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Cohen S, Ost KS, Doran KS. Impact of interkingdom microbial interactions in the vaginal tract. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012018. [PMID: 38457371 PMCID: PMC10923463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shirli Cohen
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kyla S. Ost
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Doran
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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2
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Nooij S, Vendrik KEW, Zwittink RD, Ducarmon QR, Keller JJ, Kuijper EJ, Terveer EM. Long-term beneficial effect of faecal microbiota transplantation on colonisation of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistome abundance in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Genome Med 2024; 16:37. [PMID: 38419010 PMCID: PMC10902993 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a growing global threat, especially in healthcare facilities. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective prevention strategy for recurrences of Clostridioides difficile infections and can also be useful for other microbiota-related diseases. METHODS We study the effect of FMT in patients with multiple recurrent C. difficile infections on colonisation with MDR bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) on the short (3 weeks) and long term (1-3 years), combining culture methods and faecal metagenomics. RESULTS Based on MDR culture (n = 87 patients), we notice a decrease of 11.5% in the colonisation rate of MDR bacteria after FMT (20/87 before FMT = 23%, 10/87 3 weeks after FMT). Metagenomic sequencing of patient stool samples (n = 63) shows a reduction in relative abundances of ARGs in faeces, while the number of different resistance genes in patients remained higher compared to stools of their corresponding healthy donors (n = 11). Furthermore, plasmid predictions in metagenomic data indicate that patients harboured increased levels of resistance plasmids, which appear unaffected by FMT. In the long term (n = 22 patients), the recipients' resistomes are still donor-like, suggesting the effect of FMT may last for years. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we hypothesise that FMT restores the gut microbiota to a composition that is closer to the composition of healthy donors, and potential pathogens are either lost or decreased to very low abundances. This process, however, does not end in the days following FMT. It may take months for the gut microbiome to re-establish a balanced state. Even though a reservoir of resistance genes remains, a notable part of which on plasmids, FMT decreases the total load of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Nooij
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LUCID) Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Postzone E4-P, Leiden, 2300RC, Netherlands.
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, LUCID Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Karuna E W Vendrik
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LUCID) Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Postzone E4-P, Leiden, 2300RC, Netherlands
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, LUCID Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Present address: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Netherlands Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Romy D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, LUCID Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Present address: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Netherlands Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten R Ducarmon
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, LUCID Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Josbert J Keller
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LUCID) Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Postzone E4-P, Leiden, 2300RC, Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, LUCID Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Terveer
- Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LUCID) Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Postzone E4-P, Leiden, 2300RC, Netherlands
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, LUCID Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Kwan JMC, Liang Y, Ng EWL, Sviriaeva E, Li C, Zhao Y, Zhang XL, Liu XW, Wong SH, Qiao Y. In silico MS/MS prediction for peptidoglycan profiling uncovers novel anti-inflammatory peptidoglycan fragments of the gut microbiota. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1846-1859. [PMID: 38303944 PMCID: PMC10829024 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential exoskeletal polymer across all bacteria. Gut microbiota-derived peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) are increasingly recognized as key effector molecules that impact host biology. However, the current peptidoglycan analysis workflow relies on laborious manual identification from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data, impeding the discovery of novel bioactive PGNs in the gut microbiota. In this work, we built a computational tool PGN_MS2 that reliably simulates MS/MS spectra of PGNs and integrated it into the user-defined MS library of in silico PGN search space, facilitating automated PGN identification. Empowered by PGN_MS2, we comprehensively profiled gut bacterial peptidoglycan composition. Strikingly, the probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. manifests an abundant amount of the 1,6-anhydro-MurNAc moiety that is distinct from Gram-positive bacteria. In addition to biochemical characterization of three putative lytic transglycosylases (LTs) that are responsible for anhydro-PGN production in Bifidobacterium, we established that these 1,6-anhydro-PGNs exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, offering novel insights into Bifidobacterium-derived PGNs as molecular signals in gut microbiota-host crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 11 Mandalay Road 308232 Singapore
| | - Yaquan Liang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Evan Wei Long Ng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 11 Mandalay Road 308232 Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Yilin Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 11 Mandalay Road 308232 Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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4
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Park G, Munley JA, Kelly LS, Kannan KB, Mankowski RT, Sharma A, Upchurch G, Casadesus G, Chakrabarty P, Wallet SM, Maile R, Bible LE, Wang B, Moldawer LL, Mohr AM, Efron PA, Nagpal R. Gut mycobiome dysbiosis after sepsis and trauma. Crit Care 2024; 28:18. [PMID: 38212826 PMCID: PMC10785534 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and trauma are known to disrupt gut bacterial microbiome communities, but the impacts and perturbations in the fungal (mycobiome) community after severe infection or injury, particularly in patients experiencing chronic critical illness (CCI), remain unstudied. METHODS We assess persistence of the gut mycobiome perturbation (dysbiosis) in patients experiencing CCI following sepsis or trauma for up to two-to-three weeks after intensive care unit hospitalization. RESULTS We show that the dysbiotic mycobiome arrays shift toward a pathobiome state, which is more susceptible to infection, in CCI patients compared to age-matched healthy subjects. The fungal community in CCI patients is largely dominated by Candida spp; while, the commensal fungal species are depleted. Additionally, these myco-pathobiome arrays correlate with alterations in micro-ecological niche involving specific gut bacteria and gut-blood metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal the persistence of mycobiome dysbiosis in both sepsis and trauma settings, even up to two weeks post-sepsis and trauma, highlighting the need to assess and address the increased risk of fungal infections in CCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwoncheol Park
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Jennifer A Munley
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lauren S Kelly
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kolenkode B Kannan
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gilbert Upchurch
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Letitia E Bible
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alicia M Mohr
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery and Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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Eichelberger KR, Paul S, Peters BM, Cassat JE. Candida-bacterial cross-kingdom interactions. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1287-1299. [PMID: 37640601 PMCID: PMC10843858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
While the fungus Candida albicans is a common colonizer of healthy humans, it is also responsible for mucosal infections and severe invasive disease. Understanding the mechanisms that allow C. albicans to exist as both a benign commensal and as an invasive pathogen have been the focus of numerous studies, and recent findings indicate an important role for cross-kingdom interactions on C. albicans biology. This review highlights how C. albicans-bacteria interactions influence healthy polymicrobial community structure, host immune responses, microbial pathogenesis, and how dysbiosis may lead to C. albicans infection. Finally, we discuss how cross-kingdom interactions represent an opportunity to identify new antivirulence compounds that target fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R Eichelberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Saikat Paul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James E Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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de Nies L, Kobras CM, Stracy M. Antibiotic-induced collateral damage to the microbiota and associated infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:789-804. [PMID: 37542123 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have transformed medicine, saving millions of lives since they were first used to treat a bacterial infection. However, antibiotics administered to target a specific pathogen can also cause collateral damage to the patient's resident microbial population. These drugs can suppress the growth of commensal species which provide protection against colonization by foreign pathogens, leading to an increased risk of subsequent infection. At the same time, a patient's microbiota can harbour potential pathogens and, hence, be a source of infection. Antibiotic-induced selection pressure can cause overgrowth of resistant pathogens pre-existing in the patient's microbiota, leading to hard-to-treat superinfections. In this Review, we explore our current understanding of how antibiotic therapy can facilitate subsequent infections due to both loss of colonization resistance and overgrowth of resistant microorganisms, and how these processes are often interlinked. We discuss both well-known and currently overlooked examples of antibiotic-associated infections at various body sites from various pathogens. Finally, we describe ongoing and new strategies to overcome the collateral damage caused by antibiotics and to limit the risk of antibiotic-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Nies
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolin M Kobras
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mathew Stracy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Ost KS, Round JL. Commensal fungi in intestinal health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:723-734. [PMID: 37479823 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is known to influence several facets of mammalian development, digestion and disease. Most studies of the microbiota have focused on the bacterial component, but the importance of commensal fungi in health and disease is becoming increasingly clear. Although fungi account for a smaller proportion of the microbiota than bacteria by number, they are much larger and therefore account for a substantial proportion of the biomass. Moreover, as fungi are eukaryotes, their metabolic pathways are complex and unique. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for involvement of specific members of the mycobiota in intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer. We also highlight the importance of fungal interactions with intestinal bacteria and with the immune system. Although most studies of commensal fungi have focused on their role in disease, we also consider the beneficial effects of fungal colonies in the gut. The evidence highlights potential opportunities to target fungi and their interactions for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla S Ost
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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8
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Wei Y, Qiu J, Han Z, Wang X, Zhang H, Hou X, Lv X, Mao X. Antifungal bio-coating of endotracheal tube built by overexpressing the MCP1 gene of Saccharomyces boulardii and employing hydrogel as a "house" to antagonize Candida albicans. Biomater Res 2023; 27:97. [PMID: 37798667 PMCID: PMC10557164 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For some ICU patients, an artificial airway must be established with an endotracheal tube, but Candida albicans can easily adhere to the tube surface and form a biofilm, leading to potentially life threatening fungal infections. Therefore, it is urgent to prevent and reduce C. albicans infections introduced by the endotracheal tube. However, there are few antifungal drugs effective against C. albicans, and each of these drugs may have adverse effects on human cells. Saccharomyces boulardii is regarded as an alternative strategy to inhibit the adhesion of C. albicans, but it is affected by environmental stress. We hypothesized that it is feasible to strengthen the antagonistic ability of S. boulardii via encapsulating and genetically modification. METHODS In this study, a bioactive material carrying the overexpressed MCP1 gene of Saccharomyces boulardii was constructed based on one-step photo-crosslinking. This material achieved spatial growth control of S. boulardii by encapsulating each S. boulardii cell within a hydrogel pore. The bioactive material was coated on an endotracheal tube and tested for its ability to inhibit the adhesion of C. albicans. Additionally, the material's antagonistic activity towards C. albicans was evaluated by detecting intracellular Adenosine-triphosphate content, reactive oxygen species level and the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Tissue invasion experiment was executed to further evaluate the anti-adhesion ability of S. boulardii bio-coating. RESULTS Encapsulating the overexpression of MCP1 by S. boulardii in hydrogel pores enhanced the viability of probiotics in the presence of high salt and oxidation stress. When used as the coating of an endotracheal tube, the S. boulardii bioactive material efficiently inhibited the adhesion of C. albicans by impairing the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and disturbing mitochondrial functions. In vivo, the S. boulardii bioactive material coating displayed good biocompatibility and reduced the host tissue invasion and virulence of C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS The integration of genetic modification and immobilization model breaks the bottleneck of previous application of microorganisms, and provides a new way to prevent fungal infections introduced by endotracheal tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wei
- School of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, 271016, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Ziqiang Han
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Xuanyi Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Xinya Hou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiangwei Lv
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiaolong Mao
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China.
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Zhao X, Hu X, Han J, Yin R, Zhang S, Liu H. Gut mycobiome: A "black box" of gut microbiome-host interactions. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1611. [PMID: 37157158 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, being a necessary component of the gut microbiome, potentially have direct or indirect effects on the health and illness status of the host. The gut mycobiome is an inducer of the host's immunity, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and protecting against infections, as well as a reservoir of opportunistic microorganisms and a potential cofactor when the host is immunocompromised. In addition, gut fungi interact with a diverse range of microbes in the intestinal niches. In this article, we reviewed the composition of gut mycobiome, their association with host health and illness, and summarized the specific Candida albicans-host interactions, in order to provide insights and directions for the ongoing study of fungi. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruopeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Ng AWR, Li L, Ng EWL, Li C, Qiao Y. Molecular Docking Reveals Critical Residues in Candida albicans Cyr1 for Peptidoglycan Recognition and Hyphal Growth. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1362-1371. [PMID: 37318518 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The key virulent characteristic of Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen in humans, lies in its ability to switch between the benign yeast state and the invasive hyphal form upon exposure to specific stimuli. Among the numerous hyphal-inducing signals, bacterial peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) represent the most potent inducers of C. albicans hyphal growth. The sole adenylyl cyclase Cyr1 in C. albicans is a known sensor for PGNs and activates downstream signaling of hyphal growth, yet the molecular details of PGN-Cyr1 interactions have remained unclear. In this study, we performed in silico docking of a PGN motif to the modeled structure of the Cyr1 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and uncovered four putative PGN-interacting residues in Cyr1_LRR. The critical roles of these residues in PGN binding and supporting C. albicans hyphal growth were demonstrated by in-gel fluorescence binding assay and hyphal induction assay, respectively. Remarkably, the C. albicans mutant harboring the cyr1 variant allele that is defective for PGN recognition exhibits significantly reduced cytotoxicity in macrophage infection assay. Overall, our work offered important insights into the molecular recognition of PGNs by C. albicans Cyr1 sensor protein, establishing that disruption of PGN recognition by Cyr1 results in defective hyphal growth and reduced virulence of C. albicans. Our findings provide an exciting starting point for the future development of Cyr1 antagonists as novel anti-virulence therapeutics to combat C. albicans invasive growth and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Wee Ren Ng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Lanxin Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Evan Wei Long Ng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore S637371, Singapore
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11
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Chow EWL, Mei Pang L, Wang Y. Impact of the host microbiota on fungal infections: new possibilities for intervention? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114896. [PMID: 37211280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human fungal pathogens are opportunistic. They are primarily benign residents of the human body and only become infectious when the host's immunity and microbiome are compromised. Bacteria dominate the human microbiome, playing an essential role in keeping fungi harmless and acting as the first line of defense against fungal infection. The Human Microbiome Project, launched by NIH in 2007, has stimulated extensive investigation and significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between bacteria and fungi, providing valuable insights for developing future antifungal strategies by exploiting the interaction. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and discusses new possibilities and challenges. We must seize the opportunities presented by researching bacterial-fungal interplay in the human microbiome to address the global spread of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the drying pipelines of effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Li Mei Pang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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12
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Anderson FM, Visser ND, Amses KR, Hodgins-Davis A, Weber AM, Metzner KM, McFadden MJ, Mills RE, O'Meara MJ, James TY, O'Meara TR. Candida albicans selection for human commensalism results in substantial within-host diversity without decreasing fitness for invasive disease. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001822. [PMID: 37205709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a frequent colonizer of human mucosal surfaces as well as an opportunistic pathogen. C. albicans is remarkably versatile in its ability to colonize diverse host sites with differences in oxygen and nutrient availability, pH, immune responses, and resident microbes, among other cues. It is unclear how the genetic background of a commensal colonizing population can influence the shift to pathogenicity. Therefore, we examined 910 commensal isolates from 35 healthy donors to identify host niche-specific adaptations. We demonstrate that healthy people are reservoirs for genotypically and phenotypically diverse C. albicans strains. Using limited diversity exploitation, we identified a single nucleotide change in the uncharacterized ZMS1 transcription factor that was sufficient to drive hyper invasion into agar. We found that SC5314 was significantly different from the majority of both commensal and bloodstream isolates in its ability to induce host cell death. However, our commensal strains retained the capacity to cause disease in the Galleria model of systemic infection, including outcompeting the SC5314 reference strain during systemic competition assays. This study provides a global view of commensal strain variation and within-host strain diversity of C. albicans and suggests that selection for commensalism in humans does not result in a fitness cost for invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Noelle D Visser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin R Amses
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea Hodgins-Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandra M Weber
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katura M Metzner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael J McFadden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthew J O'Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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13
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Seelbinder B, Lohinai Z, Vazquez-Uribe R, Brunke S, Chen X, Mirhakkak M, Lopez-Escalera S, Dome B, Megyesfalvi Z, Berta J, Galffy G, Dulka E, Wellejus A, Weiss GJ, Bauer M, Hube B, Sommer MOA, Panagiotou G. Candida expansion in the gut of lung cancer patients associates with an ecological signature that supports growth under dysbiotic conditions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2673. [PMID: 37160893 PMCID: PMC10169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species overgrowth in the human gut is considered a prerequisite for invasive candidiasis, but our understanding of gut bacteria promoting or restricting this overgrowth is still limited. By integrating cross-sectional mycobiome and shotgun metagenomics data from the stool of 75 male and female cancer patients at risk but without systemic candidiasis, bacterial communities in high Candida samples display higher metabolic flexibility yet lower contributional diversity than those in low Candida samples. We develop machine learning models that use only bacterial taxa or functional relative abundances to predict the levels of Candida genus and species in an external validation cohort with an AUC of 78.6-81.1%. We propose a mechanism for intestinal Candida overgrowth based on an increase in lactate-producing bacteria, which coincides with a decrease in bacteria that regulate short chain fatty acid and oxygen levels. Under these conditions, the ability of Candida to harness lactate as a nutrient source may enable Candida to outcompete other fungi in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Seelbinder
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoltan Lohinai
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Translational Medicine Institute, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ruben Vazquez-Uribe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Mirhakkak
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvia Lopez-Escalera
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health Innovation, Hoersholm, Denmark
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Balazs Dome
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Berta
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Edit Dulka
- County Hospital of Torokbalint, Torokbalint, Hungary
| | - Anja Wellejus
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Human Health Innovation, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Glen J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Morten O A Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology- Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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Kakade P, Sircaik S, Maufrais C, Ene IV, Bennett RJ. Aneuploidy and gene dosage regulate filamentation and host colonization by Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218163120. [PMID: 36893271 PMCID: PMC10089209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218163120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a frequent occurrence in fungal species where it can alter gene expression and promote adaptation to a variety of environmental cues. Multiple forms of aneuploidy have been observed in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, which is a common component of the human gut mycobiome but can escape this niche and cause life-threatening systemic disease. Using a barcode sequencing (Bar-seq) approach, we evaluated a set of diploid C. albicans strains and found that a strain carrying a third copy of chromosome (Chr) 7 was associated with increased fitness during both gastrointestinal (GI) colonization and systemic infection. Our analysis revealed that the presence of a Chr 7 trisomy resulted in decreased filamentation, both in vitro and during GI colonization, relative to isogenic euploid controls. A target gene approach demonstrated that NRG1, encoding a negative regulator of filamentation located on Chr 7, contributes to increased fitness of the aneuploid strain due to inhibition of filamentation in a gene dosage-dependent fashion. Together, these experiments establish how aneuploidy enables the reversible adaptation of C. albicans to its host via gene dosage-dependent regulation of morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kakade
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
| | - Shabnam Sircaik
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
| | - Corinne Maufrais
- Institut Pasteur Bioinformatic Hub, Université Paris Cité, Paris75015, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Fungal Heterogeneity Lab, Paris75015, France
| | - Iuliana V. Ene
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Fungal Heterogeneity Lab, Paris75015, France
| | - Richard J. Bennett
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
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15
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Bose S, Singh DV, Adhya TK, Acharya N. Escherichia coli, but Not Staphylococcus aureus, Functions as a Chelating Agent That Exhibits Antifungal Activity against the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030286. [PMID: 36983454 PMCID: PMC10057578 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are colonized by diverse populations of microbes. Infections by Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, are a result of imbalances in the gut microbial ecosystem and are due to the suppressed immunity of the host. Here, we explored the potential effects of the polymicrobial interactions of C. albicans with Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, and Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium, in dual and triple in vitro culture systems on their respective growth, morphology, and biofilms. We found that S. aureus promoted the fungal growth and hyphal transition of C. albicans through cell-to-cell contacts; contrarily, both the cell and cell-free culture filtrate of E. coli inhibited fungal growth. A yet to be identified secretory metabolite of E. coli functionally mimicked EDTA and EGTA to exhibit antifungal activity. These findings suggested that E. coli, but not S. aureus, functions as a chelating agent and that E. coli plays a dominant role in regulating excessive growth and, potentially, the commensalism of C. albicans. Using animal models of systemic candidiasis, we found that the E. coli cell-free filtrate suppressed the virulence of C. albicans. In general, this study unraveled a significant antimicrobial activity and a potential role in the nutritional immunity of E. coli, and further determining the underlying processes behind the E. coli–C. albicans interaction could provide critical information in understanding the pathogenicity of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Bose
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar 751021, India
| | - Durg Vijai Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, India
| | | | - Narottam Acharya
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-674-230-4278; Fax: +91-674-230-0728
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16
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Kwan JMC, Qiao Y. Mechanistic Insights into the Activities of Major Families of Enzymes in Bacterial Peptidoglycan Assembly and Breakdown. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200693. [PMID: 36715567 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serving as an exoskeletal scaffold, peptidoglycan is a polymeric macromolecule that is essential and conserved across all bacteria, yet is absent in mammalian cells; this has made bacterial peptidoglycan a well-established excellent antibiotic target. In addition, soluble peptidoglycan fragments derived from bacteria are increasingly recognised as key signalling molecules in mediating diverse intra- and inter-species communication in nature, including in gut microbiota-host crosstalk. Each bacterial species encodes multiple redundant enzymes for key enzymatic activities involved in peptidoglycan assembly and breakdown. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the biochemical activities of major peptidoglycan enzymes, including peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGT) and transpeptidases (TPs) in the final stage of peptidoglycan assembly, as well as peptidoglycan glycosidases, lytic transglycosylase (LTs), amidases, endopeptidases (EPs) and carboxypeptidases (CPs) in peptidoglycan turnover and metabolism. Biochemical characterisation of these enzymes provides valuable insights into their substrate specificity, regulation mechanisms and potential modes of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, Singapore, 208232, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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17
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Ma H, Yang L, Tian Z, Zhu L, Peng J, Fu P, Xiu J, Guo G. Antimicrobial peptide AMP-17 exerts anti-Candida albicans effects through ROS-mediated apoptosis and necrosis. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 26:81-90. [PMID: 36056293 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for new anti-Candida albicans (C. albicans) drugs owing to the emergence of drug resistance in recent years. AMP-17, an antimicrobial peptide from Musca domestica (M. domestica), is known to be an effective inhibitor of many fungal pathogens, including C. albicans. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism underlying the anti-C. albicans effects of AMP-17 using flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent probes, fluorescence microplate reader, and confocal laser microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, following AMP-17 treatment, the shape of C. albicans cells became irregular, and vacuoles could be seen in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, AMP-17 treatment resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and changes in the cell cycle, leading to the apoptosis and necrosis, which ultimately contributed to the death of C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Ma
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Longbing Yang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhuqing Tian
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jian Peng
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ping Fu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - JiangFan Xiu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Guo Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China. .,Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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18
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Edwards SR, Benedict KC, Sullivan J, Santos R, Hoppe I. Tissue Expander for Pediatric Scalp Reconstruction Complicated by Fungal Infection With Aspergillus terreus. EPLASTY 2023; 23:e9. [PMID: 36919154 PMCID: PMC10008302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Tissue expansion is an effective option for soft tissue reconstruction of the scalp in the pediatric population. Unfortunately, this approach carries a high risk of such complications as infection and expander exposure. While bacterial infection of alloplastic materials is most frequent, when fungal infections occur, the outcomes can be devastating. Purpose To inform the management of fungal tissue expander infections, this report describes a case of expander-based scalp reconstruction complicated by Aspergillus terreus infection in a pediatric patient. Methods A patient who had blunt-force head trauma presented with soft tissue injury and depressed skull fracture requiring emergent craniectomy. After stabilization, a paucity of soft tissue coverage required further surgical intervention before reconstructive cranioplasty. Six months after her injury, two remote port subgaleal tissue expanders were placed. Subsequently, purulent drainage developed from the surgical incision. Results Infection resulted in expander exposure requiring device removal and treatment with clindamycin and ceftazidime while awaiting culture results. Intraoperative cultures were positive for Aspergillus terreus and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, for which she received systemic voriconazole for 23 days and cephalexin for 10 days. Conclusions Though tissue expansion remains a viable reconstructive option, fungal infection can be disastrous, requiring systemic antifungal therapy, surgical debridement, and expander removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Edwards
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jackson, MS
| | - Katherine C Benedict
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jackson, MS
| | - John Sullivan
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jackson, MS
| | - Roberto Santos
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Jackson, MS
| | - Ian Hoppe
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jackson, MS
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19
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Zeng G, Neo SP, Pang LM, Gao J, Chong SC, Gunaratne J, Wang Y. Comprehensive Interactome Analysis for the Sole Adenylyl Cyclase Cyr1 of Candida albicans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0393422. [PMID: 36314909 PMCID: PMC9769623 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03934-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyr1, the sole adenylyl cyclase of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, is a central component of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway that controls the yeast-to-hypha transition. Cyr1 is a multivalent sensor and integrator of various external and internal signals. To better understand how these signals are relayed to Cyr1 to regulate its activity, we sought to establish the interactome of Cyr1 by using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics to identify the proteins that coimmunoprecipitated with Cyr1. The method identified 36 proteins as candidates for authentic Cyr1-interacting partners, together with two known Cyr1-binding proteins, Cap1 and Act1. Fourteen identified proteins belonged to three functional groups, including actin regulation, cell wall components, and mitochondrial activities, that are known to play important roles in cell morphogenesis. To validate the proteomics data, we used biochemical and genetic methods to characterize two cell wall-related proteins, Mp65 and Sln1. First, coimmunoprecipitation confirmed their physical association with Cyr1. Second, deleting either MP65 or SLN1 resulted in severe defects in filamentation on serum plates. This study establishes the first Cyr1 interactome and uncovers a potential role for cell wall proteins in directly regulating Cyr1 activity to determine growth forms in C. albicans. IMPORTANCE A critical virulence trait of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is its ability to undergo the yeast-to-hypha transition in response to diverse environmental and cellular stimuli. Previous studies suggested that the sole adenylyl cyclase of C. albicans, Cyr1, is a multivalent signal sensor and integrator synthesizing cAMP to activate the downstream hypha-promoting events through the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. To fully understand how Cyr1 senses and processes multiple stimuli to generate appropriate signal outputs, it was necessary to identify and characterize Cyr1-interacting partners. This study employed SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approaches and identified 36 Cyr1-associated proteins, many having functions associated with hyphal morphogenesis. Coimmunoprecipitation verified two cell surface proteins, Mp65 and Sln1. Furthermore, genetic and phenotypic analyses demonstrated the cAMP-dependent roles of these two proteins in determining hyphal growth. Our study establishes the first Cyr1 interactome and uncovers new Cyr1 regulators that mediate cell surface signals to influence the growth mode of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Infectious Diseases Labs, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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A Clinical Study Provides the First Direct Evidence That Interindividual Variations in Fecal β-Lactamase Activity Affect the Gut Mycobiota Dynamics in Response to β-Lactam Antibiotics. mBio 2022; 13:e0288022. [PMID: 36448778 PMCID: PMC9765473 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02880-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics disturb the intestinal bacterial microbiota, leading to gut dysbiosis and an increased risk for the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. It is not fully understood to what extent antibiotics affect the fungal fraction of the intestinal microbiota, the mycobiota. There is no report of the direct role of antibiotics in the overgrowth in healthy humans of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Here, we have explored the gut mycobiota of 22 healthy subjects before, during, and up to 6 months after a 3-day regimen of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs). Using ITS1-targeted metagenomics, we highlighted the strong intra- and interindividual diversity of the healthy gut mycobiota. With a specific quantitative approach, we showed that C. albicans prevalence was much higher than previously reported, with all subjects but one being carriers of C. albicans, although with highly variable burdens. 3GCs significantly altered the mycobiota composition and the fungal load was increased both at short and long term. Both C. albicans relative and absolute abundances were increased but 3GCs did not reduce intersubject variability. Variations in C. albicans burden in response to 3GC treatment could be partly explained by changes in the levels of endogenous fecal β-lactamase activity, with subjects characterized by a high increase of β-lactamase activity displaying a lower increase of C. albicans levels. A same antibiotic treatment might thus affect differentially the gut mycobiota and C. albicans carriage, depending on the treated subject, suggesting a need to adjust the current risk factors for C. albicans overgrowth after a β-lactam treatment. IMPORTANCE Fungal infections are redoubtable healthcare-associated complications in immunocompromised patients. Particularly, the commensal intestinal yeast Candida albicans causes invasive infections in intensive care patients and is, therefore, associated with high mortality. These infections are preceded by an intestinal expansion of C. albicans before its translocation into the bloodstream. Antibiotics are a well-known risk factor for C. albicans overgrowth but the impact of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis on the human gut mycobiota-the fungal microbiota-and the understanding of the mechanisms involved in C. albicans overgrowth in humans are very limited. Our study shows that antibiotics increase the fungal proportion in the gut and disturb the fungal composition, especially C. albicans, in a subject-dependent manner. Indeed, variations across subjects in C. albicans burden in response to β-lactam treatment could be partly explained by changes in the levels of endogenous fecal β-lactamase activity. This highlighted a potential new key factor for C. albicans overgrowth. Thus, the significance of our research is in providing a better understanding of the factors behind C. albicans intestinal overgrowth, which might lead to new means to prevent life-threatening secondary infections.
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21
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Crump GM, Rozovosky S, Grimes CL. Purification and Characterization of a Stable, Membrane-Associated Peptidoglycan Responsive Adenylate Cyclase LRR Domain from Human Commensal Candida albicans. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2856-2860. [PMID: 35816699 PMCID: PMC9771868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved leucine rich repeat (LRR) protein domain is a unique structural motif found in many viral, bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic proteins. The LRR domain serves many roles, including being a signaling domain and a pathogen recognition receptor. In the human innate immune system, it serves an essential role by recognizing fragments of bacterial cell walls. Interestingly, the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans also uses an LRR domain-containing protein, Cyrp1, to sense bacterial cell wall fragments. However, the dynamics of signaling and detection of bacterial peptidoglycan fragments by the LRR of Cyr1p remains poorly characterized. Here we develop optimal recombinant expression workflows and provide characterization of the entire region of the LRR domain of Cyr1p as a peripheral membrane protein. Using a newly designed peptidoglycan enrichment bead assay, we demonstrate that this domain can bind bacterial peptidoglycan fragments under native conditions. The new membrane-associated Cyr1p-LRR construct sets the stage for the development of antifungal agents via high-throughput campaigns to inhibit cell wall-Cyr1p interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva Maddison Crump
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sharon Rozovosky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Catherine L. Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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22
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Novikov A, Sayfutdinova A, Botchkova E, Kopitsyn D, Fakhrullin R. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing with Raman Biosensing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121812. [PMID: 36551469 PMCID: PMC9774239 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics guard us against bacterial infections and are among the most commonly used medicines. The immediate consequence of their large-scale production and prescription is the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, rapid detection of antibiotic susceptibility is required for efficient antimicrobial therapy. One of the promising methods for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing is Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy combines fast and contactless acquisition of spectra with good selectivity towards bacterial cells. The antibiotic-induced changes in bacterial cell physiology are detected as distinct features in Raman spectra and can be associated with antibiotic susceptibility. Therefore, the Raman-based approach may be beneficial in designing therapy against multidrug-resistant infections. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) additionally provide excellent sensitivity. In this review, we present an analysis of the Raman spectroscopy-based optical biosensing approaches aimed at antibiotic susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Novikov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65/1 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.F.)
| | - Adeliya Sayfutdinova
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65/1 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Botchkova
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65/1 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65/1 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Gubkin University, 65/1 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.F.)
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23
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Zhang F, Aschenbrenner D, Yoo JY, Zuo T. The gut mycobiome in health, disease, and clinical applications in association with the gut bacterial microbiome assembly. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e969-e983. [PMID: 36182668 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut mycobiome (fungi) is a small but crucial component of the gut microbiome in humans. Intestinal fungi regulate host homoeostasis, pathophysiological and physiological processes, and the assembly of the co-residing gut bacterial microbiome. Over the past decade, accumulating studies have characterised the gut mycobiome in health and several pathological conditions. We review the compositional and functional diversity of the gut mycobiome in healthy populations from birth to adulthood. We describe factors influencing the gut mycobiome and the roles of intestinal fungi-especially Candida and Saccharomyces spp-in diseases and therapies with a particular focus on their synergism with the gut bacterial microbiome and host immunity. Finally, we discuss the underappreciated effects of gut fungi in clinical implications, and highlight future microbiome-based therapies that harness the tripartite relationship among the gut mycobiome, bacterial microbiome, and host immunity, aiming to restore a core gut mycobiome and microbiome and to improve clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ji Youn Yoo
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tao Zuo
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yatsen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory Animals Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Moraes GS, Albach T, Sugio CYC, Cachoeira VS, Kiratcz F, Claudino M, Campagnoli EB, Pochapski MT, Dos Santos FA, Neppelenbroek KH, Urban VM. A novel rat model of denture stomatitis and the role of antibiotics in the development of the disease. Med Mycol 2022; 60:myac092. [PMID: 36441017 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared different conditions to establish a rat model of denture stomatitis. Immunocompetent Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 35): Tetracycline = administration of 0.83 mg/ml of tetracycline hydrochloride 7 days before induction of denture stomatitis and amoxicillin = administration of 0.156 mg/ml of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid 4 days before induction of denture stomatitis. A suspension of Candida albicans was inoculated on the palate followed by the use of a palatal device contaminated with C. albicans inoculum for 4 days to induce denture stomatitis. As controls, some rats were not submitted to any procedure or used a sterile palatal device for 4 days. The development of denture stomatitis was confirmed by visual analysis, colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) count, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses, and through myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) assays. Rats were euthanized right after device removal (T0), 4 (T4), or 6 (T6) days after device removal. Tetracycline improved the development of the disease, with more severe clinical signs at T0. Similar results were observed in the CFU/ml count and in the histometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Higher MPO expression was detected in the palates of the tetracycline group (P = .006). Despite the subtle differences between antibiotics, tetracycline showed better results in inducing and maintaining denture stomatitis for at least 4 days after device removal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Albach
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Carolina Yoshi Campos Sugio
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Falyne Kiratcz
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Marcela Claudino
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Karin Hermana Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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25
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Functional biomaterials for comprehensive periodontitis therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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26
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Zhong L, Dong Z, Liu F, Li H, Tang K, Zheng C, Wang L, Zhang K, Cai J, Zhou H, Cui W, Gao Y, Zhang G. Incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of patients with mixed Candida/bacterial bloodstream infections: a retrospective study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:45. [PMID: 36320023 PMCID: PMC9628097 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The mixed Candida/bacterial bloodstream infections (mixed C/B-BSIs) is worthy of particular attention recently, and we analyzed the incidence, co-pathogens, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of mixed C/B-BSIs compared with monomicrobial candidemia (mono-candidemia) in adult patients in China. Methods All hospitalized adults with candidemia were recruited for this retrospective observational study from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019. Results Of the 296 patients with candidemia, 78 cases (26.3%) were mixed C/B-BSIs. Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most common Candida species among all candidemia, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was the most concomitant bacteria (30.6%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) (12.9%) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) (11.8%) in mixed C/B-BSIs. In the multivariable analysis, prior β-lactams exposure [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–3.87], burn injury (aOR, 6.35; 95% CI 1.82–22.21) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (aOR, 3.00; 95% CI 1.46–6.17) were independent risk factors for mixed C/B-BSIs. Compared with mono-candidemia, patients with mixed C/B-BSIs developed with more proportion of septic shock (55.1% vs. 39.9%, P < 0.05), prolonged stay in ICU [22.0(12.0–57.0) vs. 9.5(0.0–37.0) days, P < 0.001] and longer mechanical ventilation time [19.0(4.5–40.8) vs. 6.0(0.0–24.8) days, P < 0.001]. The in-hospital mortality in patients with mixed C/B-BSIs was higher than those with mono-candidemia (59.0% vs. 34.9%, P < 0.001). Survival analysis revealed that 28-day and 60-day mortality were significantly higher in patients with mixed C/B-BSI than in those with mono-candidemia (57.7% vs. 31.7%, P < 0.001; 59.0% vs. 34.9%, P < 0.001; respectively). Conclusions There is a high rate of mixed C/B-BSIs cases among candidemia, and K. pneumoniae is the predominant coexisting species. Prior β-lactams exposure, burn injury, and CRRT are independent risk factors for mixed C/B-BSIs. The mortality of patients with mixed C/B-BSIs is significantly higher than those with mono-candidemia, this deserves further attention for clinicians. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-022-00538-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaohui Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengqi Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Kankai Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou Teachers College, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Department of General Medicine, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiachang Cai
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqiu Gao
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450007, China.
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Province Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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27
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Peroumal D, Sahu SR, Kumari P, Utkalaja BG, Acharya N. Commensal Fungus Candida albicans Maintains a Long-Term Mutualistic Relationship with the Host To Modulate Gut Microbiota and Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0246222. [PMID: 36135388 PMCID: PMC9603587 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02462-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans survives as a commensal fungus in the gastrointestinal tract, and that its excessive growth causes infections in immunosuppressed individuals is widely accepted. However, any mutualistic relationship that may exist between C. albicans and the host remains undetermined. Here, we showed that a long-term feeding of C. albicans does not cause any noticeable infections in the mouse model. Our 16S and 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence analyses suggested that C. albicans colonizes in the gut and modulates microbiome dynamics, which in turn mitigates high-fat-diet-induced uncontrolled body weight gain and metabolic hormonal imbalances. Interestingly, adding C. albicans to a nonobesogenic diet stimulated the appetite-regulated hormones and helped the mice maintain a healthy body weight. In concert, our results suggest a mutualism between C. albicans and the host, contrary to the notion that C. albicans is always an adversary and indicating it can instead be a bona fide admirable companion of the host. Finally, we discuss its potential translational implication as a probiotic, especially in obese people or people dependent on high-fat calorie intakes to manage obesity associated complications. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is mostly considered an opportunistic pathogen that causes fetal systemic infections. However, this study demonstrates that in its commensal state, it maintains a long-term mutualistic relationship with the host and regulates microbial dynamics in the gut and host physiology. Thus, we concluded that C. albicans is not always an adversary but rather can be a bona fide admirable companion of the host. More importantly, as several genomic knockout strains of C. albicans were shown to be avirulent, such candidate strains may be explored further as preferable probiotic isolates to control obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doureradjou Peroumal
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Satya Ranjan Sahu
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Premlata Kumari
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Bhabasha Gyanadeep Utkalaja
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Narottam Acharya
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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28
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Li L, Ng AWR, Adamson C, Hayashi H, Li C, Lim H, Qiao Y. Chemoenzymatic Probes Reveal Peptidoglycan Recognition and Uptake Mechanisms in Candida albicans. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2538-2550. [PMID: 35968762 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen in humans, is under the strong influence of bacterial peptidoglycan fragments to undergo the yeast-to-hyphae transition, a key virulent step in C. albicans pathogenesis and infections. However, due to the synthetic difficulties of obtaining peptidoglycan fragments for biological studies, mechanistic details of how C. albicans recognizes and uptakes these peptidoglycan fragments have not been well elucidated. Notably, previous works have solely focused on the synthetic peptidoglycan ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), despite its poor hyphal-inducing activity in C. albicans. In this work, we isolated and purified natural peptidoglycan fragments via enzymatic degradation of bacteria cell wall sacculi and chemoenzymatically installed a series of functional d-amino acids into the natural muropeptide, creating peptidoglycan probes that bear photoaffinity, bio-orthogonal, or fluorescent functionality. Using these chemoenzymatic peptidoglycan probes, we established that natural peptidoglycan fragments, which are potent hyphal-inducers, interact with the C. albicans Cyr1 sensor protein in the in-gel fluorescence assay as well as in in vitro pulldown studies. Moreover, we established that bacterial peptidoglycan probes enter C. albicans cells via an energy-dependent endocytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
| | - Allan Wee Ren Ng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
| | - Christopher Adamson
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
| | - Hirohito Hayashi
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
| | - Huiyi Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (CBC), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (SPMS), Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, S637371 Singapore
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29
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Sharma J, Shapiro RS. Mucin modulates microbial morphogenesis. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:684-686. [PMID: 35668190 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jehoshua Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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30
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Li C, Liang Y, Qiao Y. Messengers From the Gut: Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites on Host Regulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863407. [PMID: 35531300 PMCID: PMC9073088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is the natural habitat for trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota, which play indispensable roles in maintaining host health. Defining the underlying mechanistic basis of the gut microbiota-host interactions has important implications for treating microbiota-associated diseases. At the fundamental level, the gut microbiota encodes a myriad of microbial enzymes that can modify various dietary precursors and host metabolites and synthesize, de novo, unique microbiota-derived metabolites that traverse from the host gut into the blood circulation. These gut microbiota-derived metabolites serve as key effector molecules to elicit host responses. In this review, we summarize recent studies in the understanding of the major classes of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) on their regulatory effects on host functions. Elucidation of the structures and biological activities of such gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the host represents an exciting and critical area of research.
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31
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Gutierrez MW, van Tilburg Bernardes E, Changirwa D, McDonald B, Arrieta MC. "Molding" immunity-modulation of mucosal and systemic immunity by the intestinal mycobiome in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:573-583. [PMID: 35474360 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00515-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are important yet understudied contributors to the microbial communities of the gastrointestinal tract. Starting at birth, the intestinal mycobiome undergoes a period of dynamic maturation under the influence of microbial, host, and extrinsic influences, with profound functional implications for immune development in early life, and regulation of immune homeostasis throughout life. Candida albicans serves as a model organism for understanding the cross-talk between fungal colonization dynamics and immunity, and exemplifies unique mechanisms of fungal-immune interactions, including fungal dimorphism, though our understanding of other intestinal fungi is growing. Given the prominent role of the gut mycobiome in promoting immune homeostasis, emerging evidence points to fungal dysbiosis as an influential contributor to immune dysregulation in a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here we review current knowledge on the factors that govern host-fungi interactions in the intestinal tract and immunological outcomes in both mucosal and systemic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie W Gutierrez
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erik van Tilburg Bernardes
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Diana Changirwa
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Braedon McDonald
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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32
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Zhang Z, Li M, Cui B, Chen X. Antibiotic Disruption of the Gut Microbiota Enhances the Murine Hepatic Dysfunction Associated With a High-Salt Diet. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829686. [PMID: 35222044 PMCID: PMC8881101 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that antibiotic exposure is related to metabolic malfunctions, such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver impairment and hypertrophy of adipose cells are related to high salt consumption. This research aims to investigated the physiological mechanism of a high salt diet (HSD) enhanced antibiotic-induced hepatic injury and mitochondrial abnormalities in mice. The mice were fed a HSD with or without penicillin G (PEN) for 8 weeks and the gut metabolome, untargeted faecal metabolomics, and intestinal function were evaluated. The results revealed that HSD, PEN and their combination (HSPEN) significantly changed the gut microbial community. HSPEN mice exhibited more opportunistic pathogens (such as Klebsiella and Morganella) and reduced probiotic species (including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). The main variations in the faecal metabolites of the HSPEN group were identified, including those connected with entero-hepatic circulation (including bile acids), tryptophan metabolism (i.e., indole derivatives) and lipid metabolism (e.g., erucic acid). Furthermore, increased intestinal permeability and immunologic response caused greater hepatic damage in the HSPEN group compared to the other groups. These findings may have important implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Zhang, ; Bo Cui, ; Xiao Chen,
| | - Mengjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Zhang, ; Bo Cui, ; Xiao Chen,
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Health Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Zhang, ; Bo Cui, ; Xiao Chen,
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33
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Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans is a ubiquitous member of the human gut microbiota. Hundreds or thousands of bacterial taxa reside together with this fungus in the intestine, creating a milieu with myriad opportunities for inter-kingdom interactions. Indeed, recent studies examining the broader composition - that is, monitoring not only bacteria but also the often neglected fungal component - of the gut microbiota hint that there are significant interdependencies between fungi and bacteria. Gut bacteria closely associate with C. albicans cells in the colon, break down and feed on complex sugars decorating the fungal cell wall, and shape the intestinal microhabitats occupied by the fungus. Peptidoglycan subunits released by bacteria upon antibiotic treatment can promote C. albicans dissemination from the intestine, seeding bloodstream infections that often become life-threatening. Elucidating the principles that govern the fungus-bacteria interplay may open the door to novel approaches to prevent C. albicans infections originating in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christian Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA,CONTACT J.Christian Pérez Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
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34
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast fungus of the human oral, gastrointestinal, and genital mucosal surfaces, and skin. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, iatrogenic immunosuppression, and/or medical interventions that impair the integrity of the mucocutaneous barrier and/or perturb protective host defense mechanisms enable C. albicans to become an opportunistic pathogen and cause debilitating mucocutaneous disease and/or life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge of the tissue-specific determinants of C. albicans pathogenicity and host immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Lopes
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
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35
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Eichelberger KR, Cassat JE. Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:797550. [PMID: 34956233 PMCID: PMC8692374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pathogens require metabolic flexibility to adapt to diverse host niches. The presence of co-infecting or commensal microorganisms at a given infection site can further influence the metabolic processes required for a pathogen to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans are microorganisms that asymptomatically colonize healthy individuals but can also cause superficial infections or severe invasive disease. Due to many shared host niches, S. aureus and C. albicans are frequently co-isolated from mixed fungal-bacterial infections. S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection alters microbial metabolism relative to infection with either organism alone. Metabolic changes during co-infection regulate virulence, such as enhancing toxin production in S. aureus or contributing to morphogenesis and cell wall remodeling in C. albicans. C. albicans and S. aureus also form polymicrobial biofilms, which have greater biomass and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials relative to mono-microbial biofilms. The S. aureus and C. albicans metabolic programs induced during co-infection impact interactions with host immune cells, resulting in greater microbial survival and immune evasion. Conversely, innate immune cell sensing of S. aureus and C. albicans triggers metabolic changes in the host cells that result in an altered immune response to secondary infections. In this review article, we discuss the metabolic programs that govern host-pathogen interactions during S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection. Understanding C. albicans-S. aureus interactions may highlight more general principles of how polymicrobial interactions, particularly fungal-bacterial interactions, shape the outcome of infectious disease. We focus on how co-infection alters microbial metabolism to enhance virulence and how infection-induced changes to host cell metabolism can impact a secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Eichelberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
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Melenotte C, Pontarotti P, Pinault L, Mège JL, Devaux C, Raoult D. Could β-Lactam Antibiotics Block Humoral Immunity? Front Immunol 2021; 12:680146. [PMID: 34603278 PMCID: PMC8480522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that treatment with β-lactam antibiotics induces leukopenia and candidemia, worsens the clinical response to anticancer immunotherapy and decreases immune response to vaccination. β-lactamases can cleave β-lactam antibiotics by blocking their activity. Two distincts superfamilies of β-lactamases are described, the serine β-lactamases and the zinc ion dependent metallo-β-lactamases. In human, 18 metallo-β-lactamases encoding genes (hMBLs) have been identified. While the physiological role of most of them remains unknown, it is well established that the SNM1A, B and C proteins are involved in DNA repair. The SNM1C/Artemis protein is precisely associated in the V(D)J segments rearrangement, that leads to immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor variable regions, which have a crucial role in the immune response. Thus in humans, SNM1C/Artemis mutation is associated with severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia deficient cellular immunity and opportunistic infections. While catalytic site of hMBLs and especially that of the SNM1 family is highly conserved, in vitro studies showed that some β-lactam antibiotics, and precisely third generation of cephalosporin and ampicillin, inhibit the metallo-β-lactamase proteins SNM1A & B and the SNM1C/Artemis protein complex. By analogy, the question arises as to whether β-lactam antibiotics can block the SNM1C/Artemis protein in humans inducing transient immunodeficiency. We reviewed here the literature data supporting this hypothesis based on in silico, in vitro and in vivo evidences. Understanding the impact of β-lactam antibiotics on the immune cell will offer new therapeutic clues and new clinical approaches in oncology, immunology, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléa Melenotte
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique des Hpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique des Hpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Pinault
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique des Hpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique des Hpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique des Hpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique des Hpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Chow EWL, Pang LM, Wang Y. From Jekyll to Hyde: The Yeast-Hyphal Transition of Candida albicans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070859. [PMID: 34358008 PMCID: PMC8308684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans, accounting for 15% of nosocomial infections with an estimated attributable mortality of 47%. C. albicans is usually a benign member of the human microbiome in healthy people. Under constant exposure to highly dynamic environmental cues in diverse host niches, C. albicans has successfully evolved to adapt to both commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. The ability of C. albicans to undergo a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filamentous forms is a well-established virulent trait. Over the past few decades, a significant amount of research has been carried out to understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that govern the C. albicans yeast-to-hyphal transition. This review will summarize our current understanding of well-elucidated signal transduction pathways that activate C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis in response to various environmental cues and the cell cycle machinery involved in the subsequent regulation and maintenance of hyphal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Wai Ling Chow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Li Mei Pang
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), 5 Second Hospital Ave, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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