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Chen Y, Shokouhi AR, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Nanoinjection: A Platform for Innovation in Ex Vivo Cell Engineering. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38819691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusIn human cells, intracellular access and therapeutic cargo transport, including gene-editing tools (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 and transposons), nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, mRNA, and siRNA), peptides, and proteins (e.g., enzymes and antibodies), are tightly constrained to ensure healthy cell function and behavior. This principle is exemplified in the delivery mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells for ex-vivo immunotherapy. In particular, the clinical success of CAR-T cells has established a new standard of care by curing previously incurable blood cancers. The approach involves the delivery, typically via the use of electroporation (EP) and lentivirus, of therapeutic CAR genes into a patient's own T cells, which are then engineered to express CARs that target and combat their blood cancer. But the key difficulty lies in genetically manipulating these cells without causing irreversible damage or loss of function─all the while minimizing complexities of manufacturing, safety concerns, and costs, and ensuring the efficacy of the final CAR-T cell product.Nanoinjection─the process of intracellular delivery using nanoneedles (NNs)─is an emerging physical delivery route that efficiently negotiates the plasma membrane of many cell types, including primary human T cells. It occurs with minimal perturbation, invasiveness, and toxicity, with high efficiency and throughput at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Nanoinjection promises greatly improved delivery of a broad range of therapeutic cargos with little or no damage to those cargos. A nanoinjection platform allows these cargos to function in the intracellular space as desired. The adaptability of nanoinjection platforms is now bringing major advantages in immunomodulation, mechanotransduction, sampling of cell states (nanobiopsy), controlled intracellular interrogation, and the primary focus of this account─intracellular delivery and its applications in ex vivo cell engineering.Mechanical nanoinjection typically exerts direct mechanical force on the cell membrane, offering a straightforward route to improve membrane perturbation by the NNs and subsequent transport of genetic cargo into targeted cell type (adherent or suspension cells). By contrast, electroactive nanoinjection is controlled by coupling NNs with an electric field─a new route for activating electroporation (EP) at the nanoscale─allowing a dramatic reduction of the applied voltage to a cell and so minimizing post-EP damage to cells and cargo, and overcoming many of the limitations of conventional bulk EP. Nanoinjection transcends mere technique; it is an approach to cell engineering ex vivo, offering the potential to endow cells with new, powerful features such as generating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells for future CAR-T cell technologies.We first discuss the manufacturing of NN devices (Section 2), then delve into nanoinjection-mediated cell engineering (Section 3), nanoinjection mechanisms and interfacing methodologies (Section 4), and emerging applications in using nanoinjection to create functional CAR-T cells (Section 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3216, Australia
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2
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Chau CC, Maffeo CM, Aksimentiev A, Radford SE, Hewitt EW, Actis P. Single molecule delivery into living cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4403. [PMID: 38782907 PMCID: PMC11116494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlled manipulation of cultured cells by delivery of exogenous macromolecules is a cornerstone of experimental biology. Here we describe a platform that uses nanopipettes to deliver defined numbers of macromolecules into cultured cell lines and primary cells at single molecule resolution. In the nanoinjection platform, the nanopipette is used as both a scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) probe and an injection probe. The SICM is used to position the nanopipette above the cell surface before the nanopipette is inserted into the cell into a defined location and to a predefined depth. We demonstrate that the nanoinjection platform enables the quantitative delivery of DNA, globular proteins, and protein fibrils into cells with single molecule resolution and that delivery results in a phenotypic change in the cell that depends on the identity of the molecules introduced. Using experiments and computational modeling, we also show that macromolecular crowding in the cell increases the signal-to-noise ratio for the detection of translocation events, thus the cell itself enhances the detection of the molecules delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalmers C Chau
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher M Maffeo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sheena E Radford
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eric W Hewitt
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paolo Actis
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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3
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Jiang J, Liu J, Liu X, Xu X, Liu Z, Huang S, Huang X, Yao C, Wang X, Chen Y, Chen HJ, Wang J, Xie X. Coupling of nanostraws with diverse physicochemical perforation strategies for intracellular DNA delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:131. [PMID: 38532389 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective intracellular DNA transfection is imperative for cell-based therapy and gene therapy. Conventional gene transfection methods, including biochemical carriers, physical electroporation and microinjection, face challenges such as cell type dependency, low efficiency, safety concerns, and technical complexity. Nanoneedle arrays have emerged as a promising avenue for improving cellular nucleic acid delivery through direct penetration of the cell membrane, bypassing endocytosis and endosome escape processes. Nanostraws (NS), characterized by their hollow tubular structure, offer the advantage of flexible solution delivery compared to solid nanoneedles. However, NS struggle to stably self-penetrate the cell membrane, resulting in limited delivery efficiency. Coupling with extra physiochemical perforation strategies is a viable approach to improve their performance. This study systematically compared the efficiency of NS coupled with polyethylenimine (PEI) chemical modification, mechanical force, photothermal effect, and electric field on cell membrane perforation and DNA transfection. The results indicate that coupling NS with PEI modification, mechanical force, photothermal effects provide limited enhancement effects. In contrast, NS-electric field coupling significantly improves intracellular DNA transfection efficiency. This work demonstrates that NS serve as a versatile platform capable of integrating various physicochemical strategies, while electric field coupling stands out as a form worthy of primary consideration for efficient DNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jiang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Chuanjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China
| | - Xiafeng Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China.
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China.
| | - Xi Xie
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Republic of China.
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Marcuccio F, Chau CC, Tanner G, Elpidorou M, Finetti MA, Ajaib S, Taylor M, Lascelles C, Carr I, Macaulay I, Stead LF, Actis P. Single-cell nanobiopsy enables multigenerational longitudinal transcriptomics of cancer cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl0515. [PMID: 38446884 PMCID: PMC10917339 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of cellular heterogeneity, but routine methods require cell lysis and fail to probe the dynamic trajectories responsible for cellular state transitions, which can only be inferred. Here, we present a nanobiopsy platform that enables the injection of exogenous molecules and multigenerational longitudinal cytoplasmic sampling from a single cell and its progeny. The technique is based on scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and, as a proof of concept, was applied to longitudinally profile the transcriptome of single glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumor cells in vitro over 72 hours. The GBM cells were biopsied before and after exposure to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and our results suggest that treatment either induces or selects for more transcriptionally stable cells. We envision the nanobiopsy will contribute to transforming standard single-cell transcriptomics from a static analysis into a dynamic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marcuccio
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chalmers C. Chau
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Georgette Tanner
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marilena Elpidorou
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Martina A. Finetti
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Shoaib Ajaib
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Morag Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Carolina Lascelles
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian Carr
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Iain Macaulay
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Lucy F. Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paolo Actis
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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5
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Zhu X, Shi Z, Mao Y, Lächelt U, Huang R. Cell Membrane Perforation: Patterns, Mechanisms and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310605. [PMID: 38344881 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell membrane is crucial for the cellular activities, and any disruption to it may affect the cells. It is demonstrated that cell membrane perforation is associated with some biological processes like programmed cell death (PCD) and infection of pathogens. Specific developments make it a promising technique to perforate the cell membrane controllably and precisely. The pores on the cell membrane provide direct pathways for the entry and exit of substances, and can also cause cell death, which means reasonable utilization of cell membrane perforation is able to assist intracellular delivery, eliminate diseased or cancerous cells, and bring about other benefits. This review classifies the patterns of cell membrane perforation based on the mechanisms into 1) physical patterns, 2) biological patterns, and 3) chemical patterns, introduces the characterization methods and then summarizes the functions according to the characteristics of reversible and irreversible pores, with the aim of providing a comprehensive summary of the knowledge related to cell membrane perforation and enlightening broad applications in biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Huashan Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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6
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Chang L, Liu X, Luo J, Lee CY, Zhang J, Fan X, Zhang W. Physiochemical Coupled Dynamic Nanosphere Lithography Enabling Multiple Metastructures from Single Mask. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2310469. [PMID: 38193751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Metastructures are widely used in photonic devices, energy conversion, and biomedical applications. However, to fabricate multiple patterns continuously in single etching protocol with highly tunable photonic properties is challenging. Here, a simple and robust dynamic nanosphere lithography is proposed by inserting a spacer between the nanosphere assembly and the wafer. The nanosphere diameter decrease and uneven penetration of the spacer during etching lead to a dynamic masking process. Coupled anisotropic physical ion sputtering and ricocheting with isotropic chemical radical etching achieve highly tunable structures with various 3D patterns continuously forming through a single etching process. Specifically, the nanosphere diameters define the periodicity, the etched spacer forms the upper parts, and the wafer forms the lower parts. Each part of the structure is highly tunable through changing nanosphere diameter, spacer thickness, and etch conditions. Using this protocol, numerous structures of varying sizes including nanomushrooms, nanocones, nanopencils, and nanoneedles with diverse shapes are realized as proof of concepts. The broadband antireflection ability of the nanostructures and their use in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are also demonstrated for practical application. This method substantially simplifies the fabrication procedure of various metastructures, paving the way for its application in multiple disciplines especially in photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial, Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Chong-Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial, Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Xing Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Hu T, Kumar AR, Luo Y, Tay A. Automating CAR-T Transfection with Micro and Nano-Technologies. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301300. [PMID: 38054597 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant health challenge, with traditional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy often lacking in cell specificity and long-term curative potential. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy,utilizing genetically engineered T cells to target cancer cells, is a promising alternative. However, its high cost limits widespread application. CAR-T manufacturing process encompasses three stages: cell isolation and activation, transfection, and expansion.While the first and last stages have straightforward, commercially available automation technologies, the transfection stage lags behind. Current automated transfection relies on viral vectors or bulk electroporation, which have drawbacks such as limited cargo capacity and significant cell disturbance. Conversely, micro and nano-tool methods offer higher throughput and cargo flexibility, yet their automation remains underexplored.In this perspective, the progress in micro and nano-engineering tools for CAR-T transfection followed by a discussion to automate them is described. It is anticipated that this work can inspire the community working on micro and nano transfection techniques to examine how their protocols can be automated to align with the growing interest in automating CAR-T manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmu Hu
- Engineering Science Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Arun Rk Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yikai Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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8
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Kim H, Gu C, Mustfa SA, Martella DA, Wang C, Wang Y, Chiappini C. CRISPR/Cas-Assisted Nanoneedle Sensor for Adenosine Triphosphate Detection in Living Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49964-49973. [PMID: 37769296 PMCID: PMC10623508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) systems have recently emerged as powerful molecular biosensing tools based on their collateral cleavage activity due to their simplicity, sensitivity, specificity, and broad applicability. However, the direct application of the collateral cleavage activity for in situ intracellular detection is still challenging. Here, we debut a CRISPR/Cas-assisted nanoneedle sensor (nanoCRISPR) for intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which avoids the challenges associated with intracellular collateral cleavage by introducing a two-step process of intracellular target recognition, followed by extracellular transduction and detection. ATP recognition occurs by first presenting in the cell cytosol an aptamer-locked Cas12a activator conjugated to nanoneedles; the recognition event unlocks the activator immobilized on the nanoneedles. The nanoneedles are then removed from the cells and exposed to the Cas12a/crRNA complex, where the activator triggers the cleavage of an ssDNA fluorophore-quencher pair, generating a detectable fluorescence signal. NanoCRISPR has an ATP detection limit of 246 nM and a dynamic range from 1.56 to 50 μM. Importantly, nanoCRISPR can detect intracellular ATP in 30 min in live cells without impacting cell viability. We anticipate that the nanoCRISPR approach will contribute to broadening the biomedical applications of CRISPR/Cas sensors for the detection of diverse intracellular molecules in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongki Kim
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chenlei Gu
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s
College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
| | - Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
| | | | - Cong Wang
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s
College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
| | - Yikai Wang
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s
College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s
College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
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9
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Shokouhi AR, Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Brenker J, Alan T, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Engineering Efficient CAR-T Cells via Electroactive Nanoinjection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304122. [PMID: 37434421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has emerged as a promising cell-based immunotherapy approach for treating blood disorders and cancers, but genetically engineering CAR-T cells is challenging due to primary T cells' sensitivity to conventional gene delivery approaches. The current viral-based method can typically involve significant operating costs and biosafety hurdles, while bulk electroporation (BEP) can lead to poor cell viability and functionality. Here, a non-viral electroactive nanoinjection (ENI) platform is developed to efficiently negotiate the plasma membrane of primary human T cells via vertically configured electroactive nanotubes, enabling efficient delivery (68.7%) and expression (43.3%) of CAR genes in the T cells, with minimal cellular perturbation (>90% cell viability). Compared to conventional BEP, the ENI platform achieves an almost threefold higher CAR transfection efficiency, indicated by the significantly higher reporter GFP expression (43.3% compared to 16.3%). By co-culturing with target lymphoma Raji cells, the ENI-transfected CAR-T cells' ability to effectively suppress lymphoma cell growth (86.9% cytotoxicity) is proved. Taken together, the results demonstrate the platform's remarkable capacity to generate functional and effective anti-lymphoma CAR-T cells. Given the growing potential of cell-based immunotherapies, such a platform holds great promise for ex vivo cell engineering, especially in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jason Brenker
- Dynamic Micro Devices (DMD) Lab, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, 17 College Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Dynamic Micro Devices (DMD) Lab, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, 17 College Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia
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10
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Rahamathulla M, Murugesan S, Gowda DV, Alamri AH, Ahmed MM, Osmani RAM, Ramamoorthy S, Veeranna B. The Use of Nanoneedles in Drug Delivery: an Overview of Recent Trends and Applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:216. [PMID: 37857918 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoneedles (NN) are growing rapidly as a means of navigating biological membranes and delivering therapeutics intracellularly. Nanoneedle arrays (NNA) are among the most potential resources to achieve therapeutic effects by administration of drugs through the skin. Although this is based on well-established approaches, its implementations are rapidly developing as an important pharmaceutical and biological research phenomenon. This study intends to provide a broad overview of current NNA research, with an emphasis on existing approaches, applications, and types of compounds released by these systems. A nanoneedle-based delivery device with great spatial and temporal accuracy, minimal interference, and low toxicity could transfer biomolecules into living organisms. Due to its vast potential, NN has been widely used as a capable transportation system of many therapeutic active substances, from cancer therapy, vaccine delivery, cosmetics, and bio-sensing nanocarrier drugs to genes. The use of nanoneedles for drug delivery offers new opportunities for the rapid, targeted, and exact administration of biomolecules into cell membranes for high-resolution research of biological systems, and it can treat a wide range of biological challenges. As a result, the literature has analyzed existing patents to emphasize the status of NNA in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rahamathulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santhosh Murugesan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - D V Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Ali H Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sathish Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Balamuralidhara Veeranna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India.
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11
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Shaw P, Klausen M, Lilienkampf A, Bradley M. Fluorophore-Tagged Poly-Lysine RAFT Agents: Controlled Synthesis of Trackable Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1280-1285. [PMID: 37695265 PMCID: PMC10586461 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of a fluorophore and a variety of cell-penetrating peptides onto a RAFT agent allowed for the synthesis of polymers of defined sizes with quantifiable cell-uptake. Each peptide-RAFT agent was used to polymerize acrylamide, acrylate, and styrene monomers to form high or low molecular weight polymers (here 50 or 7.5 kDa) with the peptide having no influence on the RAFT agent's control. The incorporation of a single fluorophore per polymer chain allowed cellular analysis of the uptake of the size-specific peptide-polymers via flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The cell-penetrating peptides had a direct effect on the efficiency of polymer uptake for both high and low molecular weight polymers, demonstrating the versatility of the strategy. These "all-in-one", synthetically accessible RAFT agents allow highly controlled preparation of synthetic peptide-polymer conjugates and subsequent quantification of their delivery into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige
A. Shaw
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Maxime Klausen
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Annamaria Lilienkampf
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K.
- Precision
Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, 65-67 New Road, E1 1HH London, U.K.
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12
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Mbituyimana B, Adhikari M, Qi F, Shi Z, Fu L, Yang G. Microneedle-based cell delivery and cell sampling for biomedical applications. J Control Release 2023; 362:692-714. [PMID: 37689252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics are novel therapeutic strategies that can potentially treat many presently incurable diseases through novel mechanisms of action. Cell therapies may benefit from the ease, safety, and efficacy of administering therapeutic cells. Despite considerable recent technological and biological advances, several barriers remain to the clinical translation and commercialization of cell-based therapies, including low patient compliance, personal handling inconvenience, poor biosafety, and limited biocompatibility. Microneedles (MNs) are emerging as a promising biomedical device option for improved cell delivery with little invasion, pain-free administration, and simplicity of disposal. MNs have shown considerable promise in treating a wide range of diseases and present the potential to improve cell-based therapies. In this review, we first summarized the latest advances in the various types of MNs developed for cell delivery and cell sampling. Emphasis was given to the design and fabrication of various types of MNs based on their structures and materials. Then we focus on the recent biomedical applications status of MNs-mediated cell delivery and sampling, including tissue repair (wound healing, heart repair, and endothelial repair), cancer treatment, diabetes therapy, cell sampling, and other applications. Finally, the current status of clinical application, potential perspectives, and the challenges for clinical translation are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bricard Mbituyimana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Manjila Adhikari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fuyu Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhijun Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Lina Fu
- College of Medicine, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China; Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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13
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Lu K, Lin Y, Zhang H, Cheng J, Qu Y, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Chen H. Enhanced Intracellular Delivery and Cell Harvest Using a Candle Soot-Based Photothermal Platform with Dual-Stimulus Responsiveness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40153-40162. [PMID: 37587876 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of bioactive macromolecules and functional materials plays a crucial role in fundamental biological research and clinical applications. Nondestructive and efficient harvesting of engineered cells is also required for some specific applications. In this work, we develop a multifunctional platform based on candle soot modified with copolymer brushes containing temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and sugar-responsive phenylboronic acid (PBA) components. This platform possesses a high cell adhesion capacity due to the inherent hierarchical structure of candle soot and the formation of boronate ester bonds between the PBA groups and glycoproteins on the cell membrane. Under the irradiation of a near-infrared laser, the excellent light-to-heat conversion ability of candle soot enables the highly efficient delivery of macromolecules into diverse cells (including hard-to-transfect cells) attached to the surface via a photothermal-poration mechanism. Owing to the temperature-responsive properties of PNIPAAm and the sugar-responsive properties of PBA, the engineered cells could be harvested nondestructively from the platform by a mild treatment using a cold fructose solution. A proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that fibroblasts attached to the surface could be transfected by a functional plasmid encoding basic fibroblast growth factor and then harvested efficiently and recultured with improved proliferation and migration ability. The whole delivery-harvesting process required less than 1 h, allowing the cells to be engineered without compromising their viability. This platform thus provides a widely applicable method for both the intracellular delivery of diverse macromolecules efficiently as well as harvesting engineered cells simply and safely, holding great potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan Lu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuancheng Lin
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haixin Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yangcui Qu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215007, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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14
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Shokouhi AR, Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Brenker J, Alan T, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Electroactive nanoinjection platform for intracellular delivery and gene silencing. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:273. [PMID: 37592297 PMCID: PMC10433684 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoinjection-the process of intracellular delivery using vertically configured nanostructures-is a physical route that efficiently negotiates the plasma membrane, with minimal perturbation and toxicity to the cells. Nanoinjection, as a physical membrane-disruption-mediated approach, overcomes challenges associated with conventional carrier-mediated approaches such as safety issues (with viral carriers), genotoxicity, limited packaging capacity, low levels of endosomal escape, and poor versatility for cell and cargo types. Yet, despite the implementation of nanoinjection tools and their assisted analogues in diverse cellular manipulations, there are still substantial challenges in harnessing these platforms to gain access into cell interiors with much greater precision without damaging the cell's intricate structure. Here, we propose a non-viral, low-voltage, and reusable electroactive nanoinjection (ENI) platform based on vertically configured conductive nanotubes (NTs) that allows for rapid influx of targeted biomolecular cargos into the intracellular environment, and for successful gene silencing. The localization of electric fields at the tight interface between conductive NTs and the cell membrane drastically lowers the voltage required for cargo delivery into the cells, from kilovolts (for bulk electroporation) to only ≤ 10 V; this enhances the fine control over membrane disruption and mitigates the problem of high cell mortality experienced by conventional electroporation. RESULTS Through both theoretical simulations and experiments, we demonstrate the capability of the ENI platform to locally perforate GPE-86 mouse fibroblast cells and efficiently inject a diverse range of membrane-impermeable biomolecules with efficacy of 62.5% (antibody), 55.5% (mRNA), and 51.8% (plasmid DNA), with minimal impact on cells' viability post nanoscale-EP (> 90%). We also show gene silencing through the delivery of siRNA that targets TRIOBP, yielding gene knockdown efficiency of 41.3%. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that our non-viral and low-voltage ENI platform is set to offer a new safe path to intracellular delivery with broader selection of cargo and cell types, and will open opportunities for advanced ex vivo cell engineering and gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Jason Brenker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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15
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He X, Xiong S, Sun Y, Zhong M, Xiao N, Zhou Z, Wang T, Tang Y, Xie J. Recent Progress of Rational Modified Nanocarriers for Cytosolic Protein Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1610. [PMID: 37376059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins garnered significant attention in the field of disease treatment. In comparison to small molecule drugs, protein therapies offer distinct advantages, including high potency, specificity, low toxicity, and reduced carcinogenicity, even at minimal concentrations. However, the full potential of protein therapy is limited by inherent challenges such as large molecular size, delicate tertiary structure, and poor membrane penetration, resulting in inefficient intracellular delivery into target cells. To address these challenges and enhance the clinical applications of protein therapies, various protein-loaded nanocarriers with tailored modifications were developed, including liposomes, exosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanomotors. Despite these advancements, many of these strategies encounter significant issues such as entrapment within endosomes, leading to low therapeutic efficiency. In this review, we extensively discussed diverse strategies for the rational design of nanocarriers, aiming to overcome these limitations. Additionally, we presented a forward-looking viewpoint on the innovative generation of delivery systems specifically tailored for protein-based therapies. Our intention was to offer theoretical and technical support for the development and enhancement of nanocarriers capable of facilitating cytosolic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
- Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Su Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yansun Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Nianting Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
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16
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Yoh HZ, Chen Y, Shokouhi AR, Thissen H, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. The influence of dysfunctional actin on polystyrene-nanotube-mediated mRNA nanoinjection into mammalian cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7737-7744. [PMID: 37066984 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of nanofabrication technologies has transformed the landscape of engineered nano-bio interfaces, especially with vertically aligned nanoneedles (NNs). This enables scientists to venture into new territories, widening NN applications into increasingly more complex cellular manipulation and interrogation. Specifically, for intracellular delivery application, NNs have been shown to mediate the delivery of various bioactive cargos into a wide range of cells-a physical method termed "nanoinjection". Silicon (Si) nanostructures demonstrated great potential in nanoinjection, whereas the use of polymeric NNs for nanoinjection has rarely been explored. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of interaction at the cell-NN interface is subtle and multifaceted, and not fully understood-underpinned by the design versatility of the NN biointerface. Recent studies have suggested that actin dynamic plays a pivotal role influencing the delivery efficacy. In this study, we fabricated a new class of NNs-a programmable polymeric nanotubes (NTs)-from polystyrene (PS) cell cultureware, designed to facilitate mRNA delivery into mouse embryonic fibroblast GPE86 cells. The PSNT delivery platform was able to mediate mRNA delivery with high delivery efficiency (∼83%). We also investigated the role of actin cytoskeleton in PSNTs mediated intracellular delivery by introducing two actin inhibitors-cytochalasin D (Cyto D) and jasplakinolide (Jas)-to cause dysfunctional cytoskeleton, via inhibiting actin polymerization and depolymerization, respectively (before and after the establishment of cell-PSNT interface). By inhibiting actin dynamics 12 h before cell-PSNT interfacing (pre-interface treatment), the mRNA delivery efficiencies were significantly reduced to ∼3% for Cyto D-treated samples and ∼1% for Jas-treated sample, as compared to their post-interface (2 h after cell-PSNT interfacing) counterpart (∼46% and ∼68%, respectively). The added flexibility of PSNTs have shown to help withstand mechanical breakage stemming from cytoskeletal forces in contrast to the SiNTs. Such findings will step-change our capacity to use programmable polymeric NTs in fundamental cellular processes related to intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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17
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Wang Z, Wang H, Lin S, Labib M, Ahmed S, Das J, Angers S, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Efficient Delivery of Biological Cargos into Primary Cells by Electrodeposited Nanoneedles via Cell-Cycle-Dependent Endocytosis. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37040490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoneedles are a useful tool for delivering exogenous biomolecules to cells. Although therapeutic applications have been explored, the mechanism regarding how cells interact with nanoneedles remains poorly studied. Here, we present a new approach for the generation of nanoneedles, validated their usefulness in cargo delivery, and studied the underlying genetic modulators during delivery. We fabricated arrays of nanoneedles based on electrodeposition and quantified its efficacy of delivery using fluorescently labeled proteins and siRNAs. Notably, we revealed that our nanoneedles caused the disruption of cell membranes, enhanced the expression of cell-cell junction proteins, and downregulated the expression of transcriptional factors of NFκB pathways. This perturbation trapped most of the cells in G2 phase, in which the cells have the highest endocytosis activities. Taken together, this system provides a new model for the study of interactions between cells and high-aspect-ratio materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sichun Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, United Kingdom
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jagotamoy Das
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephane Angers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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18
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Guo Y, Ao Y, Ye C, Xia R, Mi J, Shan Z, Shi M, Xie L, Chen Z. Nanotopographic micro-nano forces finely tune the conformation of macrophage mechanosensitive membrane protein integrin β 2 to manipulate inflammatory responses. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:1-15. [PMID: 37359074 PMCID: PMC9986042 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Finely tuning mechanosensitive membrane proteins holds great potential in precisely controlling inflammatory responses. In addition to macroscopic force, mechanosensitive membrane proteins are reported to be sensitive to micro-nano forces. Integrin β2, for example, might undergo a piconewton scale stretching force in the activation state. High-aspect-ratio nanotopographic structures were found to generate nN-scale biomechanical force. Together with the advantages of uniform and precisely tunable structural parameters, it is fascinating to develop low-aspect-ratio nanotopographic structures to generate micro-nano forces for finely modulating their conformations and the subsequent mechanoimmiune responses. In this study, low-aspect-ratio nanotopographic structures were developed to finely manipulate the conformation of integrin β2. The direct interaction of forces and the model molecule integrin αXβ2 was first performed. It was demonstrated that pressing force could successfully induce conformational compression and deactivation of integrin αXβ2, and approximately 270 to 720 pN may be required to inhibit its conformational extension and activation. Three low-aspect-ratio nanotopographic surfaces (nanohemispheres, nanorods, and nanoholes) with various structural parameters were specially designed to generate the micro-nano forces. It was found that the nanorods and nanohemispheres surfaces induce greater contact pressure at the contact interface between macrophages and nanotopographic structures, particularly after cell adhesion. These higher contact pressures successfully inhibited the conformational extension and activation of integrin β2, suppressing focal adhesion activity and the downstream PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, reducing NF-κB signaling and macrophage inflammatory responses. Our findings suggest that nanotopographic structures can be used to finely tune mechanosensitive membrane protein conformation changes, providing an effective strategy for precisely modulating inflammatory responses. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material (primer sequences of target genes in RT-qPCR assay; the results of solvent accessible surface area during equilibrium simulation, the ligplut results of hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions; the density of different nanotopographic structures; interaction analysis of the downregulated leading genes of "focal adhesion" signaling pathway in nanohemispheres and nanorods groups; and the GSEA results of "Rap 1 signaling pathway" and "regulation of actin cytoskeleton" in different groups) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5550-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Guo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Yong Ao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Chen Ye
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Ruidi Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Jiaomei Mi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zhengjie Shan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Mengru Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Lv Xie
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zetao Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055 China
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19
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Mukherjee P, Peng CY, McGuire T, Hwang JW, Puritz CH, Pathak N, Patino CA, Braun R, Kessler JA, Espinosa HD. Single cell transcriptomics reveals reduced stress response in stem cells manipulated using localized electric fields. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100601. [PMID: 37063248 PMCID: PMC10102005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane disruption using Bulk Electroporation (BEP) is a widely used non-viral method for delivering biomolecules into cells. Recently, its microfluidic counterpart, Localized Electroporation (LEP), has been successfully used for several applications ranging from reprogramming and engineering cells for therapeutic purposes to non-destructive sampling from live cells for temporal analysis. However, the side effects of these processes on gene expression, that can affect the physiology of sensitive stem cells are not well understood. Here, we use single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate the effects of BEP and LEP on murine neural stem cell (NSC) gene expression. Our results indicate that unlike BEP, LEP does not lead to extensive cell death or activation of cell stress response pathways that may affect their long-term physiology. Additionally, our demonstrations show that LEP is suitable for multi-day delivery protocols as it enables better preservation of cell viability and integrity as compared to BEP.
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20
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Tian F, Li M, Wu S, Li L, Hu H. A hybrid and scalable nanofabrication approach for bio-inspired bactericidal silicon nanospike surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113092. [PMID: 36577343 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insects and plants exhibit bactericidal properties through surface nanostructures, such as nanospikes, which physically kill bacteria without antibiotics or chemicals. This is a promising new avenue for achieving antibacterial surfaces. However, the existing methods for fabricating nanospikes are incapable of producing uniform nanostructures on a large scale and in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, a scalable nanofabrication method involving the application of nanosphere lithography and reactive ion etching for constructing nanospike surfaces is demonstrated. Low-cost silicon nanospikes with uniform spacing that were sized similarly to biological nanospikes on cicada wings with a 4-inch wafer scale were fabricated. The spacing, tip radius, and base diameter of the silicon nanospikes were controlled precisely by adjusting the nanosphere diameters, etching conditions, and diameter reduction. The bactericidal properties of the silicon nanospikes with 300 nm spacing were measured quantitatively using the standard viability plate count method; they killed E. coli cells with 59 % efficiency within 30 h. The antibacterial ability of the nanospike surface was further indicated by the morphological differences between bacteria observed in the scanning electron microscopic images as well as the live/dead stains of fluorescence signals. The fabrication process combined the advantages of both top-down and bottom-up methods and was a significant step toward affordable bio-inspired antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Haining 314400, China; School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Meixi Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Haining 314400, China; School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lei Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, State Key laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Haining 314400, China; School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China.
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21
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Nanomaterial-mediated photoporation for intracellular delivery. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:24-48. [PMID: 36584801 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of extrinsic molecules into living cells is becoming increasingly crucial in biological studies ranging from cell engineering to biomedical applications. The concerns regarding biosafety and immunogenicity for conventional vectors and physical methods yet challenge effective intracellular delivery. Here, we begin with an overview of approaches for trans-membrane delivery up to now. These methods are featured with a relatively mature application but usually encounter low cell survival. Our review then proposes an advanced application for nanomaterial-sensitized photoporation triggered with a laser. We cover the mechanisms, procedures, and outcomes of photoporation-induced intracellular delivery with a highlight on its versatility to different living cells. We hope the review discussed here encourages researchers to further improvement and applications for photoporation-induced intracellular delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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22
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Wang Y, Wang N, Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Cellular nanomechanics derived from pattern-dependent focal adhesion and cytoskeleton to balance gene transfection of malignant osteosarcoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:499. [DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGene transfection was supposed to be the most promising technology to overcome the vast majority of diseases and it has been popularly reported in clinical applications of gene therapy. In spite of the rapid development of novel transfection materials and methods, the influence of morphology-dependent nanomechanics of malignant osteosarcoma on gene transfection is still unsettled. In this study, cell spreading and adhesion area was adjusted by the prepared micropatterns to regulate focal adhesion (FA) formation and cytoskeletal organization in osteosarcoma cells. The micropattern-dependent FA and cytoskeleton could induce different cellular nanomechanics to affect cell functions. Our results indicated that transfection efficiency was improved with enlarging FA area and cell nanomechanics in micropatterned osteosarcoma. The difference of gene transfection in micropatterned cells was vigorously supported by cellular internalization capacity, Ki67 proliferation ability and YAP mechanotranduction through the regulation of focal adhesion and cytoskeletal mechanics. This study is an attempt to disclose the relationship of cell nanomechanics and gene transfection for efficient gene delivery and develop multifunctional nanomedicine biomaterials for accurate gene therapy in osteosarcoma cells.
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23
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Maurizi E, Martella DA, Schiroli D, Merra A, Mustfa SA, Pellegrini G, Macaluso C, Chiappini C. Nanoneedles Induce Targeted siRNA Silencing of p16 in the Human Corneal Endothelium. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203257. [PMID: 36253148 PMCID: PMC9685449 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoneedles can target nucleic acid transfection to primary cells at tissue interfaces with high efficiency and minimal perturbation. The corneal endothelium is an ideal target for nanoneedle-mediated RNA interference therapy aimed at enhancing its proliferative capacity, necessary for tissue regeneration. This work develops a strategy for siRNA nanoninjection to the human corneal endothelium. Nanoneedles can deliver p16-targeting siRNA to primary human corneal endothelial cells in vitro without toxicity. The nanoinjection of siRNA induces p16 silencing and increases cell proliferation, as monitored by ki67 expression. Furthermore, siRNA nanoinjection targeting the human corneal endothelium is nontoxic ex vivo, and silences p16 in transfected cells. These data indicate that nanoinjection can support targeted RNA interference therapy for the treatment of endothelial corneal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Maurizi
- Dentistry Centre LabUniversity of Parmavia Gramsci 14Parma43126Italy
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine ‘‘S. Ferrari’’University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena41125Italy
| | | | - Davide Schiroli
- Transfusion Medicine UnitAzienda USL‐IRCCSReggio Emilia42122Italy
| | | | - Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
- AstraZenecaGranta Park, Great AbingtonCambridgeCB21 6GHUnited Kingdom
| | - Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine ‘‘S. Ferrari’’University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena41125Italy
- Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l.Modena41125Italy
| | - Claudio Macaluso
- Dentistry Centre LabUniversity of Parmavia Gramsci 14Parma43126Italy
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
- London Centre for NanotechnologyKing's College LondonLondonWC2R 2LSUK
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24
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Mukherjee P, Park SH, Pathak N, Patino CA, Bao G, Espinosa HD. Integrating Micro and Nano Technologies for Cell Engineering and Analysis: Toward the Next Generation of Cell Therapy Workflows. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15653-15680. [PMID: 36154011 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of cell therapy offers the potential to treat and even cure a diverse array of diseases for which existing interventions are inadequate. Recent advances in micro and nanotechnology have added a multitude of single cell analysis methods to our research repertoire. At the same time, techniques have been developed for the precise engineering and manipulation of cells. Together, these methods have aided the understanding of disease pathophysiology, helped formulate corrective interventions at the cellular level, and expanded the spectrum of available cell therapeutic options. This review discusses how micro and nanotechnology have catalyzed the development of cell sorting, cellular engineering, and single cell analysis technologies, which have become essential workflow components in developing cell-based therapeutics. The review focuses on the technologies adopted in research studies and explores the opportunities and challenges in combining the various elements of cell engineering and single cell analysis into the next generation of integrated and automated platforms that can accelerate preclinical studies and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nibir Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cesar A Patino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Lestrell E, Chen Y, Aslanoglou S, O'Brien CM, Elnathan R, Voelcker NH. Silicon Nanoneedle-Induced Nuclear Deformation: Implications for Human Somatic and Stem Cell Nuclear Mechanics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45124-45136. [PMID: 36173149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell nuclear size and shape are strictly regulated, with aberrations often leading to or being indicative of disease. Nuclear mechanics are critically responsible for intracellular responses to extracellular cues, such as the nanotopography of the external environment. Silicon nanoneedle (SiNN) arrays are tunable, engineered cell culture substrates that permit precise, nanoscale modifications to a cell's external environment to probe mechanotransduction and intracellular signaling. We use a library of four different SiNN arrays to investigate the immediate and downstream effects of controlled geometries of nanotopographical cues on the nuclear integrity/dynamics of human immortalized somatic and renewing stem cell types. We quantify the significant, albeit different, nuclear shape changes that both cell types undergo, which suggest that cellular responses to SiNN arrays are more comparable to three-dimensional (3D) environments than traditional flat cultureware. We show that nanotopography-induced effects on nuclear envelope integrity, protein localization, and focal adhesion complex formation are cell-dependent. Migration is shown to be dramatically impeded for human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) on nanotopographies compared to flat substrates but not for somatic cells. Our results indicate an additional layer of complexity in cellular mechanotransduction, which warrants closer attention in the context of engineered substrates and scaffolds for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lestrell
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yaping Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Stella Aslanoglou
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Carmel M O'Brien
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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26
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Chen Y, Yoh HZ, Shokouhi AR, Murayama T, Suu K, Morikawa Y, Voelcker NH, Elnathan R. Role of actin cytoskeleton in cargo delivery mediated by vertically aligned silicon nanotubes. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:406. [PMID: 36076230 PMCID: PMC9461134 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofabrication technologies have been recently applied to the development of engineered nano–bio interfaces for manipulating complex cellular processes. In particular, vertically configurated nanostructures such as nanoneedles (NNs) have been adopted for a variety of biological applications such as mechanotransduction, biosensing, and intracellular delivery. Despite their success in delivering a diverse range of biomolecules into cells, the mechanisms for NN-mediated cargo transport remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have suggested that cytoskeletal elements are involved in generating a tight and functional cell–NN interface that can influence cargo delivery. In this study, by inhibiting actin dynamics using two drugs—cytochalasin D (Cyto D) and jasplakinolide (Jas), we demonstrate that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in mRNA delivery mediated by silicon nanotubes (SiNTs). Specifically, actin inhibition 12 h before SiNT-cellular interfacing (pre-interface treatment) significantly dampens mRNA delivery (with efficiencies dropping to 17.2% for Cyto D and 33.1% for Jas) into mouse fibroblast GPE86 cells, compared to that of untreated controls (86.9%). However, actin inhibition initiated 2 h after the establishment of GPE86 cell–SiNT interface (post-interface treatment), has negligible impact on mRNA transfection, maintaining > 80% efficiency for both Cyto D and Jas treatment groups. The results contribute to understanding potential mechanisms involved in NN-mediated intracellular delivery, providing insights into strategic design of cell–nano interfacing under temporal control for improved effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Hao Zhe Yoh
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ali-Reza Shokouhi
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc, 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,INM-Leibnitz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia. .,Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds campus, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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27
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Hachim D, Zhao J, Bhankharia J, Nuñez-Toldra R, Brito L, Seong H, Becce M, Ouyang L, Grigsby CL, Higgins SG, Terracciano CM, Stevens MM. Polysaccharide-Polyplex Nanofilm Coatings Enhance Nanoneedle-Based Gene Delivery and Transfection Efficiency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202303. [PMID: 35770803 PMCID: PMC7615482 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral vectors represent versatile and immunologically safer alternatives for nucleic acid delivery. Nanoneedles and high-aspect ratio nanostructures are unconventional but interesting delivery systems, in which delivery is mediated by surface interactions. Herein, nanoneedles are synergistically combined with polysaccharide-polyplex nanofilms and enhanced transfection efficiency is observed, compared to polyplexes in suspension. Different polyplex-polyelectrolyte nanofilm combinations are assessed and it is found that transfection efficiency is enhanced when using polysaccharide-based polyanions, rather than being only specific for hyaluronic acid, as suggested in earlier studies. Moreover, results show that enhanced transfection is not mediated by interactions with the CD44 receptor, previously hypothesized as a major mechanism mediating enhancement via hyaluronate. In cardiac tissue, nanoneedles are shown to increase the transfection efficiency of nanofilms compared to flat substrates; while in vitro, high transfection efficiencies are observed in nanostructures where cells present large interfacing areas with the substrate. The results of this study demonstrate that surface-mediated transfection using this system is efficient and safe, requiring amounts of nucleic acid with an order of magnitude lower than standard culture transfection. These findings expand the spectrum of possible polyelectrolyte combinations that can be used for the development of suitable non-viral vectors for exploration in further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hachim
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Juzhi Zhao
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jash Bhankharia
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Raquel Nuñez-Toldra
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Liliana Brito
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hyejeong Seong
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michele Becce
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Liliang Ouyang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christopher L. Grigsby
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Stuart G. Higgins
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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28
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Soltani Dehnavi S, Eivazi Zadeh Z, Harvey AR, Voelcker NH, Parish CL, Williams RJ, Elnathan R, Nisbet DR. Changing Fate: Reprogramming Cells via Engineered Nanoscale Delivery Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108757. [PMID: 35396884 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine is at the nexus of fundamental innovations and early-stage breakthroughs, enabling exciting biomedical advances. One of the most exciting recent developments is the use of nanoscale constructs to influence the fate of cells, which are the basic building blocks of healthy function. Appropriate cell types can be effectively manipulated by direct cell reprogramming; a robust technique to manipulate cellular function and fate, underpinning burgeoning advances in drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine, and disease remodeling. Individual transcription factors, or combinations thereof, can be introduced into cells using both viral and nonviral delivery systems. Existing approaches have inherent limitations. Viral-based tools include issues of viral integration into the genome of the cells, the propensity for uncontrollable silencing, reduced copy potential and cell specificity, and neutralization via the immune response. Current nonviral cell reprogramming tools generally suffer from inferior expression efficiency. Nanomaterials are increasingly being explored to address these challenges and improve the efficacy of both viral and nonviral delivery because of their unique properties such as small size and high surface area. This review presents the state-of-the-art research in cell reprogramming, focused on recent breakthroughs in the deployment of nanomaterials as cell reprogramming delivery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Soltani Dehnavi
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Health & Medicine, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, ANU College of Science, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ANU College of Engineering & Computer Science, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zahra Eivazi Zadeh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4413, Iran
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, and Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J Williams
- iMPACT, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- iMPACT, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Health & Medicine, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, ANU College of Science, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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29
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Elnathan R, Tay A, Voelcker NH, Chiappini C. The start-ups taking nanoneedles into the clinic. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:807-811. [PMID: 35760894 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roey Elnathan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Maselli D, Matos RS, Johnson RD, Martella D, Caprettini V, Chiappini C, Camelliti P, Campagnolo P. Porcine Organotypic Epicardial Slice Protocol: A Tool for the Study of Epicardium in Cardiovascular Research. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:920013. [PMID: 35924218 PMCID: PMC9339655 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.920013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium has recently gained interest in the cardiovascular field due to its capacity to support heart regeneration after ischemic injury. Models to study the epicardium of large animals in vitro are limited and mainly based on epicardial cell isolation/differentiation from stem cells, followed by 2D cells culture. In this method paper, we describe the procedure to obtain and culture 3D organotypic heart slices presenting an intact epicardium, as a novel model to study the epicardial physiology and activation. Epicardial slices are obtained from porcine hearts using a high-precision vibratome and retain a healthy epicardial layer embedded in its native extracellular environment and connected with other cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, vascular cells etc.). Epicardial slices can be cultured for 72 h, providing an ideal model for studying the epicardium physiology or perform pharmacological interventions/gene therapy approaches. We also report on methods to assesses the viability and composition of the epicardial slices, and evaluate their architecture in 3D through tissue decoloration. Finally, we present a potential application for a nanomaterial-based gene transfer method for tracking of epicardial cells within the slice. Crucially, given the similarity in morphology and physiology of porcine heart with its human counterpart, our system provides a platform for translational research while providing a clinically relevant and ethical alternative to the use of small animals in this type of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Maselli
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rolando S. Matos
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Johnson
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Martella
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Caprettini
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Camelliti
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Campagnolo
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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31
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Mukherjee P, Patino CA, Pathak N, Lemaitre V, Espinosa HD. Deep Learning-Assisted Automated Single Cell Electroporation Platform for Effective Genetic Manipulation of Hard-to-Transfect Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107795. [PMID: 35315229 PMCID: PMC9119920 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome engineering of cells using CRISPR/Cas systems has opened new avenues for pharmacological screening and investigating the molecular mechanisms of disease. A critical step in many such studies is the intracellular delivery of the gene editing machinery and the subsequent manipulation of cells. However, these workflows often involve processes such as bulk electroporation for intracellular delivery and fluorescence activated cell sorting for cell isolation that can be harsh to sensitive cell types such as human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This often leads to poor viability and low overall efficacy, requiring the use of large starting samples. In this work, a fully automated version of the nanofountain probe electroporation (NFP-E) system, a nanopipette-based single-cell electroporation method is presented that provides superior cell viability and efficiency compared to traditional methods. The automated system utilizes a deep convolutional network to identify cell locations and a cell-nanopipette contact algorithm to position the nanopipette over each cell for the application of electroporation pulses. The automated NFP-E is combined with microconfinement arrays for cell isolation to demonstrate a workflow that can be used for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and cell tracking with potential applications in screening studies and isogenic cell line generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Cesar A Patino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Nibir Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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32
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Kang Z, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Wang C, Pan Z, Li Q, Liu Y, Shi L. Arginine-Rich Polymers with Pore-Forming Capability Enable Efficient Intracellular Delivery via Direct Translocation Across Cell Membrane. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200371. [PMID: 35460333 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of biomacromolecules or drugs across the cell membrane via endocytosis usually encounters inevitable entrapment in endosomes and subsequent degradation in lyso-endosomes. To address this issue, a series of arginine-rich cell penetrating polymers is designed and synthesized, which internalize into cells by inducing the formation of pores on the cell membrane, thereby crossing the cell membrane via direct translocation that fundamentally avoids endo/lysosomal entrapment. The structure-activity relationship studies show that PTn-R2-C6, which is a type of polymer that has two arginine residues and a flexible hexanoic acid linker in each side chain, exhibits excellent pore-formation ability on the cell membrane. Further investigations indicate that PTn-R2-C6 rapidly transports plasmid DNAs into cytosol through a similar endocytosis-independent pathway, thereby achieving significantly higher transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity than the gold-standard transfection reagent PEI 25K. These results suggest the great potential of PTn-R2-C6 as a safe and efficient gene transfection reagent for wide applications including disease treatments, vaccine development, and biomedical research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Zhanzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yadan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Qiushi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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33
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Park W, Nguyen VP, Jeon Y, Kim B, Li Y, Yi J, Kim H, Leem JW, Kim YL, Kim DR, Paulus YM, Lee CH. Biodegradable silicon nanoneedles for ocular drug delivery. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1772. [PMID: 35353558 PMCID: PMC8967230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye. Here, we introduce a unique platform of ocular drug delivery through the integration of silicon nanoneedles with a tear-soluble contact lens. The silicon nanoneedles can penetrate into the cornea in a minimally invasive manner and then undergo gradual degradation over the course of months, enabling painless and long-term sustained delivery of ocular drugs. The tear-soluble contact lens can fit a variety of corneal sizes and then quickly dissolve in tear fluid within a minute, enabling an initial burst release of anti-inflammatory drugs. We demonstrated the utility of this platform in effectively treating a chronic ocular disease, such as corneal neovascularization, in a rabbit model without showing a notable side effect over current standard therapies. This platform could also be useful in treating other chronic ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Van Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yale Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjoong Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Mechanical and System Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanxiu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jonghun Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannis M. Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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34
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Mu H, Zeng Y, Zhuang Y, Gao W, Zhou Y, Rajalingam K, Zhao W. Patterning of Oncogenic Ras Clustering in Live Cells Using Vertically Aligned Nanostructure Arrays. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1007-1016. [PMID: 35044178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a dominant oncogenic protein, Ras is well-known to segregate into clusters on the plasma membrane for activating downstream signaling. However, current technologies for direct measurements of Ras clustering are limited to sophisticated high-resolution techniques like electron microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging. To further promote fundamental investigations and the related drug development, we hereby introduce a nanobar-based platform which effectively guides Ras clusters into quantifiable patterns in live cells that is resolvable under conventional microscopy. Major Ras isoforms, K-Ras, H-Ras, and N-Ras, were differentiated, as well as their highly prevalent oncogenic mutants G12V and G13D. Moreover, the isoform specificity and the sensitivity of a Ras inhibitor were successfully characterized on nanobars. We envision that this nanobar-based platform will serve as an effective tool to read Ras clustering on the plasma membrane, enabling a novel avenue both to decipher Ras regulations and to facilitate anti-Ras drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanwen Mu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Ageing Research Institute for Society and Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637335, Singapore
| | - Yongpeng Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Yinyin Zhuang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany
- University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, D 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
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