1
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Kurokawa H, Wakamatsu K, Nakazato S, Makino T, Kato H, Sekiguchi Y, Kosaka H. Coherent electric field control of orbital state of a neutral nitrogen-vacancy center. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4039. [PMID: 38740740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The coherent control of the orbital state is crucial for realizing the extremely-low power manipulation of the color centers in diamonds. Herein, a neutrally-charged nitrogen-vacancy center, NV0, is proposed as an ideal system for orbital control using electric fields. The electric susceptibility in the ground state of NV0 is estimated, and found to be comparable to that in the excited state of NV-. Also, the coherent control of the orbital states of NV0 is demonstrated. The required power for orbital control is three orders of magnitude smaller than that for spin control, highlighting the potential for interfacing a superconducting qubit operated in a dilution refrigerator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Kurokawa
- Quantum Information Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Keidai Wakamatsu
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakazato
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Makino
- Quantum Information Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kato
- Quantum Information Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yuhei Sekiguchi
- Quantum Information Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Kosaka
- Quantum Information Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan.
- Advanced Power Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan.
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2
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Dyte HE, Gillard G, Manna S, Covre da Silva SF, Rastelli A, Chekhovich EA. Is Wave Function Collapse Necessary? Explaining Quantum Nondemolition Measurement of a Spin Qubit within Linear Evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:160804. [PMID: 38701456 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.160804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The measurement problem dates back to the dawn of quantum mechanics. Here, we measure a quantum dot electron spin qubit through off-resonant coupling with a highly redundant ancilla, consisting of thousands of nuclear spins. Large redundancy allows for single-shot measurement with high fidelity ≈99.85%. Repeated measurements enable heralded initialization of the qubit and backaction-free detection of electron spin quantum jumps, attributed to burstlike fluctuations in a thermally populated phonon bath. Based on these results we argue that the measurement, linking quantum states to classical observables, can be made without any "wave function collapse" in agreement with the Quantum Darwinism concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E Dyte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - George Gillard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Santanu Manna
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Saimon F Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Evgeny A Chekhovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
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3
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Jiao F, Lin C, Dong L, Mao X, Wu Y, Dong F, Zhang Z, Sun J, Li S, Yang X, Liu K, Wang L, Shan CX. Silicon Vacancies Diamond/Silk/PVA Hierarchical Physical Unclonable Functions for Multi-Level Encryption. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308337. [PMID: 38572504 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have emerged as a promising encryption technology, utilizing intrinsic physical identifiers that offer enhanced security and tamper resistance. Multi-level PUFs boost system complexity, thereby improving system reliability and fault tolerance. However, crosstalk-free multi-level PUFs remain a persistent challenge. In this study, a hierarchical PUF system that harnesses the spontaneous phase separation of silk fibroin /PVA blend and the random distribution of silicon-vacancy diamonds within the blend is presented. The thermodynamic instability of phase separation and inherent unpredictability of diamond dispersion gives rise to intricate random patterns at two distinct scales, enabling time-efficient hierarchical authentication for cryptographic keys. These patterns are complementary yet independent, inherently resistant to replication and damage thus affording robust security and reliability to the proposed system. Furthermore, customized authentication algorithms are constructed: visual PUFs authentication utilizes neural network combined structural similarity index measure, while spectral PUFs authentication employs Hamming distance and cross-correlation bit operation. This hierarchical PUF system attains a high recognition rate without interscale crosstalk. Additionally, the coding capacity is exponentially enhanced using M-ary encoding to reinforce multi-level encryption. Hierarchical PUFs hold significant potential for immediate application, offering unprecedented data protection and cryptographic key authentication capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhang Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Lin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xin Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Fuying Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Junlu Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Shunfang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xun Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
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4
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Zhang Y, Fan W, Yang J, Guan H, Zhang Q, Qin X, Duan C, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Rogge S, Yin C, Du J. Photoionisation detection of a single Er 3+ ion with sub-100-ns time resolution. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad134. [PMID: 38487492 PMCID: PMC10939366 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient detection of single optical centres in solids is essential for quantum information processing, sensing and single-photon generation applications. In this work, we use radio-frequency (RF) reflectometry to electrically detect the photoionisation induced by a single Er3+ ion in Si. The high bandwidth and sensitivity of the RF reflectometry provide sub-100-ns time resolution for the photoionisation detection. With this technique, the optically excited state lifetime of a single Er3+ ion in a Si nano-transistor is measured for the first time to be [Formula: see text]s. Our results demonstrate an efficient approach for detecting a charge state change induced by Er excitation and relaxation. This approach could be used for fast readout of other single optical centres in solids and is attractive for large-scale integrated optical quantum systems thanks to the multi-channel RF reflectometry demonstrated with frequency multiplexing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenda Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiliang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brett C Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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5
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Hu Z, Jiang F, He J, Dai Y, Wang Y, Xu N, Du J. Four-Order Power Reduction in Nanoscale Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance with a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamonds. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2846-2852. [PMID: 38391130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Detecting nuclear spins using single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers is of particular importance in nanoscale science and engineering but often suffers from the heating effect of microwave fields for spin manipulation, especially under high magnetic fields. Here, we realize an energy-efficient nanoscale nuclear-spin detection using a phase-modulation electron-nuclear double resonance scheme. The microwave field can be reduced to 1/250 of the previous requirements, and the corresponding power is over four orders lower. Meanwhile, the microwave-induced broadening to the line-width of the spectroscopy is significantly canceled, and we achieve a nuclear-spin spectrum with a resolution down to 2.1 kHz under a magnetic field at 1840 Gs. The spectral resolution can be further improved by upgrading the experimental control precision. This scheme can also be used in sensing microwave fields and can be extended to a wide range of applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Hu
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Fengjian Jiang
- School of Information Engineering, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Jingyan He
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nanyang Xu
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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6
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Guo Y, Ji W, Kong X, Wang M, Sun H, Zhou J, Chai Z, Rong X, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. Single-Shot Readout of a Solid-State Electron Spin Qutrit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:060601. [PMID: 38394571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Quantum systems usually feature a rich multilevel structure with promising resources for developing superior quantum technologies compared with their binary counterpart. Single-shot readout of these high-dimensional quantum systems is essential for exploiting their potential. Although there have been various high-spin systems, the single-shot readout of the overall state of high-spin systems remains a challenging issue. Here we demonstrate a reliable single-shot readout of spin qutrit state in a low-temperature solid-state system utilizing a binary readout scheme. We achieve a single-shot readout of an electron spin qutrit associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond with an average fidelity of 87.80%. We use this spin qutrit system to verify quantum contextuality, a fundamental test of quantum mechanics. We observe a violation of the noncontextual hidden variable inequality with the developed single-shot readout in contrast to the conventional binary readout. These results pave the way for developing quantum information processing based on spin qutrits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wentao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xi Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihua Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Monge R, Delord T, Meriles CA. Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:202-207. [PMID: 38049596 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Colour centres in wide-bandgap semiconductors feature metastable charge states that can be interconverted with the help of optical excitation at select wavelengths. The distinct fluorescence and spin properties in each of these states have been exploited to show storage of classical information in three dimensions, but the memory capacity of these platforms has been thus far limited by optical diffraction. Here we leverage local heterogeneity in the optical transitions of colour centres in diamond (nitrogen vacancies) to demonstrate selective charge state control of individual point defects sharing the same diffraction-limited volume. Further, we apply this approach to dense colour centre ensembles, and show rewritable, multiplexed data storage with an areal density of 21 Gb inch-2 at cryogenic temperatures. These results highlight the advantages for developing alternative optical storage device concepts that can lead to increased storage capacity and reduced energy consumption per operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Monge
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Delord
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Castelletto S, Lew CTK, Lin WX, Xu JS. Quantum systems in silicon carbide for sensing applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 87:014501. [PMID: 38029424 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad10b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes recent studies identifying key qubit systems in silicon carbide (SiC) for quantum sensing of magnetic, electric fields, and temperature at the nano and microscale. The properties of colour centres in SiC, that can be used for quantum sensing, are reviewed with a focus on paramagnetic colour centres and their spin Hamiltonians describing Zeeman splitting, Stark effect, and hyperfine interactions. These properties are then mapped onto various methods for their initialization, control, and read-out. We then summarised methods used for a spin and charge state control in various colour centres in SiC. These properties and methods are then described in the context of quantum sensing applications in magnetometry, thermometry, and electrometry. Current state-of-the art sensitivities are compiled and approaches to enhance the sensitivity are proposed. The large variety of methods for control and read-out, combined with the ability to scale this material in integrated photonics chips operating in harsh environments, places SiC at the forefront of future quantum sensing technology based on semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castelletto
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - C T-K Lew
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wu-Xi Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
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9
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Monge R, Delord T, Thiering G, Gali Á, Meriles CA. Resonant Versus Nonresonant Spin Readout of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond under Cryogenic Conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:236901. [PMID: 38134790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.236901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an explosive growth in the use of color centers for metrology applications, the paradigm example arguably being the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Here, we focus on the regime of cryogenic temperatures and examine the impact of spin-selective, narrow-band laser excitation on NV readout. Specifically, we demonstrate a more than fourfold improvement in sensitivity compared to that possible with nonresonant (green) illumination, largely due to a boost in readout contrast and integrated photon count. We also leverage nuclear spin relaxation under resonant excitation to polarize the ^{14}N host, which we then prove beneficial for spin magnetometry. These results open opportunities in the application of NV sensing to the investigation of condensed matter systems, particularly those exhibiting superconducting, magnetic, or topological phases selectively present at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Monge
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Tom Delord
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Gergő Thiering
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Gali
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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10
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Qin Z, Wang Z, Kong F, Su J, Huang Z, Zhao P, Chen S, Zhang Q, Shi F, Du J. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using single nanodiamond sensors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6278. [PMID: 37805509 PMCID: PMC10560202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An ultimate goal of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is to analyze molecular dynamics in place where it occurs, such as in a living cell. The nanodiamond (ND) hosting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers will be a promising EPR sensor to achieve this goal. However, ND-based EPR spectroscopy remains elusive, due to the challenge of controlling NV centers without well-defined orientations inside a flexible ND. Here, we show a generalized zero-field EPR technique with spectra robust to the sensor's orientation. The key is applying an amplitude modulation on the control field, which generates a series of equidistant Floquet states with energy splitting being the orientation-independent modulation frequency. We acquire the zero-field EPR spectrum of vanadyl ions in aqueous glycerol solution with embedded single NDs, paving the way towards in vivo EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Jia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhehua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Sanyou Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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11
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Wang G, Li C, Tang H, Li B, Madonini F, Alsallom FF, Calvin Sun WK, Peng P, Villa F, Li J, Cappellaro P. Manipulating solid-state spin concentration through charge transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305621120. [PMID: 37527342 PMCID: PMC10410760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305621120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state defects are attractive platforms for quantum sensing and simulation, e.g., in exploring many-body physics and quantum hydrodynamics. However, many interesting properties can be revealed only upon changes in the density of defects, which instead is usually fixed in material systems. Increasing the interaction strength by creating denser defect ensembles also brings more decoherence. Ideally one would like to control the spin concentration at will while keeping fixed decoherence effects. Here, we show that by exploiting charge transport, we can take some steps in this direction, while at the same time characterizing charge transport and its capture by defects. By exploiting the cycling process of ionization and recombination of NV centers in diamond, we pump electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. These charges are then transported to modulate the spin concentration by changing the charge state of material defects. By developing a wide-field imaging setup integrated with a fast single photon detector array, we achieve a direct and efficient characterization of the charge redistribution process by measuring the complete spectrum of the spin bath with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. We demonstrate a two-fold concentration increase of the dominant spin defects while keeping the T2 of the NV center relatively unchanged, which also provides a potential experimental demonstration of the suppression of spin flip-flops via hyperfine interactions. Our work paves the way to studying many-body dynamics with temporally and spatially tunable interaction strengths in hybrid charge-spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Changhao Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Boning Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Francesca Madonini
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Faisal F. Alsallom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Won Kyu Calvin Sun
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Pai Peng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
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12
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Zhou JY, Li Q, Hao ZH, Lin WX, He ZX, Liang RJ, Guo L, Li H, You L, Tang JS, Xu JS, Li CF, Guo GC. Plasmonic-Enhanced Bright Single Spin Defects in Silicon Carbide Membranes. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4334-4343. [PMID: 37155148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Optically addressable spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) have emerged as attractable platforms for various quantum technologies. However, the low photon count rate significantly limits their applications. We strongly enhanced the brightness by 7 times and spin-control strength by 14 times of single divacancy defects in 4H-SiC membranes using a surface plasmon generated by gold film coplanar waveguides. The mechanism of the plasmonic-enhanced effect is further studied by tuning the distance between single defects and the surface of the gold film. A three-energy-level model is used to determine the corresponding transition rates consistent with the enhanced brightness of single defects. Lifetime measurements also verified the coupling between defects and surface plasmons. Our scheme is low-cost, without complicated microfabrication and delicate structures, which is applicable for other spin defects in different materials. This work would promote developing spin-defect-based quantum applications in mature SiC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-He Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wu-Xi Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Zhen-Xuan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui-Jian Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education and School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20050, China
| | - Lixing You
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 20050, China
| | - Jian-Shun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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13
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Dadhich BK, Panda B, Sidhu MS, Singh KP. Nanodiamonds enable femtosecond-processed ultrathin glass as a hybrid quantum sensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6286. [PMID: 37072395 PMCID: PMC10113221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantum properties of fluorescent nanodiamonds offer great promise for fabricating quantum-enabled devices for physical applications. However, the nanodiamonds need to be suitably combined with a substrate to exploit their properties. Here, we show that ultrathin and flexible glass (thickness 30 microns) can be functionalized by nanodiamonds and nano-shaped using intense femtosecond pulses to design cantilever-based nanomechanical hybrid quantum sensors. Thus fabricated ultrathin glass cantilevers show stable optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of nitrogen-vacancy centers, including well-defined fluorescence with zero-phonon lines and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) near 2.87 GHz. We demonstrate several sensing applications of the fluorescent ultrathin glass cantilever by measuring acoustic pulses, external magnetic field using Zeeman splitting of the NV centers, or CW laser-induced heating by measuring thermal shifting of ODMR lines. This work demonstrates the suitability of the femtosecond-processed fluorescent ultrathin glass as a new versatile substrate for multifunctional quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh K Dadhich
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Mehra S Sidhu
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Mohali, 140306, India
- Dept. of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Kamal P Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Mohali, 140306, India.
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14
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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15
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Zhang ZD, Yin SY, Wang LC, Wang YD, Li YF, Tian ZN, Chen QD. Single NV centers array preparation and static magnetic field detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:32355-32365. [PMID: 36242299 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To solve the problem of static magnetic field detection accuracy and consistency, we prepared an array of single NV centers for static magnetic field vector and gradient detection using the femtosecond laser direct writing method. The prepared single NV centers are characterized by fewer impurity defects and good stress uniformity, with an average spatial positioning error of only 0.2 µm. This array of single NV centers can achieve high accuracy magnetic field vector and gradient measurement with GBZ≈-0.047 µT/µm in the Z-axis. This result provides a new idea for large-range, high-precision magnetic field vector and gradient measurements.
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16
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Gillard G, Clarke E, Chekhovich EA. Harnessing many-body spin environment for long coherence storage and high-fidelity single-shot qubit readout. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4048. [PMID: 35831368 PMCID: PMC9279416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in hybrid solid-state quantum systems where nuclear spins, interfaced to the electron spin qubit, are used as quantum memory or qubit register. These approaches require long nuclear spin coherence, which until now seemed impossible owing to the disruptive effect of the electron spin. Here we study InGaAs semiconductor quantum dots, demonstrating millisecond-long collective nuclear spin coherence even under inhomogeneous coupling to the electron central spin. We show that the underlying decoherence mechanism is spectral diffusion induced by a fluctuating electron spin. These results provide new understanding of the many-body coherence in central spin systems, required for development of electron-nuclear spin qubits. As a demonstration, we implement a conditional gate that encodes electron spin state onto collective nuclear spin coherence, and use it for a single-shot readout of the electron spin qubit with >99% fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gillard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Edmund Clarke
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Evgeny A Chekhovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
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17
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Zhang Q, Yin J, Yan Y, Chen S, Wei BY, Zhao S, Li M, Lei M, Lin Y, Shi F, Du J. Biocompatible Nanotomography of Tightly Focused Light. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1851-1857. [PMID: 35175061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tightly focusing a spatially modulated laser beam lays the foundations for advanced optical techniques, such as a holographic optical tweezer and deterministic super-resolution imaging. Precisely mapping the subwavelength features of those highly confined fields is critical to improving the spatial resolution, especially in highly scattering biotissues. However, current techniques characterizing focal fields are mostly limited to conditions such as under a vacuum and on a glass surface. An optical probe with low cytotoxicity and resistance to autofluorescence is the key to achieving in vivo applications. Here, we use a newly emerging quantum reference beacon, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in the nanodiamond, to characterize the focal field of the near-infrared (NIR) laser focus in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This biocompatible background-free focal field mapping technique has the potential to optimize in vivo optical imaging and manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yihao Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sanyou Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bing-Yan Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Min Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yiheng Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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18
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Ji W, Chai Z, Wang M, Guo Y, Rong X, Shi F, Ren C, Wang Y, Du J. Spin Quantum Heat Engine Quantified by Quantum Steering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:090602. [PMID: 35302812 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the rising interest in quantum information science, the extension of a heat engine to the quantum regime by exploring microscopic quantum systems has seen a boon of interest in the last decade. Although quantum coherence in the quantum system of the working medium has been investigated to play a nontrivial role, a complete understanding of the intrinsic quantum advantage of quantum heat engines remains elusive. We experimentally demonstrate that the quantum correlation between the working medium and the thermal bath is critical for the quantum advantage of a quantum Szilárd engine, where quantum coherence in the working medium is naturally excluded. By quantifying the nonclassical correlation through quantum steering, we reveal that the heat engine is quantum when the demon can truly steer the working medium. The average work obtained by taking different ways of work extraction on the working medium can be used to verify the real quantum Szilárd engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihua Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Matter Microstructure and Function of Hunan Province, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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19
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Anderson CP, Glen EO, Zeledon C, Bourassa A, Jin Y, Zhu Y, Vorwerk C, Crook AL, Abe H, Ul-Hassan J, Ohshima T, Son NT, Galli G, Awschalom DD. Five-second coherence of a single spin with single-shot readout in silicon carbide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5912. [PMID: 35108045 PMCID: PMC8809532 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An outstanding hurdle for defect spin qubits in silicon carbide (SiC) is single-shot readout, a deterministic measurement of the quantum state. Here, we demonstrate single-shot readout of single defects in SiC via spin-to-charge conversion, whereby the defect's spin state is mapped onto a long-lived charge state. With this technique, we achieve over 80% readout fidelity without pre- or postselection, resulting in a high signal-to-noise ratio that enables us to measure long spin coherence times. Combined with pulsed dynamical decoupling sequences in an isotopically purified host material, we report single-spin T2 > 5 seconds, over two orders of magnitude greater than previously reported in this system. The mapping of these coherent spin states onto single charges unlocks both single-shot readout for scalable quantum nodes and opportunities for electrical readout via integration with semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Anderson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elena O. Glen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cyrus Zeledon
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexandre Bourassa
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christian Vorwerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander L. Crook
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Nguyen T. Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Corresponding author.
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20
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Hu G, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Yin C, Rogge S. Time-Resolved Photoionization Detection of a Single Er 3+ Ion in Silicon. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:396-401. [PMID: 34978822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection of charge trap ionization induced by resonant excitation enables spectroscopy on single Er3+ ions in silicon nanotransistors. In this work, a time-resolved detection method is developed to investigate the resonant excitation and relaxation of a single Er3+ ion in silicon. The time-resolved detection is based on a long-lived current signal with a tunable reset and allows the measurement under stronger and shorter resonant excitation in comparison to time-averaged detection. Specifically, the short-pulse study gives an upper bound of 23.7 μs on the decay time of the 4I13/2 state of the Er3+ ion. The fast decay and the tunable reset allow faster repetition of the single-ion detection, which is attractive for implementing this method in large-scale quantum systems of single optical centers. The findings on the detection mechanism and dynamics also provide an important basis for applying this technique to detect other single optical centers in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchong Hu
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Brett Cameron Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Colin McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Central Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, School of Physical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, People's Republic of China
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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21
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Lozovoi A, Vizkelethy G, Bielejec E, Meriles CA. Imaging dark charge emitters in diamond via carrier-to-photon conversion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9402. [PMID: 34995119 PMCID: PMC8741179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The application of color centers in wide-bandgap semiconductors to nanoscale sensing and quantum information processing largely rests on our knowledge of the surrounding crystalline lattice, often obscured by the countless classes of point defects the material can host. Here, we monitor the fluorescence from a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) center in diamond as we illuminate its vicinity. Cyclic charge state conversion of neighboring point defects sensitive to the excitation beam leads to a position-dependent stream of photo-generated carriers whose capture by the probe NV− leads to a fluorescence change. This “charge-to-photon” conversion scheme allows us to image other individual point defects surrounding the probe NV, including nonfluorescent “single-charge emitters” that would otherwise remain unnoticed. Given the ubiquity of color center photochromism, this strategy may likely find extensions to material systems other than diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Lozovoi
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author.
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