization of the limbal niche. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1233-1247.e4. [PMID: 33984283 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional heterogeneity of resident stem cells that support adult organs is incompletely understood. Here, we directly visualize the corneal limbus in the eyes of live mice and identify discrete stem cell niche compartments. By recording the life cycle of individual stem cells and their progeny, we directly analyze their fates and show that their location within the tissue can predict their differentiation status. Stem cells in the inner limbus undergo mostly symmetric divisions and are required to sustain the population of transient progenitors that support corneal homeostasis. Using in situ photolabeling, we captured their progeny exiting the niche before moving centripetally in unison. The long-implicated slow-cycling stem cells are functionally distinct and display local clonal dynamics during homeostasis but can contribute to corneal regeneration after injury. This study demonstrates how the compartmentalized organization of functionally diverse stem cell populations supports the maintenance and regeneration of an adult organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Farrelly
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoko Suzuki-Horiuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan Brewster
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paola Kuri
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sixia Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hyunjin Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tzvete Dentchev
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Kostiou V, Zhang H, Hall MWJ, Jones PH, Hall BA. Methods for analysing lineage tracing datasets. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202231. [PMID: 34035949 PMCID: PMC8097194 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A single population of progenitor cells maintains many epithelial tissues. Transgenic mouse cell tracking has frequently been used to study the growth dynamics of competing clones in these tissues. A mathematical model (the 'single-progenitor model') has been argued to reproduce the observed progenitor dynamics accurately. This requires three parameters to describe the growth dynamics observed in transgenic mouse cell tracking-a division rate, a stratification rate and the probability of dividing symmetrically. Deriving these parameters is a time intensive and complex process. We compare the alternative strategies for analysing this source of experimental data, identifying an approximate Bayesian computation-based approach as the best in terms of efficiency and appropriate error estimation. We support our findings by explicitly modelling biological variation and consider the impact of different sampling regimes. All tested solutions are made available to allow new datasets to be analysed following our workflows. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kostiou
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Huairen Zhang
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Michael W. J. Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Philip H. Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Benjamin A. Hall
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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36
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Lichtenberger BM, Kasper M. Cellular heterogeneity and microenvironmental control of skin cancer. J Intern Med 2021; 289:614-628. [PMID: 32976658 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Healthy tissues harbour a surprisingly high number of cells that carry well-known cancer-causing mutations without impacting their physiological function. In recent years, strong evidence accumulated that the immediate environment of mutant cells profoundly impact their prospect of malignant progression. In this review, focusing on the skin, we investigate potential key mechanisms that ensure tissue homeostasis despite the presence of mutant cells, as well as critical factors that may nudge the balance from homeostasis to tumour formation. Functional in vivo studies and single-cell transcriptome analyses have revealed a tremendous cellular heterogeneity and plasticity within epidermal (stem) cells and their respective niches, revealing for example wild-type epithelial cells, fibroblasts or immune-cell subsets as critical in preventing cancer formation and malignant progression. It's the same cells, however, that can drive carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding the abundance and molecular variation of cell types in health and disease, and how they interact and modulate the local signalling environment will thus be key for new therapeutic avenues in our battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lichtenberger
- From the, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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37
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Zhang Y, Bailey D, Yang P, Kim E, Que J. The development and stem cells of the esophagus. Development 2021; 148:148/6/dev193839. [PMID: 33782045 PMCID: PMC8034879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is derived from the anterior portion of the foregut endoderm, which also gives rise to the respiratory system. As it develops, the esophageal lining is transformed from a simple columnar epithelium into a stratified squamous cell layer, accompanied by the replacement of unspecified mesenchyme with layers of muscle cells. Studies in animal models have provided significant insights into the roles of various signaling pathways in esophageal development. More recent studies using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) further demonstrate that some of these signaling pathways are conserved in human esophageal development. In addition, a combination of mouse genetics and hPSC differentiation approaches have uncovered new players that control esophageal morphogenesis. In this Review, we summarize these new findings and discuss how the esophagus is established and matures throughout different stages, including its initial specification, respiratory-esophageal separation, epithelial morphogenesis and maintenance. We also discuss esophageal muscular development and enteric nervous system innervation, which are essential for esophageal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Dominique Bailey
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
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38
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Wagner RN, Piñón Hofbauer J, Wally V, Kofler B, Schmuth M, De Rosa L, De Luca M, Bauer JW. Epigenetic and metabolic regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1009-1022. [PMID: 33600038 PMCID: PMC8359218 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous exposure of the skin to environmental, mechanical and chemical stress necessitates constant self‐renewal of the epidermis to maintain its barrier function. This self‐renewal ability is attributed to epidermal stem cells (EPSCs), which are long‐lived, multipotent cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis. Epidermal homeostasis – coordinated proliferation and differentiation of EPSCs – relies on fine‐tuned adaptations in gene expression which in turn are tightly associated with specific epigenetic signatures and metabolic requirements. In this review, we will briefly summarize basic concepts of EPSC biology and epigenetic regulation with relevance to epidermal homeostasis. We will highlight the intricate interplay between mitochondrial energy metabolism and epigenetic events – including miRNA‐mediated mechanisms – and discuss how the loss of epigenetic regulation and epidermal homeostasis manifests in skin disease. Discussion of inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) and disorders of cornification will focus on evidence for epigenetic deregulation and failure in epidermal homeostasis, including stem cell exhaustion and signs of premature ageing. We reason that the epigenetic and metabolic component of epidermal homeostasis is significant and warrants close attention. Charting epigenetic and metabolic complexities also represents an important step in the development of future systemic interventions aimed at restoring epidermal homeostasis and ameliorating disease burden in severe skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Wagner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura De Rosa
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", Modena, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Center for Regenerative Medicine "Stefano Ferrari", Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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39
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Ishii R, Yanagisawa H, Sada A. Defining compartmentalized stem cell populations with distinct cell division dynamics in the ocular surface epithelium. Development 2020; 147:dev197590. [PMID: 33199446 PMCID: PMC7758628 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissues contain label-retaining cells (LRCs), which are relatively slow-cycling and considered to represent a property of tissue stem cells (SCs). In the ocular surface epithelium, LRCs are present in the limbus and conjunctival fornix; however, the character of these LRCs remains unclear, owing to lack of appropriate molecular markers. Using three CreER transgenic mouse lines, we demonstrate that the ocular surface epithelium accommodates spatially distinct populations with different cell division dynamics. In the limbus, long-lived Slc1a3CreER-labeled SCs either migrate centripetally toward the central cornea or slowly expand their clones laterally within the limbal region. In the central cornea, non-LRCs labeled with Dlx1CreER and K14CreER behave as short-lived progenitor cells. The conjunctival epithelium in the bulbar, fornix and palpebral compartment is regenerated by regionally unique SC populations. Severe damage to the cornea leads to the cancellation of SC compartments and conjunctivalization, whereas milder limbal injury induces a rapid increase of laterally expanding clones in the limbus. Taken together, our work defines compartmentalized multiple SC/progenitor populations of the mouse eye in homeostasis and their behavioral changes in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Ishii
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Aiko Sada
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Rice G, Rompolas P. Advances in resolving the heterogeneity and dynamics of keratinocyte differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:92-98. [PMID: 33091828 PMCID: PMC7736530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is equipped with a highly dynamic stratified epithelium. The maintenance and regeneration of this epithelium is supported by basally located keratinocytes, which display stem cell properties, including lifelong proliferative potential and the ability to undergo diverse differentiation trajectories. Keratinocytes support not just the surface of the skin, called the epidermis, but also a range of ectodermal structures including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Recent studies have shed light on the hitherto underappreciated heterogeneity of keratinocytes by employing state-of-the-art imaging technologies and single-cell genomic approaches. In this mini review, we highlight major recent discoveries that illuminate the dynamics and cellular mechanisms that govern keratinocyte differentiation in the live mammalian skin and discuss the broader implications of these findings for our understanding of epithelial and stem cell biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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41
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Flora P, Ezhkova E. Regulatory mechanisms governing epidermal stem cell function during development and homeostasis. Development 2020; 147:147/22/dev194100. [PMID: 33191273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell divisions and cell-fate decisions require stringent regulation for proper tissue development and homeostasis. The mammalian epidermis is a highly organized tissue structure that is sustained by epidermal stem cells (ESCs) that balance self-renewal and cell-fate decisions to establish a protective barrier, while replacing dying cells during homeostasis and in response to injury. Extensive work over past decades has provided insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control ESC specification, self-renewal and maintenance during different stages of the lifetime of an organism. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that have furthered our understanding of key regulatory features that allow ESCs to establish a functional barrier during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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42
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Piedrafita G, Fernández LC, Real FX. Mutations in Non-Tumoral Human Urothelium: Disease Prelude or Epilogue? Bladder Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/blc-200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is characterized by high rates of recurrence and multifocality, features which have commonly been associated with the colonization of widespread areas of non-neoplastic urothelium by mutant cells, a phenomenon known as field change. Whether mutant fields in the bladder arise from tumor cells or develop from the accumulation of somatic mutations followed by clonal expansions of non-transformed progenitor cells during lifetime remains unanswered. In this issue, Strandgaard et al. perform a deep-sequencing analysis of paired samples of tumor and histologically normal-appearing urothelium from four patients with advanced bladder cancer. By using a careful validation process, they report several mutations exclusive of normal, non-neoplastic tissue, suggesting that multiple fields precede (or develop independently from) the disease. Here, we discuss the main results from this work and elaborate on the biological implications and open questions in the context of normal somatic clonal evolution and cancer risk. We finish providing some general guidelines for future experiments to resolve the role of field changes in bladder carcinogenesis and its possible clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Piedrafita
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis C. Fernández
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X. Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciéncies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Colom B, Alcolea MP, Piedrafita G, Hall MWJ, Wabik A, Dentro SC, Fowler JC, Herms A, King C, Ong SH, Sood RK, Gerstung M, Martincorena I, Hall BA, Jones PH. Spatial competition shapes the dynamic mutational landscape of normal esophageal epithelium. Nat Genet 2020; 52:604-614. [PMID: 32424351 PMCID: PMC7116672 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During aging, progenitor cells acquire mutations, which may generate clones that colonize the surrounding tissue. By middle age, normal human tissues, including the esophageal epithelium (EE), become a patchwork of mutant clones. Despite their relevance for understanding aging and cancer, the processes that underpin mutational selection in normal tissues remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated this issue in the esophageal epithelium of mutagen-treated mice. Deep sequencing identified numerous mutant clones with multiple genes under positive selection, including Notch1, Notch2 and Trp53, which are also selected in human esophageal epithelium. Transgenic lineage tracing revealed strong clonal competition that evolved over time. Clone dynamics were consistent with a simple model in which the proliferative advantage conferred by positively selected mutations depends on the nature of the neighboring cells. When clones with similar competitive fitness collide, mutant cell fate reverts towards homeostasis, a constraint that explains how selection operates in normal-appearing epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria P Alcolea
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriel Piedrafita
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael W J Hall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stefan C Dentro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Benjamin A Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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Xie S, Skotheim JM. A G1 Sizer Coordinates Growth and Division in the Mouse Epidermis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:916-924.e2. [PMID: 32109398 PMCID: PMC7158888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell size homeostasis is often achieved by coupling cell-cycle progression to cell growth. Growth has been shown to drive cell-cycle progression in bacteria and yeast through "sizers," wherein cells of varying birth size divide at similar final sizes [1-3], and "adders," wherein cells increase in size a fixed amount per cell cycle [4-6]. Intermediate control phenomena are also observed, and even the same organism can exhibit different control phenomena depending on growth conditions [2, 7, 8]. Although studying unicellular organisms in laboratory conditions may give insight into their growth control in the wild, this is less apparent for studies of mammalian cells growing outside the organism. Sizers, adders, and intermediate phenomena have been observed in vitro [9-12], but it is unclear how this relates to mammalian cell proliferation in vivo. To address this question, we analyzed time-lapse images of the mouse epidermis taken over 1 week during normal tissue turnover [13]. We quantified the 3D volume growth and cell-cycle progression of single cells within the mouse skin. In dividing epidermal stem cells, we found that cell growth is coupled to division through a sizer operating largely in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, although the majority of tissue culture studies have identified adders, our analysis demonstrates that sizers are important in vivo and highlights the need to determine their underlying molecular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Xie
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jan M Skotheim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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