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Michór P, Renardson L, Li S, Boltze J. [Challenges, Opportunities, and Recent Advances]. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00203-3. [PMID: 38763225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in acute stroke management, most patients experiencing a stroke will suffer from residual brain damage and functional impairment. Addressing those residual deficits would require neurorestoration, i.e., rebuilding brain tissue to repair the structural brain damage caused by stroke. However, there are major pathobiological, anatomical and technological hurdles making neurorestorative approaches remarkably challenging, and true neurorestoration after larger ischemic lesions could not yet be achieved. On the other hand, there has been steady advancement in our understanding of the limits of tissue regeneration in the adult mammalian brain as well as of the fundamental organization of brain tissue growth during embryo- and ontogenesis. This has been paralleled by the development of novel animal models to study stroke, advancement of biomaterials that can be used to support neurorestoration, and in stem cell technologies. This review gives a detailed explanation of the major hurdles so far preventing the achievement of neurorestoration after stroke. It will also describe novel concepts and advancements in biomaterial science, brain organoid culturing, and animal modeling that may enable the investigation of post-stroke neurorestorative approaches in translationally relevant setups. Finally, there will be a review of recent achievements in experimental studies that have the potential to be the starting point of research and development activities that may eventually bring post-stroke neurorestoration within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Michór
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Renardson
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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Nishiyama R, Nakagomi T, Nakano-Doi A, Kuramoto Y, Tsuji M, Yoshimura S. Neonatal Brains Exhibit Higher Neural Reparative Activities than Adult Brains in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2024; 13:519. [PMID: 38534363 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The neonatal brain is substantially more resistant to various forms of injury than the mature brain. For instance, the prognosis following ischemic stroke is generally poor in the elderly but favorable in neonates. Identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying reparative activities in the neonatal brain after ischemic injury may provide feasible targets for therapeutic interventions in adults. To this end, we compared the reparative activities in postnatal day 13 and adult (8-12-week-old) mouse brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Immunohistochemistry revealed considerably greater generation of ischemia-induced neural stem/progenitor cells (iNSPCs) expressing nestin or Sox2 in ischemic areas of the neonatal brain. The iNSPCs isolated from the neonatal brain also demonstrated greater proliferative activity than those isolated from adult mice. In addition, genes associated with neuronal differentiation were enriched in iNSPCs isolated from the neonatal brain according to microarray and gene ontogeny analyses. Immunohistochemistry further revealed considerably greater production of newborn doublecortin+ neurons at the sites of ischemic injury in the neonatal brain compared to the adult brain. These findings suggest that greater iNSPC generation and neurogenic differentiation capacities contribute to the superior regeneration of the neonatal brain following ischemia. Together, our findings may help identify therapeutic targets for enhancing the reparative potential of the adult brain following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nishiyama
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoji Kuramoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, 35 Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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Santhanam S, Chen C, Oh B, McConnell KW, Azadian MM, Patel JJ, Gardner EE, Tanabe Y, Poon ASY, George PM. Wirelessly Powered-Electrically Conductive Polymer System for Stem Cell Enhanced Stroke Recovery. ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 9:2300369. [PMID: 38045756 PMCID: PMC10691593 DOI: 10.1002/aelm.202300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective stroke recovery therapeutics remain limited. Stem cell therapies have yielded promising results, but the harsh ischemic environment of the post-stroke brain reduces their therapeutic potential. Previously, we developed a conductive polymer scaffold system that enabled stem cell delivery with simultaneous electrical modulation of the cells and surrounding neural environment. This wired polymer scaffold proved efficacious in optimizing ideal conditions for stem cell mediated motor improvements in a rodent model of stroke. To further enable preclinical studies and enhance translational potential, we identified a method to improve this system by eliminating its dependence upon a tethered power source. We have herein developed a wirelessly powered, electrically conductive polymer system that eases therapeutic application and enables full mobility. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that the wirelessly powered scaffold is able to stimulate neural stem cells in vitro, as well as in vivo in a rodent model of stroke. This system modulates the stroke microenvironment and increases the production of endogenous stem cells. In summation, this novel, wirelessly powered conductive scaffold can serve as a mobile platform for a wide variety of therapeutics involving electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Santhanam
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Byeongtaek Oh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelly W. McConnell
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matine M. Azadian
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jainith J. Patel
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily E. Gardner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuji Tanabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ada S. Y. Poon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul M. George
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., MC5778, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Tian J, Zhu J, Fan Q, Luo X, Nie Q, Yu J, Wu X, Tang Y, Liu T, Yin H. Interleukin-33 improves the neurogenesis of neural stem cells in perinatal brain after hypoxia-ischemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110778. [PMID: 37573691 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insult is an important cause of neonatal encephalopathy, and the effective therapeutic approaches are currently limited. Interleukin (IL)-33 acts as a member of the IL-1 superfamily and has been shown to be neuroprotective following experimental neonatal HI and adult stroke. Here, we explore the effect of IL-33 and its specific receptor ST2 axis on endogenous neurogenesis in neonatal brain after HI. ST2 was found on the surface of NSCs, and the expression of ST2 was further enhanced after HI challenge. Delivery of IL-33 obviously repopulated the size of NSC pool, whereas ST2 deficiency worsened the neurogenesis of NSCs in neonatal brain post HI insult. Further in vivo and in vitro studies showed IL-33 regulates the survival, proliferation and differentiation of NSCs through ST2 signaling pathways. Intriguingly, IL-33 facilitated translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, which is involved in neural differentiation of NSCs. These data demonstrate a critical role of IL-33/ST2 axis in regulation of endogenous neurogenesis of NSCs via activation of the Nrf2 signaling, which provide a new insight into the effect of IL-33 in neonatal brain following HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jieqiong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiuxiang Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaotian Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qianying Nie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wu
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528453, China
| | - Yanli Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Hirano Y, Nakagomi T, Nakano-Doi A, Kubo S, Minato Y, Sawano T, Sakagami M, Tsuzuki K. Microglia Negatively Regulate the Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Isolated from Poststroke Mouse Brains. Cells 2023; 12:2040. [PMID: 37626850 PMCID: PMC10453473 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) were induced within and around the ischemic areas in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. These injury/ischemia-induced NSPCs (iNSPCs) differentiated to electrophysiologically functional neurons in vitro, indicating the presence of a self-repair system following injury. However, during the healing process after stroke, ischemic areas were gradually occupied by inflammatory cells, mainly microglial cells/macrophages (MGs/MΦs), and neurogenesis rarely occurred within and around the ischemic areas. Therefore, to achieve neural regeneration by utilizing endogenous iNSPCs, regulation of MGs/MΦs after an ischemic stroke might be necessary. To test this hypothesis, we used iNSPCs isolated from the ischemic areas after a stroke in our mouse model to investigate the role of MGs/MΦs in iNSPC regulation. In coculture experiments, we show that the presence of MGs/MΦs significantly reduces not only the proliferation but also the differentiation of iNSPCs toward neuronal cells, thereby preventing neurogenesis. These effects, however, are mitigated by MG/MΦ depletion using clodronate encapsulated in liposomes. Additionally, gene ontology analysis reveals that proliferation and neuronal differentiation are negatively regulated in iNSPCs cocultured with MGs/MΦs. These results indicate that MGs/MΦs negatively impact neurogenesis via iNSPCs, suggesting that the regulation of MGs/MΦs is essential to achieve iNSPC-based neural regeneration following an ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Hirano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (A.N.-D.); (S.K.)
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (A.N.-D.); (S.K.)
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Kubo
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (A.N.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Yusuke Minato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
| | - Toshinori Sawano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Masafumi Sakagami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Kenzo Tsuzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.S.); (K.T.)
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Shabani Z, Farhoudi M, Rahbarghazi R, Karimipour M, Mehrad H. Cellular, histological, and behavioral pathological alterations associated with the mouse model of photothrombotic ischemic stroke. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 130:102261. [PMID: 36967096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photothrombotic (PT) stroke model is a reliable method to induce ischemic stroke in the target site using the excitation of photosensitive agents such as Rose Bengal (RB) dye after light illumination. Here, we performed a PT-induced brain ischemic model using a green laser and photosensitive agent RB and confirmed its efficiency through cellular, histological, and neurobehavioral approaches. METHODS Mice were randomly allocated into RB; Laser irradiation; and RB + Laser irradiation groups. Mice were exposed to a green laser at a wavelength of 532 nm and intensity of 150 mW in a mouse model after injection of RB under stereotactic surgery. The pattern of Hemorrhagic and ischemic changes were evaluated throughout the study. The volume of the lesion site was calculated using unbiased stereological methods. For investigation of neurogenesis, we performed double - (BrdU/NeuN) immunofluorescence (IF) staining on day 28 following the last- BrdU injection. To assess the effect and quality of ischemic stroke on neurological behavior, the Modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test was done on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after stroke induction. RESULTS Laser irradiation plus RB induced hemorrhagic tissue and pale ischemic changes over the 5 days. In the next few days, microscopic staining revealed neural tissue degeneration, demarcated necrotic site, and neuronal injury. BrdU staining showed a significant number of proliferating cells in the periphery of the lesion site in the Laser irradiation plus RB group compared to the group (p < 0.05) while the percent of NeuN+ cells per BrdU- positive cells was reduced. Also, prominent astrogliosis was observed in the periphery of irradiated sites on day 28. Neurological deficits were detected in mice from Laser irradiation plus the RB group. No histological or functional deficits were detected in RB and Laser irradiation groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study showed cellular and histologic pathological changes which are associated with the PT induction model. Our findings indicated that the undesirable microenvironment and inflammatory conditions could affect neurogenesis concomitantly with functional deficits. Moreover, this research showed that this model is a focal, reproducible, noninvasive and accessible stroke model with a distinctive demarcation similar to human stroke conditions.
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Li J, Li C, Subedi P, Tian X, Lu X, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M, Sun H. Light Alcohol Consumption Promotes Early Neurogenesis Following Ischemic Stroke in Adult C57BL/6J Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041074. [PMID: 37189692 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Neurogenesis plays a crucial role in postischemic functional recovery. Alcohol dose-dependently affects the prognosis of ischemic stroke. We investigated the impact of light alcohol consumption (LAC) on neurogenesis under physiological conditions and following ischemic stroke. C57BL/6J mice (three months old) were fed with 0.7 g/kg/day ethanol (designed as LAC) or volume-matched water (designed as control) daily for eight weeks. To evaluate neurogenesis, the numbers of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)+/doublecortin (DCX)+ and BrdU+/NeuN+ neurons were assessed in the subventricular zone (SVZ), dentate gyrus (DG), ischemic cortex, and ischemic striatum. The locomotor activity was determined by the accelerating rotarod and open field tests. LAC significantly increased BrdU+/DCX+ and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells in the SVZ under physiological conditions. Ischemic stroke dramatically increased BrdU+/DCX+ and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells in the DG, SVZ, ischemic cortex, and ischemic striatum. The increase in BrdU+/DCX+ cells was significantly greater in LAC mice compared to the control mice. In addition, LAC significantly increased BrdU+/NeuN+ cells by about three folds in the DG, SVZ, and ischemic cortex. Furthermore, LAC reduced ischemic brain damage and improved locomotor activity. Therefore, LAC may protect the brain against ischemic stroke by promoting neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Pushpa Subedi
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Xinli Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | | | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, LSUHSC-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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A transient magnetic resonance spectroscopy peri-ischemic peak: a possible radiological biomarker of post-stroke neurogenesis. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:967-978. [PMID: 36348170 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In adult human brain, neurogenesis seems to persist throughout life and ischemic stroke was proved to stimulate this process. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a 1.28-ppm peak, putative biomarker of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), was identified both in vitro and in vivo, i.e., in normal rat and healthy human brain. The aim of our study was to identify a 1.28-ppm peak in adult human ischemic brain by using 3.0 T multivoxel MRS. METHODS We studied 10 patients, six males, and four females, with a mean (± SD) age of 59.3 (± 17.3), at three different time points from ischemic stroke onset (T0: < 5 days; T14: 14 ± 2 days; T30: 30 ± 2 days). RESULTS In all patients except one, a 1.28-ppm peak at T14 was detected at the ischemic boundary (all p values < 0.05). MRS performed on six voluntary age-matched healthy subjects did not detect any 1.28-ppm peak. CONCLUSIONS The nature of this 1.28-pm peak is uncertain; however, our data support the hypothesis that it might represent a marker of NPCs in post-stroke human brain.
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Ma R, Lu D, Xie Q, Yuan J, Ren M, Li Y, Wang J, Li J, Xu Z, Wang J. l-Borneol and d-Borneol promote transdifferentiation of astrocytes into neurons in rats by regulating Wnt/Notch pathway to exert neuroprotective effect during recovery from cerebral ischaemia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154583. [PMID: 36610167 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese medicines Borneolum and l-Borneolum have neuroprotective effects on acute cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats. Research on their effects during recovery from cerebral IR is lacking. Cerebral ischaemia can activate astrocytes for conversion into neurons. Neurogenesis cannot be achieved without nutritional support from an improved brain microenvironment through the blood circulation. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether Borneolum and l-Borneolum can promote transdifferentiation of astrocytes into neurons by regulating the Wnt/Notch pathway to exert neuroprotective effects during recovery from cerebral ischaemia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A suture crossing the external carotid artery to occlude the middle cerebral artery was used to prepare a model of cerebral IR (Longa et al., 1989). The Longa neurological function score, modified neurological severity score, tape removal test and grid misstep experiment were used to evaluate motor nerve function. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride was used to determine the extent of cerebral infarction. Left/right hemisphere contrast was used to measure brain atrophy. Astrocytes labelled with adeno-associated virus were used to track their fate after transdifferentiation. Laser speckle contrast imaging was used to observe the effects of l-Borneolum and Borneolum on cerebral blood flow. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to investigate their mechanisms. RESULTS l-Borneolum and Borneolum significantly improved neurological function and limb movement in rats with cerebral ischaemia during recovery and increased cerebral blood flow. l-Borneolum improved forelimb motor coordination more effectively than Borneolum and promoted transdifferentiation of astrocytes to GABAergic neurons in the striatal region. The expression of Wnt3a and Notch-1 was downregulated. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was not significantly changed. Borneolum improved forelimb sensitivity and alleviated cerebral infarction and brain atrophy more effectively than l-Borneolum, which promoted transdifferentiation of astrocytes into neurons and nestin expression and neurogenesis in the striatal zone. The expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and β-catenin was upregulated. l-Borneolum and Borneolum had no significant neuroprotective effect on the cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS l-Borneolum and Borneolum exerted neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischaemia during recovery by promoting neurogenesis and blood circulation in the striatal and subventricular zones. Their mechanisms may be related to the Wnt3a and Notch-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Surugiu R, Burdusel D, Ruscu MA, Cercel A, Hermann DM, Cadenas IF, Popa-Wagner A. Clinical Ageing. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:437-458. [PMID: 37120476 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is generally characterised by the declining ability to respond to stress, increasing homeostatic imbalance, and increased risk of ageing-associated diseases . Mechanistically, the lifelong accumulation of a wide range of molecular and cellular impairments leads to organismal senescence. The aging population poses a severe medical concern due to the burden it places on healthcare systems and the general public as well as the prevalence of diseases and impairments associated with old age. In this chapter, we discuss organ failure during ageing as well as ageing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and drugs that can regulate it. A much-debated subject is about ageing and regeneration. With age, there is a gradual decline in the regenerative properties of most tissues. The goal of regenerative medicine is to restore cells, tissues, and structures that are lost or damaged after disease, injury, or ageing. The question arises as to whether this is due to the intrinsic ageing of stem cells or, rather, to the impairment of stem-cell function in the aged tissue environment. The risk of having a stroke event doubles each decade after the age of 55. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop neurorestorative therapies for stroke which occurs mostly in elderly people. Initial enthusiasm for stimulating restorative processes in the ischaemic brain with cell-based therapies has meanwhile converted into a more balanced view, recognising impediments related to survival, migration, differentiation, and integration of therapeutic cells in the hostile aged brain environment. Therefore, a current lack of understanding of the fate of transplanted cells means that the safety of cell therapy in stroke patients is still unproven. Another issue associated with ischaemic stroke is that patients at risk for these sequels of stroke are not duly diagnosed and treated due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. However, recently neurovascular unit-derived exosomes in response to Stroke and released into serum are new plasma genetic and proteomic biomarkers associated with ischaemic stroke. The second valid option, which is also more economical, is to invest in prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Surugiu
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daiana Burdusel
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mihai-Andrei Ruscu
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Andreea Cercel
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Israel Fernandez Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Centre for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
- University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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11
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Huang H, Shi M, Qi C, Tian Q, Li H, Liu M, Li M, Liu Q. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulation improves neurogenesis and functional recovery after stroke. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22616. [PMID: 36394527 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200533rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia activates neural progenitors that participate in brain remodeling following acute injury. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) signaling governs cell proliferation and mobilization, yet its potential impact on neural progenitors and stroke recovery remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of S1PR modulation on post-stroke neurogenesis and functional recovery, using a S1PR modulator BAF312. Mice were subjected to 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and received BAF312 starting from day 3 after MCAO until the end of experiment. BAF312 facilitated motor function recovery in MCAO mice until day 14 after surgery. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that BAF312 treatment led to an increase of type A cells in subventricular zone (SVZ), but not other progenitor cell subsets in MCAO mice. We found an increase of BrdU incorporation in SVZ DCX+ cells from MCAO mice receiving BAF312 and augmented proliferation of DCX+ cells in cultured neurospheres isolated from SVZ tissues. Notably, a S1PR1 antagonist W146 abolished BAF312-induced increase of SVZ type A cells from MCAO mice and proliferation of DCX+ cells in cultured neurospheres. Additionally, the benefit of BAF312 to improve neurogenesis and stroke recovery remains in Rag2-/- mice lacking of T and B cells. Our results demonstrate that S1PR modulation improves neurogenesis and functional recovery following brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengxuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Caiyun Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Handong Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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12
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A Tale of Two: When Neural Stem Cells Encounter Hypoxia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01293-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Luo F, Wang J, Zhang Z, You Z, Bedolla A, Okwubido-Williams F, Huang LF, Silver J, Luo Y. Inhibition of CSPG receptor PTPσ promotes migration of newly born neuroblasts, axonal sprouting, and recovery from stroke. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111137. [PMID: 35905716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to neuroprotective strategies, neuroregenerative processes could provide targets for stroke recovery. However, the upregulation of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) impedes innate regenerative efforts. Here, we examine the regulatory role of PTPσ (a major proteoglycan receptor) in dampening post-stroke recovery. Use of a receptor modulatory peptide (ISP) or Ptprs gene deletion leads to increased neurite outgrowth and enhanced NSCs migration upon inhibitory CSPG substrates. Post-stroke ISP treatment results in increased axonal sprouting as well as neuroblast migration deeply into the lesion scar with a transcriptional signature reflective of repair. Lastly, peptide treatment post-stroke (initiated acutely or more chronically at 7 days) results in improved behavioral recovery in both motor and cognitive functions. Therefore, we propose that CSPGs induced by stroke play a predominant role in the regulation of neural repair and that blocking CSPG signaling pathways will lead to enhanced neurorepair and functional recovery in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhen You
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - FearGod Okwubido-Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - L Frank Huang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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14
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Teplyashina EA, Gorina YV, Khilazheva ED, Boytsova EB, Mosyagina AI, Malinovskaya NA, Komleva YK, Morgun AV, Uspenskaya YA, Shuvaev AN, Salmina AB. Cells of Cerebrovascular Endothelium and Perivascular Astroglia in the Regulation of Neurogenesis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Nishie H, Nakano-Doi A, Sawano T, Nakagomi T. Establishment of a Reproducible Ischemic Stroke Model in Nestin-GFP Mice with High Survival Rates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312997. [PMID: 34884811 PMCID: PMC8657611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An accumulation of evidence shows that endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are activated following brain injury such as that suffered during ischemic stroke. To understand the expression patterns of these cells, researchers have developed mice that express an NSPC marker, Nestin, which is detectable by specific reporters such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), i.e., Nestin-GFP mice. However, the genetic background of most transgenic mice, including Nestin-GFP mice, comes from the C57BL/6 strain. Because mice from this background strain have many cerebral arterial branches and collateral vessels, they are accompanied by several major problems including variable ischemic areas and high mortality when subjected to ischemic stroke by occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA). In contrast, CB-17 wild-type mice are free from these problems. Therefore, with the aim of overcoming the aforementioned defects, we first crossed Nestin-GFP mice (C57BL/6 background) with CB-17 wild-type mice and then developed Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background) by further backcrossing the generated hybrid mice with CB-17 wild-type mice. Subsequently, we investigated the phenotypes of the established Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background) following MCA occlusion; these mice had fewer blood vessels around the MCA compared with the number of blood vessels in Nestin-GFP mice (C57BL/6 background). In addition, TTC staining showed that infarcted volume was variable in Nestin-GFP mice (C57BL/6 background) but highly reproducible in Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background). In a further investigation of mice survival rates up to 28 days after MCA occlusion, all Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background) survived the period, whereas Nestin-GFP mice (C57BL/6 background) frequently died within 1 week and exhibited a higher mortality rate. Immunohistochemistry analysis of Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background) showed that GFP+ cells were mainly obverted in not only conventional neurogenic areas, including the subventricular zone (SVZ), but also ischemic areas. In vitro, cells isolated from the ischemic areas and the SVZ formed GFP+ neurosphere-like cell clusters that gave rise to various neural lineages including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. However, microarray analysis of these cells and genetic mapping experiments by Nestin-CreERT2 Line4 mice crossed with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) reporter mice (Nestin promoter-driven YFP-expressing mice) indicated that cells with NSPC activities in the ischemic areas and the SVZ had different characteristics and origins. These results show that the expression patterns and fate of GFP+ cells with NSPC activities can be precisely investigated over a long period in Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background), which is not necessarily possible with Nestin-GFP mice (C57BL/6 background). Thus, Nestin-GFP mice (CB-17 background) could become a useful tool with which to investigate the mechanism of neurogenesis via the aforementioned cells under pathological conditions such as following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nishie
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (H.N.); (A.N.-D.)
| | - Akiko Nakano-Doi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (H.N.); (A.N.-D.)
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sawano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan; (H.N.); (A.N.-D.)
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-798-45-6821; Fax: +81-798-45-6823
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16
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Leal-Galicia P, Chávez-Hernández ME, Mata F, Mata-Luévanos J, Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Tapia-de-Jesús A, Buenrostro-Jáuregui MH. Adult Neurogenesis: A Story Ranging from Controversial New Neurogenic Areas and Human Adult Neurogenesis to Molecular Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11489. [PMID: 34768919 PMCID: PMC8584254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons in the adult brain is a currently accepted phenomenon. Over the past few decades, the subventricular zone and the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been described as the two main neurogenic niches. Neurogenic niches generate new neurons through an asymmetric division process involving several developmental steps. This process occurs throughout life in several species, including humans. These new neurons possess unique properties that contribute to the local circuitry. Despite several efforts, no other neurogenic zones have been observed in many years; the lack of observation is probably due to technical issues. However, in recent years, more brain niches have been described, once again breaking the current paradigms. Currently, a debate in the scientific community about new neurogenic areas of the brain, namely, human adult neurogenesis, is ongoing. Thus, several open questions regarding new neurogenic niches, as well as this phenomenon in adult humans, their functional relevance, and their mechanisms, remain to be answered. In this review, we discuss the literature and provide a compressive overview of the known neurogenic zones, traditional zones, and newly described zones. Additionally, we will review the regulatory roles of some molecular mechanisms, such as miRNAs, neurotrophic factors, and neurotrophins. We also join the debate on human adult neurogenesis, and we will identify similarities and differences in the literature and summarize the knowledge regarding these interesting topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Leal-Galicia
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - María Elena Chávez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Florencia Mata
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Jesús Mata-Luévanos
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Tapia-de-Jesús
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
| | - Mario Humberto Buenrostro-Jáuregui
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico; (M.E.C.-H.); (F.M.); (J.M.-L.); (L.M.R.-S.); (A.T.-d.-J.)
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17
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The Need for New Biomarkers to Assist with Stroke Prevention and Prediction of Post-Stroke Therapy Based on Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091226. [PMID: 34572411 PMCID: PMC8466486 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of having a stroke event doubles each decade after the age of 55. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop neurorestorative therapies of stroke which occurs mostly in elderly people. However, to date, patients at risk for these sequels of stroke are not duly diagnosed and treated due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are shed by the brain cells and are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the blood stream; thus, they may be used to interrogate molecular and cellular events in the brain damaged area. In this review, we summarize the major molecular and cellular responses of astroglia and neurons to cerebral ischemia and assess their impact on post-stroke recovery and rehabilitation. In particular, we ask if EVs secreted by brain cells are responses to cerebral ischemia, and they may shed new light on the interplay between exosomes-mediated interactions between brain cells and the question of how to exploit it in order to predict the individual course of the disease and to introduce specific preventive or therapeutic strategies. Given these findings, we are left with two options: either to (i) transplant neuronal precursors into the damaged cortical area or (ii) to covert abundantly present proliferating astrocytes in the perilesional area into neurons by using recently developed genetic technologies. However, given the complexity of molecular and cellular responses to cerebral ischemia and our limited capabilities to restore brain structure and function, we are left with only one realistic aim: to invest more in prevention.
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18
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Hsu TW, Lu YJ, Lin YJ, Huang YT, Hsieh LH, Wu BH, Lin YC, Chen LC, Wang HW, Chuang JC, Fang YQ, Huang CC. Transplantation of 3D MSC/HUVEC spheroids with neuroprotective and proangiogenic potentials ameliorates ischemic stroke brain injury. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120765. [PMID: 33780686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, and the consequent brain cell death, is a common cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments that primarily aim to relieve symptoms are relatively inefficient in achieving brain tissue regeneration and functional recovery, and thus novel therapeutic options are urgently needed. Although cell-based therapies have shown promise for treating the infarcted brain, a recurring challenge is the inadequate retention and engraftment of transplanted cells at the target tissue, thereby limiting the ultimate therapeutic efficacy. Here, we show that transplantation of preassembled three-dimensional (3D) spheroids of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and vascular endothelial cells (ECs) results in significantly improved cell retention and survival compared with conventional mixed-cell suspensions. The transplanted 3D spheroids exhibit notable neuroprotective, proneurogenic, proangiogenic and anti-scarring potential as evidenced by clear extracellular matrix structure formation and paracrine factor expression and secretion; this ultimately results in increased structural and motor function recovery in the brain of an ischemic stroke mouse model. Therefore, transplantation of MSCs and ECs using the 3D cell spheroid configuration not only reduces cell loss during cell harvesting/administration but also enhances the resultant therapeutic benefit, thus providing important proof-of-concept for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan; Centre for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; Centre for Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Huan Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wen Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qiao Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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19
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Cuartero MI, García-Culebras A, Torres-López C, Medina V, Fraga E, Vázquez-Reyes S, Jareño-Flores T, García-Segura JM, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Post-stroke Neurogenesis: Friend or Foe? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657846. [PMID: 33834025 PMCID: PMC8021779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The substantial clinical burden and disability after stroke injury urges the need to explore therapeutic solutions. Recent compelling evidence supports that neurogenesis persists in the adult mammalian brain and is amenable to regulation in both physiological and pathological situations. Its ability to generate new neurons implies a potential to contribute to recovery after brain injury. However, post-stroke neurogenic response may have different functional consequences. On the one hand, the capacity of newborn neurons to replenish the damaged tissue may be limited. In addition, aberrant forms of neurogenesis have been identified in several insult settings. All these data suggest that adult neurogenesis is at a crossroads between the physiological and the pathological regulation of the neurological function in the injured central nervous system (CNS). Given the complexity of the CNS together with its interaction with the periphery, we ultimately lack in-depth understanding of the key cell types, cell-cell interactions, and molecular pathways involved in the neurogenic response after brain damage and their positive or otherwise deleterious impact. Here we will review the evidence on the stroke-induced neurogenic response and on its potential repercussions on functional outcome. First, we will briefly describe subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis after stroke beside the main evidence supporting its positive role on functional restoration after stroke. Then, we will focus on hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) neurogenesis due to the relevance of hippocampus in cognitive functions; we will outline compelling evidence that supports that, after stroke, SGZ neurogenesis may adopt a maladaptive plasticity response further contributing to the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of specific steps in the neurogenic cascade that might ameliorate brain malfunctioning and the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment in the chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Cuartero
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-López
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Medina
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Fraga
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Vázquez-Reyes
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Jareño-Flores
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. García-Segura
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Dos Santos IRC, Dias MNC, Gomes-Leal W. Microglial activation and adult neurogenesis after brain stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:456-459. [PMID: 32985465 PMCID: PMC7996005 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.291383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that new neurons are produced in some regions of the adult mammalian brain is a paradigm-shift in neuroscience research. These new-born cells are produced from neuroprogenitors mainly in the subventricular zone at the margin of the lateral ventricle, subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and in the striatum, a component of the basal ganglia, even in humans. In the human hippocampus, neuroblasts are produced even in elderlies. The regulation of adult neurogenesis is a complex phenomenon involving a multitude of molecules, neurotransmitters and soluble factors released by different sources including glial cells. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are considered to play an important role on the regulation of adult neurogenesis both in physiological and pathological conditions. Following stroke and other acute neural disorders, there is an increase in the numbers of neuroblast production in the neurogenic niches. Microglial activation is believed to display both beneficial and detrimental role on adult neurogenesis after stroke, depending on the activation level and brain location. In this article, we review the scientific evidence addressing the role of microglial activation on adult neurogenesis after ischemia. A comprehensive understanding of the microglial role after stroke and other neural disorders it is an important step for development of future therapies based on manipulation of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijair R C Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Michelle Nerissa C Dias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
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Sapkota A, Park SJ, Choi JW. Inhibition of LPA 5 Activity Provides Long-Term Neuroprotection in Mice with Brain Ischemic Stroke. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:512-518. [PMID: 33024060 PMCID: PMC7585638 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in ischemic survivors who are suffering from motor, cognitive, and memory impairment. Previously, we have reported suppressing LPA5 activity with its specific antagonist can attenuate acute brain injuries after ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear whether suppressing LPA5 activity can also attenuate chronic brain injuries after ischemic stroke. Here, we explored whether effects of LPA5 antagonist, TCLPA5, could persist a longer time after brain ischemic stroke using a mouse model challenged with tMCAO. TCLPA5 was administered to mice every day for 3 days, starting from the time immediately after reperfusion. TCLPA5 administration improved neurological function up to 21 days after tMCAO challenge. It also reduced brain tissue loss and cell apoptosis in mice at 21 days after tMCAO challenge. Such long-term neuroprotection of TCLPA5 was associated with enhanced neurogenesis and angiogenesis in post-ischemic brain, along with upregulated expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Collectively, results of the current study indicates that suppressing LPA5 activity can provide long-term neuroprotection to mice with brain ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sapkota
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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22
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Electrical stimulation of the lateral cerebellar nucleus promotes neurogenesis in rats after motor cortical ischemia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16563. [PMID: 33024145 PMCID: PMC7538419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been tentatively explored to promote motor recovery after stroke. Stroke could transiently activate endogenous self-repair processes, including neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ). In this regard, it is of considerable clinical interest to study whether DBS of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) could promote neurogenesis in the SVZ for functional recovery after stroke. In the present study, rats were trained on the pasta matrix reaching task and the ladder rung walking task before surgery. And then an electrode was implanted in the LCN following cortical ischemia induced by endothelin-1 injection. After 1 week of recovery, LCN DBS coupled with motor training for two weeks promoted motor function recovery, and reduced the infarct volumes post-ischemia. LCN DBS augmented poststroke neurogenetic responses, characterized by proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neuroblasts in the SVZ and subsequent differentiation into neurons in the ischemic penumbra at 21 days poststroke. DBS with the same stimulus parameters at 1 month after ischemia could also increase nascent neuroblasts in the SVZ and newly matured neurons in the perilesional cortex at 42 days poststroke. These results suggest that LCN DBS promotes endogenous neurogenesis for neurorestoration after cortical ischemia.
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Jurkowski MP, Bettio L, K Woo E, Patten A, Yau SY, Gil-Mohapel J. Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:576444. [PMID: 33132848 PMCID: PMC7550688 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized. However, more recently, new neurons have also been found in other brain regions of the adult mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala. While some studies have suggested that these new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within these brain regions, others have shown the migration of neurons from the SVZ to these regions. Notably, it has been shown that the generation of new neurons in these brain regions is impacted by neurologic processes such as stroke/ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, numerous factors such as neurotrophic support, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, and stem cell therapy can modulate this endogenous process. While the presence and significance of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (and particularly outside of the classical neurogenic regions) is still an area of debate, this intrinsic neurogenic potential and its possible regulation through therapeutic measures present an exciting alternative for the treatment of several neurologic conditions. This review summarizes evidence in support of the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain and discusses the functional significance of these new neurons as well as the factors that regulate their production. Finally, it also discusses the potential clinical applications of promoting neurogenesis outside of the classical neurogenic niches, particularly in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Jurkowski
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emma K Woo
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Patten
- Centre for Interprofessional Clinical Simulation Learning (CICSL), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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24
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Protective Mechanism and Treatment of Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2258-2277. [PMID: 32794152 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and is a main cause of disability in adults. Neither currently marketed drugs nor commonly used treatments can promote nerve repair and neurogenesis after stroke, and the repair of neurons damaged by ischemia has become a research focus. This article reviews several possible mechanisms of stroke and neurogenesis and introduces novel neurogenic agents (fibroblast growth factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, purine nucleosides, resveratrol, S-nitrosoglutathione, osteopontin, etc.) as well as other treatments that have shown neuroprotective or neurogenesis-promoting effects.
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25
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Mahdavipour M, Hassanzadeh G, Seifali E, Mortezaee K, Aligholi H, Shekari F, Sarkoohi P, Zeraatpisheh Z, Nazari A, Movassaghi S, Akbari M. Effects of neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on neuronal protection and functional recovery in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:373-383. [PMID: 31885106 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke imposes a long-term neurological disability with limited effective treatments available for neuronal recovery. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is reported to improve functional outcomes in the animal models of brain ischemia. However, the use of cell therapy is accompanied by adverse effects, so research is growing to use cell-free extracts such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) for targeting brain diseases. In the current study, male Wistar albino rats (20 months old) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, EVs (30 μg) were injected at 2 hours after stroke onset via an intracerebroventricular (ICV) route. Measurements were done at day 7 post-MCAO. EVs administration reduced lesion volume and steadily improved spontaneous locomotor activity. EVs administration also reduced microgliosis (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)+ cells) and apoptotic (terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labelling [TUNEL]) positive cells and increased neuronal survival (neuronal nuclear (NeuN)+ cells) in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ). However, it had no effect on neurogenesis within the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) but decreased cellular migration toward the IBZ (doublecortin (DCX)+ cells). The results of this study showed neuroprotective and restorative mechanisms of NSC-EVs administration, which may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention of brain ischemia. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Based on our results, EVs administration can effectively reduce microglial density and neuronal apoptosis, thereby steadily improves functional recovery after MCAO. These findings provide the beneficial effect of NSC-EVs as a new biological treatment for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mahdavipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Seifali
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sarkoohi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zeraatpisheh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdoreza Nazari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Movassaghi
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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RBM3 promotes neurogenesis in a niche-dependent manner via IMP2-IGF2 signaling pathway after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3983. [PMID: 31484925 PMCID: PMC6726629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemia (HI) is an acute brain threat across all age groups. Therapeutic hypothermia ameliorates resulting injury in neonates but its side effects prevent routine use in adults. Hypothermia up-regulates a small protein subset that includes RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), which is neuroprotective under stressful conditions. Here we show how RBM3 stimulates neuronal differentiation and inhibits HI-induced apoptosis in the two areas of persistent adult neurogenesis, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), while promoting neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation after HI injury only in the SGZ. RBM3 interacts with IGF2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IMP2), elevates its expression and thereby stimulates IGF2 release in SGZ but not SVZ-NSPCs. In summary, we describe niche-dependent regulation of neurogenesis after adult HI injury via the novel RBM3-IMP2-IGF2 signaling pathway. Therapeutic hypothermia is a potent tool in the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, authors demonstrate how the RNA-binding motif protein RBM3, which is induced by mild cooling while global translation rate is slowed down, contributes substantially to neuroregeneration after adult HI injury, specifically in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone.
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Palma-Tortosa S, Hurtado O, Pradillo JM, Ferreras-Martín R, García-Yébenes I, García-Culebras A, Moraga A, Moro MÁ, Lizasoain I. Toll-like receptor 4 regulates subventricular zone proliferation and neuroblast migration after experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:573-582. [PMID: 31059808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability with an urgent need for innovative therapies, especially targeting the chronic phase. New evidence has emerged showing that Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), a key mediator of brain damage after stroke, may be involved in brain repair by neurogenesis modulation. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of TLR4 in the different stages of neurogenesis initiated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) over time after stroke in mice. Wildtype and TLR4-deficient mice underwent experimental ischemia, and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) proliferation and migration were analyzed by using FACS analysis, fluorescence densitometry, RT-qPCR and in vitro assays. Our results show that both groups, wildtype and knock-out animals, present a similar pattern of bilateral cell proliferation at the SVZ, with a decrease in NSPCs proliferation in the acute phase of stroke. We also show that TLR4 activation, very likely mediated by ligands such as HMGB1 released to CSF after stroke, is necessary to keep an increased proliferation of NSCs as well as to promote differentiation from type C cells into neuroblasts promoting their migration. TLR4 activation was also implicated in earlier expression of SDF-1α and faster recovery of BDNF expression after stroke. These results support TLR4 as an important therapeutic target in the modulation of neurogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palma-Tortosa
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Hurtado
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Miguel Pradillo
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Ferreras-Martín
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac García-Yébenes
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moraga
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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Nemirovich-Danchenko NM, Khodanovich MY. New Neurons in the Post-ischemic and Injured Brain: Migrating or Resident? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:588. [PMID: 31275097 PMCID: PMC6591486 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous potential of adult neurogenesis is of particular interest for the development of new strategies for recovery after stroke and traumatic brain injury. These pathological conditions affect endogenous neurogenesis in two aspects. On the one hand, injury usually initiates the migration of neuronal precursors (NPCs) to the lesion area from the already existing, in physiological conditions, neurogenic niche - the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) near the lateral ventricles. On the other hand, recent studies have convincingly demonstrated the local generation of new neurons near lesion areas in different brain locations. The striatum, cortex, and hippocampal CA1 region are considered to be locations of such new neurogenic zones in the damaged brain. This review focuses on the relative contribution of two types of NPCs of different origin, resident population in new neurogenic zones and cells migrating from the lateral ventricles, to post-stroke or post-traumatic enhancement of neurogenesis. The migratory pathways of NPCs have also been considered. In addition, the review highlights the advantages and limitations of different methodological approaches to the definition of NPC location and tracking of new neurons. In general, we suggest that despite the considerable number of studies, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of neurogenesis in the damaged brain. We believe that the advancement of methods for in vivo visualization and longitudinal observation of neurogenesis in the brain could fundamentally change the current situation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Yu. Khodanovich
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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La Rosa C, Ghibaudi M, Bonfanti L. Newly Generated and Non-Newly Generated "Immature" Neurons in the Mammalian Brain: A Possible Reservoir of Young Cells to Prevent Brain Aging and Disease? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050685. [PMID: 31096632 PMCID: PMC6571946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is important for translational purposes since most neurological disorders and brain aging problems remain substantially incurable. In the mammalian nervous system, neurons are mostly not renewed throughout life and cannot be replaced. In humans, the increasing life expectancy explains the increase in brain health problems, also producing heavy social and economic burden. An exception to the “static” brain is represented by stem cell niches leading to the production of new neurons. Such adult neurogenesis is dramatically reduced from fish to mammals, and in large-brained mammals with respect to rodents. Some examples of neurogenesis occurring outside the neurogenic niches have been reported, yet these new neurons actually do not integrate in the mature nervous tissue. Non-newly generated, “immature” neurons (nng-INs) are also present: Prenatally generated cells continuing to express molecules of immaturity (mostly shared with the newly born neurons). Of interest, nng-INs seem to show an inverse phylogenetic trend across mammals, being abundant in higher-order brain regions not served by neurogenesis and providing structural plasticity in rather stable areas. Both newly generated and nng-INs represent a potential reservoir of young cells (a “brain reserve”) that might be exploited for preventing the damage of aging and/or delay the onset/reduce the impact of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
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30
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Suryaningtyas W, Arifin M, Rantam FA, Bajamal AH, Dahlan YP, Dewa Gede Ugrasena I, Maliawan S. Erythropoietin protects the subventricular zone and inhibits reactive astrogliosis in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:469-476. [PMID: 30661113 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the potential role of erythropoietin (EPO) as a neuroprotective agent against reactive astrogliosis and reducing the thinning rate of subventricular zone (SVZ) in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. METHOD Thirty-six ten-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Hydrocephalus was induced with 20% kaolin suspension injected into the cistern of thirty rats and leaving the six rats as normal group. The hydrocephalic rats were randomly divided into hydrocephalic and treatment group. The treatment group received daily dose of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) from day 7 to day 21 after induction. The animals were sacrificed at 7 (only for hydrocephalic group) and 14 or 21 (for both groups) days after induction. Brain was removed and was prepared for histological analysis by hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as immunohistochemistry for 4-HNE, GFAP, Iba-1, and Ki-67. RESULTS Histopathological analysis showed that animals treated with rhEPO had a reduced astrocyte reactivity displayed by lower GFAP expression. Hydrocephalic rats received rhEPO also displayed reduced microglial activation shown by lower Iba-1 protein expression. Exogenous rhEPO exerted its protective action in reducing astrogliosis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation that was documented in this study as lower expression of 4-HNE than non-treated group. The SVZ thickness was progressively declining in hydrocephalus group, while the progression rate could be reduced by rhEPO. CONCLUSION Erythropoietin has a potential use for inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and reactive astrogliosis in hydrocephalic animal model. The reduced thinning rate of SVZ demonstrated that EPO also had effect in reducing the hydrocephalus progressivity. Further research is warranted to explore its efficacy and safety to use in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wihasto Suryaningtyas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Gedung Pusat Diagnostik Terpadu (GDC) Lantai 5, RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Jl. Mayjen Prof Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Muhammad Arifin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Gedung Pusat Diagnostik Terpadu (GDC) Lantai 5, RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Jl. Mayjen Prof Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology - Faculty of Veterinary Medicine And Laboratory for Stem Cell Research - Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Hafid Bajamal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Gedung Pusat Diagnostik Terpadu (GDC) Lantai 5, RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Jl. Mayjen Prof Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoes Prijatna Dahlan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - I Dewa Gede Ugrasena
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Maliawan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Udayana - Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia
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31
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La Rosa C, Bonfanti L. Brain Plasticity in Mammals: An Example for the Role of Comparative Medicine in the Neurosciences. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:274. [PMID: 30443551 PMCID: PMC6221904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative medicine deals with similarities and differences between veterinary and human medicine. All mammals share most basic cellular and molecular mechanisms, thus justifying murine animal models in a translational perspective; yet “mice are not men,” thus some biases can emerge when complex biological processes are concerned. Brain plasticity is a cutting-edge, expanding topic in the field of Neurosciences with important translational implications, yet, with remarkable differences among mammals, as emerging from comparative studies. In particular, adult neurogenesis (the genesis of new neurons from brain stem cell niches) is a life-long process in laboratory rodents but a vestigial, mostly postnatal remnant in humans and dolphins. Another form of “whole cell” plasticity consisting of a population of “immature” neurons which are generated prenatally but continue to express markers of immaturity during adulthood has gained interest more recently, as a reservoir of young neurons in the adult brain. The distribution of the immature neurons also seems quite heterogeneous among different animal species, being confined within the paleocortex in rodents while extending into neocortex in other mammals. A recent study carried out in sheep, definitely showed that gyrencephalic, large-sized brains do host higher amounts of immature neurons, also involving subcortical, white, and gray matter regions. Hence, “whole cell” plasticity such as adult neurogenesis and immature neurons are biological processes which, as a whole, cannot be studied exclusively in laboratory rodents, but require investigation in comparative medicine, involving large-sized, long-living mammals, in order to gain insights for translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Sanchez-Rojas L, Gómez-Pinedo U, Benito-Martin MS, León-Espinosa G, Rascón-Ramirez F, Lendinez C, Martínez-Ramos C, Matías-Guiu J, Pradas MM, Barcia JA. Biohybrids of scaffolding hyaluronic acid biomaterials plus adipose stem cells home local neural stem and endothelial cells: Implications for reconstruction of brain lesions after stroke. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1598-1606. [PMID: 30307108 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neurogenesis in stroke is insufficient to replace the lost brain tissue, largely due to the lack of a proper biological structure to let new cells dwell in the damaged area. We hypothesized that scaffolds made of hyaluronic acid (HA) biomaterials (BM) could provide a suitable environment to home not only new neurons, but also vessels, glia and neurofilaments. Further, the addition of exogenous cells, such as adipose stem cells (ASC) could increase this effect. Athymic mice were randomly assigned to a one of four group: stroke alone, stroke and implantation of BM, stroke and implantation of BM with ASC, and sham operated animals. Stroke model consisted of middle cerebral artery thrombosis with FeCl3 . After 30 days, animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were sacrificed. Proliferation and neurogenesis increased at the subventricular zone ipsilateral to the ventricle and neuroblasts, glial, and endothelial cells forming capillaries were seen inside the BM. Those effects increased when ASC were added, while there was less inflammatory reaction. Three-dimensional scaffolds made of HA are able to home newly formed neurons, glia, and endothelial cells permitting the growth neurofilaments inside them. The addition of ASC increase these effects and decrease the inflammatory reaction to the implant. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1598-1606, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Sanchez-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Benito-Martin
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rascón-Ramirez
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Lendinez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Ramos
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, C. de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Monleón Pradas
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, C. de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan A Barcia
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Turcato F, Kim P, Barnett A, Jin Y, Scerba M, Casey A, Selman W, Greig NH, Luo Y. Sequential combined Treatment of Pifithrin-α and Posiphen Enhances Neurogenesis and Functional Recovery After Stroke. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:607-621. [PMID: 29871513 PMCID: PMC6041885 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718766328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although cerebral ischemia can activate endogenous reparative processes, such as
proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ)
and subgranular zone (SGZ), the majority of these new cells die shortly after injury and
do not appropriately differentiate into neurons, or migrate and functionally integrate
into the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine a novel strategy for treatment
of stroke after injury by optimizing the survival of ischemia-induced endogenous NSCs in
the SVZ and SGZ. Methods: Adult SVZ and SGZ NSCs were grown as neurospheres in culture and treated with a p53
inactivator, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), and an amyloid precursor protein (APP)-lowering drug,
posiphen, and effects on neurosphere number, size and neuronal differentiation were
evaluated. This combined sequential treatment approach was then evaluated in mice
challenged with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Locomotor behavior and
cognition were evaluated at 4 weeks, and the number of new surviving neurons was
quantified in nestin creERT2-YFP mice. Results: PFT-α and posiphen enhanced the self-renewal, proliferation rate and neuronal
differentiation of adult SVZ and SGZ NSCs in culture. Their sequential combination in
mice challenged with MCAo-induced stroke mitigated locomotor and cognitive impairments
and increased the survival of SVZ and SGZ NSCs cells. PFT-α and the combined
posiphen+PFT-α treatment similarly improved locomotion behavior in stroke challenged
mice. Notably, however, the combined treatment provided significantly more potent
cognitive function enhancement in stroke mice, as compared with PFT-α single
treatment. Interpretation: Delayed combined sequential treatment with an inhibitor of p53 dependent apoptosis
(PFT-α) and APP synthesis (posiphen) proved able to enhance stroke-induced endogenous
neurogenesis and improve the functional recovery in stroke animals. Whereas the combined
sequential treatment provided no further improvement in locomotor function, as compared
with PFT-α alone treatment, suggesting a potential ceiling in the locomotion behavioral
outcome in stroke animals, combined treatment more potently augmented cognitive function
recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Turcato
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,2 Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul Kim
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Austin Barnett
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yongming Jin
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Mike Scerba
- 3 National Institute of Aging, Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anthony Casey
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Warren Selman
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 3 National Institute of Aging, Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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