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Chen M, Tan J, Jin Z, Jiang T, Wu J, Yu X. Research progress on Sirtuins (SIRTs) family modulators. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116481. [PMID: 38522239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) represent a class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylases that exert a crucial role in cellular signal transduction and various biological processes. The mammalian sirtuins family encompasses SIRT1 to SIRT7, exhibiting therapeutic potential in counteracting cellular aging, modulating metabolism, responding to oxidative stress, inhibiting tumors, and improving cellular microenvironment. These enzymes are intricately linked to the occurrence and treatment of diverse pathological conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. Given the significance of histone modification in gene expression and chromatin structure, maintaining the equilibrium of the sirtuins family is imperative for disease prevention and health restoration. Mounting evidence suggests that modulators of SIRTs play a crucial role in treating various diseases and maintaining physiological balance. This review delves into the molecular structure and regulatory functions of the sirtuins family, reviews the classification and historical evolution of SIRTs modulators, offers a systematic overview of existing SIRTs modulation strategies, and elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of SIRTs modulators (agonists and inhibitors) and their clinical applications. The article concludes by summarizing the challenges encountered in SIRTs modulator research and offering insights into future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Chen
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfei Tan
- School of Medicine Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Jin
- Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou City, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiabiao Wu
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China; The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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He W, Liu X, Feng Y, Ding H, Sun H, Li Z, Shi B. Dietary fat supplementation relieves cold temperature-induced energy stress through AMPK-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:56. [PMID: 38584279 PMCID: PMC11000307 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold stress has negative effects on the growth and health of mammals, and has become a factor restricting livestock development at high latitudes and on plateaus. The gut-liver axis is central to energy metabolism, and the mechanisms by which it regulates host energy metabolism at cold temperatures have rarely been illustrated. In this study, we evaluated the status of glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in pigs based on the gut-liver axis and propose that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key target for alleviating energy stress at cold temperatures by dietary fat supplementation. RESULTS Dietary fat supplementation alleviated the negative effects of cold temperatures on growth performance and digestive enzymes, while hormonal homeostasis was also restored. Moreover, cold temperature exposure increased glucose transport in the jejunum. In contrast, we observed abnormalities in lipid metabolism, which was characterized by the accumulation of bile acids in the ileum and plasma. In addition, the results of the ileal metabolomic analysis were consistent with the energy metabolism measurements in the jejunum, and dietary fat supplementation increased the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and lipid metabolism. As the central nexus of energy metabolism, the state of glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress in the liver are inconsistent with that in the small intestine. Specifically, we found that cold temperature exposure increased glucose transport in the liver, which fully validates the idea that hormones can act on the liver to regulate glucose output. Additionally, dietary fat supplementation inhibited glucose transport and glycolysis, but increased gluconeogenesis, bile acid cycling, and lipid metabolism. Sustained activation of AMPK, which an energy receptor and regulator, leads to oxidative stress and apoptosis in the liver; dietary fat supplementation alleviates energy stress by reducing AMPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Cold stress reduced the growth performance and aggravated glycolipid metabolism disorders and oxidative stress damage in pigs. Dietary fat supplementation improved growth performance and alleviated cold temperature-induced energy stress through AMPK-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis. In this study, we highlight the importance of AMPK in dietary fat supplementation-mediated alleviation of host energy stress in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ye Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongwei Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Haoyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Baoming Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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3
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He W, Ding H, Feng Y, Liu X, Fang X, Gao F, Shi B. Dietary-fat supplementation alleviates cold temperature-induced metabolic dysbiosis and barrier impairment by remodeling gut microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:1443-1459. [PMID: 38226701 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04916g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
As important components of the mammalian diet and tissues, fats are involved in a variety of biological processes in addition to providing energy. In general, the increase in basal metabolism and health risks under cold temperature conditions causes the host to need more energy to maintain body temperature and normal biological processes. The intestine and its microbiota are key components in orchestrating host metabolic homeostasis and immunity, and respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. However, the role of dietary-fat supplementation in regulating host homeostasis of metabolism and barrier functions through gut microbiota at cold temperatures is incompletely understood. Our results showed that dietary-fat supplementation alleviated the negative effects of cold temperatures on the alpha-diversity of both ileal and colonic microbiota. Cold temperatures altered the ileal and colonic microbiota of pigs, and the extent of changes was more pronounced in the colonic microbiota. Translocation of the gut microbiota was restored after supplementation with a high-fat diet. In addition, cold temperatures exacerbated ileal mucosal damage and inflammation, and disrupted barrier function, which may be associated with decreased concentrations of butyrate and isobutyrate. Cold temperature-induced metabolic dysbiosis was manifested by altered hormone levels and upregulation of expression of multiple metabolites involved in metabolism (lipids, amino acids and minerals) and the immune response. Supplementation with a high-fat diet restored metabolic homeostasis and barrier function by improving gut-microbiota composition and increasing SCFAs concentrations in pigs. In conclusion, cold temperatures induced severe translocation of microbiota and barrier damage. These actions increased the risk of metabolic imbalance. Dietary-fat supplementation alleviated the adverse effects of cold temperatures on host metabolism by remodeling the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Ye Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Xiuyu Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Baoming Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Wang Z, Yang T, Zeng M, Wang Z, Chen Q, Chen J, Christian M, He Z. Miquelianin in Folium Nelumbinis extract promotes white-to-beige fat conversion via blocking AMPK/DRP1/mitophagy and modulating gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114089. [PMID: 37804915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of miquelianin (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, Q3G), one of the main flavonoids in the Folium Nelumbinis extract (FNE), on beige adipocyte formation and its underlying mechanisms. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes Q3G (12.8%)-rich FNE treatment upregulated beige-related markers such as SIRT1, COX2, PGC-1α, TFAM, and UCP1. Furthermore, Q3G enhanced mitochondrial biosynthesis and inhibited mitophagy by downregulating the expression of PINK1, PARKIN, BECLIN1 and LC-3B in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice, Q3G markedly inhibited body weight gain, reduced blood glucose/lipid levels, reduced white adipose tissues (WAT) and mitigated hepatic steatosis. Meanwhile, the induced beiging accompanied by suppressed mitophagy was also demonstrated in inguinal WAT (iWAT). Chemical intervention of AMPK activity with Compound C (Com C) and Acadesine (AICAR) revealed that AMPK/DRP1 signaling was involved in Q3G-mediated mitophagy and the beiging process. Importantly, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that Q3G beneficially reshaped gut microbiota structure, specifically inhibiting unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibaculum, Roseburia and Colidextribacter while increasing Bacteroides, Akkermansia and Mucispirillum, which may potentially facilitate WAT beiging. Collectively, our findings provide a novel biological function for Folium Nelumbinis and Q3G in the fight against obesity through activating the energy-dissipating capacity of beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Mark Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resource, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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5
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Liu L, Li Y, Chen G, Chen Q. Crosstalk between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:86. [PMID: 37821940 PMCID: PMC10568841 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial mass and quality are tightly regulated by two essential and opposing mechanisms, mitochondrial biogenesis (mitobiogenesis) and mitophagy, in response to cellular energy needs and other cellular and environmental cues. Great strides have been made to uncover key regulators of these complex processes. Emerging evidence has shown that there exists a tight coordination between mitophagy and mitobiogenesis, and their defects may cause many human diseases. In this review, we will first summarize the recent advances made in the discovery of molecular regulations of mitobiogenesis and mitophagy and then focus on the mechanism and signaling pathways involved in the simultaneous regulation of mitobiogenesis and mitophagy in the response of tissue or cultured cells to energy needs, stress, or pathophysiological conditions. Further studies of the crosstalk of these two opposing processes at the molecular level will provide a better understanding of how the cell maintains optimal cellular fitness and function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, which holds promise for fighting aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanjun Li
- Center of Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Center of Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Center of Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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6
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Aquilano K, Zhou B, Brestoff JR, Lettieri-Barbato D. Multifaceted mitochondrial quality control in brown adipose tissue. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:517-529. [PMID: 36272883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) controls mammalian core body temperature by non-shivering thermogenesis. BAT is extraordinarily rich in mitochondria, which have the peculiarity of generating heat by uncoupled respiration. Since the mitochondrial activity of BAT is subject to cycles of activation and deactivation in response to environmental temperature changes, an integrated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system is of fundamental importance to ensure BAT physiology. Here, we provide an overview of the conventional and alternative mechanisms through which thermogenic adipocytes selectively remove damaged parts of mitochondria and how macrophages participate in the MQC system by removing extracellular mitochondrial waste to maintain the thermogenic function of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jonathan R Brestoff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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7
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Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Mthembu SXH, Nkambule BB, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Nyambuya TM, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. An insight into brown/beige adipose tissue whitening, a metabolic complication of obesity with the multifactorial origin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1114767. [PMID: 36875450 PMCID: PMC9978510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a thermoregulatory organ known to promote energy expenditure, has been extensively studied as a potential avenue to combat obesity. Although BAT is the opposite of white adipose tissue (WAT) which is responsible for energy storage, BAT shares thermogenic capacity with beige adipose tissue that emerges from WAT depots. This is unsurprising as both BAT and beige adipose tissue display a huge difference from WAT in terms of their secretory profile and physiological role. In obesity, the content of BAT and beige adipose tissue declines as these tissues acquire the WAT characteristics via the process called "whitening". This process has been rarely explored for its implication in obesity, whether it contributes to or exacerbates obesity. Emerging research has demonstrated that BAT/beige adipose tissue whitening is a sophisticated metabolic complication of obesity that is linked to multiple factors. The current review provides clarification on the influence of various factors such as diet, age, genetics, thermoneutrality, and chemical exposure on BAT/beige adipose tissue whitening. Moreover, the defects and mechanisms that underpin the whitening are described. Notably, the BAT/beige adipose tissue whitening can be marked by the accumulation of large unilocular lipid droplets, mitochondrial degeneration, and collapsed thermogenic capacity, by the virtue of mitochondrial dysfunction, devascularization, autophagy, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Sinenhlanhla X. H. Mthembu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sihle E. Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U. Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
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8
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Chen W, Xu Z, You W, Zhou Y, Wang L, Huang Y, Shan T. Cold exposure alters lipid metabolism of skeletal muscle through HIF-1α-induced mitophagy. BMC Biol 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36750818 PMCID: PMC9906913 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to its contractile properties and role in movement, skeletal muscle plays an important function in regulating whole-body glucose and lipid metabolism. A central component of such regulation is mitochondria, whose quality and function are essential in maintaining proper metabolic homeostasis, with defects in processes such as autophagy and mitophagy involved in mitochondria quality control impairing skeletal muscle mass and function, and potentially leading to a number of associated diseases. Cold exposure has been reported to markedly induce metabolic remodeling and enhance insulin sensitivity in the whole body by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. However, changes in lipid metabolism and lipidomic profiles in skeletal muscle in response to cold exposure are unclear. Here, we generated lipidomic or transcriptome profiles of mouse skeletal muscle following cold induction, to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism upon acute cold treatment. RESULTS Our results indicated that short-term cold exposure (3 days) can lead to a significant increase in intramuscular fat deposition. Lipidomic analyses revealed that a cold challenge altered the overall lipid composition by increasing the content of triglyceride (TG), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), while decreasing sphingomyelin (SM), validating lipid remodeling during the cold environment. In addition, RNA-seq and qPCR analysis showed that cold exposure promoted the expression of genes related to lipolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. These marked changes in metabolic effects were associated with mitophagy and muscle signaling pathways, which were accompanied by increased TG deposition and impaired fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, HIF-1α signaling was highly activated in response to the cold challenge, which may contribute to intramuscular fat deposition and enhanced mitophagy in a cold environment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data revealed the adaptive changes of skeletal muscle associated with lipidomic and transcriptomic profiles upon cold exposure. We described the significant alterations in the composition of specific lipid species and expression of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Cold-mediated mitophagy may play a critical role in modulating lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, which is precisely regulated by HIF-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Huang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Takeda Y, Harada Y, Yoshikawa T, Dai P. Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism in the Regulation of Thermogenic Brown Fats and Human Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021352. [PMID: 36674862 PMCID: PMC9861294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown fats specialize in thermogenesis by increasing the utilization of circulating blood glucose and fatty acids. Emerging evidence suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) prevents the incidence of obesity-associated metabolic diseases and several types of cancers in humans. Mitochondrial energy metabolism in brown/beige adipocytes regulates both uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and -independent thermogenesis for cold adaptation and the utilization of excess nutrients and energy. Many studies on the quantification of human BAT indicate that mass and activity are inversely correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and visceral adiposity. Repression is caused by obesity-associated positive and negative factors that control adipocyte browning, de novo adipogenesis, mitochondrial energy metabolism, UCP1 expression and activity, and noradrenergic response. Systemic and local factors whose levels vary between lean and obese conditions include growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and metal ions such as selenium and iron. Modulation of obesity-associated repression in human brown fats is a promising strategy to counteract obesity and related metabolic diseases through the activation of thermogenic capacity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in mitochondrial metabolism, thermogenic regulation of brown fats, and human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.D.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5444 (Y.T.); +81-75-251-5135 (P.D.)
| | - Yoshinori Harada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5 Tanaka-Monzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
| | - Ping Dai
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.D.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5444 (Y.T.); +81-75-251-5135 (P.D.)
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10
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Michelotti TC, Kisby BR, Flores LS, Tegeler AP, Fokar M, Crasto C, Menarim BC, Loux SC, Strieder-Barboza C. Single-nuclei analysis reveals depot-specific transcriptional heterogeneity and depot-specific cell types in adipose tissue of dairy cows. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1025240. [PMID: 36313560 PMCID: PMC9616121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1025240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ with a central role on whole-body energy metabolism and development of metabolic diseases. Single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq, respectively) analyses in mice and human AT have revealed vast cell heterogeneity and functionally distinct subtypes that are potential therapeutic targets to metabolic disease. In periparturient dairy cows, AT goes through intensive remodeling and its dysfunction is associated with metabolic disease pathogenesis and decreased productive performance. The contributions of depot-specific cells and subtypes to the development of diseases in dairy cows remain to be studied. Our objective was to elucidate differences in cellular diversity of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) AT in dairy cows at the single-nuclei level. We collected matched SAT and VAT samples from three dairy cows and performed snRNA-seq analysis. We identified distinct cell types including four major mature adipocytes (AD) and three stem and progenitor cells (ASPC) subtypes, along with endothelial cells (EC), mesothelial cells (ME), immune cells, and pericytes and smooth muscle cells. All major cell types were present in both SAT and VAT, although a strong VAT-specificity was observed for ME, which were basically absent in SAT. One ASPC subtype was defined as adipogenic (PPARG+) while the other two had a fibro-adipogenic profile (PDGFRA+). We identified vascular and lymphatic EC subtypes, and different immune cell types and subtypes in both SAT and VAT, i.e., macrophages, monocytes, T cells, and natural killer cells. Not only did VAT show a greater proportion of immune cells, but these visceral immune cells had greater activation of pathways related to immune and inflammatory response, and complement cascade in comparison with SAT. There was a substantial contrast between depots for gene expression of complement cascade, which were greatly expressed by VAT cell subtypes compared to SAT, indicating a pro-inflammatory profile in VAT. Unprecedently, our study demonstrated cell-type and depot-specific heterogeneity in VAT and SAT of dairy cows. A better understanding of depot-specific molecular and cellular features of SAT and VAT will aid in the development of AT-targeted strategies to prevent and treat metabolic disease in dairy cows, especially during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainara C. Michelotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Brent R. Kisby
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Lauryn S. Flores
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra P. Tegeler
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Chiquito Crasto
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of University Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Bruno C. Menarim
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Shavahn C. Loux
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Clarissa Strieder-Barboza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Clarissa Strieder-Barboza,
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11
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Choi M, Mukherjee S, Yun JW. Colchicine stimulates browning via antagonism of GABA receptor B and agonism of β3-adrenergic receptor in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111677. [PMID: 35598717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine has been used for therapeutic purposes and has attracted considerable attention because of its association with tubulin and the inhibition of small tubular polymerization. Although several studies have examined the possible preventive role of colchicine in metabolic diseases, its role in adipocytes is largely unknown. This study examined the novel functional role of colchicine in adipocytes demonstrating that colchicine stimulates browning in cultured white adipocytes. Colchicine stimulates browning by increasing the brown- and beige fat-specific markers in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. Interestingly, colchicine decreased the expression of the main lipolytic proteins (ATGL, p-HSL) while it activated Ces3, suggesting a possibility for supplying essential fatty acids for inducing thermogenesis. Molecular docking analysis showed that colchicine has a strong affinity against GABA-BR and β3-AR, and its binding activity with GABA-BR (-26.52 kJ/mol) was stronger than β3-AR (-20.71 kJ/mol). Mechanistic studies were conducted by treating the cells separately with agonists and antagonists of GABA-BR and β3-AR to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the browning effect of colchicine. The results showed that colchicine stimulates browning via the antagonism of GABA-BR and the agonism of β3-AR in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. The colchicine-mediated activation of β3-AR stimulated the PKA/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, where consequently ATF2 acted as a positive regulator, but AFT4 was a negative regulator for the induction of browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJi Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sulagna Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling,Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Potočnjak I, Šimić L, Vukelić I, Batičić L, Domitrović R. Oleanolic acid induces HCT116 colon cancer cell death through the p38/FOXO3a/Sirt6 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:110010. [PMID: 35690101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural compound that possesses numerous beneficial health effects, including anticancer activity. The current study aimed to investigate the role of forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) in autophagy/mitophagy by OA in HCT116 cell line. OA dose-dependently reduced viability of HCT116 cells, with IC50 = 29.8 μΜ. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 increased after OA treatment, suggesting induction of apoptosis. Concurrently, OA induced autophagy, evidenced by increased expression of Beclin-1, autophagy-related protein 5 and microtubule-associated protein1A/1B-light chain 3 beta (LC3B), which played a prosurvival role. The induction of mitophagy was suggested by increased expression of p62 and PTEN-induced kinase 1 and reduced expression of translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20, which colocalized with LC3B. OA also induced nuclear accumulation of forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a). The cytotoxic activity of OA coincided with upregulation of p38. Inhibition of p38 led to increase in FOXO3a and NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 6 expression. In vivo, OA inhibited tumor growth in colon cancer xenograft mice. Our results suggest concomitant induction of apoptosis and prosurvival mitophagy by OA in colon cancer via p38/FOXO3a/Sirt6 signaling. Additionally, our data demonstrate that OA can chemosensitize colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Potočnjak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lidija Šimić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Iva Vukelić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Robert Domitrović
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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13
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Wu R, Cao S, Li F, Feng S, Shu G, Wang L, Gao P, Zhu X, Zhu C, Wang S, Jiang Q. RNA-binding protein YBX1 promotes brown adipogenesis and thermogenesis via PINK1/PRKN-mediated mitophagy. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22219. [PMID: 35195911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101810rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Promoting the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising strategy to combat obesity and metabolic disorders. While much is known about the transcriptional regulation of BAT activation, however, the underlying mechanism of post-transcriptional control by RNA binding proteins remains largely unknown. Here, we found that RNA binding protein Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) expression was abundant in BAT and induced by cold exposure and a β-adrenergic agonist in mice. Loss-of-function experiments showed that YBX1 deficiency inhibited mouse primary brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic function. Further study showed that YBX1 positively regulates thermogenesis through enhancing mitophagy. Mechanistically, RNA immunoprecipitation identified that YBX1 directly targeted the transcripts of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (Pink1) and parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Prkn), two key regulators of mitophagy. RNA decay assay proved that loss of YBX1 decreased mRNA stability of Pink1 and Prkn, leading to reduced protein expression, thereby alleviating mitophagy and inhibiting thermogenic program. Importantly, in vivo experiments demonstrated that YBX1 overexpression in BAT promoted thermogenesis and mitophagy in mice. Collectively, our results reveal novel insight into the molecular mechanism of YBX1 in post-transcriptional regulation of PINK1/PRKN-mediated mitophagy and highlight the critical role of YBX1 in brown adipogenesis and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifan Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengchun Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Kim HS, Park MY, Yun NJ, Go HS, Kim MY, Seong JK, Lee M, Kang ES, Ghim J, Ryu SH, Zabel BA, Koh A, Bae YS. Targeting PLD2 in adipocytes augments adaptive thermogenesis by improving mitochondrial quality and quantity in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212939. [PMID: 34940790 PMCID: PMC8711045 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD)2 via its enzymatic activity regulates cell proliferation and migration and thus is implicated in cancer. However, the role of PLD2 in obesity and type 2 diabetes has not previously been investigated. Here, we show that during diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity, levels of PLD2 but not PLD1 in adipose tissue are inversely related with uncoupling protein 1, a key thermogenic protein. We demonstrate that the thermogenic program in adipose tissue is significantly augmented in mice with adipocyte-specific Pld2 deletion or treated with a PLD2-specific inhibitor and that these mice are resistant to high fat diet–induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, we show that Pld2 deletion in adipose tissue or PLD2 pharmacoinhibition acts via p62 to improve mitochondrial quality and quantity in adipocytes. Thus, PLD2 inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach for obesity and type 2 diabetes by resolving defects in diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sik Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Go
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewang Ghim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ara Koh
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Wang Y, Li J, Lu D, Meng Q, Song N, Zhou H, Xiao X, Sun L, Zhu H. Integrated proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of interscapular brown adipose and subcutaneous white adipose tissues upon high fat diet feeding in mouse. J Proteomics 2022; 255:104500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Jung TW, Hwang EJ, Pyun DH, Kim TJ, Lee HJ, Abd El-Aty AM, Bang JS, Kim HC, Jeong JH. 3-hydroxymorphinan enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte browning through AMPK-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 577:17-23. [PMID: 34487960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3-hydroxymorphinan (3-HM), a metabolite of dextromethorphan, has previously been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and neuroprotective effects. However, its effect on energy metabolism in adipocytes remains unclear. Herein, we investigated 3-hydroxymorphinan (3-HM) effects on mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Further, we explored 3-HM-associated molecular mechanisms. Mouse adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 3-HM, and various protein expression levels were determined by western blotting analysis. Mitochondria accumulation and lipid accumulation were measured by staining methods. Cell toxicity was assessed by cell viability assay. We found that treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 3-HM increased expression of brown adipocyte markers, such as uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). 3-HM promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and its-mediated gene expression. Additionally, 3-HM treatment suppressed mitochondrial ROS generation and superoxide along with improved mitochondrial complex I activity. We found that treatment of 3-HM enhanced AMPK phosphorylation. siRNA-mediated suppression of AMPK reversed all these changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In sum, 3-HM promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and browning and attenuates oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via AMPK signaling. Thus, 3-HM-mediated AMPK activation can be considered a therapeutic approach for treating obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Pyun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, 250353, China; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Joon Seok Bang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Molinari F, Feraco A, Mirabilii S, Saladini S, Sansone L, Vernucci E, Tomaselli G, Marzolla V, Rotili D, Russo MA, Ricciardi MR, Tafuri A, Mai A, Caprio M, Tafani M, Armani A. SIRT5 Inhibition Induces Brown Fat-Like Phenotype in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051126. [PMID: 34066961 PMCID: PMC8148511 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity plays a key role in regulating systemic energy. The activation of BAT results in increased energy expenditure, making this tissue an attractive pharmacological target for therapies against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) affects BAT function by regulating adipogenic transcription factor expression and mitochondrial respiration. We analyzed the expression of SIRT5 in the different adipose depots of mice. We treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mouse primary preadipocyte cultures with the SIRT5 inhibitor MC3482 and investigated the effects of this compound on adipose differentiation and function. The administration of MC3482 during the early stages of differentiation promoted the expression of brown adipocyte and mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Upon treatment with MC3482, 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed an increased activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known to stimulate brown adipocyte differentiation. This effect was paralleled by an increase in autophagic/mitophagic flux and a reduction in lipid droplet size, mediated by a higher lipolytic rate. Of note, MC3482 increased the expression and the activity of adipose triglyceride lipase, without modulating hormone-sensitive lipase. Our findings reveal that SIRT5 inhibition stimulates brown adipogenesis in vitro, supporting this approach as a strategy to stimulate BAT and counteract obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Molinari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Simone Mirabilii
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.R.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Serena Saladini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Luigi Sansone
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (G.T.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Enza Vernucci
- Department of Cardiovascular, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giada Tomaselli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (G.T.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Matteo A. Russo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (G.T.); (M.A.R.)
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Rome Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ricciardi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.R.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (M.R.R.); (A.T.)
- Hematology, “Sant’ Andrea” University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (V.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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18
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Sass F, Schlein C, Jaeckstein MY, Pertzborn P, Schweizer M, Schinke T, Ballabio A, Scheja L, Heeren J, Fischer AW. TFEB deficiency attenuates mitochondrial degradation upon brown adipose tissue whitening at thermoneutrality. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101173. [PMID: 33516944 PMCID: PMC7903014 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis offers the potential to improve metabolic health in mice and humans. However, humans predominantly live under thermoneutral conditions, leading to BAT whitening, a reduction in BAT mitochondrial content and metabolic activity. Recent studies have established mitophagy as a major driver of mitochondrial degradation in the whitening of thermogenic brite/beige adipocytes, yet the pathways mediating mitochondrial breakdown in whitening of classical BAT remain largely elusive. The transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy belonging to the MiT family of transcription factors, is the only member of this family that is upregulated during whitening, pointing toward a role of TFEB in whitening-associated mitochondrial breakdown. METHODS We generated brown adipocyte-specific TFEB knockout mice, and induced BAT whitening by thermoneutral housing. We characterized gene and protein expression patterns, BAT metabolic activity, systemic metabolism, and mitochondrial localization using in vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS Under low thermogenic activation conditions, deletion of TFEB preserves mitochondrial mass independently of mitochondriogenesis in BAT and primary brown adipocytes. However, this does not translate into elevated thermogenic capacity or protection from diet-induced obesity. Autophagosomal/lysosomal marker levels are altered in TFEB-deficient BAT and primary adipocytes, and lysosomal markers co-localize and co-purify with mitochondria in TFEB-deficient BAT, indicating trapping of mitochondria in late stages of mitophagy. CONCLUSION We identify TFEB as a driver of BAT whitening, mediating mitochondrial degradation via the autophagosomal and lysosomal machinery. This study provides proof of concept that interfering with the mitochondrial degradation machinery can increase mitochondrial mass in classical BAT under human-relevant conditions. However, it must be considered that interfering with autophagy may result in accumulation of non-functional mitochondria. Future studies targeting earlier steps of mitophagy or target recognition are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pertzborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, Medical Genetics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Ko MS, Yun JY, Baek IJ, Jang JE, Hwang JJ, Lee SE, Heo SH, Bader DA, Lee CH, Han J, Moon JS, Lee JM, Hong EG, Lee IK, Kim SW, Park JY, Hartig SM, Kang UJ, Moore DD, Koh EH, Lee KU. Mitophagy deficiency increases NLRP3 to induce brown fat dysfunction in mice. Autophagy 2021; 17:1205-1221. [PMID: 32400277 PMCID: PMC8143238 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1753002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although macroautophagy/autophagy deficiency causes degenerative diseases, the deletion of essential autophagy genes in adipocytes paradoxically reduces body weight. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in body weight regulation and metabolic control. However, the key cellular mechanisms that maintain BAT function remain poorly understood. in this study, we showed that global or brown adipocyte-specific deletion of pink1, a Parkinson disease-related gene involved in selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), induced BAT dysfunction, and obesity-prone type in mice. Defective mitochondrial function is among the upstream signals that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 was induced in brown adipocyte precursors (BAPs) from pink1 knockout (KO) mice. Unexpectedly, NLRP3 induction did not induce canonical inflammasome activity. Instead, NLRP3 induction led to the differentiation of pink1 KO BAPs into white-like adipocytes by increasing the expression of white adipocyte-specific genes and repressing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes. nlrp3 deletion in pink1 knockout mice reversed BAT dysfunction. Conversely, adipose tissue-specific atg7 KO mice showed significantly lower expression of Nlrp3 in their BAT. Overall, our data suggest that the role of mitophagy is different from general autophagy in regulating adipose tissue and whole-body energy metabolism. Our results uncovered a new mitochondria-NLRP3 pathway that induces BAT dysfunction. The ability of the nlrp3 knockouts to rescue BAT dysfunction suggests the transcriptional function of NLRP3 as an unexpected, but a quite specific therapeutic target for obesity-related metabolic diseases.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; BAPs: brown adipocyte precursors; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CASP1: caspase 1; CEBPA: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; EE: energy expenditure; HFD: high-fat diet; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; ITT: insulin tolerance test; KO: knockout; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RD: regular diet; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT: room temperature; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier); WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Seok Ko
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Jang
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Heo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - David A. Bader
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Korea
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyoung Hong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Yeol Park
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Physiology, Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders, NYU Langone Health, New York, USA
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-up Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Chronic cold exposure induces autophagy to promote fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial turnover, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. iScience 2021; 24:102434. [PMID: 34027318 PMCID: PMC8134067 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in lipid breakdown, mitochondrial turnover, and mitochondrial function during brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation by thyroid hormone, but its role in BAT during adaptive thermogenesis remains controversial. Here, we examined BAT from mice exposed to 72 h of cold challenge as well as primary brown adipocytes treated with norepinephrine and found increased autophagy as well as increased β-oxidation, mitophagy, mitochondrial turnover, and mitochondrial activity. To further understand the role of autophagy of BAT in vivo, we generated BAT-specific Atg5 knockout (Atg5cKO) mice and exposed them to cold for 72 h. Interestingly, BAT-specific Atg5cKO mice were unable to maintain body temperature after chronic cold exposure and displayed deranged mitochondrial morphology and reactive oxygen species damage in their BAT. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of autophagy in adaptive thermogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and mitochondrial function in BAT during chronic cold exposure.
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21
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Yan W, Diao S, Fan Z. The role and mechanism of mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism in the function regulation of the mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:140. [PMID: 33597020 PMCID: PMC7890860 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that show self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation, and paracrine and immune regulation. As a result of these properties, the MSCs have great clinical application prospects, especially in the regeneration of injured tissues, functional reconstruction, and cell therapy. However, the transplanted MSCs are prone to ageing and apoptosis and have a difficult to control direction differentiation. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively regulate the functions of the MSCs to promote their desired effects. In recent years, it has been found that mitochondria, the main organelles responsible for energy metabolism and adenosine triphosphate production in cells, play a key role in regulating different functions of the MSCs through various mechanisms. Thus, mitochondria could act as effective targets for regulating and promoting the functions of the MSCs. In this review, we discuss the research status and current understanding of the role and mechanism of mitochondrial energy metabolism, morphology, transfer modes, and dynamics on MSC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhao Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.,Research Unit of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Department of Pediatric dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Research Unit of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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22
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Liu L, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang D, Wu H, Li W, Wei H, Ta N, Fan Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang J, Pan X, Liao X, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Mitophagy receptor FUNDC1 is regulated by PGC-1α/NRF1 to fine tune mitochondrial homeostasis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50629. [PMID: 33554448 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is an essential cellular autophagic process that selectively removes superfluous and damaged mitochondria, and it is coordinated with mitochondrial biogenesis to fine tune the quantity and quality of mitochondria. Coordination between these two opposing processes to maintain the functional mitochondrial network is of paramount importance for normal cellular and organismal metabolism. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Here we report that PGC-1α and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic adaptation, also transcriptionally upregulate the gene encoding FUNDC1, a previously characterized mitophagy receptor, in response to cold stress in brown fat tissue. NRF1 binds to the classic consensus site in the promoter of Fundc1 to upregulate its expression and to enhance mitophagy through its interaction with LC3. Specific knockout of Fundc1 in BAT results in reduced mitochondrial turnover and accumulation of functionally compromised mitochondria, leading to impaired adaptive thermogenesis. Our results demonstrate that FUNDC1-dependent mitophagy is directly coupled with mitochondrial biogenesis through the PGC-1α/NRF1 pathway, which dictates mitochondrial quantity, quality, and turnover and contributes to adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Na Ta
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Seale LA, Ogawa-Wong AN, Watanabe LM, Khadka VS, Menor M, Torres DJ, Carlson BA, Hatfield DL, Berry MJ. Adaptive Thermogenesis in a Mouse Model Lacking Selenoprotein Biosynthesis in Brown Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E611. [PMID: 33435397 PMCID: PMC7827413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoproteins are a class of proteins with the selenium-containing amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) in their primary structure. Sec is incorporated into selenoproteins via recoding of the stop codon UGA, with specific cis and trans factors required during translation to avoid UGA recognition as a stop codon, including a Sec-specific tRNA, tRNA[Ser]Sec, encoded in mice by the gene Trsp. Whole-body deletion of Trsp in mouse is embryonically lethal, while targeted deletion of Trsp in mice has been used to understand the role of selenoproteins in the health and physiology of various tissues. We developed a mouse model with the targeted deletion of Trsp in brown adipocytes (Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/-), a cell type predominant in brown adipose tissue (BAT) controlling energy expenditure via activation of adaptive thermogenesis, mostly using uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). At room temperature, Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/- mice maintain oxygen consumption and Ucp1 expression, with male Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/- mice accumulating more triglycerides in BAT than both female Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/- mice or Trspf/f controls. Acute cold exposure neither reduced core body temperature nor changed the expression of selenoprotein iodothyronine deiodinase type II (Dio2), a marker of adaptive thermogenesis, in Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/- mice. Microarray analysis of BAT from Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/- mice revealed glutathione S-transferase alpha 3 (Gsta3) and ELMO domain containing 2 (Elmod2) as the transcripts most affected by the loss of Trsp. Male Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre+/- mice showed mild hypothyroidism while downregulating thyroid hormone-responsive genes Thrsp and Tshr in their BATs. In summary, modest changes in the BAT of Trspf/f-Ucp1-Cre +/- mice implicate a mild thyroid hormone dysfunction in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia A. Seale
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.N.O.-W.); (L.M.W.); (D.J.T.)
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | - Ashley N. Ogawa-Wong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.N.O.-W.); (L.M.W.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Ligia M. Watanabe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.N.O.-W.); (L.M.W.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Vedbar S. Khadka
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (V.S.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Mark Menor
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (V.S.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Torres
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (A.N.O.-W.); (L.M.W.); (D.J.T.)
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | - Bradley A. Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (B.A.C.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Dolph L. Hatfield
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (B.A.C.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Marla J. Berry
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
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24
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Joshi DC, Zhang CL, Babujee L, Vevea JD, August BK, Sheng ZH, Chapman ER, Gomez TM, Chiu SY. Inappropriate Intrusion of an Axonal Mitochondrial Anchor into Dendrites Causes Neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2020; 29:685-696.e5. [PMID: 31618636 PMCID: PMC6884150 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntaphilin (SNPH) is a major mitochondrial anchoring protein targeted to axons and excluded from dendrites. In this study, we provide in vivo evidence that this spatial specificity is lost in Shiverer (Shi) mice, a model for progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), resulting in inappropriate intrusion of SNPH into dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells with neurodegenerative consequences. Thus, reconstituting dendritic SNPH intrusion in SNPH-KO mice by viral transduction greatly sensitizes Purkinje cells to excitotoxicity when the glutamatergic climbing fibers are stimulated. Finally, we demonstrate in vitro that overexpression of SNPH in dendrites compromises neuronal viability by inducing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity, reducing mitochondrial calcium uptake, and interfering with quality control of mitochondria by blocking somal mitophagy. Collectively, we propose that inappropriate immobilization of dendritic mitochondria by SNPH intrusion produces excitotoxicity and suggest that interception of dendritic SNPH intrusion is a therapeutic strategy to combat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh C Joshi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chuan-Li Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason D Vevea
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin K August
- Medical School Electron Microscope Facility, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Functions Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy M Gomez
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shing Yan Chiu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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25
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Yefimova MG, Buschiazzo A, Burel A, Lavault MT, Pimentel C, Jouve G, Jaillard S, Jegou B, Bourmeyster N, Ravel C. Autophagy is increased in cryptorchid testis resulting in abnormal spermatozoa. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:570-576. [PMID: 31031333 PMCID: PMC6859671 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_12_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in spermatogenesis by regulating germ cell maturation. This catabolic process increases with hyperthermic conditions to prevent the accumulation of damaged organelles. Cryptorchidism is associated with impairment of germ cell maturation revealed by the presence of immature forms of sperm cells in ejaculates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of autophagy in sperm cells from cryptorchid patients. Semen samples of cryptorchid patients and normozoospermic controls were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Autophagy proteins, autophagy-related protein 9 (ATG9) and microtubule-associated protein, 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) were localized by immunocytochemistry on the acrosome and on the equatorial segment of sperm cells. LC3 was also detected in the midpiece of cryptorchid sperm tail. Autophagy substrate p62 protein was present in the acrosome and in the postequatorial segment of sperm in control samples, but not in the cryptorchid ones. Transmission electron microscopy revealed double-membrane-limited autophagosomes in postequatorial part of spermatozoa head and midpiece in cryptorchid samples. Partly degraded mitochondria were frequently discerned in autophagic vacuoles. In conclusion, autophagy is increased in sperm cells from patients with cryptorchid history comparatively to control. Our work provides insights into the role of autophagy in the maturation and survival of human male gametes in pathological conditions. Thus, regulating autophagy could represent a potential way to improve sperm quality in cryptorchid men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Yefimova
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction -CECOS, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes F-35000, France.,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Antoine Buschiazzo
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction -CECOS, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Agnes Burel
- Univ Rennes, Biosit Platform - MRIC, Rennes 35000, France
| | | | - Celine Pimentel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Department of Gynecology Obstetric and Human Reproduction, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Guilhem Jouve
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction -CECOS, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Department of Cytogenetic, Irset (Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Bernard Jegou
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- University of Poitiers - CHU Poitiers, STIM ERL 7003 CNRS, Poitiers 86021, France
| | - Celia Ravel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction -CECOS, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes F-35000, France
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26
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The interplay between oxidative stress and bioenergetic failure in neuropsychiatric illnesses: can we explain it and can we treat it? Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5587-5620. [PMID: 32564227 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-oxidative stress and lowered antioxidant defences play a key role in neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The first part of this paper details mitochondrial antioxidant mechanisms and their importance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, including details of NO networks, the roles of H2O2 and the thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin system, and the relationship between mitochondrial respiration and NADPH production. The second part highlights and identifies the causes of the multiple pathological sequelae arising from self-amplifying increases in mitochondrial ROS production and bioenergetic failure. Particular attention is paid to NAD+ depletion as a core cause of pathology; detrimental effects of raised ROS and reactive nitrogen species on ATP and NADPH generation; detrimental effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress on the glutathione and thioredoxin systems; and the NAD+-induced signalling cascade, including the roles of SIRT1, SIRT3, PGC-1α, the FOXO family of transcription factors, Nrf1 and Nrf2. The third part discusses proposed therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating such pathology, including the use of the NAD+ precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside, both of which rapidly elevate levels of NAD+ in the brain and periphery following oral administration; coenzyme Q10 which, when given with the aim of improving mitochondrial function and reducing nitro-oxidative stress in the brain, may be administered via the use of mitoquinone, which is in essence ubiquinone with an attached triphenylphosphonium cation; and N-acetylcysteine, which is associated with improved mitochondrial function in the brain and produces significant decreases in oxidative and nitrosative stress in a dose-dependent manner.
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27
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Rahman MS, Kim YS. PINK1-PRKN mitophagy suppression by mangiferin promotes a brown-fat-phenotype via PKA-p38 MAPK signalling in murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. Metabolism 2020; 107:154228. [PMID: 32289346 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mangiferin (MF), a xanthonoid derived from Mangifera indica, has shown therapeutic effects on various human diseases including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Nonetheless, the influence of MF on non-shivering thermogenesis and its underlying mechanism in browning remains unclear. Here, our aim was to investigate the effects of MF on browning and its molecular mechanisms in murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MATERIALS/METHODS To determine the function of MF on browning, murine C3H10T1/2 MSCs were treated with MF in an adipogenic differentiation cocktail and the thermogenic and correlated metabolic responses were assessed using MF-mediated signalling. Human adipose-derived MSCs were differentiated and treated with MF to confirm its role in thermogenic induction. RESULTS MF treatment induced the expression of a brown-fat signature, UCP1, and reduced triglyceride (TG) in C3H10T1/2 MSCs. MF also induced the expression of major thermogenesis regulators: PGC1α, PRDM16, and PPARγ and up-regulated the expression of beiging markers CD137, HSPB7, TBX1, and COX2 in both murine C3H10T1/2 MSCs and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC). We also observed that MF treatment increased the mitochondrial DNA and improved mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating mitofission-fusion plasticity via suppressing PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitophagy. Furthermore, MF treatment improved mitochondrial respiratory function by increasing mitochondrial oxygen consumption and expression of oxidative-phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related proteins. Chemical-inhibition and gene knockdown experiments revealed that β3-AR-dependent PKA-p38 MAPK-CREB signalling is crucial for MF-mediated brown-fat formation via suppression of mitophagy in C3H10T1/2 MSCs. CONCLUSIONS MF promotes the brown adipocyte phenotype by suppressing mitophagy, which is regulated by PKA-p38MAPK-CREB signalling in C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Thus, we propose that MF may be a good browning inducer that can ameliorate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Rahman
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam 31151, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam 31151, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam 31151, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chung-nam 31151, South Korea.
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Watt M, Edmunds L, Xie B, Capooci J, Reslink M, Eze C, Mills A, Stolz DB, Jurczak M, Ramakrishnan SK. Sustained mitochondrial biogenesis is essential to maintain caloric restriction-induced beige adipocytes. Metabolism 2020; 107:154225. [PMID: 32275973 PMCID: PMC7284285 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caloric restriction (CR) delays the onset of metabolic and age-related disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that formation of beige adipocytes induced by CR is strongly associated with extracellular remodeling in adipose tissue, decrease in adipose tissue inflammation, and improved systemic metabolic homeostasis. However, beige adipocytes rapidly transition to white upon CR withdrawal through unclear mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week old C57BL6 mice were fed with 40% CR chow diet for 6 weeks. Subsequently, one group of mice was switched back to ad libitum chow diet, which was continued for additional 2 weeks. Adipose tissues were assessed histologically and biochemically for beige adipocytes. RESULTS Beige adipocytes induced by CR rapidly transition to white adipocytes when CR is withdrawn independent of parkin-mediated mitophagy. We demonstrate that the involution of mitochondria during CR withdrawal is strongly linked with a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis. We further demonstrate that beige-to-white fat transition upon β3-AR agonist-withdrawal could be attenuated by CR, partly via maintenance of mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSION In the model of CR, our study highlights the dominant role of mitochondrial biogenesis in the maintenance of beige adipocytes. We propose that loss of beige adipocytes upon β3-AR agonist withdrawal could be attenuated by CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Mikayla Watt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Lia Edmunds
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Bingxian Xie
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Joseph Capooci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Matthew Reslink
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Chetachukwu Eze
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Amanda Mills
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15262., United States of America.
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The S100B Protein and Partners in Adipocyte Response to Cold Stress and Adaptive Thermogenesis: Facts, Hypotheses, and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060843. [PMID: 32486507 PMCID: PMC7356379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, adipose tissue is an active secretory tissue that responds to mild hypothermia and as such is a genuine model to study molecular and cellular adaptive responses to cold-stress. A recent study identified a mammal-specific protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is strongly induced in the inguinal subcutaneous white adipocyte upon exposure to cold, calsyntenin 3β (CLSTN3β). CLSTN3β regulates sympathetic innervation of thermogenic adipocytes and contributes to adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. The calcium- and zinc-binding S100B is a downstream effector in the CLSTN3β pathways. We review, here, the literature on the transcriptional regulation of the S100b gene in adipocyte cells. We also rationalize the interactions of the S100B protein with its recognized or hypothesized intracellular (p53, ATAD3A, CYP2E1, AHNAK) and extracellular (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE), RPTPσ) target proteins in the context of adipocyte differentiation and adaptive thermogenesis. We highlight a chaperon-associated function for the intracellular S100B and point to functional synergies between the different intracellular S100B target proteins. A model of non-classical S100B secretion involving AHNAK/S100A10/annexin2-dependent exocytosis by the mean of exosomes is also proposed. Implications for related areas of research are noted and suggestions for future research are offered.
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Yau WW, Yen PM. Thermogenesis in Adipose Tissue Activated by Thyroid Hormone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21083020. [PMID: 32344721 PMCID: PMC7215895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis is the production of heat that occurs in all warm-blooded animals. During cold exposure, there is obligatory thermogenesis derived from body metabolism as well as adaptive thermogenesis through shivering and non-shivering mechanisms. The latter mainly occurs in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and muscle; however, white adipose tissue (WAT) also can undergo browning via adrenergic stimulation to acquire thermogenic potential. Thyroid hormone (TH) also exerts profound effects on thermoregulation, as decreased body temperature and increased body temperature occur during hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively. We have termed the TH-mediated thermogenesis under thermoneutral conditions “activated” thermogenesis. TH acts on the brown and/or white adipose tissues to induce uncoupled respiration through the induction of the uncoupling protein (Ucp1) to generate heat. TH acts centrally to activate the BAT and browning through the sympathetic nervous system. However, recent studies also show that TH acts peripherally on the BAT to directly stimulate Ucp1 expression and thermogenesis through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. Additionally, THs can exert Ucp1-independent effects on thermogenesis, most likely through activation of exothermic metabolic pathways. This review summarizes thermogenic effects of THs on adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred W Yau
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Liu L, Liao X, Wu H, Li Y, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Mitophagy and Its Contribution to Metabolic and Aging-Associated Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:906-927. [PMID: 31969001 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses for ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, and the centers for fatty acid β-oxidation, metabolite synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, innate immunity, and apoptosis. To fulfill these critical functions, mitochondrial quality and homeostasis must be well maintained. Abnormal mitochondrial quality contributes to aging and age-related disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent Advances: Mitophagy is a cellular process that selectively removes damaged or superfluous mitochondria by autolysosomal degradation and is regarded as one of the major mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial quality control. Critical Issues: To date, distinct mitophagy pathways have been discovered, including receptor-mediated mitophagy and ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy. Emerging knowledge of these pathways shows that they play important roles in sensing mitochondrial stress and signaling for metabolic adaptations. Future Directions: Here, we provide a review on the molecular mechanisms for mitophagy and its interplay with cellular metabolism, with a particular focus on its role in metabolic and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Cairó M, Villarroya J. The role of autophagy in brown and beige adipose tissue plasticity. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:213-226. [PMID: 31811543 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the rediscovery of active brown and beige adipose tissues in humans a decade ago, great efforts have been made to identify the mechanisms underlying the activation and inactivation of these tissues, with the hope of designing potential strategies to fight against obesity and associated metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Active brown/beige fat increases the energy expenditure and is associated with reduced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, whereas its atrophy and inactivation have been associated with obesity and aging. Autophagy, which is the process by which intracellular components are degraded within the lysosomes, has recently emerged as an important regulatory mechanism of brown/beige fat plasticity. Studies have shown that autophagy participates in the intracellular remodeling events that occur during brown/beige adipogenesis, thermogenic activation, and inactivation. The autophagic degradation of mitochondria appears to be important for the inactivation of brown fat and the transition from beige-to-white adipose tissue. Moreover, autophagic dysregulation in adipose tissues has been associated with obesity. Thus, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control autophagy in the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissues might suggest novel treatments against obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Cairó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lee JH, Park A, Oh KJ, Lee SC, Kim WK, Bae KH. The Role of Adipose Tissue Mitochondria: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194924. [PMID: 31590292 PMCID: PMC6801758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Mitochondria play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis in metabolic tissues, including adipose tissues. The two main types of adipose tissues are the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT primarily stores excess energy, whereas BAT is predominantly responsible for energy expenditure by non-shivering thermogenesis through the mitochondria. WAT in response to appropriate stimuli such as cold exposure and β-adrenergic agonist undergoes browning wherein it acts as BAT, which is characterized by the presence of a higher number of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes has been reported to have strong correlation with metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in detrimental effects on adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity, and thermogenesis, which consequently lead to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial function can be improved by using thiazolidinedione, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, and dietary natural compounds; by performing exercise; and by controlling caloric restriction, thereby maintaining the metabolic homeostasis by inducing adaptive thermogenesis of BAT and browning of WAT. In this review, we focus on and summarize the molecular regulation involved in the improvement of mitochondrial function in adipose tissues so that strategies can be developed to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Anna Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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Abstract
Significance: Alterations in adipose tissue function have profound consequences on whole body energy homeostasis because this tissue is central for fat accumulation, energy expenditure, glucose and insulin metabolism, and hormonal regulation. With the obesity reaching epidemic proportions globally, it is important to understand the mechanisms leading to adipose tissue malfunction. Recent Advances: Autophagy has originally been viewed as an adaptive response to cellular stress, but in recent years this process was shown to regulate important cellular processes. In adipose tissue, autophagy is a key regulator of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) adipogenesis, and dysregulated autophagy impairs fat accumulation both in vitro and in vivo. Animal studies have also suggested an important role for autophagy and mitophagy during the transition from beige to white fat. Human studies have provided evidence for altered autophagy in WAT, and these alterations correlated with the degree of insulin resistance. Critical Issues: Despite these important advances in the study of autophagy in adipose tissue, we still do not understand the physiological role of autophagy in mature white and brown adipocytes. Furthermore, several human studies involving autophagy assessment were performed on whole adipose tissue, which complicates the interpretation of the results considering the cellular heterogeneity of this tissue. Future Directions: Future studies will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the role of autophagy in fully differentiated adipocytes, and uncover novel cross-talks between this tissue and other organs in regulating lipid metabolism, redox signaling, energy homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Ferhat
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080795. [PMID: 31366145 PMCID: PMC6721602 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling can be defined as a dissociation between mitochondrial membrane potential generation and its use for mitochondria-dependent ATP synthesis. Although this process was originally considered a mitochondrial dysfunction, the identification of UCP-1 as an endogenous physiological uncoupling protein suggests that the process could be involved in many other biological processes. In this review, we first compare the mitochondrial uncoupling agents available in term of mechanistic and non-specific effects. Proteins regulating mitochondrial uncoupling, as well as chemical compounds with uncoupling properties are discussed. Second, we summarize the most recent findings linking mitochondrial uncoupling and other cellular or biological processes, such as bulk and specific autophagy, reactive oxygen species production, protein secretion, cell death, physical exercise, metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, and cell signaling. Finally, we show how mitochondrial uncoupling could be used to treat several human diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, or neurological disorders.
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Yu H, Dilbaz S, Coßmann J, Hoang AC, Diedrich V, Herwig A, Harauma A, Hoshi Y, Moriguchi T, Landgraf K, Körner A, Lucas C, Brodesser S, Balogh L, Thuróczy J, Karemore G, Kuefner MS, Park EA, Rapp C, Travers JB, Röszer T. Breast milk alkylglycerols sustain beige adipocytes through adipose tissue macrophages. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2485-2499. [PMID: 31081799 DOI: 10.1172/jci125646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity among infants and children below 5 years of age is rising dramatically, and early childhood obesity is a forerunner of obesity and obesity-associated diseases in adulthood. Childhood obesity is hence one of the most serious public health challenges today. Here, we have identified a mother-to-child lipid signaling that protects from obesity. We have found that breast milk-specific lipid species, so-called alkylglycerol-type (AKG-type) ether lipids, which are absent from infant formula and adult-type diets, maintain beige adipose tissue (BeAT) in the infant and impede the transformation of BeAT into lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT). Breast milk AKGs are metabolized by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) to platelet-activating factor (PAF), which ultimately activates IL-6/STAT3 signaling in adipocytes and triggers BeAT development in the infant. Accordingly, lack of AKG intake in infancy leads to a premature loss of BeAT and increases fat accumulation. AKG signaling is specific for infants and is inactivated in adulthood. However, in obese adipose tissue, ATMs regain their ability to metabolize AKGs, which reduces obesity. In summary, AKGs are specific lipid signals of breast milk that are essential for healthy adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sedat Dilbaz
- Institute of Neurobiology, and.,Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Akiko Harauma
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukino Hoshi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Lucas
- Lipidomics Facility, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Lipidomics Facility, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lajos Balogh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Public Health Center (NPHC), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Thuróczy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Public Health Center (NPHC), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gopal Karemore
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Scott Kuefner
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edwards A Park
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christine Rapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Watch What You (Self-) Eat: Autophagic Mechanisms that Modulate Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 29:803-826. [PMID: 30943392 PMCID: PMC6450419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome- or vacuole-dependent catabolic pathway in eukaryotes. Autophagy functions basally for cellular quality control and is induced to act as an alternative source of basic metabolites during nutrient deprivation. These functions of autophagy are intimately connected to the regulation of metabolism, and the metabolic status of the cell in turn controls the nature and extent of autophagic induction. Here, we highlight the co-regulation of autophagy and metabolism with a special focus on selective autophagy that, along with bulk autophagy, plays a central role in regulating and rewiring metabolic circuits. We outline the metabolic signals that activate these pathways, the mechanisms involved, and the downstream effects and implications while recognizing yet unanswered questions. We also discuss the role of autophagy in the development and maintenance of adipose tissue, an emerging player in systemic metabolic homeostasis, and describe what is currently known about the complex relationship between autophagy and cancer.
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Rosiglitazone Enhances Browning Adipocytes in Association with MAPK and PI3-K Pathways During the Differentiation of Telomerase-Transformed Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071618. [PMID: 30939750 PMCID: PMC6480475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk for diabetes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates production of heat while white adipose tissue (WAT) function in the storage of fat. Roles of BAT in the treatment of obesity and related disorders warrants more investigation. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is the master regulator of both BAT and WAT adipogenesis and has roles in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Adipose tissue is the major expression site for PPAR-γ. In this study, the effects of rosiglitazone on the brown adipogenesis and the association of MAPK and PI3K pathways was investigated during the in vitro adipogenic differentiation of telomerase transformed mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs). Our data indicate that 2 µM rosiglitazone enhanced adipogenesis by over-expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α. More specifically, brown adipogenesis was enhanced by the upregulation of EBF2 and UCP-1 and evidenced by multilocular fatty droplets morphology of the differentiated adipocytes. We also found that rosiglitazone significantly activated MAPK and PI3K pathways at the maturation stage of differentiation. Overall, the results indicate that rosiglitazone induced overexpression of PPAR-γ that in turn enhanced adipogenesis, particularly browning adipogenesis. This study reports the browning effects of rosiglitazone during the differentiation of iMSCs into adipocytes in association with the activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
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