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Lee DH, Kim MT, Han JH. GPR41 and GPR43: From development to metabolic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116735. [PMID: 38744220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse class of cell surface receptors that orchestrate numerous physiological functions. The G-protein-coupled receptors, GPR41 and GPR43, sense short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites of dietary fermentation by the host's intestinal bacteria. These receptors have gained attention as potential therapeutic targets against various diseases because of their SCFA-mediated beneficial effects on the host's intestinal health. Mounting evidence has associated the activity of these receptors with chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. However, despite intensive research using various strategies, including gene knockout (KO) mouse models, evidence about the precise roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in disease treatment remains inconsistent. Here, we comprehensively review the latest findings from functional studies of the signaling mechanisms that underlie the activities of GPR41 and GPR43, as well as highlight their multifaceted roles in health and disease. We anticipate that this knowledge will guide future research priorities and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, the Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, KyongBo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 174, Sirok-ro, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31501, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, the Republic of Korea.
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2
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Caffrey EB, Sonnenburg JL, Devkota S. Our extended microbiome: The human-relevant metabolites and biology of fermented foods. Cell Metab 2024; 36:684-701. [PMID: 38569469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
One of the key modes of microbial metabolism occurring in the gut microbiome is fermentation. This energy-yielding process transforms common macromolecules like polysaccharides and amino acids into a wide variety of chemicals, many of which are relevant to microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. Analogous transformations occur during the production of fermented foods, resulting in an abundance of bioactive metabolites. In foods, the products of fermentation can influence food safety and preservation, nutrient availability, and palatability and, once consumed, may impact immune and metabolic status, disease expression, and severity. Human signaling pathways perceive and respond to many of the currently known fermented food metabolites, though expansive chemical novelty remains to be defined. Here we discuss several aspects of fermented food-associated microbes and metabolites, including a condensed history, current understanding of their interactions with hosts and host-resident microbes, connections with commercial probiotics, and opportunities for future research on human health and disease and food sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa B Caffrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Human Microbiome Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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Mishra N, Garg A, Ashique S, Bhatt S. Potential of postbiotics for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103921. [PMID: 38382867 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, the next generation of probiotics, are extracts that are free of living and nonviable bacteria and show strong modulatory effects on the gut flora. Examples include vitamin B12, vitamin K, folate, lipopolysaccharides, enzymes, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), representing a subset of essential nutrients commonly found in the human diet. Postbiotics have been observed to demonstrate antiobesity and antidiabetic effects through a variety of mechanisms. These pathways primarily involve an elevation in energy expenditure, a decrease in the formation and differentiation of adipocytes and food intake, modification of lipid and carbohydrate absorption and metabolism, and regulation of gut dysbiosis. Based on these above effects and mechanisms, the use of postbiotics can be considered as potential strategy for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Guru RamdasKhalsa Institute of Science and Technology (Pharmacy), Jabalpur 483001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Shvetank Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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4
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Kopczyńska J, Kowalczyk M. The potential of short-chain fatty acid epigenetic regulation in chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380476. [PMID: 38605957 PMCID: PMC11008232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation, often occurring together, significantly contribute to severe metabolic and inflammatory conditions like type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. A key player is elevated levels of gut dysbiosis-associated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which disrupts metabolic and immune signaling leading to metabolic endotoxemia, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) beneficially regulate these processes during homeostasis. SCFAs not only safeguard the gut barrier but also exert metabolic and immunomodulatory effects via G protein-coupled receptor binding and epigenetic regulation. SCFAs are emerging as potential agents to counteract dysbiosis-induced epigenetic changes, specifically targeting metabolic and inflammatory genes through DNA methylation, histone acetylation, microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). To assess whether SCFAs can effectively interrupt the detrimental cascade of obesity and inflammation, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence for their clinical application. The review emphasizes factors influencing SCFA production, the intricate connections between metabolism, the immune system, and the gut microbiome, and the epigenetic mechanisms regulated by SCFAs that impact metabolism and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kopczyńska
- Laboratory of Lactic Acid Bacteria Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Li X, He M, Yi X, Lu X, Zhu M, Xue M, Tang Y, Zhu Y. Short-chain fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: New prospects for short-chain fatty acids as therapeutic targets. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26991. [PMID: 38486722 PMCID: PMC10937592 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a stress-induced liver injury related to heredity, environmental exposure and the gut microbiome metabolism. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the metabolites of gut microbiota (GM), participate in the regulation of hepatic steatosis and inflammation through the gut-liver axis, which play an important role in the alleviation of NAFLD. However, little progress has been made in systematically elucidating the mechanism of how SCFAs improve NAFLD, especially the epigenetic mechanisms and the potential therapeutic application as clinical treatment for NAFLD. Herein, we adopted PubMed and Medline to search relevant keywords such as 'SCFAs', 'NAFLD', 'gut microbiota', 'Epigenetic', 'diet', and 'prebiotic effect' to review the latest research on SCFAs in NAFLD up to November 2023. In this review, firstly, we specifically discussed the production and function of SCFAs, as well as their crosstalk coordination in the gut liver axis. Secondly, we provided an updated summary and intensive discussion of how SCFAs affect hepatic steatosis to alleviate NAFLD from the perspective of genetic and epigenetic. Thirdly, we paid attention to the pharmacological and physiological characteristics of SCFAs, and proposed a promising future direction to adopt SCFAs alone or in combination with prebiotics and related clinical drugs to prevent and treat NAFLD. Together, this review aimed to elucidate the function of SCFAs and provide new insights to the prospects of SCFAs as a therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Maozhang He
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinrui Yi
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejin Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meizi Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunshu Tang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaling Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Ostrowska J, Samborowska E, Jaworski M, Toczyłowska K, Szostak-Węgierek D. The Potential Role of SCFAs in Modulating Cardiometabolic Risk by Interacting with Adiposity Parameters and Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:266. [PMID: 38257159 PMCID: PMC10818948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the influence of lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, sleep) that can affect the concentration of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and SCFAs' potential role in modulating cardiometabolic disease risk by interacting with biochemical and body composition parameters. The study comprised 77 healthy, non-obese individuals aged 30-45 years who were assessed for the concentration of SCFAs in stool, diet, physical activity level, and sleep duration. Moreover, body composition measurement and patients' biochemical parameters were included in the analysis. We have indicated a significant negative correlation between several SCFAs (especially acetic acid (AA), isobutyric acid (IBA), butyric acid (BA), propionic acid (PA), isovaleric acid (IVA) and valeric acid (VA)) with BMI, VAT/SAT ratio (visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio), and percentage of fat mass in a group of females enrolled in the study as well as with waist circumference (WC) in case of both sexes included in the study. Moreover, the results of our study acknowledged the importance of a diet in shaping the SCFA profile-we noticed significant negative associations between energy and fat intake and some SCFAs in males (IBA, IVA, VA, isocaproic acid (ICA)). Further, we indicated that a high intake of fiber (insoluble and soluble) in both males and females results in an elevated concentration of the vast majority of SCFAs and the amount of SCFAs in total. This effect was particularly noticeable in the case of the soluble fraction of fiber. These correlations reflect the fact that diet shapes the composition of the gut microbiota and SCFAs (main microbial metabolites) are synthesized from dietary fiber. In addition, we noticed that in a group of women, the concentration of AA, PA, and ICA as well as the total concentration of SCFAs showed a significant positive association with their sleep duration. We concluded that SCFAs can have a potential role in modulating cardiometabolic disease risk by interacting with adiposity parameters and diet. In addition, this potential direct link between diet and SCFAs may at least partly contribute to sleep improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ostrowska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-360 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Toczyłowska
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Ohue-Kitano R, Banno Y, Masujima Y, Kimura I. Gut microbial metabolites reveal diet-dependent metabolic changes induced by nicotine administration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1056. [PMID: 38212379 PMCID: PMC10784489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has emerged as an important factor that potentially influences various physiological functions and pathophysiological processes such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accumulating evidence from human and animal studies suggests that gut microbial metabolites play a critical role as integral molecules in host-microbe interactions. Notably, several dietary environment-dependent fatty acid metabolites have been recognized as potent modulators of host metabolic homeostasis. More recently, nicotine, the primary active molecule in tobacco, has been shown to potentially affect host metabolism through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between host nutritional status, diet-derived microbial metabolites, and metabolic homeostasis during nicotine exposure remain unclear. Our findings revealed that nicotine administration had potential effects on weight regulation and metabolic phenotype, independent of reduced caloric intake. Moreover, nicotine-induced body weight suppression is associated with specific changes in gut microbial composition, including Lactobacillus spp., and KetoB, a nicotine-sensitive gut microbiota metabolite, which could be linked to changes in host body weight, suggesting its potential role in modulating host metabolism. Our findings highlight the remarkable impact of the interplay between nutritional control and the gut environment on host metabolism during smoking and smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Medicinal Frontier Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for Living Systems Information Science (CeLiSIS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yukika Banno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Medicinal Frontier Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Tao Z, Wang Y. The health benefits of dietary short-chain fatty acids in metabolic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38189336 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2297811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a subset of fatty acids that play crucial roles in maintaining normal physiology and developing metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease. Even though dairy products and vegetable oils are the direct dietary sources of SCFAs, their quantities are highly restricted. SCFAs are produced indirectly through microbial fermentation of fibers. The biological roles of SCFAs in human health and metabolic diseases are mainly due to their receptors, GPR41 and GPR43, FFAR2 and FFAR3. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that SCFAs modulate DNMTs and HDAC activities, inhibit NF-κB-STAT signaling, and regulate G(i/o)βγ-PLC-PKC-PTEN signaling and PPARγ-UCP2-AMPK autophagic signaling, thus mitigating metabolic diseases. Recent studies have uncovered that SCFAs play crucial roles in epigenetic modifications of DNAs, RNAs, and post-translational modifications of proteins, which are critical regulators of metabolic health and diseases. At the same time, dietary recommendations for the purpose of SCFAs have been proposed. The objective of the review is to summarize the most recent research on the role of dietary SCFAs in metabolic diseases, especially the signal transduction of SCFAs in metabolic diseases and their functional efficacy in different backgrounds and models of metabolic diseases, at the same time, to provide dietary and nutritional recommendations for using SCFAs as food ingredients to prevent metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Tao
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Durand G, Charrier P, Bes S, Bernard L, Lamothe V, Gruffat D, Bonnet M. Gene expression of free fatty acids-sensing G protein-coupled receptors in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae114. [PMID: 38659415 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Many physiological functions are regulated by free fatty acids (FFA). Recently, the discovery of FFA-specific G protein-coupled receptors (FFARs) has added to the complexity of their actions at the cellular level. The study of FFAR in cattle is still in its earliest stages focusing mainly on dairy cows. In this study, we set out to map the expression of genes encoding FFARs in 6 tissues of beef cattle. We also investigated the potential effect of dietary forage nature on FFAR gene expression. To this end, 16 purebred Charolais bulls were fed a grass silage ration or a maize silage ration (n = 8/group) with a forage/concentrate ratio close to 60:40 for 196 d. The animals were then slaughtered at 485 ± 42 d and liver, spleen, ileum, rectum, perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT), and Longissimus Thoracis muscle were collected. FFAR gene expression was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Our results showed that of the five FFARs investigated, FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, and GPR84 are expressed (Ct < 30) in all six tissues, whereas FFAR4 was only expressed (Ct < 30) in PRAT, ileum, and rectum. In addition, our results showed that the nature of the forage, i.e., grass silage or maize silage, had no effect on the relative abundance of FFAR in any of the tissues studied (P value > 0.05). Taken together, these results open new perspectives for studying the physiological role of these receptors in beef cattle, particularly in nutrient partitioning during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Durand
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | | | - Sébastien Bes
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Laurence Bernard
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Dominique Gruffat
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Ragavan ML, Hemalatha S. The functional roles of short chain fatty acids as postbiotics in human gut: future perspectives. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:275-285. [PMID: 38222911 PMCID: PMC10786766 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The significance of gut microbiome and their metabolites (postbiotics) on human health could be a promising approach to treat various diseases that includes inflammatory bowel diseases, colon cancer, and many neurological disorders. Probiotics with potential mental health benefits (psychobiotics) can alter the gut-brain axis via immunological, humoral, neuronal, and metabolic pathways. Recently, probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been demonstrated for SCFAs production, which play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. These acids could enhance the production of mucins, antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins and peptides), cytokines (Interleukin 10 and 18) and neurotransmitters (serotonin) in the intestine to main the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier system and other immune functions. In this review, we discuss about two mechanisms such as (i) SCFAs mediated intestinal barrier system, and (ii) SCFAs mediated gut-brain axis to elucidate the therapeutic options for the treatment/prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Hemalatha
- School of Life Sciences, BSACIST, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
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Penha Rodrigues Pereira E, Silva da Graça J, Manfrinato Ferreira B, Fasura Balthazar C, Xavier-Santos D, França Bezerril F, Magnani M, Sant'Ana AS. What are the main obstacles to turning foods healthier through probiotics incorporation? a review of functionalization of foods by probiotics and bioactive metabolites. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113785. [PMID: 38163702 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Functional foods are gaining significant attention from people all over the world. When added to foods, probiotic bacteria can turn them healthier and confer beneficial health effects, such as improving the immune system and preventing cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, adding probiotics to foods is a challenging task. The processing steps often involve high temperatures, and intrinsic food factors, such as pH, water activity, dissolved oxygen, post-acidification, packaging, and cold storage temperatures, can stress the probiotic strain and impact its viability. Moreover, it is crucial to consider these factors during food product development to ensure the effectiveness of the probiotic strain. Among others, techniques such as microencapsulation and lyophilization, have been highlighted as industrial food functionalization strategies. In this review, we present and discuss alternatives that may be used to functionalize foods by incorporating probiotics and/or delivering bioactive compounds produced by probiotics. We also emphasize the main challenges in different food products and the technological characteristics influencing them. The knowledge available here may contribute to overcoming the practical obstacles to food functionalization with probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Silva da Graça
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Manfrinato Ferreira
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celso Fasura Balthazar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Douglas Xavier-Santos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia França Bezerril
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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12
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Lagod PP, Naser SA. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Altered Microbiota Composition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17432. [PMID: 38139261 PMCID: PMC10743890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions, restrictive and repetitive behavior, and a wide range of cognitive impediments. The prevalence of ASD tripled in the last 20 years and now affects 1 in 44 children. Although ASD's etiology is not yet elucidated, a growing body of evidence shows that it stems from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, there has been increased focus on the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites, as studies show that ASD patients show a significant shift in their gut composition, characterized by an increase in specific bacteria and elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially propionic acid (PPA). This review aims to provide an overview of the role of microbiota and SCFAs in the human body, as well as possible implications of microbiota shift. Also, it highlights current studies aiming to compare the composition of the gut microbiome of ASD-afflicted patients with neurotypical control. Finally, it highlights studies with rodents where ASD-like symptoms or molecular hallmarks of ASD are evoked, via the grafting of microbes obtained from ASD subjects or direct exposure to PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleh A. Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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13
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Feng X, Deng M, Zhang L, Pan Q. Impact of gut microbiota and associated mechanisms on postprandial glucose levels in patients with diabetes. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:363-371. [PMID: 38130636 PMCID: PMC10732577 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are serious medical and global burdens, often manifesting as postprandial hyperglycemia. In recent years, considerable research attention has focused on relationships between the gut microbiota and circulating postprandial glucose (PPG). Different population studies have suggested that PPG is closely related to the gut microbiota which may impact PPG via short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Studies now show that gut microbiota models can predict PPG, with individualized nutrition intervention strategies used to regulate gut microbiota and improve glucose metabolism to facilitate the precision treatment of diabetes. However, few studies have been conducted in patients with diabetes. Therefore, little is known about the relationships between the gut microbiota and PPG in this cohort. Thus, more research is required to identify key gut microbiota and associated metabolites and pathways impacting PPG to provide potential therapeutic targets for PPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Mingqun Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing100730 ,China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
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14
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Ohue-Kitano R, Masujima Y, Nishikawa S, Iwasa M, Nishitani Y, Kawakami H, Kuwahara H, Kimura I. 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propionic acid contributes to improved hepatic lipid metabolism via GPR41. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21246. [PMID: 38040866 PMCID: PMC10692101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propionic acid (HMPA) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota through the conversion of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (HMCA), which is a widely distributed hydroxycinnamic acid-derived metabolite found abundantly in plants. Several beneficial effects of HMPA have been suggested, such as antidiabetic properties, anticancer activities, and cognitive function improvement, in animal models and human studies. However, the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the bioaccessibility and bioavailability profile following HMPA intake and the substantial modulation of metabolic homeostasis by HMPA require further elucidation. In this study, we effectively identified and characterized HMPA-specific GPR41 receptor, with greater affinity than HMCA. The activation of this receptor plays a crucial role in the anti-obesity effects and improvement of hepatic steatosis by stimulating the lipid catabolism pathway. For the improvement of metabolic disorders, our results provide insights into the development of functional foods, including HMPA, and preventive pharmaceuticals targeting GPR41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for Living Systems Information Science (CeLiSIS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayo Iwasa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishitani
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kawakami
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Kuwahara
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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15
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Schellekens H, Ribeiro G, Cuesta-Marti C, Cryan JF. The microbiome-gut-brain axis in nutritional neuroscience. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1159-1171. [PMID: 36222323 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2128007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence is highlighting the microbiome as a key regulator of the effect of nutrition on gut-brain axis signaling. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear whether the impact of nutrition is moderating the microbiota-gut-brain interaction or if diet has a mediating role on microbiota composition and function to influence central nervous system function, brain phenotypes and behavior. Mechanistic evidence from cell-based in vitro studies, animal models and preclinical intervention studies are linking the gut microbiota to the effects of diet on brain function, but they have had limited translation to human intervention studies. While increasing evidence demonstrates the triangulating relationship between diet, microbiota, and brain function across the lifespan, future mechanistic and translational studies in the field of microbiota and nutritional neuroscience are warranted to inform potential strategies for prevention and management of several neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. This brief primer provides an overview of the most recent advances in the nutritional neuroscience - microbiome field, highlighting significant opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cristina Cuesta-Marti
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H. The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115276. [PMID: 37542852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from the fermentation of carbohydrates by gut microbiota play a crucial role in regulating host physiology. Among them, acetate, propionate, and butyrate are key players in various biological processes. Recent research has revealed their significant functions in immune and inflammatory responses. For instance, butyrate reduces the development of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) generating cells while promoting the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Propionate inhibits the initiation of a Th2 immune response by dendritic cells (DCs). Notably, SCFAs have an inhibitory impact on the polarization of M2 macrophages, emphasizing their immunomodulatory properties and potential for therapeutics. In animal models of asthma, both butyrate and propionate suppress the M2 polarization pathway, thus reducing allergic airway inflammation. Moreover, dysbiosis of gut microbiota leading to altered SCFA production has been implicated in prostate cancer progression. SCFAs trigger autophagy in cancer cells and promote M2 polarization in macrophages, accelerating tumor advancement. Manipulating microbiota- producing SCFAs holds promise for cancer treatment. Additionally, SCFAs enhance the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) by blocking histone deacetylase, resulting in increased production of antibacterial effectors and improved macrophage-mediated elimination of microorganisms. This highlights the antimicrobial potential of SCFAs and their role in host defense mechanisms. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research on the functional aspects and underlying mechanisms of SCFAs in relation to macrophage activities in a wide range of diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. By elucidating the intricate interplay between SCFAs and macrophage functions, this review aims to contribute to the understanding of their therapeutic potential and pave the way for future interventions targeting SCFAs in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Duan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - LiJuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Mingmei Huangfu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Hanyang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
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17
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Zhang D, Jian YP, Zhang YN, Li Y, Gu LT, Sun HH, Liu MD, Zhou HL, Wang YS, Xu ZX. Short-chain fatty acids in diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:212. [PMID: 37596634 PMCID: PMC10436623 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre in the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of SCFAs is mediated by substrate transporters, such as monocarboxylate transporter 1 and sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1, which promote cellular metabolism. An increasing number of studies have implicated metabolites produced by microorganisms as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence on the host. SCFAs are important fuels for intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and represent a major carbon flux from the diet, that is decomposed by the gut microbiota. SCFAs play a vital role in multiple molecular biological processes, such as promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 by IECs to inhibit the elevation of blood glucose, increasing the expression of G protein-coupled receptors such as GPR41 and GPR43, and inhibiting histone deacetylases, which participate in the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation, and function of IECs. SCFAs affect intestinal motility, barrier function, and host metabolism. Furthermore, SCFAs play important regulatory roles in local, intermediate, and peripheral metabolisms. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the major SCFAs, they are involved in the regulation of immunity, apoptosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. Herein, we review the diverse functional roles of this major class of bacterial metabolites and reflect on their ability to affect intestine, metabolic, and other diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yong-Ping Jian
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yu-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li-Ting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ming-Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hong-Lan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yi-Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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18
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Meyer RK, Duca FA. RISING STARS: Endocrine regulation of metabolic homeostasis via the intestine and gut microbiome. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e230019. [PMID: 37171833 PMCID: PMC10524498 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system is now considered the largest endocrine organ, highlighting the importance of gut-derived peptides and metabolites in metabolic homeostasis. Gut peptides are secreted from intestinal enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrients, microbial metabolites, and neural and hormonal factors, and they regulate systemic metabolism via multiple mechanisms. While extensive research is focused on the neuroendocrine effects of gut peptides, evidence suggests that several of these hormones act as endocrine signaling molecules with direct effects on the target organ, especially in a therapeutic setting. Additionally, the gut microbiota metabolizes ingested nutrients and fiber to produce compounds that impact host metabolism indirectly, through gut peptide secretion, and directly, acting as endocrine factors. This review will provide an overview of the role of endogenous gut peptides in metabolic homeostasis and disease, as well as the potential endocrine impact of microbial metabolites on host metabolic tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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19
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Stein RA, Riber L. Epigenetic effects of short-chain fatty acids from the large intestine on host cells. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad032. [PMID: 37441522 PMCID: PMC10335734 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Adult humans harbor at least as many microbial cells as eukaryotic ones. The largest compartment of this diverse microbial population, the gut microbiota, encompasses the collection of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotic organisms that populate the gastrointestinal tract, and represents a complex and dynamic ecosystem that has been increasingly implicated in health and disease. The gut microbiota carries ∼100-to-150-times more genes than the human genome and is intimately involved in development, homeostasis, and disease. Of the several microbial metabolites that have been studied, short-chain fatty acids emerge as a group of molecules that shape gene expression in several types of eukaryotic cells by multiple mechanisms, which include DNA methylation changes, histone post-translational modifications, and microRNA-mediated gene silencing. Butyric acid, one of the most extensively studied short-chain fatty acids, reaches higher concentrations in the colonic lumen, where it provides a source of energy for healthy colonocytes, and its concentrations decrease towards the bottom of the colonic crypts, where stem cells reside. The lower butyric acid concentration in the colonic crypts allows undifferentiated cells, such as stem cells, to progress through the cell cycle, pointing towards the importance of the crypts in providing them with a protective niche. In cancerous colonocytes, which metabolize relatively little butyric acid and mostly rely on glycolysis, butyric acid preferentially acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, leading to decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. A better understanding of the interface between the gut microbiota metabolites and epigenetic changes in eukaryotic cells promises to unravel in more detail processes that occur physiologically and as part of disease, help develop novel biomarkers, and identify new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. Tel: +1-917-684-9438; E-mail: ;
| | - Leise Riber
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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20
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Fusco W, Lorenzo MB, Cintoni M, Porcari S, Rinninella E, Kaitsas F, Lener E, Mele MC, Gasbarrini A, Collado MC, Cammarota G, Ianiro G. Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:2211. [PMID: 37432351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a key role in health and disease, as they regulate gut homeostasis and their deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and cardiometabolic disorders. SCFAs are metabolites of specific bacterial taxa of the human gut microbiota, and their production is influenced by specific foods or food supplements, mainly prebiotics, by the direct fostering of these taxa. This Review provides an overview of SCFAs' roles and functions, and of SCFA-producing bacteria, from their microbiological characteristics and taxonomy to the biochemical process that lead to the release of SCFAs. Moreover, we will describe the potential therapeutic approaches to boost the levels of SCFAs in the human gut and treat different related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fusco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Bernabeu Lorenzo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Kaitsas
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Lener
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Digestive Disease Center, Universitary Policlinic Agostino Gemelli Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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21
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Li ZM, Kong CY, Mao YQ, Huang JT, Chen HL, Han B, Wang LS. Ampicillin exacerbates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by inducing intestinal microbiota imbalance and butyrate reduction. Liver Int 2023; 43:865-877. [PMID: 36627827 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Antibiotics (ATBx) and acetaminophen (APAP) are widely used worldwide. APAP is the most common cause of acute liver injury (ALI) and might be used in combination with ATBx in clinics. However, the impact of ATBx on APAP-induced ALI has rarely been studied. METHODS First, we compared the effects of seven ATBx on APAP-induced ALI. Then, we analysed faecal, serum and liver samples to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on this process. Finally, we assessed the role of short-chain fatty acids in this process. RESULTS In this work, we found that the ALI was significantly aggravated in the mice treated with ampicillin (Amp) instead of other ATBx. Amp exposure reduced the diversity and altered the composition of gut microbiota. The altered gut microbiota aggravated APAP-induced ALF, which was proven by faecal microbiota transplantation from ATBx-treated mice. Metagenomic analysis showed a significantly decreased Lactobacillus abundance in Amp-treated mice. Gavage with Lactobacillus, especially Lactobacillus rhamnosus, significantly reversed the severer ALF induced by APAP and Amp. Moreover, Lactobacillus supplementation increased butyrate-producing clostridia and lowered butyrate levels in Amp-treated mice. In accordance, butyrate supplementation could also alleviate Amp-aggravated ALI. In addition, inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 counteracted the protective effect of butyrate on aggravated ALI induced by Amp and APAP. CONCLUSION Together, this study revealed a potential health impact of Amp that may exacerbate liver damage when co-exposed to excess APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ming Li
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yue Kong
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Ting Huang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Feed additives of bacterial origin as an immunoprotective or imunostimulating factor. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Since January 2006 when using antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed have been banned scientists are looking for the best resolution to apply alternative substances. Extensive research into the health-promoting properties of probiotics and prebiotics has led to significant interest in the mechanisms of action of the combined administration of these feed additives as a synbiotic. Subsequent research has led to the development of new products. Among the most important health benefits of additives are, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the GI tract, maintenance of homeostasis, treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, and increase in immunity. Specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of action are not well understood and the effect is not always positive, though there are no reports of adverse effects of these substances found in the literature. For this reason, research is still being conducted on their proper application. However, due to the difficulties of carrying out research on humans, evidence of the beneficial effect of these additives comes mainly from experiments on animals. The objective of the present work was to assess the effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, as well as new additives including postbiotics, proteobiotics, nutribiotics, and pharmabiotics, on specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of action, increase in immunity, the reduction of a broad spectrum of diseases.
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23
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Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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24
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Otsuka R, Zhang S, Furuya K, Tange C, Sala G, Ando F, Shimokata H, Nishita Y, Arai H. Association between short-chain fatty acid intake and development of muscle strength loss among community-dwelling older Japanese adults. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112080. [PMID: 36634721 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been suggested to be associated with skeletal muscle mass maintenance. However, the role of dietary SCFAs in preserving muscle strength in the older population remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To clarify the longitudinal association between the dietary intake of SCFAs and the development of low muscle strength in older community dwellers. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging cohort. The participants included 441 men and 382 women who participated in the baseline survey (the fifth wave, between 2006 and 2008) and at least one follow-up examination (sixth to ninth waves, between 2008 and 2022) and were ≥60 years old and did not have low muscle strength (defined as a grip strength of <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women) at baseline. Baseline nutrient intakes were assessed with a 3-day dietary record. A generalized estimating equation was employed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for low muscle strength per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in the intake of SCFAs and other nutrients at baseline (adjusted for sex, age, follow-up time, baseline grip strength, physical activity, smoking, family income, education, and disease histories). RESULTS The mean (SD) follow-up time and number were 7.8 (3.2) years and 3.2 (1.0) times, respectively. Approximately 8.1 % of the participants exhibited muscle strength loss in at least one follow-up assessment. The multivariate-adjusted OR (95 % CIs) was 0.77 (0.63-0.93) for each 1-SD increase in SCFA intake (268 mg/day), and the ORs for the highest through the lowest tertiles of SCFA intake were 1.00 (reference), 1.44 (0.95-2.17), and 1.83 (1.20-2.78), respectively (trend p = 0.005). The results remained significant after multivariate adjusting for energy or fat intake. CONCLUSION Dietary intake of SCFAs may prevent muscle strength decline in community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Otsuka
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kanae Furuya
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Chikako Tange
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Giovanni Sala
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Fujiko Ando
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi 480-1197, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimokata
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Aichi 470-0196, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishita
- Department of Epidemiology of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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Li W, Fu X, Lin D, Li T, Zhang N, Huo Y, Zhu P, Guo F, Huang F. Conjugated linoleic acid alleviates glycolipid metabolic disorders by modulating intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in obese rats. Food Funct 2023; 14:1685-1698. [PMID: 36692407 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to have anti-obesity properties, the effect and mechanism of CLA in alleviating glycolipid metabolism disorders remains unclear. In this work, it was observed that rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) had lower body weight and body fat levels after 9 weeks of low-dose and high-dose CLA interventions. The results of blood biochemical indices showed that CLA significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and insulin. Additionally, high-dose CLA could restore the intestinal microbiota composition, including increasing the relative abundances of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing microbiota, such as Dubosiella, Faecalibaculum and Bifidobacterium; decreasing the relative abundances of Enterococcus and Ruminococcus_2; and increasing the content of SCFAs in feces and serum. Further analysis showed that high-dose CLA could increase the expression levels of Insr, Irs-2, Akt and Glut4 in the liver tissue of HFD-induced obese rats. Consistently, high dose of CLA could reversibly improve the downregulation of INSR, AKT, PI3K and GLUT4 protein expression caused by HFD and reverse the decline in AKT phosphorylation levels. Correlation clustering analysis with a heatmap showed that the changes in specific microbiota induced by high-dose CLA were correlated with changes in obesity-related indices and gene expression. The molecular docking analysis showed that the molecular docking of SCFAs with the IRS-2, AKT and GLUT4 proteins had high linking activity. The results supported that CLA can alleviate glycolipid metabolic imbalances associated with obesity by altering the intestinal microbiota to induce the production of SCFAs and thereby activate the INSR/IRS-2/AKT/GLUT4 pathway. This study supports CLA may be preferentially used by the intestinal microbiota of the host to promote its health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Xinyan Fu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Dai Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Yanzi Huo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Pingping Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Fuchuan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, No.1 Xuefu North Road, University Town, FuZhou 350122, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
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Łoniewski I, Szulińska M, Kaczmarczyk M, Podsiadło K, Styburski D, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Bogdański P. Analysis of correlations between gut microbiota, stool short chain fatty acids, calprotectin and cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women with obesity: a cross-sectional study. J Transl Med 2022; 20:585. [PMID: 36503483 PMCID: PMC9743526 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiota and its metabolites are known to regulate host metabolism. In cross-sectional study conducted in postmenopausal women we aimed to assess whether the microbiota, its metabolites and gut barrier integrity marker are correlated with cardiometabolic risk factors and if microbiota is different between obese and non-obese subjects. METHODS We analysed the faecal microbiota of 56 obese, postmenopausal women by means of 16S rRNA analysis. Stool short chain fatty acids, calprotectin and anthropometric, physiological and biochemical parameters were correlates to microbiome analyses. RESULTS Alpha-diversity was inversely correlated with lipopolysaccharide (Rho = - 0.43, FDR P (Q) = 0.004). Bray-Curtis distance based RDA revealed that visceral fat and waist circumference had a significant impact on metabolic potential (P = 0.003). Plasma glucose was positively correlated with the Coriobacteriaceae (Rho = 0.48, Q = 0.004) and its higher taxonomic ranks, up to phylum (Actinobacteria, Rho = 0.46, Q = 0.004). At the metabolic level, the strongest correlation was observed for the visceral fat (Q < 0.15), especially with the DENOVOPURINE2-PWY, PWY-841 and PWY0-162 pathways. Bacterial abundance was correlated with SCFAs, thus some microbiota-glucose relationships may be mediated by propionate, as indicated by the significant average causal mediation effect (ACME): Lachnospiraceae (ACME 1.25, 95%CI (0.10, 2.97), Firmicutes (ACME 1.28, 95%CI (0.23, 3.83)) and Tenericutes (ACME - 0.39, 95%CI (- 0.87, - 0.03)). There were significant differences in the distribution of phyla between this study and Qiita database (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Microbiota composition and metabolic potential are associated with some CMRF and fecal SCFAs concentration in obese postmenopausal women. There is no unequivocal relationship between fecal SCFAs and the marker of intestinal barrier integrity and CMRF. Further studies with appropriately matched control groups are warranted to look for causality between SCFAs and CMRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Łoniewski
- grid.107950.a0000 0001 1411 4349Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland ,Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland ,Sanprobi Sp. Z O. O. Sp. K., Kurza Stopka 5/C, 70-535 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Szulińska
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, University of Medical Sciences in Poznań, Szamarzewskiego Str. 84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Sanprobi Sp. Z O. O. Sp. K., Kurza Stopka 5/C, 70-535 Szczecin, Poland ,grid.107950.a0000 0001 1411 4349Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Konrad Podsiadło
- Sanprobi Sp. Z O. O. Sp. K., Kurza Stopka 5/C, 70-535 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daniel Styburski
- Sanprobi Sp. Z O. O. Sp. K., Kurza Stopka 5/C, 70-535 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- grid.107950.a0000 0001 1411 4349Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, University of Medical Sciences in Poznań, Szamarzewskiego Str. 84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
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Mancin L, Amatori S, Caprio M, Sattin E, Bertoldi L, Cenci L, Sisti D, Bianco A, Paoli A. Effect of 30 days of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on athletes' gut microbiome composition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:979651. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.979651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundRecent research suggest that gut microbiome may play a fundamental role in athlete's health and performance. Interestingly, nutrition can affect athletic performance by influencing the gut microbiome composition. Among different dietary patterns, ketogenic diet represents an efficient nutritional approach to get adequate body composition in athletes, however, some concerns have been raised about its potential detrimental effect on gut microbiome. To the best of our knowledge, only one study investigated the effect of ketogenic diet on the gut microbiome in athletes (elite race walkers), whilst no studies are available in a model of mixed endurance/power sport such as soccer. This study aimed to investigate the influence of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts (KEMEPHY) diet on gut microbiome composition in a cohort of semi-professional soccer players.Methods16 male soccer players were randomly assigned to KEMEPHY diet (KDP n = 8) or western diet (WD n = 8). Body composition, performance measurements and gut microbiome composition were measured before and after 30 days of intervention by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Alpha-diversity measures and PERMANOVA was used to investigate pre-post differences in the relative abundance of all taxonomic levels (from phylum to genus) and Spearman's correlations was used to investigate associations between microbial composition and macronutrient intake. Linear discriminant analysis was also performed at the different taxonomic levels on the post-intervention data.ResultsNo differences were found between pre and post- dietary intervention for microbial community diversity: no significant effects of time (p = 0.056, ES = 0.486 and p = 0.129, ES = 0.388, respectively for OTUs number and Shannon's ENS), group (p = 0.317, ES = 0.180 and p = 0.809, ES = 0.047) or time × group (p = 0.999, ES = 0.01 and p = 0.230, ES = 0.315). Post-hoc paired Wilcoxon test showed a significant time × group effect for Actinobacteriota (p = 0.021, ES = 0.578), which increased in the WD group (median pre: 1.7%; median post: 2.3%) and decreased in the KEMEPHY group (median pre: 4.3%; median post: 1.7%). At genus level, the linear discriminant analysis in the post intervention differentiated the two groups for Bifidobacterium genus (pertaining to the Actinobacteria phylum), Butyricicoccus and Acidaminococcus genera, all more abundant in the WD group, and for Clostridia UCG-014 (order, family, and genus), Butyricimonas, Odoribacterter genera (pertaining to the Marinifilaceae family), and Ruminococcus genus, all more abundant in the KEMEPHY group.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that 30 days of KEMEPHY intervention, in contrast with previous research on ketogenic diet and gut microbiome, do not modify the overall composition of gut microbiome in a cohort of athletes. KEMEPHY dietary pattern may represent an alternative and safety tool for maintaining and/or regulating the composition of gut microbiome in athletes practicing regular exercise. Due to the fact that not all ketogenic diets are equal, we hypothesized that each version of ketogenic diet, with different kind of nutrients or macronutrients partitioning, may differently affect the human gut microbiome.
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Srinivas M, O’Sullivan O, Cotter PD, van Sinderen D, Kenny JG. The Application of Metagenomics to Study Microbial Communities and Develop Desirable Traits in Fermented Foods. Foods 2022; 11:3297. [PMCID: PMC9601669 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial communities present within fermented foods are diverse and dynamic, producing a variety of metabolites responsible for the fermentation processes, imparting characteristic organoleptic qualities and health-promoting traits, and maintaining microbiological safety of fermented foods. In this context, it is crucial to study these microbial communities to characterise fermented foods and the production processes involved. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS)-based methods such as metagenomics enable microbial community studies through amplicon and shotgun sequencing approaches. As the field constantly develops, sequencing technologies are becoming more accessible, affordable and accurate with a further shift from short read to long read sequencing being observed. Metagenomics is enjoying wide-spread application in fermented food studies and in recent years is also being employed in concert with synthetic biology techniques to help tackle problems with the large amounts of waste generated in the food sector. This review presents an introduction to current sequencing technologies and the benefits of their application in fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Srinivas
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O’Sullivan
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
| | - John G. Kenny
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Rekha K, Venkidasamy B, Samynathan R, Nagella P, Rebezov M, Khayrullin M, Ponomarev E, Bouyahya A, Sarkar T, Shariati MA, Thiruvengadam M, Simal-Gandara J. Short-chain fatty acid: An updated review on signaling, metabolism, and therapeutic effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2461-2489. [PMID: 36154353 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are good energy sources (9 kcal per gram) that aerobic tissues can use except for the brain (glucose is an alternative source). Apart from the energy source, fatty acids are necessary for cell signaling, learning-related memory, modulating gene expression, and functioning as cytokine precursors. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are saturated fatty acids arranged as a straight chain consisting minimum of 6 carbon atoms. SCFAs possess various beneficial effects like improving metabolic function, inhibiting insulin resistance, and ameliorating immune dysfunction. In this review, we discussed the biogenesis, absorption, and transport of SCFA. SCFAs can act as signaling molecules by stimulating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and suppressing histone deacetylases (HDACs). The role of SCFA on glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and its effect on the immune system is also reviewed with updated details. SCFA possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, the association of protective effects of SCFA against brain-related diseases, kidney diseases, cardiovascular damage, and inflammatory bowel diseases were also reviewed. Nanotherapy is a branch of nanotechnology that employs nanoparticles at the nanoscale level to treat various ailments with enhanced drug stability, solubility, and minimal side effects. The SCFA functions as drug carriers, and nanoparticles were also discussed. Still, much research was not focused on this area. SCFA functions in host gene expression through inhibition of HDAC inhibition. However, the study has to be focused on the molecular mechanism of SCFA against various diseases that still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliaperumal Rekha
- Department of Environmental and Herbal Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Praveen Nagella
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Department of Scientific Research, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mars Khayrullin
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Ponomarev
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
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Health Benefits and Side Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182863. [PMID: 36140990 PMCID: PMC9498509 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and their metabolites could play an important role in health and diseases of human beings. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are mainly produced by gut microbiome fermentation of dietary fiber and could also be produced by bacteria of the skin and vagina. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are three major SCFAs, and their bioactivities have been widely studied. The SCFAs have many health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. This paper summarizes health benefits and side effects of SCFAs with a special attention paid to the mechanisms of action. This paper provides better support for people eating dietary fiber as well as ways for dietary fiber to be developed into functional food to prevent diseases.
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Li X, Yao Y, Wang Y, Hua L, Wu M, Chen F, Deng ZY, Luo T. Effect of Hesperidin Supplementation on Liver Metabolomics and Gut Microbiota in a High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD Mice Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11224-11235. [PMID: 36048007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the mechanism underlying the impact of hesperidin (HES) on nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). C57BL/6J male mice were administered a low-fat diet, high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD plus 0.2% (wt/wt) HES (HFD + HES) diet. After 16 weeks of intervention, the mice in the HFD+HES group showed a lower final body weight and liver weight and improved serum lipid profiles when compared with the HFD group. Alleviation of liver dysfunction induced by HFD was observed in HES-fed mice, and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was also altered. Moreover, HES changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota and enriched specific genera such as Bacteroidota. Liver metabolomics analysis indicated that HES enhanced the abundance of metabolites in arginine-related as well as mitochondrial oxidation-related pathways, and these metabolites were predicted to be positively correlated with the gut genera enriched by HES. Together, these results indicate that HFD-fed mice supplemented with HES showed a markedly regulated hepatic metabolism concurrent with shifts in specific gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yexuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611134, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Miao Z, Chen GD, Huo S, Fu Y, Wu MY, Xu F, Jiang Z, Tang J, Gou W, Xiao C, Liu YP, Wu YY, Sun TY, Sun L, Shen LR, Lin X, Chen YM, Zheng JS. Interaction of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with host CD36 genetic variant for gut microbiome and blood lipids in human cohorts. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1724-1734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nakajima H, Nakanishi N, Miyoshi T, Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Senmaru T, Majima S, Ushigome E, Asano M, Yamaguchi M, Mori J, Sakui N, Sasano R, Yamazaki M, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. Inulin reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves glucose tolerance through altering gut metabolites. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:50. [PMID: 35902903 PMCID: PMC9331483 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Inulin, a soluble dietary fiber, is a source of energy for the host while the metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced in the gut through bacterial fermentation exerts the anti-obesity effect. In this study, we aimed to apply a metabolomics approach and clarify the role of this soluble dietary fiber on glucose and lipid metabolism under the calorie-matched condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose based diet containing maltodextrin or inulin for 12 weeks through calorie-matched pair feeding. We evaluated glucose tolerance, and energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry, comprehensive metabolites in the content of jejunum, feces, and portal vein serum using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and histological changes in the adipose tissue. RESULTS The inulin group exhibited reduced visceral adipose tissue and smaller size of visceral adipocyte. It also exhibited improved glucose tolerance and an increase in energy expenditure. Reflecting the results of fermentation, the metabolomics analysis revealed an increase in the succinic acid and SCFA contents in both feces and portal vein serum in the inulin group. CONCLUSIONS Inulin altered the gut metabolites and reduced visceral adipose tissue, thereby resulting in improved glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Nakajima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Miyoshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Saori Majima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mai Asano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Schirmbeck GH, Sizonenko S, Sanches EF. Neuroprotective Role of Lactoferrin during Early Brain Development and Injury through Lifespan. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142923. [PMID: 35889882 PMCID: PMC9322498 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Early adverse fetal environments can significantly disturb central nervous system (CNS) development and subsequently alter brain maturation. Nutritional status is a major variable to be considered during development and increasing evidence links neonate and preterm infant impaired brain growth with neurological and psychiatric diseases in adulthood. Breastfeeding is one of the main components required for healthy newborn development due to the many "constitutive" elements breastmilk contains. Maternal intake of specific nutrients during lactation may alter milk composition, thus affecting newborn nutrition and, potentially, brain development. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a major protein present in colostrum and the main protein in human milk, which plays an important role in the benefits of breastfeeding during postnatal development. It has been demonstrated that Lf has antimicrobial, as well as anti-inflammatory properties, and is potentially able to reduce the incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which are particularly frequent in premature births. The anti-inflammatory effects of Lf can reduce birth-related pathologies by decreasing the release of pro-inflammatory factors and inhibiting premature cervix maturation (also related to commensal microbiome abnormalities) that could contribute to disrupting brain development. Pre-clinical evidence shows that Lf protects the developing brain from neuronal injury, enhances brain connectivity and neurotrophin production, and decreases inflammation in models of perinatal inflammatory challenge, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In this context, Lf can provide nutritional support for brain development and cognition and prevent the origin of neuropsychiatric diseases later in life. In this narrative review, we consider the role of certain nutrients during neurodevelopment linking to the latest research on lactoferrin with respect to neonatology. We also discuss new evidence indicating that early neuroprotective pathways modulated by Lf could prevent neurodegeneration through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Henrique Schirmbeck
- Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil;
| | - Stéphane Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland;
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Chen L, Yang Y, Sun S, Xie Y, Pan C, Li M, Li C, Liu Y, Xu Z, Liu W, Ji M. Indolepropionic acid reduces obesity‐induced metabolic dysfunction through colonic barrier restoration mediated via tuft cell‐derived IL‐25. FEBS J 2022; 289:5985-6004. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug Nanjing China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Endocrinology Sir Run Run Hospital Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Cailong Pan
- Department of Pathology School of Basic Medicine Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Maining Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology Sir Run Run Hospital Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medicine Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Minjun Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology Nanjing Medical University China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug Nanjing China
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O'Riordan KJ, Collins MK, Moloney GM, Knox EG, Aburto MR, Fülling C, Morley SJ, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Short chain fatty acids: Microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 546:111572. [PMID: 35066114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of gut-brain axis signalling has risen to prominence in recent years. Understanding the relationship between the gut microbiota, the metabolites it produces, and the brain will be critical for the subsequent development of new therapeutic approaches, including the identification of novel psychobiotics. A key focus in this regard have been the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibre, which include butyrate, acetate, and propionate. Ongoing research is focused on the entry of SCFAs into systemic circulation from the gut lumen, their migration to cerebral circulation and across the blood brain barrier, and their potential to exert acute and chronic effects on brain structure and function. This review aims to discuss our current mechanistic understanding of the direct and indirect influence that SCFAs have on brain function, behaviour and physiology, which will inform future microbiota-targeted interventions for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael K Collins
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Emily G Knox
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - María R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Shane J Morley
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Yoshida R, Yano Y, Hoshi N, Okamoto N, Sui Y, Yamamoto A, Asaji N, Shiomi Y, Yasutomi E, Hatazawa Y, Hayashi H, Ueda Y, Kodama Y. Acid-treated high-amylose corn starch suppresses high-fat diet-induced steatosis. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2173-2184. [PMID: 35411589 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has been reported to improve steatosis as well as obesity. Type 4 resistant starch (RS4), a chemically modified starch, is particularly hard to digest and suggesting higher efficacy. However, because the effects of RS4 on steatosis are not yet fully understood, the effects of RS4 on steatosis were examined using a murine high-fat diet model. Seven-week-old male mice were divided into three groups and fed a normal diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat diet with added RS (HFD + RS). Amylofiber SH® produced from acid-treated corn starch was used as the dietary RS. At 22 weeks old, hepatic steatosis and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content and gut microbiota in cecum stool samples were analyzed. The ratio of body weight to 7 weeks was significantly suppressed in the HFD + RS group compared to the HFD group (132.2 ± 1.4% vs. 167.2 ± 3.9%, p = 0.0076). Macroscopic and microscopic steatosis was also suppressed in the HFD + RS group. Analysis of cecum stool samples revealed elevated SCFA levels in the HFD + RS group compared with the HFD group. Metagenome analysis revealed that Bifidobacterium (17.9 ± 1.9% vs. 3.6 ± 0.7%, p = 0.0019) and Lactobacillus (14.8 ± 3.4% vs. 0.72 ± 0.23%, p = 0.0045), which degrade RS to SCFA, were more prevalent in the HFD + RS group than the HFD group. In conclusion, RS4 suppressed steatosis, and increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and SCFAs. RS4 may prevent steatosis by modulating the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiko Yano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Namiko Hoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Norihiro Okamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yunlong Sui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naoki Asaji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuuki Shiomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Eiichiro Yasutomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuri Hatazawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihide Ueda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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Lymperopoulos A, Suster MS, Borges JI. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Cardiovascular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063303. [PMID: 35328722 PMCID: PMC8952772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing experimental and clinical evidence points toward a very important role for the gut microbiome and its associated metabolism in human health and disease, including in cardiovascular disorders. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are metabolically produced and utilized as energy substrates during almost every biological process in the human body. Contrary to long- and medium-chain FFAs, which are mainly synthesized from dietary triglycerides, short-chain FFAs (SCFAs) derive from the gut microbiota-mediated fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber. Originally thought to serve only as energy sources, FFAs are now known to act as ligands for a specific group of cell surface receptors called FFA receptors (FFARs), thereby inducing intracellular signaling to exert a variety of cellular and tissue effects. All FFARs are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play integral roles in the regulation of metabolism, immunity, inflammation, hormone/neurotransmitter secretion, etc. Four different FFAR types are known to date, with FFAR1 (formerly known as GPR40) and FFAR4 (formerly known as GPR120) mediating long- and medium-chain FFA actions, while FFAR3 (formerly GPR41) and FFAR2 (formerly GPR43) are essentially the SCFA receptors (SCFARs), responding to all SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. As with various other organ systems/tissues, the important roles the SCFARs (FFAR2 and FFAR3) play in physiology and in various disorders of the cardiovascular system have been revealed over the last fifteen years. In this review, we discuss the cardiovascular implications of some key (patho)physiological functions of SCFAR signaling pathways, particularly those regulating the neurohormonal control of circulation and adipose tissue homeostasis. Wherever appropriate, we also highlight the potential of these receptors as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disorders.
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Tomalka JA, Suthar MS, Deeks SG, Sekaly RP. Fighting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires a global approach to understanding the heterogeneity of vaccine responses. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:360-370. [PMID: 35210622 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic and environmental factors including age, biological sex, diet, geographical location, microbiome composition and metabolites converge to influence innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccines. Failure to understand and account for these factors when investigating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine efficacy may impair the development of the next generation of vaccines. Most studies aimed at identifying mechanisms of vaccine-mediated immune protection have focused on adaptive immune responses. It is well established, however, that mobilization of the innate immune response is essential to the development of effective cellular and humoral immunity. A comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response and environmental factors that contribute to the development of broad and durable cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other vaccines requires a holistic and unbiased approach. Along with optimization of the immunogen and vectors, the development of adjuvants based on our evolving understanding of how the innate immune system shapes vaccine responses will be essential. Defining the innate immune mechanisms underlying the establishment of long-lived plasma cells and memory T cells could lead to a universal vaccine for coronaviruses, a key biomedical priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Tomalka
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rafick Pierre Sekaly
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Guo WL, Cao YJ, You SZ, Wu Q, Zhang F, Han JZ, Lv XC, Rao PF, Ai LZ, Ni L. Ganoderic acids-rich ethanol extract from Ganoderma lucidum protects against alcoholic liver injury and modulates intestinal microbiota in mice with excessive alcohol intake. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:515-530. [PMID: 35281335 PMCID: PMC8913248 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver injury is mainly caused by excessive alcohol consumption and has become a global public health problem threatening human health. It is well known that Ganoderma lucidum possesses various excellent beneficial effects on liver function and lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the underlying protective effect and action mechanism of ganoderic acids-rich G. lucidum ethanol extract (GLE) on alcohol-induced liver injury in mice with excessive alcohol intake. Results showed that oral administration of GLE could obviously inhibit the abnormal increases of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and also significantly protect the liver against alcohol-induced excessive hepatic lipid accumulation and pathological changes. In addition, alcohol-induced oxidative stress in liver was significantly ameliorated by the dietary intervention of GLE through reducing the hepatic levels of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increasing the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Compared with the model group, GLE intervention significantly ameliorated the intestinal microbial disorder by elevating the relative abundance of Ruminiclostridium_9, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Oscillibacter, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group, norank_f_Clostridiates_vadinBB60_group, GCA-900066225, Bilophila, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-009, norank_f_Desulfovibrionaceae and Hydrogenoanaerobacterium, but decreasing the proportion of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. Furthermore, liver metabolomic profiling suggested that GLE intervention had a significant regulatory effect on the composition of liver metabolites in mice with excessive alcohol intake, especially the levels of some biomarkers involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis, riboflavin metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fructose and mannose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Additionally, dietary supplementation with GLE significantly regulated the mRNA levels of key genes related to fatty acids metabolism, ethanol catabolism and inflammatory response in liver. Conclusively, these findings indicate that GLE has a potentially beneficial effect on alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury and may be developed as a promising functional food ingredient. Phytochemical analysis revealed that ethanol extract of Gaoderma lucidum (GLE) is rich in ganoderic acids. GLE ameliorated lipid metabolism, antioxidant function and inflammatory response in mice with excessive alcohol intake. Liver metabolomics based on UPLC-QTOF/MS was performed to reveal the underlying hepatoprotective effect of GLE. GLE intervention alleviated alcoholic liver injury partly through regulating the “gut-liver-metabolite”axis. Hepatic gene transcriptions related to lipid metabolism and inflammation were remarkablyinfluenced by GLE intervention.
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Yin XQ, An YX, Yu CG, Ke J, Zhao D, Yu K. The Association Between Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota, and Visceral Fat in Monozygotic Twin Pairs. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:359-368. [PMID: 35153497 PMCID: PMC8828081 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s338113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gut microbiota and obesity in individual twins and to control for genetic and shared environmental effects by studying monozygotic intrapair differences. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study recruited 20 pairs of monozygotic twins. Body composition measurements were performed by using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance technique. SCFAs were extracted from feces and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Gut microbiota was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Fecal SCFAs were negatively correlated with adiposity parameters including body mass index, visceral adipose tissue and waist circumference (all P < 0.05). Metastat analysis showed that the top 5 relatively abundant bacterial taxa of viscerally obese and non-obese groups were Bacteroides, Collinsella, Eubacterium rectale group, Lachnoclostridium, and Tyzzerella. Participants with visceral obesity had lower abundance of Bacteroides and Collinsella compared to non-obese patients (P < 0.05). Among them, the abundance of Collinsella was positively correlated with acetic acid concentrations (r = 0.63, P = 0.011). There were no significant intrapair differences in each SCFA concentrations between the twins in our study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Low fecal concentrations of SCFAs were associated with visceral obesity, and the gut microbiota might be involved in the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Yin
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin An
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Guo Yu
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ke
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Yu
- Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ke Yu, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 82, Xinhua South Road, Tongzhou District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13811657618, Email
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Włodarczyk J, Czerwiński B, Fichna J. Short-chain fatty acids-microbiota crosstalk in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1198-1207. [PMID: 36166147 PMCID: PMC9513287 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) still remains a major challenge to the health-care systems worldwide, inciting ongoing search for pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions which could benefit patients already infected with SARS-CoV-2 or at increased risk thereof. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, it may also infect other organs and systems, including gastrointestinal tract, where it results in microbial dysbiosis. There is an emerging understanding of the role the gut microbiota plays in maintaining immune homeostasis, both inside the gastrointestinal tract and beyond (i.e. through gut-lung and gut-brain axes). One family of compounds with recognized immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties are short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are believed that they have a protective effect in case of gastrointestinal diseases. Moreover, they are responsible for maintaining proper intestinal barrier and they take part in relevant immune functions. This review presents mechanisms of action and potential benefits of SCFA-based probiotics and direct SCFA supplementation as a strategy to support immune function amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Włodarczyk
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland ,grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Czerwiński
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Ma Y, Nenkov M, Chen Y, Press AT, Kaemmerer E, Gassler N. Fatty acid metabolism and acyl-CoA synthetases in the liver-gut axis. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1512-1533. [PMID: 34904027 PMCID: PMC8637682 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are energy substrates and cell components which participate in regulating signal transduction, transcription factor activity and secretion of bioactive lipid mediators. The acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) family containing 26 family members exhibits tissue-specific distribution, distinct fatty acid substrate preferences and diverse biological functions. Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the liver-gut axis, designated as the bidirectional relationship between the gut, microbiome and liver, is closely associated with a range of human diseases including metabolic disorders, inflammatory disease and carcinoma in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. In this review, we depict the role of ACSs in fatty acid metabolism, possible molecular mechanisms through which they exert functions, and their involvement in hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma, with particular attention paid to long-chain fatty acids and small-chain fatty acids. Additionally, the liver-gut communication and the liver and gut intersection with the microbiome as well as diseases related to microbiota imbalance in the liver-gut axis are addressed. Moreover, the development of potentially therapeutic small molecules, proteins and compounds targeting ACSs in cancer treatment is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Ma
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Miljana Nenkov
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Yuan Chen
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Adrian T Press
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Elke Kaemmerer
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Section Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
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Oh JK, Vasquez R, Kim SH, Hwang IC, Song JH, Park JH, Kim IH, Kang DK. Multispecies probiotics alter fecal short-chain fatty acids and lactate levels in weaned pigs by modulating gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 34796353 PMCID: PMC8564300 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolic products produced during the
microbial fermentation of non-digestible fibers and play an important role in
metabolic homeostasis and overall gut health. In this study, we investigated the
effects of supplementation with multispecies probiotics (MSPs) containing
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Limosilactobacillus
reuteri, and Levilactobacillus brevis on the gut
microbiota, and fecal SCFAs and lactate levels of weaned pigs. A total of 38
pigs weaned at 4 weeks of age were fed either a basal diet or a diet
supplemented with MSPs for 6 weeks. MSP administration significantly increased
the fecal concentrations of lactate (2.3-fold; p <
0.01), acetate (1.8-fold; p < 0.05), and formate
(1.4-fold; p < 0.05). Moreover, MSP supplementation
altered the gut microbiota of the pigs by significantly increasing the
population of potentially beneficial bacteria such as
Olsenella, Catonella,
Catenibacterium, Acidaminococcus, and
Ruminococcaceae. MSP supplementation also decreased the
abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia and
Chlamydia. The modulation of the gut microbiota was
observed to be strongly correlated with the changes in fecal SCFAs and lactate
levels. Furthermore, we found changes in the functional pathways present within
the gut, which supports our findings that MSP modulates the gut microbiota and
SCFAs levels in pigs. The results support the potential use of MSPs to improve
the gut health of animals by modulating SCFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Robie Vasquez
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In-Chan Hwang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Dang G, Wu W, Zhang H, Everaert N. A new paradigm for a new simple chemical: butyrate & immune regulation. Food Funct 2021; 12:12181-12193. [PMID: 34752597 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in the host system. Among SCFAs, butyrate has received particular attention for its large effect on host immunity, particularly in supplying energy to enterocytes and producing immune cells. Butyrate enters the cells through the Solute Carrier Family 5 Member 8 (SLC5A8) transporters, then works as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) that inhibits the activation of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which down-regulates the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α. Meanwhile, butyrate acts as a ligand to activate G protein-coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109, promoting the expression of anti-inflammatory factors. Besides, it inhibits the proinflammatory factors. Further, it can also suppress the expression of chemokines and reduce inflammation to maintain host homeostasis. This paper reviews the research progress highlighting the potential function of butyrate as a factor impacting intestinal health, obesity and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Weida Wu
- Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium
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Logan IE, Shulzhenko N, Sharpton TJ, Bobe G, Liu K, Nuss S, Jones ML, Miranda CL, Vasquez-Perez S, Pennington JM, Leonard SW, Choi J, Wu W, Gurung M, Kim JP, Lowry MB, Morgun A, Maier CS, Stevens JF, Gombart AF. Xanthohumol Requires the Intestinal Microbiota to Improve Glucose Metabolism in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100389. [PMID: 34496124 PMCID: PMC8571065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The polyphenol xanthohumol (XN) improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obesity animal models. Because XN changes intestinal microbiota composition, the study hypothesizes that XN requires the microbiota to mediate its benefits. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis, the study feeds conventional and germ-free male Swiss Webster mice either a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% fat derived calories), a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat derived calories), or a high-fat diet supplemented with XN at 60 mg kg-1 body weight per day (HXN) for 10 weeks, and measure parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism. In conventional mice, the study discovers XN supplementation decreases plasma insulin concentrations and improves Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). In germ-free mice, XN supplementation fails to improve these outcomes. Fecal sample 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis suggests XN supplementation changes microbial composition and dramatically alters the predicted functional capacity of the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota metabolizes XN into bioactive compounds, including dihydroxanthohumol (DXN), an anti-obesogenic compound with improved bioavailability. CONCLUSION XN requires the intestinal microbiota to mediate its benefits, which involves complex diet-host-microbiota interactions with changes in both microbial composition and functional capacity. The study results warrant future metagenomic studies which will provide insight into complex microbe-microbe interactions and diet-host-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kitty Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Stephanie Nuss
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Megan L Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Cristobal L Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Jamie M Pennington
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Manoj Gurung
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Joyce P Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Malcolm B Lowry
- Department of Microbiology, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Andrey Morgun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Zhao M, Chen C, Yuan Z, Li W, Zhang M, Cui N, Duan Y, Zhang X, Zhang P. Dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation alleviates alcohol-induced liver injury by maintaining intestinal integrity and gut microbiota homeostasis in mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1312. [PMID: 34630666 PMCID: PMC8461600 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a worldwide health problem with limited therapeutic options, which is associated with gut-derived endotoxins, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Recently, probiotics, synbiotics and other food additive interventions have been shown to be effective in decreasing or preventing the progression of ALD. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and its metabolic products are widely used as food additives to maintain intestinal health, but the protective effects of B. subtilis against alcohol-induced liver injury are poorly understood. In the present study a chronic alcohol-induced liver injury model was constructed based on the Lieber-DeCarli diet and it aimed to determine whether dietary B. subtilis supplementation may alleviate alcohol-induced liver injury. Results revealed that prophylactic B. subtilis supplementation partially restored gut microbiota homeostasis and relieved alcohol-induced intestinal barrier injury, which significantly decreased the translocation of bacterial endotoxins to the blood. In addition, the decreased serum LPS alleviated hepatic inflammation via the toll-like receptor 4 pathway, resulting in improved hepatic structure and function. These results demonstrated that dietary B. subtilis supplementation imparts novel hepatoprotective functions by improving intestinal permeability and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Chuanai Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Zhoujie Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Mohan Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Nailing Cui
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Yitao Duan
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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48
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Neuropsychiatric Ramifications of COVID-19: Short-Chain Fatty Acid Deficiency and Disturbance of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7880448. [PMID: 34651049 PMCID: PMC8510788 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7880448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19-associated neuropsychiatric complications are soaring. There is an urgent need to understand the link between COVID-19 and neuropsychiatric disorders. To that end, this article addresses the premise that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in gut dysbiosis and an altered microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis that in turn contributes to the neuropsychiatric ramifications of COVID-19. Altered MGB axis activity has been implicated independently as a risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. A review of the changes in gut microbiota composition in individual psychiatric and neurological disorders and gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients revealed a shared "microbial signature" characterized by a lower microbial diversity and richness and a decrease in health-promoting anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria accompanied by an increase in opportunistic proinflammatory pathogens. Notably, there was a decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria. SCFAs are key bioactive microbial metabolites with anti-inflammatory functions and have been recognized as a critical signaling pathway in the MGB axis. SCFA deficiency is associated with brain inflammation, considered a cardinal feature of neuropsychiatric disorders. The link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, gut dysbiosis, and altered MGB axis is further supported by COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal symptoms, a high number of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, angiotensin-cleaving enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in the gut, and viral presence in the fecal matter. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the receptor results in ACE-2 deficiency that leads to decreased transport of vital dietary components, gut dysbiosis, proinflammatory gut status, increased permeability of the gut-blood barrier (GBB), and systemic inflammation. More clinical research is needed to substantiate further the linkages described above and evaluate the potential significance of gut microbiota as a diagnostic tool. Meanwhile, it is prudent to propose changes in dietary recommendations in favor of a high fiber diet or supplementation with SCFAs or probiotics to prevent or alleviate the neuropsychiatric ramifications of COVID-19.
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49
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Dunislawska A, Herosimczyk A, Ozgo M, Lepczynski A, Ciechanowicz AK, Bednarczyk M, Siwek M. Proteome changes upon in ovo stimulation with Lactobacillus synbiotic in chicken liver. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101449. [PMID: 34601437 PMCID: PMC8531852 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, as the main metabolic organ, plays a key role in many vital processes, including nutrient metabolism, fat digestion, blood protein synthesis, and endocrine management. As one of the immune organs, it has a remarkable ability to adequately activate the immune cells in response to metabolic signals. The anatomy of the liver ensures its close interaction with the gut so that nutrients and gut microbiota contribute to normal metabolism. In chickens, the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in supporting health and improving production parameters. The most effective method of stimulating the microbiota is to administer an appropriate bioactive compound during embryonic development. In ovo stimulation on d 12 of egg incubation involves the delivery of the substance into the air chamber. The aim of the study was to analyze the changes at the protein level after in ovo administration of the synbiotic on d 12 of egg incubation. Our study is the first to conduct a proteome analysis in liver after the administration of a Lactobacillus synbiotic in ovo. Eggs of broiler chickens were injected with a synbiotic—Lactobacillus plantarum with raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO). On d 21 posthatching liver was collected. We performed analyses based on two-dimensional electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight, and MALDI Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance to obtain a global view of the hepatic proteome changes in response to in ovo injection. A representative pattern of significantly altered liver proteins was observed after stimulation with the synbiotic. A total of 16 protein spots were differentially expressed, with 5 downregulated and 11 upregulated spots. We conclude that the in ovo synbiotic treatment had the potential to accelerate the major energy-yielding metabolic pathways in the liver of adult broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dunislawska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz 85-084, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Herosimczyk
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeraninan University of Technology, Janickiego 29, Szczecin 71-270, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ozgo
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeraninan University of Technology, Janickiego 29, Szczecin 71-270, Poland
| | - Adam Lepczynski
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeraninan University of Technology, Janickiego 29, Szczecin 71-270, Poland
| | - Andrzej Krzysztof Ciechanowicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki and Wigury 61, Warsaw 02-091, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz 85-084, Poland
| | - Maria Siwek
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz 85-084, Poland
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50
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Garcia-Gutierrez E, Cotter PD. Relevance of organ(s)-on-a-chip systems to the investigation of food-gut microbiota-host interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:463-488. [PMID: 34591726 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1979933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ever greater understanding of the composition and function of the gut microbiome has provided new opportunities with respect to understanding and treating human disease. However, the models employed for in vitro and in vivo animal studies do not always provide the required insights. As a result, one such alternative in vitro cell culture based system, organ-on-a-chip technology, has recently attracted attention as a means of obtaining data that is representative of responses in humans. Organ-on-a-chip systems are designed to mimic the interactions of different tissue elements that were missing from traditional two-dimensional tissue culture. While they do not traditionally include a microbiota component, organ-on-a-chip systems provide a potentially valuable means of characterising the interactions between the microbiome and human tissues with a view to providing even greater accuracy. From a dietary perspective, these microbiota-organ-on-a-chip combinations can help researchers to predict how the consumption of specific foods and ingredients can impact on human health and disease. We provide an overview of the relevance and interactions of the gut microbiota and the diet in human health, we summarise the components involved in the organ-on-a-chip systems, how these systems have been employed for microbiota based studies and their potential relevance to study the interplay between food-gut microbiota-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Moorepark, Ireland
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