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Li Y, Lemon SM. Biochemical analysis of the host factor activity of ZCCHC14 in hepatitis A virus replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0005724. [PMID: 38501662 PMCID: PMC11019785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00057-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known of the mechanisms underlying hepatitis A virus (HAV) genome replication. Unlike other well-studied picornaviruses, HAV RNA replication requires the zinc finger protein ZCCHC14 and non-canonical TENT4 poly(A) polymerases with which it forms a complex. The ZCCHC14-TENT4 complex binds to a stem-loop located within the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5' untranslated RNA (5'UTR) and is essential for viral RNA synthesis, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we describe how different ZCCHC14 domains contribute to its RNA-binding, TENT4-binding, and HAV host factor activities. We show that the RNA-binding activity of ZCCHC14 requires both a sterile alpha motif (SAM) and a downstream unstructured domain (D4) and that ZCCHC14 contains two TENT4-binding sites: one at the N-terminus and the other around D4. Both RNA-binding and TENT4-binding are required for HAV host factor activity of ZCCHC14. We also demonstrate that the location of the ZCCHC14-binding site within the 5'UTR is critical for its function. Our study provides a novel insight into the function of ZCCHC14 and helps elucidate the mechanism of the ZCCHC14-TENT4 complex in HAV replication.IMPORTANCEThe zinc finger protein ZCCHC14 is an essential host factor for both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). It recruits the non-canonical TENT4 poly(A) polymerases to viral RNAs and most likely also a subset of cellular mRNAs. Little is known about the details of these interactions. We show here the functional domains of ZCCHC14 that are involved in binding to HAV RNA and interactions with TENT4 and describe previously unrecognized peptide sequences that are critical for the HAV host factor activity of ZCCHC14. Our study advances the understanding of the ZCCHC14-TENT4 complex and how it functions in regulating viral and cellular RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Pérez-Rubio P, Lavado-García J, Bosch-Molist L, Romero EL, Cervera L, Gòdia F. Extracellular vesicle depletion and UGCG overexpression mitigate the cell density effect in HEK293 cell culture transfection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101190. [PMID: 38327808 PMCID: PMC10847930 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The hitherto unexplained reduction of cell-specific productivity in transient gene expression (TGE) at high cell density (HCD) is known as the cell density effect (CDE). It currently represents a major challenge in TGE-based bioprocess intensification. This phenomenon has been largely reported, but the molecular principles governing it are still unclear. The CDE is currently understood to be caused by the combination of an unknown inhibitory compound in the extracellular medium and an uncharacterized cellular change at HCD. This study investigates the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as extracellular inhibitors for transfection through the production of HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) via transient transfection in HEK293 cells. EV depletion from the extracellular medium restored transfection efficiency in conditions that suffer from the CDE, also enhancing VLP budding and improving production by 60%. Moreover, an alteration in endosomal formation was observed at HCD, sequestering polyplexes and preventing transfection. Overexpression of UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) enzyme removed intracellular polyplex sequestration, improving transfection efficiency. Combining EV depletion and UGCG overexpression improved transfection efficiency by ∼45% at 12 × 106 cells/mL. These results suggest that the interaction between polyplexes and extracellular and intracellular vesicles plays a crucial role in the CDE, providing insights for the development of strategies to mitigate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Pérez-Rubio
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Lavado-García
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Bosch-Molist
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elianet Lorenzo Romero
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Shiota T, Li Z, Chen GY, McKnight KL, Shirasaki T, Yonish B, Kim H, Fritch EJ, Sheahan TP, Muramatsu M, Kapustina M, Cameron CE, Li Y, Zhang Q, Lemon SM. Hepatoviruses promote very-long-chain fatty acid and sphingolipid synthesis for viral RNA replication and quasi-enveloped virus release. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj4198. [PMID: 37862421 PMCID: PMC10588952 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced changes in host lipid metabolism are an important but poorly understood aspect of viral pathogenesis. By combining nontargeted lipidomics analyses of infected cells and purified extracellular quasi-enveloped virions with high-throughput RNA sequencing and genetic depletion studies, we show that hepatitis A virus, an hepatotropic picornavirus, broadly manipulates the host cell lipid environment, enhancing synthesis of ceramides and other sphingolipids and transcriptionally activating acyl-coenzyme A synthetases and fatty acid elongases to import and activate long-chain fatty acids for entry into the fatty acid elongation cycle. Phospholipids with very-long-chain acyl tails (>C22) are essential for genome replication, whereas increases in sphingolipids support assembly and release of quasi-enveloped virions wrapped in membranes highly enriched for sphingomyelin and very-long-chain ceramides. Our data provide insight into how a pathogenic virus alters lipid flux in infected hepatocytes and demonstrate a distinction between lipid species required for viral RNA synthesis versus nonlytic quasi-enveloped virus release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Shiota
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhucui Li
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Kevin L. McKnight
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bryan Yonish
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heyjeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ethan J. Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy P. Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - You Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Van Damme P, Pintó RM, Feng Z, Cui F, Gentile A, Shouval D. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37770459 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Over 150 million new infections of hepatitis A occur annually. HAV causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the liver that usually resolves spontaneously without chronic sequelae. However, up to 20% of patients experience a prolonged or relapsed course and <1% experience acute liver failure. Host factors, such as immunological status, age, pregnancy and underlying hepatic diseases, can affect the severity of disease. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies produced in response to HAV infection persist for life and protect against re-infection; vaccine-induced antibodies against hepatitis A confer long-term protection. The WHO recommends vaccination for individuals at higher risk of infection and/or severe disease in countries with very low and low hepatitis A virus endemicity, and universal childhood vaccination in intermediate endemicity countries. To date, >25 countries worldwide have implemented such programmes, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation, rapid identification of outbreaks and fast and accurate intervention in outbreak control are essential to reducing HAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Institute of Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Wen X, Irshad A, Jin H. The Battle for Survival: The Role of RNA Non-Canonical Tails in the Virus-Host Interaction. Metabolites 2023; 13:1009. [PMID: 37755289 PMCID: PMC10537345 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminal nucleotidyltransferases (TENTs) could generate a 'mixed tail' or 'U-rich tail' consisting of different nucleotides at the 3' end of RNA by non-templated nucleotide addition to protect or degrade cellular messenger RNA. Recently, there has been increasing evidence that the decoration of virus RNA terminus with a mixed tail or U-rich tail is a critical way to affect viral RNA stability in virus-infected cells. This paper first briefly introduces the cellular function of the TENT family and non-canonical tails, then comprehensively reviews their roles in virus invasion and antiviral immunity, as well as the significance of the TENT family in antiviral therapy. This review will contribute to understanding the role and mechanism of non-canonical RNA tailing in survival competition between the virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, China; (X.W.); (A.I.)
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Das A, Rivera-Serrano EE, Yin X, Walker CM, Feng Z, Lemon SM. Cell entry and release of quasi-enveloped human hepatitis viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:573-589. [PMID: 37185947 PMCID: PMC10127183 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hepatitis type A and type E are caused by phylogenetically distinct single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that were once considered to be non-enveloped. However, studies show that both are released nonlytically from hepatocytes as 'quasi-enveloped' virions cloaked in host membranes. These virion types predominate in the blood of infected individuals and mediate virus spread within the liver. They lack virally encoded proteins on their surface and are resistant to neutralizing anti-capsid antibodies induced by infection, yet they efficiently enter cells and initiate new rounds of virus replication. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which specific peptide sequences in the capsids of these quasi-enveloped virions mediate their endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent release from hepatocytes through multivesicular endosomes, what is known about how they enter cells, and the impact of capsid quasi-envelopment on host immunity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Das
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Efraín E Rivera-Serrano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Xia T, Wu X, Hong E, Jung K, Lai CJ, Kwak MJ, Seo H, Kim S, Jiang Z, Cha I, Jung JU. Glucosylceramide is essential for Heartland and Dabie bandavirus glycoprotein-induced membrane fusion. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011232. [PMID: 36920967 PMCID: PMC10016662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to climate changes, there has been a large expansion of emerging tick-borne zoonotic viruses, including Heartland bandavirus (HRTV) and Dabie bandavirus (DBV). As etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with high fatality, HRTV and DBV have been recognized as dangerous viral pathogens that likely cause future wide epidemics. Despite serious health concerns, the mechanisms underlying viral infection are largely unknown. HRTV and DBV Gn and Gc are viral surface glycoproteins required for early entry events during infection. Glycosphingolipids, including galactosylceramide (GalCer), glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and lactosylceramide (LacCer), are a class of membrane lipids that play essential roles in membrane structure and viral lifecycle. Here, our genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen identifies that glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway is essential for HRTV and DBV infection. The deficiency of UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) that produces GlcCer resulted in the loss of infectivity of recombinant viruses pseudotyped with HRTV or DBV Gn/Gc glycoproteins. Conversely, exogenous supplement of GlcCer, but not GalCer or LacCer, recovered viral entry of UGCG-deficient cells in a dose-dependent manner. Biophysical analyses showed that GlcCer targeted the lipid-head-group binding pocket of Gc to form a stable protein-lipid complex, which allowed the insertion of Gc protein into host lysosomal membrane lipid bilayers for viral fusion. Mutagenesis showed that D841 residue at the Gc lipid binding pocket was critical for GlcCer interaction and thereby, viral entry. These findings reveal detailed mechanism of GlcCer glycosphingolipid in HRTV and DBV Gc-mediated membrane fusion and provide a potential therapeutic target for tickborne virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eunjin Hong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chih-Jen Lai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hogyu Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Inho Cha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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8
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Sun L, Feng H, Misumi I, Shirasaki T, Hensley L, González-López O, Shiota I, Chou WC, Ting JPY, Cullen JM, Cowley DO, Whitmire JK, Lemon SM. Viral protease cleavage of MAVS in genetically modified mice with hepatitis A virus infection. J Hepatol 2023; 78:271-280. [PMID: 36152761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Consistent with its relatively narrow host species range, hepatitis A virus (HAV) cannot infect C57BL/6 mice. However, in Mavs-/- mice with genetic deficiency of the innate immune signaling adaptor MAVS, HAV replicates robustly in the absence of disease. The HAV 3ABC protease cleaves MAVS in human cells, thereby disrupting virus-induced IFN responses, but it cannot cleave murine MAVS (mMAVS) due to sequence differences at the site of scission. Here, we sought to elucidate the role of 3ABC MAVS cleavage in determining HAV pathogenesis and host species range. METHODS Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we established two independent lineages of C57BL/6 mice with knock-in mutations altering two amino acids in mMAVS ('mMAVS-VS'), rendering it susceptible to 3ABC cleavage without loss of signaling function. We challenged homozygous Mavsvs/vs mice with HAV, and compared infection outcomes with C57BL/6 and genetically deficient Mavs-/- mice. RESULTS The humanized murine mMAVS-VS protein was cleaved as efficiently as human MAVS when co-expressed with 3ABC in Huh-7 cells. In embyronic fibroblasts from Mavsvs/vs mice, mMAVS-VS was cleaved by ectopically expressed 3ABC, significantly disrupting Sendai virus-induced IFN responses. However, in contrast to Mavs-/- mice with genetic MAVS deficiency, HAV failed to establish infection in Mavsvs/vs mice, even with additional genetic knockout of Trif or Irf1. Nonetheless, when crossed with permissive Ifnar1-/- mice lacking type I IFN receptors, Mavsvs/vsIfnar1-/- mice demonstrated enhanced viral replication coupled with significant reductions in serum alanine aminotransferase, hepatocellular apoptosis, and intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltrates compared with Ifnar1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS MAVS cleavage by 3ABC boosts viral replication and disrupts disease pathogenesis, but it is not by itself sufficient to break the host-species barrier to HAV infection in mice. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The limited host range of human hepatitis viruses could be explained by species-specific viral strategies that disrupt innate immune responses. Both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis C virus express viral proteases that cleave the innate immune adaptor protein MAVS, in human but not mouse cells. However, the impact of this immune evasion strategy has never been assessed in vivo. Here we show that HAV 3ABC protease cleavage of MAVS enhances viral replication and lessens liver inflammation in mice lacking interferon receptors, but that it is insufficient by itself to overcome the cross-species barrier to infection in mice. These results enhance our understanding of how hepatitis viruses interact with the host and their impact on innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lucinda Hensley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Itoe Shiota
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA
| | - John M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | - Dale O Cowley
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA; Animal Models Core Facility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599 USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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9
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Shiota T, Matsuda M, Zheng X, Nagata N, Ishii K, Suzuki R, Muramatsu M, Takimoto K, Hanaki KI, Lemon SM, McGivern DR, Hirai-Yuki A. Macrophage Depletion Reactivates Fecal Virus Shedding following Resolution of Acute Hepatitis A in Ifnar1-/- Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0149622. [PMID: 36354341 PMCID: PMC9749467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01496-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hepatitis A virus (HAV) is associated only with acute hepatitis in humans, HAV RNA persists within the liver for months following resolution of liver inflammation and cessation of fecal virus shedding in chimpanzees and murine models of hepatitis A. Here, we confirm striking differences in the kinetics of HAV RNA clearance from liver versus serum and feces in infected Ifnar1-/- mice and investigate the nature of viral RNA persisting in the liver following normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Fecal shedding of virus produced in hepatocytes declined >3,000-fold between its peak at day 14 and day 126, whereas intrahepatic HAV RNA declined only 32-fold by day 154. Viral RNA was identified within hepatocytes 3 to 4 months after inoculation and was associated with membranes, banding between 1.07 and 1.14 g/cm3 in isopycnic iodixanol gradients. Gradient fractions containing HAV RNA demonstrated no infectivity when inoculated into naive mice but contained neutralizing anti-HAV antibody. Depleting CD4+ or CD8+ T cells at this late point in infection had no effect on viral RNA abundance in the liver, whereas clodronate-liposome depletion of macrophages between days 110 and 120 postinoculation resulted in a striking recrudescence of fecal virus shedding and the reappearance of viral RNA in serum coupled with reductions in intra-hepatic Ifnγ, Tnfα, Ccl5, and other chemokine transcripts. Our data suggest that replication-competent HAV RNA persists for months within the liver in the presence of neutralizing antibody following resolution of acute hepatitis in Ifnar1-/- mice and that macrophages play a key role in viral control late in infection. IMPORTANCE HAV RNA persists in the liver of infected chimpanzees and interferon receptor-deficient Ifnar1-/- mice for many months after neutralizing antibodies appear, virus has been cleared from the blood, and fecal virus shedding has terminated. Here, we show this viral RNA is located within hepatocytes and that the depletion of macrophages months after the resolution of hepatic inflammation restores fecal virus shedding and circulating viral RNA. Our study identifies an important role for macrophages in virus control following resolution of acute hepatitis A in Ifnar1-/- mice and may have relevance to relapsing hepatitis A in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Shiota
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takimoto
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hanaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David R. McGivern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Shirasaki T, González-López O, McKnight KL, Xie L, Shiota T, Chen X, Feng H, Lemon SM. Nonlytic Quasi-Enveloped Hepatovirus Release Is Facilitated by pX Protein Interaction with the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ITCH. J Virol 2022; 96:e0119522. [PMID: 36286484 PMCID: PMC9645215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01195-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoviruses are atypical hepatotropic picornaviruses that are released from infected cells without lysis in small membranous vesicles. These exosome-like, quasi-enveloped virions (eHAV) are infectious and the only form of hepatitis A virus (HAV) found circulating in blood during acute infection. eHAV is released through multivesicular endosomes in a process dependent on endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). Capsid protein interactions with the ESCRT-associated Bro1 domain proteins, ALG-2-interacting protein X (ALIX) and His domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP), which are both recruited to the pX domain of 1D (VP1pX), are critical for this process. Previous proteomics studies suggest pX also binds the HECT domain, NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligase, ITCH. Here, we confirm this interaction and show ITCH binds directly to the carboxy-terminal half of pX from both human and bat hepatoviruses independently of ALIX. A small chemical compound (compound 5) designed to disrupt interactions between WW domains of NEDD4 ligases and substrate molecules blocked ITCH binding to pX and demonstrated substantial antiviral activity against HAV. CRISPR deletion or small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ITCH expression inhibited the release of a self-assembling nanocage protein fused to pX and also impaired the release of eHAV from infected cells. The release could be rescued by overexpression of wild-type ITCH, but not a catalytically inactive ITCH mutant. Despite this, we found no evidence that ITCH ubiquitylates pX or that eHAV release is strongly dependent upon Lys residues in pX. These data indicate ITCH plays an important role in the ESCRT-dependent release of quasi-enveloped hepatovirus, although the substrate molecule targeted for ubiquitylation remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE Mechanisms underlying the cellular release of quasi-enveloped hepatoviruses are only partially understood, yet play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this common agent of viral hepatitis. Multiple NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases, including ITCH, have been reported to promote the budding of conventional enveloped viruses but are not known to function in the release of HAV or other picornaviruses from infected cells. Here, we show that the unique C-terminal pX extension of the VP1 capsid protein of HAV interacts directly with ITCH and that ITCH promotes eHAV release in a manner analogous to its role in budding of some conventional enveloped viruses. The catalytic activity of ITCH is required for efficient eHAV release and may potentially function to ubiquitylate the viral capsid or activate ESCRT components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin L. McKnight
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ling Xie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Shiota
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Shirasaki T, Feng H, Duyvesteyn HME, Fusco WG, McKnight KL, Xie L, Boyce M, Kumar S, Barouch-Bentov R, González-López O, McNamara R, Wang L, Hertel-Wulff A, Chen X, Einav S, Duncan JA, Kapustina M, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Lemon SM. Nonlytic cellular release of hepatitis A virus requires dual capsid recruitment of the ESCRT-associated Bro1 domain proteins HD-PTP and ALIX. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010543. [PMID: 35969644 PMCID: PMC9410543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although picornaviruses are conventionally considered 'nonenveloped', members of multiple picornaviral genera are released nonlytically from infected cells in extracellular vesicles. The mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, we describe interactions of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid with components of host endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) that play an essential role in release. We show release of quasi-enveloped virus (eHAV) in exosome-like vesicles requires a conserved export signal located within the 8 kDa C-terminal VP1 pX extension that functions in a manner analogous to late domains of canonical enveloped viruses. Fusing pX to a self-assembling engineered protein nanocage (EPN-pX) resulted in its ESCRT-dependent release in extracellular vesicles. Mutational analysis identified a 24 amino acid peptide sequence located within the center of pX that was both necessary and sufficient for nanocage release. Deleting a YxxL motif within this sequence ablated eHAV release, resulting in virus accumulating intracellularly. The pX export signal is conserved in non-human hepatoviruses from a wide range of mammalian species, and functional in pX sequences from bat hepatoviruses when fused to the nanocage protein, suggesting these viruses are released as quasi-enveloped virions. Quantitative proteomics identified multiple ESCRT-related proteins associating with EPN-pX, including ALG2-interacting protein X (ALIX), and its paralog, tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 23 (HD-PTP), a second Bro1 domain protein linked to sorting of ubiquitylated cargo into multivesicular endosomes. RNAi-mediated depletion of either Bro1 domain protein impeded eHAV release. Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy demonstrated colocalization of viral capsids with endogenous ALIX and HD-PTP. Co-immunoprecipitation assays using biotin-tagged peptides and recombinant proteins revealed pX interacts directly through the export signal with N-terminal Bro1 domains of both HD-PTP and ALIX. Our study identifies an exceptionally potent viral export signal mediating extracellular release of virus-sized protein assemblies and shows release requires non-redundant activities of both HD-PTP and ALIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Helen M. E. Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - William G. Fusco
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. McKnight
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ling Xie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Boyce
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rina Barouch-Bentov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adriana Hertel-Wulff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xian Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shirit Einav
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Chan-Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Duncan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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12
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Marquez R, Zwilling J, Zambrano F, Tolosa L, Marquez ME, Venditti R, Jameel H, Gonzalez R. Nanoparticles and essential oils with antiviral activity on packaging and surfaces: An overview of their selection and application. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Marquez
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Jacob Zwilling
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Franklin Zambrano
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Laura Tolosa
- School of Chemical Engineering Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - Maria E. Marquez
- Laboratory of Parasite Enzymology, Department of Biology Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - Richard Venditti
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Ronalds Gonzalez
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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13
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Abstract
Despite excellent vaccines, resurgent outbreaks of hepatitis A have caused thousands of hospitalizations and hundreds of deaths within the United States in recent years. There is no effective antiviral therapy for hepatitis A, and many aspects of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) replication cycle remain to be elucidated. Replication requires the zinc finger protein ZCCHC14 and noncanonical TENT4 poly(A) polymerases with which it associates, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that ZCCHC14 and TENT4A/B are required for viral RNA synthesis following translation of the viral genome in infected cells. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation sequencing (CLIP-seq) experiments revealed that ZCCHC14 binds a small stem-loop in the HAV 5' untranslated RNA possessing a Smaug recognition-like pentaloop to which it recruits TENT4. TENT4 polymerases lengthen and stabilize the 3' poly(A) tails of some cellular and viral mRNAs, but the chemical inhibition of TENT4A/B with the dihydroquinolizinone RG7834 had no impact on the length of the HAV 3' poly(A) tail, stability of HAV RNA, or cap-independent translation of the viral genome. By contrast, RG7834 inhibited the incorporation of 5-ethynyl uridine into nascent HAV RNA, indicating that TENT4A/B function in viral RNA synthesis. Consistent with potent in vitro antiviral activity against HAV (IC50 6.11 nM), orally administered RG7834 completely blocked HAV infection in Ifnar1-/- mice, and sharply reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activities, hepatocyte apoptosis, and intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltrates in mice with acute hepatitis A. These results reveal requirements for ZCCHC14-TENT4A/B in hepatovirus RNA synthesis, and suggest that TENT4A/B inhibitors may be useful for preventing or treating hepatitis A in humans.
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14
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Lemon SM. Hepatitis A: Current view of an ancient disease. J Hepatol 2022; 77:243-244. [PMID: 35513903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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15
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McNamara RP, Eason AB, Zhou Y, Bigi R, Griffith JD, Costantini LM, Rudek MA, Anders NM, Damania BA, Dittmer DP. Exosome-Encased Nucleic Acid Scaffold Chemotherapeutic Agents for Superior Anti-Tumor and Anti-Angiogenesis Activity. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:140-149. [PMID: 35480227 PMCID: PMC9026271 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, play a pivotal role in tumor growth and metastasis, such as in the case of Kaposi Sarcoma. By loading tumor-derived EVs with chemotherapeutic drugs, we noted that their pro-tumor/pro-angiogenic phenotype was converted into an anti-tumor phenotype in vivo. Drug concentration in EVs was significantly higher than in clinically approved liposome formulation, as retention was facilitated by the presence of miRNAs inside the natural EVs. This demonstrates a new mechanism by which to increase the payload capacity of nanoparticles. By exploiting the targeting preferences of tumor-derived EVs, chemotherapeutics can be directed to specifically poison the cells and the microenvironment that enables metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
| | - Lindsey M Costantini
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 401 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Nicole M Anders
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 401 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Blossom A Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-9500, United States
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16
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Nain A, Kumar M, Banerjee M. Oligomers of hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid protein VP1 generated in a heterologous expression system. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:53. [PMID: 35392916 PMCID: PMC8991588 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The quasi-enveloped picornavirus, Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), causes acute hepatitis in humans and infects approximately 1.5 million individuals a year, which does not include the asymptomatically infected population. Several severe outbreaks in developing nations in recent years have highlighted the reduction in HAV endemicity, which increases the risk of infections in the vulnerable population. The current HAV vaccines are based on growing wildtype or attenuated virus in cell culture, which raises the cost of production. For generation of cheaper, subunit vaccines or strategies for antibody-based diagnostics, production of viral structural proteins in recombinant form in easily accessible expression systems is a priority. Results We attempted several strategies for recombinant production of one of the major capsid proteins VP1, from HAV, in the E. coli expression system. Several efforts resulted in the formation of soluble aggregates or tight association of VP1 with the bacterial chaperone GroEL. Correctly folded VP1 was eventually generated in a discrete oligomeric form upon purification of the protein from inclusion bodies and refolding. The oligomers resemble oligomers of capsid proteins from other picornaviruses and appear to have the correct secondary and antigenic surface structure. Conclusions VP1 oligomers generated in the bacterial expression system can be utilized for understanding the molecular pathway of HAV capsid assembly and may also have potential biomedical usages in prevention and diagnostics of HAV infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01780-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Nain
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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17
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He X, Guan F, Lei L. Structure and function of glycosphingolipids on small extracellular vesicles. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:197-205. [PMID: 35201531 PMCID: PMC8866925 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-delineated particles secreted by most types of cells under both normal and pathophysiological conditions. EVs are believed to mediate intercellular communication by serving as carriers of different bioactive ingredients, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Glycoconjugates are complex molecules consisting of covalently linked carbohydrate with proteins or lipids. These glycoconjugates play essential roles in the sorting of vesicular protein and the uptake of small extracellular vesicles (30–100 nm, sEVs) into recipient cells. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), one subtype of glycolipids, which are ubiquitous membrane components in almost all living organisms, are also commonly distributed on sEVs. However, the study of functional roles of GSLs on sEVs are far behind than other functional cargos. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of GSLs on sEVs. Initially, we described classification and structure of GSLs. Then, we briefly introduced the essential functions of GSLs, which are able to interact with functional membrane proteins, such as growth factor receptors, integrins and tetraspanins, to modulate cell growth, adhesion and cell motility. In addition, we discussed analytical methods for studying GSLs on sEVs. Finally, we focused on the function of GSLs on sEVs, including regulating the aggregation of extracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) or extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and influencing tumor cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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18
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Nieto-Garai JA, Contreras FX, Arboleya A, Lorizate M. Role of Protein-Lipid Interactions in Viral Entry. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101264. [PMID: 35119227 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The viral entry consists of several sequential events that ensure the attachment of the virus to the host cell and the introduction of its genetic material for the continuation of the replication cycle. Both cellular and viral lipids have gained a wider focus in recent years in the field of viral entry, as they are found to play key roles in different steps of the process. The specific role is summarized that lipids and lipid membrane nanostructures play in viral attachment, fusion, and immune evasion and how they can be targeted with antiviral therapies. Finally, some of the limitations of techniques commonly used for protein-lipid interactions studies are discussed, and new emerging tools are reviewed that can be applied to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Francesc-Xabier Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Aroa Arboleya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
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19
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Hsu CL, Duan Y, Fouts DE, Schnabl B. Intestinal virome and therapeutic potential of bacteriophages in liver disease. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1465-1475. [PMID: 34437908 PMCID: PMC8929164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans harbour a large quantity of microbes in the intestinal tract and have evolved symbiotic relationships with many of them. However, several specific bacterial pathobionts are associated with liver disease pathogenesis. Although bacteriophages (phages) and eukaryotic viruses (collectively known as "the virome") outnumber bacteria and fungi in the intestine, little is known about the intestinal virome in patients with liver disease. As natural predators of bacteria, phages can precisely edit the bacterial microbiota. Hence, there is interest in using them to target bacterial pathobionts in several diseases, including those of the liver. Herein, we will summarise changes in the faecal virome associated with fatty liver diseases and cirrhosis, and describe the therapeutic potential of phages and potential challenges to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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20
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Chulanov V, Kostyusheva A, Brezgin S, Ponomareva N, Gegechkori V, Volchkova E, Pimenov N, Kostyushev D. CRISPR Screening: Molecular Tools for Studying Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112258. [PMID: 34835064 PMCID: PMC8618713 DOI: 10.3390/v13112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas is a powerful tool for studying the role of genes in viral infections. The invention of CRISPR screening technologies has made it possible to untangle complex interactions between the host and viral agents. Moreover, whole-genome and pathway-specific CRISPR screens have facilitated identification of novel drug candidates for treating viral infections. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the fields of CRISPR/Cas with a focus on the use of CRISPR screens for studying viral infections and identifying new candidate genes to aid development of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (A.K.); (S.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (A.K.); (S.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (A.K.); (S.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Natalia Ponomareva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (A.K.); (S.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nikolay Pimenov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (A.K.); (S.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (A.K.); (S.B.); (N.P.); (N.P.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Aguilar-Pineda JA, Albaghdadi M, Jiang W, Vera-Lopez KJ, Nieto-Montesinos R, Alvarez KLF, Davila Del-Carpio G, Gómez B, Lindsay ME, Malhotra R, Lino Cardenas CL. Structural and Functional Analysis of Female Sex Hormones against SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11508. [PMID: 34768939 PMCID: PMC8584232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that males are more susceptible to severe infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. A variety of mechanisms may underlie the observed gender-related disparities including differences in sex hormones. However, the precise mechanisms by which female sex hormones may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains unknown. Here we report new insights into the molecular basis of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human ACE2 receptor. We further report that glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Importantly, estrogens can disrupt glycan-glycan interactions and glycan-protein interactions between the human ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 thereby blocking its entry into cells. In a mouse model of COVID-19, estrogens reduced ACE2 glycosylation and thereby alveolar uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results shed light on a putative mechanism whereby female sex hormones may provide protection from developing severe infection and could inform the development of future therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Aguilar-Pineda
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Mazen Albaghdadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Wanlin Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Karin J. Vera-Lopez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Rita Nieto-Montesinos
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Karla Lucia F. Alvarez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Gonzalo Davila Del-Carpio
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Badhin Gómez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Mark E. Lindsay
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Christian L. Lino Cardenas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
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22
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Cao G, Jing W, Liu J, Liu M. The global trends and regional differences in incidence and mortality of hepatitis A from 1990 to 2019 and implications for its prevention. Hepatol Int 2021; 15:1068-1082. [PMID: 34345993 PMCID: PMC8514357 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Despite decades of improved sanitation and hygiene measures and vaccine introduction, hepatitis A has been spread through numerous outbreaks globally. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to quantify hepatitis A burden at the global, regional and national levels. Methods Annual incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of hepatitis A between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the GBD study 2019. Percentage changes of cases and deaths, and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of ASIRs and ASMRs were calculated to quantify their temporal trends. Results Global hepatitis A incident cases increased by 13.90% from 139.54 million in 1990 to 158.94 million in 2019. ASIR of hepatitis A remained stable (EAPC = 0.00, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.01), whereas ASMR decreased (EAPC = −4.63, 95% CI −4.94 to −4.32) between 1990 and 2019. ASIR increased in low (EAPC = 0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.14) and low-middle (EAPC = 0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.06) socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. For GBD regions, the most significant increases of ASIR were detected in high-income Asia Pacific (EAPC = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.66), Oceania (EAPC = 0.31, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.36), and Australasia (EAPC = 0.28, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.44). EAPC of ASIR was positively associated with SDI value in countries and territories with SDI value ≥ 0.7 (ρ = −0.310, p < 0.001). Conclusion There is an unfavorable trend that hepatitis A is still pending in hyperendemic regions and is emerging in low endemic regions. These highlight the need of targeted and specific strategies to eliminate hepatitis A, such as sanitation measures and a comprehensive plan for surveillance and vaccination against hepatitis A. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12072-021-10232-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Wenzhan Jing
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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23
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Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses utilize different glycans and the AAV receptor (AAVR) for cellular attachment and entry. Directed evolution has yielded new AAV variants; however, structure-function correlates underlying their improved transduction are generally overlooked. Here, we report that infectious cycling of structurally diverse AAV surface loop libraries yields functionally distinct variants. Newly evolved variants show enhanced cellular binding, uptake, and transduction, but through distinct mechanisms. Using glycan-based and genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens, we discover that one AAV variant acquires the ability to recognize sulfated glycosaminoglycans, while another displays receptor switching from AAVR to integrin β1 (ITGB1). A previously evolved variant, AAVhum.8, preferentially utilizes the ITGB1 receptor over AAVR. Visualization of the AAVhum.8 capsid by cryoelectron microscopy at 2.49-Å resolution localizes the newly acquired integrin recognition motif adjacent to the AAVR footprint. These observations underscore the new finding that distinct AAV surface epitopes can be evolved to exploit different cellular receptors for enhanced transduction. IMPORTANCE Understanding how viruses interact with host cells through cell surface receptors is central to discovery and development of antiviral therapeutics, vaccines, and gene transfer vectors. Here, we demonstrate that distinct epitopes on the surface of adeno-associated viruses can be evolved by infectious cycling to recognize different cell surface carbohydrates and glycoprotein receptors and solve the three-dimensional structure of one such newly evolved AAV capsid, which provides a roadmap for designing viruses with improved attributes for gene therapy applications.
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24
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Kanda T, Sasaki R, Masuzaki R, Takahashi H, Fujisawa M, Matsumoto N, Okamoto H, Moriyama M. Additive Effects of Zinc Chloride on the Suppression of Hepatitis A Virus Replication by Interferon in Human Hepatoma Huh7 Cells. In Vivo 2021; 34:3301-3308. [PMID: 33144437 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is still one of the serious health problems worldwide, despite the existence of effective vaccines for HAV. Zinc compounds have antiviral activities against various DNA and RNA viruses. Therefore, we investigated the effects of zinc compounds on the antiviral activity of interferon against HAV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of zinc compounds with or without interferon on HAV genotype IIIA HA11-1299 replication were examined in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Cell viability was examined by the MTS assay. Inflammasome associated gene expression was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Both zinc sulfate and zinc chloride had an inhibitory effect on HAV replication. Zinc sulfate tended to enhance while zinc chloride significantly enhanced the anti-HAV effect induced by interferon-alpha-2a. Zinc chloride significantly up-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 (MAPK12) and down-regulated 6 related genes [baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting protein 1 (PSTPIP1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), PYD and CARD domain containing (PYCARD), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)]. CONCLUSION Zinc chloride inhibits HAV replication and has additive effects on the anti-HAV activities of interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Masuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujisawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-ken, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Pintó RM, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Costafreda MI, Chavarria-Miró G, Guix S, Ribes E, Bosch A. Pathogenicity and virulence of hepatitis A virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1174-1185. [PMID: 33843464 PMCID: PMC8043188 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1910442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver, which is mostly asymptomatic in children and increases the severity with age. Although in most patients the infection resolves completely, in a few of them it may follow a prolonged or relapsed course or even a fulminant form. The reason for these different outcomes is unknown, but it is generally accepted that host factors such as the immunological status, age and the occurrence of underlaying hepatic diseases are the main determinants of the severity. However, it cannot be ruled out that some virus traits may also contribute to the severe clinical outcomes. In this review, we will analyze which genetic determinants of the virus may determine virulence, in the context of a paradigmatic virus in terms of its genomic, molecular, replicative, and evolutionary features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Isabel Costafreda
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chavarria-Miró
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Ribes
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Iminosugar glucosidase inhibitors reduce hepatic inflammation in HAV-infected Ifnar1-/- mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0005821. [PMID: 33692213 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00058-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminosugar compounds are monosaccharide mimetics with broad but generally weak antiviral activities related to inhibition of enzymes involved in glycobiology. Miglustat (N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin), which is approved for treatment of lipid storage diseases in humans, and UV-4 (N-(9-methoxynonyl)-1-deoxynojirimycin), inhibit replication of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in cell culture (IC50 32.13 μM and 8.05 μM, respectively) by blocking the synthesis of gangliosides essential for HAV cell entry. We used a murine model of hepatitis A and targeted mass spectrometry to assess the capacity of these compounds to deplete hepatic gangliosides and modify the course of HAV infection in vivo Miglustat, given by gavage to Ifnar1-/- mice (4800 mg/kg/day) depleted hepatic gangliosides by 69-75%, but caused substantial gastrointestinal toxicity and failed to prevent viral infection. UV-4, similarly administered in high doses (400 mg/kg/day), was well tolerated, but depleted hepatic gangliosides by only 20% after 14 days. UV-4 depletion of gangliosides varied by class. Several GM2 species were paradoxically increased, likely due to inhibition of β-glucosidases that degrade gangliosides. Both compounds enhanced, rather than reduced, virus replication. Nonetheless, both iminosugars had surprising anti-inflammatory effects, blocking the accumulation of inflammatory cells within the liver. UV-4 treatment also resulted in a decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations associated with acute hepatitis A. These anti-inflammatory effects may result from iminosugar inhibition of cellular α-glucosidases, leading to impaired maturation of glycan moieties of chemokine and cytokine receptors, and point to the potential importance of paracrine signaling in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis A.IMPORTANCEHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis. Iminosugar compounds block its replication in cultured cells by inhibiting synthesis of gangliosides required for HAV cell entry, but have not been tested for their ability to prevent or treat hepatitis A in vivo We show that high doses of the iminosugars miglustat and UV-4 fail to deplete gangliosides sufficiently to block HAV infection in mice lacking a key interferon receptor. These compounds nonetheless have striking anti-inflammatory effects on the HAV-infected liver, reducing the severity of hepatitis despite enhancing chemokine and cytokine expression resulting from hepatocyte-intrinsic antiviral responses. We propose that iminosugar inhibition of cellular α-glucosidases impairs maturation of glycan moieties of chemokine and cytokine receptors required for effective signaling. These data highlight the potential importance of paracrine signaling pathways in the inflammatory response to HAV, and add to our understanding of HAV pathogenesis in mice.
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27
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Kulsuptrakul J, Wang R, Meyers NL, Ott M, Puschnik AS. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies UFMylation and TRAMP-like complexes as host factors required for hepatitis A virus infection. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108859. [PMID: 33730579 PMCID: PMC8893346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-sense RNA virus causing acute inflammation of the liver. Here, using a genome-scale CRISPR screen, we provide a comprehensive picture of the cellular factors that are exploited by HAV. We identify genes involved in sialic acid/ganglioside biosynthesis and members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor complex, corroborating their putative roles for HAV. Additionally, we uncover all components of the cellular machinery for UFMylation, a ubiquitin-like protein modification. We show that HAV translation specifically depends on UFM1 conjugation of the ribosomal protein RPL26. Furthermore, we find that components related to the yeast Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation (TRAMP) complex are required for viral translation independent of controlling viral poly(A) tails or RNA stability. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of the TRAMP-like complex decreases HAV replication in hepatocyte cells and human liver organoids, thus providing a strategy for host-directed therapy of HAV infection. To identify host factors required for the infection with hepatitis A virus, Kulsuptrakul et al. conducted a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in human hepatocytes. They reveal that UFMylation of the ribosomal protein RPL26 as well as the polyadenylation activity of a TRAMP-like complex enhance viral translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruofan Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Kanda T, Sasaki R, Masuzaki R, Moriyama M. Artificial intelligence and machine learning could support drug development for hepatitis A virus internal ribosomal entry sites. Artif Intell Gastroenterol 2021; 2:1-9. [DOI: 10.35712/aig.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is still an important health issue worldwide. Although several effective HAV vaccines are available, it is difficult to perform universal vaccination in certain countries. Therefore, it may be better to develop antivirals against HAV for the prevention of severe hepatitis A. We found that several drugs potentially inhibit HAV internal ribosomal entry site-dependent translation and HAV replication. Artificial intelligence and machine learning could also support screening of anti-HAV drugs, using drug repositioning and drug rescue approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Masuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku 173-8610, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100448. [PMID: 33617880 PMCID: PMC8042171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nuclease-based gene-editing technologies have enabled precise, stable, and systematic genetic engineering of glycosylation capacities in mammalian cells, opening up a plethora of opportunities for studying the glycome and exploiting glycans in biomedicine. Glycoengineering using chemical, enzymatic, and genetic approaches has a long history, and precise gene editing provides a nearly unlimited playground for stable engineering of glycosylation in mammalian cells to explore and dissect the glycome and its many biological functions. Genetic engineering of glycosylation in cells also brings studies of the glycome to the single cell level and opens up wider use and integration of data in traditional omics workflows in cell biology. The last few years have seen new applications of glycoengineering in mammalian cells with perspectives for wider use in basic and applied glycosciences, and these have already led to discoveries of functions of glycans and improved designs of glycoprotein therapeutics. Here, we review the current state of the art of genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells and highlight emerging opportunities.
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30
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Recent Progress on Exosomes in RNA Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020256. [PMID: 33567490 PMCID: PMC7915723 DOI: 10.3390/v13020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that most tissue and cell types can secrete and release membrane-enclosed small vesicles, known as exosomes, whose content reflects the physiological/pathological state of the cells from which they originate. These exosomes participate in the communication and cell-to-cell transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Studies of RNA viruses have demonstrated that exosomes release regulatory factors from infected cells and deliver other functional host genetic elements to neighboring cells, and these functions are involved in the infection process and modulate the cellular responses. This review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and some of the most striking functions of exosome secretion and identifies physiological/pathological areas in need of further research. While initial indications suggest that exosome-mediated pathways operate in vivo, the exosome mechanisms involved in the related effects still need to be clarified. The current review focuses on the role of exosomes in RNA virus infections, with an emphasis on the potential contributions of exosomes to pathogenesis.
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31
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Shouval D. The History of Hepatitis A. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020; 16:12-23. [PMID: 33042523 PMCID: PMC7538924 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Watch an interview with the author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shouval
- Liver UnitHadassah‐Hebrew University HospitalJerusalemIsrael
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32
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Abstract
A critical step in the life cycle of a virus is spread to a new target cell, which generally involves the release of new viral particles from the infected cell which can then initiate infection in the next target cell. While cell-free viral particles released into the extracellular environment are necessary for long distance spread, there are disadvantages to this mechanism. These include the presence of immune system components, the low success rate of infection by single particles, and the relative fragility of viral particles in the environment. Several mechanisms of direct cell-to-cell spread have been reported for animal viruses which would avoid the issues associated with cell-free particles. A number of viruses can utilize several different mechanisms of direct cell-to-cell spread, but our understanding of the differential usage by these pathogens is modest. Although the mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread differ among viruses, there is a common exploitation of key pathways and components of the cellular cytoskeleton. Remarkably, some of the viral mechanisms of cell-to-cell spread are surprisingly similar to those used by bacteria. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the conventional and non-conventional mechanisms of viral spread, the common methods used to detect viral spread, and the impact that these mechanisms can have on viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cifuentes-Munoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farah El Najjar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are the main causes for acute hepatitis worldwide. Both viruses had long been considered as nonenveloped viruses. However, recent work has uncovered that both viruses circulate in the bloodstream as membrane-cloaked, "quasi-enveloped" particles that are, surprisingly, infectious and likely the only form mediating virus spread within the host. The discovery of quasi-enveloped HAV and HEV particles has fundamentally changed the traditional view on the life cycle and pathogenesis of these viruses. However, because HAV and HEV are phylogenetically unrelated and their capsid assembly processes are quite distinct, it is not clear whether they use similar or different mechanisms for envelopment and exit. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the assembly and exit processes of HAV and HEV and perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Intercellular Transmission of Naked Viruses through Extracellular Vesicles: Focus on Polyomaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101086. [PMID: 32993049 PMCID: PMC7599864 DOI: 10.3390/v12101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a novel mode of viral transmission exploited by naked viruses to exit host cells through a nonlytic pathway. Extracellular vesicles can allow multiple viral particles to collectively traffic in and out of cells, thus enhancing the viral fitness and diversifying the transmission routes while evading the immune system. This has been shown for several RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae, Hepeviridae, Reoviridae, and Caliciviridae families; however, recent studies also demonstrated that the BK and JC viruses, two DNA viruses that belong to the Polyomaviridae family, use a similar strategy. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms used by naked viruses to hijack extracellular vesicles, and we discuss the implications for the biology of polyomaviruses.
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Co-Occurrence of Hepatitis A Infection and Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176384. [PMID: 32887515 PMCID: PMC7504211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection occasionally leads to a critical condition in patients with or without chronic liver diseases. Acute-on-chronic liver disease includes acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and non-ACLF. In this review, we searched the literature concerning the association between HAV infection and chronic liver diseases in PubMed. Chronic liver diseases, such as metabolic associated fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, coinfection with other viruses, and host genetic factors may be associated with severe hepatitis A. It is important to understand these conditions and mechanisms. There may be no etiological correlation between liver failure and HAV infection, but there is an association between the level of chronic liver damage and the severity of acute-on-chronic liver disease. While the application of an HAV vaccination is important for preventing HAV infection, the development of antivirals against HAV may be important for preventing the development of ACLF with HAV infection as an acute insult. The latter is all the more urgent given that the lives of patients with HAV infection and a chronic liver disease of another etiology may be at immediate risk.
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Aguilar-Pineda JA, Albaghdadi M, Jiang W, Lopez KJV, Del-Carpio GD, Valdez BG, Lindsay ME, Malhotra R, Lino Cardenas CL. Structural and functional analysis of female sex hormones against SARS-Cov2 cell entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32766583 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.29.227249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that males are more susceptible to severe infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. A variety of mechanisms may underlie the observed gender-related disparities including differences in sex hormones. However, the precise mechanisms by which female sex hormones may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains unknown. Here we report new insights into the molecular basis of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human ACE2 receptor. We further observed that glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Importantly estrogens can disrupt glycan-glycan interactions and glycan-protein interactions between the human ACE2 and the SARS-CoV2 thereby blocking its entry into cells. In a mouse model, estrogens reduced ACE2 glycosylation and thereby alveolar uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results shed light on a putative mechanism whereby female sex hormones may provide protection from developing severe infection and could inform the development of future therapies against COVID-19.
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