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Patel HP, Desai PH, Patel RV, Lodha SN, Gore AH, Patil PO, Desai BV, Desai DT, Vyas BA, Willcox MDP, Maulvi FA. Clozapine-laden carbon dots delivered to the brain via an intranasal pathway: Synthesis, characterization, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 237:113862. [PMID: 38518556 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine, which is widely used to treat schizophrenia, shows low bioavailability due to poor solubility and high first-pass metabolism. The study aimed to design clozapine-loaded carbon dots (CDs) to enhance availability of the clozapine to the brain via intranasal pathway. The CDs were synthesized by pyrolysis of citric acid and urea at 200 °C by hydrothermal technique and characterized by photoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). The optimized clozapine-loaded CDs (CLZ-CDs-1:3-200) showed a quasi-spherical shape (9-12 nm) with stable blue fluorescence. The CDs showed high drug solubilization capacity (1.5 mg drug in 1 mg/ml CDs) with strong electrostatic interaction with clozapine (drug loading efficiency = 94.74%). The ex vivo release study performed using nasal goat mucosa showed sustained release of clozapine (43.89%) from CLZ-CDs-1:3-200 for 30 h. The ciliotoxicity study (histopathology) confirmed no toxicity to the nasal mucosal tissues using CDs. In the rat model (in vivo pharmacokinetic study), when CDs were administrated by the intranasal route, a significantly higher concentration of clozapine in the brain tissue (Cmax = 58.07 ± 5.36 μg/g and AUCt (µg/h*g) = 105.76 ± 12.31) was noted within a short time (tmax = 1 h) compared to clozapine suspension administered by intravenous route (Cmax = 20.99 ± 3.91 μg/g, AUC t (µg/h*g) = 56.89 ± 12.31, and tmax = 4 h). The high value of drug targeting efficiency (DTE, 486%) index and direct transport percentage (DTP, 58%) indicates the direct entry of clozapine-CDs in the brain via the olfactory route. In conclusion, designed CDs demonstrated a promising dosage form for targeted nose-to-brain delivery of clozapine for the effective treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal P Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India.
| | - Priya H Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | | | - Sandesh N Lodha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Anil H Gore
- Tarsadia Institute of Chemical Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Surat 394350, India
| | - Pravin O Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, India
| | - Bhargavi V Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Ditixa T Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Bhavin A Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Furqan A Maulvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, India; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Raveendran P T V, C A, Neeroli Kizhakayil R. Fe 3+-induced luminescence quenching in carbon dots - mechanism unveiled. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2349-2358. [PMID: 38563425 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dot (CD)-based fluorimetric sensors have attracted immense attention for the detection of metal ions. Among the available works in this direction, more than 70% of the studies reported the detection of Fe3+ through luminescence quenching. Ferric ions are significant species from environmental and biological point of view. Excited-state electron transfer from carbon dots to ferric ions is suggested as the reason for the luminescence quenching. However, to date, no solid proof was provided to demonstrate this electron transfer process. Herein, N-doped blue luminescent carbon dots prepared via hydrothermal carbonization are used to demonstrate the exact mechanism operating in the above-mentioned detection strategy. The carbon dots possessed an average size of 4.9 nm, and exhibited good aqueous solubility as well as an excitation wavelength-dependent emission. Fe3+-mediated luminescence quenching was quantitatively achieved at the micromolar level, with a detection limit of 1.426 μM. The CD-mediated reduction of ferric ions is confirmed by spectral analysis. Fe3+-induced luminescence quenching was partially restored in the presence of ascorbic acid, enabling the sub-micromolar level monitoring of this analyte, with the lowest detection amount of 276 nM. Turnbull's blue method is adopted for confirming the reducing role of ascorbic acid, which eventually increased the luminescence of the system, evoking a turn-on response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Raveendran P T
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Kerala-673 635, India.
| | - Anjali C
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Kerala-673 635, India.
| | - Renuka Neeroli Kizhakayil
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Kerala-673 635, India.
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Jeong G, Kim T, Park SD, Yoo MJ, Park CH, Yang H. N, S-Codoped Carbon Dots-Based Reusable Solvatochromic Organogel Sensors for Detecting Organic Solvents. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300542. [PMID: 38014607 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The visualization and analysis of organic solvents using fluorescent sensors are crucial, given their association with environmental safety and human health. Conventional fluorescent sensors are typically single-use sensors and they often require sophisticated measurement instruments, which limits their practical and diverse applications. Herein, we develop solvatochromic nitrogen and sulfur codoped carbon dots (NS-CDs)-based organogel sensors that display color changes in response to different solvents. NS-CDs are synthesized using a solvothermal method to produce monodispersed particles with exceptional solubility in various organic solvents. NS-CDs exhibit distinct photoluminescent emission spectra that correlate with the solvent polarity, and the solvent-dependent photoluminescent mechanism is investigated in detail. To highlight the potential application of solvatochromic NS-CDs, portable and low-cost NS-CDs-embedded organogel sensors are fabricated. These sensors exhibit highly robust solvatochromic performance despite repeated solvent switches, thus ensuring consistent and reliable measurements in practical applications. This study provides valuable insights into the solvatochromism of carbon dots and opens up new avenues for designing real-time organic solvent sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwajeong Jeong
- Electronic Convergence Materials and Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dae Park
- Electronic Convergence Materials and Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Myong Jae Yoo
- Electronic Convergence Materials and Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseung Yang
- Electronic Convergence Materials and Device Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
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4
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Alafeef M, Srivastava I, Aditya T, Pan D. Carbon Dots: From Synthesis to Unraveling the Fluorescence Mechanism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303937. [PMID: 37715112 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) being a new type of carbon-based nanomaterial have attracted intensive interest from researchers owing to their excellent biophysical properties. CDs are a class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials that have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional quantum dots and organic dyes in applications including bioimaging, sensing, and optoelectronics. CDs possess unique optical properties, such as tunable emission, facile synthesis, and low toxicity, making them attractive for many applications in biology, medicine, and environmental areas. The synthesis of CDs is achievable by a variety of methods, including bottom-up and top-down approaches, involving the use of different carbon sources and surface functionalization strategies. However, understanding the fluorescence mechanism of CDs remains a challenge. Various mechanistic models have been proposed to explain their origin of luminescence. This review summarizes the recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of CDs and provides an overview of the current understanding of the fluorescence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alafeef
- Bioengineering Department, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Indrajit Srivastava
- Bioengineering Department, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Teresa Aditya
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Bioengineering Department, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
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5
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Chen X, Wang Y, Peng C, Hu W, Wu Z, Xu W, Wu S, Luo Z, Suh YD, Atabaev TS, Li X, Liu X, Huang W. Pseudomorphic Synthesis of Monodisperse Afterglow Carbon Dot-Doped SiO 2 Microparticles for Photonic Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307198. [PMID: 37821358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing monodisperse afterglow microparticles (MPs) is crucial for creating photonic crystal (PC) platforms with multiple optical states for optoelectronics. However, achieving high uniformity in both size and morphology is challenging for inorganic afterglow MPs using conventional methods. In this contribution, a novel approach for the synthesis of carbon dot (CD)-doped SiO2 MPs with tunable afterglow properties and size distributions is reported. These mechanism studies suggest that the pseudomorphic transformation of SiO2 MPs enables CD doping, providing a hydrogen bond-enriched environment for triplet state stabilization, which generates green afterglow while retaining the uniformity in size and morphology of the parent SiO2 MPs. Furthermore, the utility of CD-doped SiO2 MPs in the fabrication of rationally designed PC patterns is shown using a combined consecutive dip-coating and laser-assisted etching strategy. The pattern displays multiple optical responses under different lighting conditions, including angle-dependent structural colors and blue luminescence under daylight and upon 365-nm irradiation, respectively, as well as time-dependent green afterglow after ceasing UV excitation. The findings pave the way for further controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emissions by PCs to enable complicated optical states for advanced photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2nd Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Zhongbin Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2nd Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Department of Chemistry and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of South Korea
| | - Timur Sh Atabaev
- Department of Chemistry, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Xiyan Li
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaowang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts &Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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6
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Yang M, Jin H, Gui R. Ag +-doped boron quantum dots with enhanced stability and fluorescence enabling versatile practicality in visual detection, sensing, imaging and photocatalytic degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 639:49-58. [PMID: 36804792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a metal-doping strategy was put forward to construct metal-doped borophene and the corresponding zero-dimensional boron. Through theoretical calculations, Ag+ acts as the optimal metal ions to prepare Ag+-doped borophene derived boron quantum dots (Ag-BQDs). As predicted theoretically, doping of Ag+ endows borophene with enhanced stability of electronic structures. The newly emerging Ag-BQDs were experimentally acquired from ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of bulk boron and solvothermal treatments. According to theoretical and experimental studies, the improved stability and fluorescence (FL) of Ag-BQDs are due to the formation of strong B-Ag bonding to competitively suppress B-O bonding. The function enables the maximal protection of borophene electronic structures from oxidization, destruction and reconfiguration. Because of Ag-BQDs with relatively higher colloidal and FL stability over BQDs, potential applications of Ag-BQDs were further explored in promising fields toward FL visualization in aqueous solutions and on filter paper, employed as a chemosensor of Fe3+ for FL sensing and visual detection at the solid/liquid phases, utilized for multiple FL bio-imaging at the levels of fresh plants, live animals and live cells of fresh plants, and applied to photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes and anticancer drug. Experimental results demonstrate excellent performances of Ag-BQDs in multiple applications, including versatile FL sensing and visual detection, unique multi-channel FL bio-imaging and visible-light-driven photodegradation of organic pollutants, toxic and harmful substances. This work can promote the development of metal-ion-doped low- dimensional nanomaterials with improved stability and FL properties for significant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Rijun Gui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, PR China.
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7
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Christopher Leslee DB, Madheswaran B, Gunasekaran J, Karuppannan S, Kuppannan SB. Iminobenzophenone-thiophen hydrazide schiff base: a selective turn on sensor for paramagnetic Fe 3+ ion and application in real sample analysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00422-4. [PMID: 37083995 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective turn-on sensor for paramagnetic Fe3+ ions based on (E)-N'-((2-aminophenyl)(phenyl)methylene)thiophene-2-carbohydrazide is successfully synthesized. The sensor BPTH is significantly selective and sensitive towards Fe3+ ions over other interfering metal ions especially Cu2+ and Co2+ ions with a lowest limit of recognition 1.48 × 10-7 M. The turn-on sensing mechanism involves enhanced charge transfer. Fe3+ ion forms strong binding with the ligand with a Ka value about 8.23 × 104 M-1 and a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio is confirmed by Job's plot experiment. With Fe3+ ion, the yellow ligand BPTH change to a green fluorescent and reversible with 1 equivalent of EDTA. Practical application of sensor is demonstrated in real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denzil Britto Christopher Leslee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Bharathi Madheswaran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Jayapratha Gunasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Sekar Karuppannan
- Department of Science and Humanities (Chemistry), Anna University, University College of Engineering, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624622, India
| | - Shanmuga Bharathi Kuppannan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India.
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8
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Mohandoss S, Ganesan S, Palanisamy S, You S, Velsankar K, Sudhahar S, Lo HM, Lee YR. Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus Co-doped carbon dots-based ratiometric chemosensor for highly selective sequential detection of Al 3+ and Fe 3+ ions in logic gate, cell imaging, and real sample analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137444. [PMID: 36462566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped photoluminescent (PL) carbon dots (CDs) have recently gained attention as optical sensors due to their excellent tunable properties. In this work, we propose a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of PL nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) co-doped carbon dots (NSP-CDs) using glutathione and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as precursors. The synthesized NSP-CDs were characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The NSP-CDs exhibited excellent PL properties with green emission at 492 nm upon excitation at 417 nm, a high quantum yield of 26.7%, and dependent emission behavior. The as-prepared NSP-CDs were spherical with a well-monodispersed average particle size of 5.2 nm. Moreover, NSP-CDs demonstrate high PL stability toward a wider pH, high salt ionic strength, and various solvents. Furthermore, the NSP-CDs showed a three-state "off-on-off" PL response upon the sequential addition of Al3+ and Fe3+ ions, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 10.8 nM for Al3+ and 50.7 nM for Fe3+. The NSP-CD sensor can construct an INHIBIT logic gate with Al3+ and Fe3+ ions as the chemical inputs and emissions as the output mode. Owing to an excellent tunable PL property and biocompatibility, the NSP-CDs were applied for sensing Al3+ and Fe3+ ions as well as live cell imaging. Furthermore, NSP-CDs were designed as PL sensors for detecting Al3+ and Fe3+ ions in real water show their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sivarasan Ganesan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Subramanian Palanisamy
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - K Velsankar
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Huang-Mu Lo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan.
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Hoang NM, Ngoc NTB, Thao LTP, Tran NA, Hanh DTM, Huong PTL, Dao QD, Tu LT, Nang HX, Dao VD. Experimental synthesis of dual-emission carbon dots: The role of reaction temperature. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Atchudan R, Perumal S, Edison TNJI, Sundramoorthy AK, Vinodh R, Sangaraju S, Kishore SC, Lee YR. Natural Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Obtained from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and Their Sensing Ability toward Heavy Metal Ions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:787. [PMID: 36679584 PMCID: PMC9865267 DOI: 10.3390/s23020787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chebulic Myrobalan is the main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation Triphala, which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions. Herein, natural nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NN-CDs) were prepared from the hydrothermal carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and were demonstrated to sense heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. Briefly, the NN-CDs were developed from Chebulic Myrobalan by a single-step hydrothermal carbonization approach under a mild temperature (200 °C) without any capping and passivation agents. They were then thoroughly characterized to confirm their structural and optical properties. The resulting NN-CDs had small particles (average diameter: 2.5 ± 0.5 nm) with a narrow size distribution (1-4 nm) and a relatable degree of graphitization. They possessed bright and durable fluorescence with excitation-dependent emission behaviors. Further, the as-synthesized NN-CDs were a good fluorometric sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. The NN-CDs showed sensitive and selective sensing platforms for Fe3+ ions; the detection limit was calculated to be 0.86 μM in the dynamic range of 5-25 μM of the ferric (Fe3+) ion concentration. Moreover, these NN-CDs could expand their application as a potential candidate for biomedical applications and offer a new method of hydrothermally carbonizing waste biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 143747, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ashok K. Sundramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Sambasivam Sangaraju
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Somasundaram Chandra Kishore
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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11
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Fan J, Kang L, Cheng X, Liu D, Zhang S. Biomass-Derived Carbon Dots and Their Sensing Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4473. [PMID: 36558326 PMCID: PMC9783293 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) can be widely used in the field of sensing because of its good water solubility, low toxicity, high fluorescence stability and excellent biocompatibility. It has become a popular trend to prepare high-value, inexpensive, renewable and environmentally friendly CDs sensors from biomass resources. This article reviewed the research progress of biomass-derived CDs as chemical, physical and biological sensors in recent years and studied their preparation processes and sensing abilities. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of biomass-CDs sensors were discussed. This article is expected to provide inspirations for the design, preparation and application of biomass-CDs sensors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Textile and Clothing, Shaanxi Polytechnic Institute, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Lei Kang
- School of Surveying & Testing, Shaanxi Railway Institute, Weinan 714000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Textile and Clothing, Shaanxi Polytechnic Institute, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Textile and Clothing, Shaanxi Polytechnic Institute, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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12
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Issa MA, Zentou H, Jabbar ZH, Abidin ZZ, Harun H, Halim NAA, Alkhabet MM, Pudza MY. Ecofriendly adsorption and sensitive detection of Hg (II) by biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots: process modelling using central composite design. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86859-86872. [PMID: 35802332 PMCID: PMC9264744 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, luminescent bio-adsorbent nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) was produced and applied for the removal and detection of Hg (II) from aqueous media. N-CDs were synthesized from oil palm empty fruit bunch carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and urea. According to several analytical techniques used, the obtained N-CDs display graphitic core with an average size of 4.2 nm, are enriched with active sites, stable over a wide range of pH and have great resistance to photobleaching. The N-CDs have bright blue emission with an improved quantum yield (QY) of up to 35.5%. The effect of the variables including pH, adsorbent mass, initial concentration and incubation time on the removal of Hg (II) was investigated using central composite design. The statistical results confirmed that the adsorption process could reach equilibrium within 30 min. The reduced cubic model (R2 = 0.9989) revealed a good correlation between the observed values and predicted data. The optimal variables were pH of 7, dose of 0.1 g, initial concentration of 100 mg/L and duration of 30 min. Under these conditions, adsorption efficiency of 84.6% was obtained. The adsorption kinetic data could be well expressed by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The optimal adsorption capacity was 116.3 mg g-1. Furthermore, the adsorbent has a good selectivity towards Hg (II) with a detection limit of 0.01 μM due to the special interaction between Hg (II) and carboxyl/amino groups on the edge of N-CDs. This work provided an alternative direction for constructing low-cost adsorbents with effective sorption and sensing of Hg (II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdullah Issa
- Department of Oil and Gas Economics, College of Administrative and Financial Sciences, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hamid Zentou
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaid H Jabbar
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zurina Z Abidin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haninah Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Amirah Abdul Halim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed M Alkhabet
- Medical Instrumentation Technical Engineering, Al-Rasheed University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Musa Y Pudza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Sudewi S, Li CH, Dayalan S, Zulfajri M, Sashankh PVS, Huang GG. Enhanced fluorescent iron oxide quantum dots for rapid and interference free recognizing lysine in dairy products. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121453. [PMID: 35667139 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple, easy and selective method for sensing lysine in an acidic medium was developed based on fluorescent iron oxide quantum dots (IO QDs). IO QDs using the hydrothermal method were prepared with different conditions (concentration of NPs, amount of citric acid, heating time, heating temperature, and total volume in the hydrothermal reactor) where iron oxide nanoparticles (IO NPs) were used as the starting materials. TEM, FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrometry, fluorescence spectrometry, Powder XRD, VSM were used to characterize the as-prepared IO QDs. The surface of the IO QDs contained -OH, -COO-, and other functional groups that acted as a bridge to bind the IO QDs nanoprobe with the surrounding analytes. Under acidic conditions (pH 3.0), IO QDs exhibited a rapid and interference-free fluorescence enhancement behavior after adding lysine within 2 min at room temperature, whereas other amino acids had no effect on IO QDs fluorescence. Therefore, the IO QDs prepared in this study have shown potential in lysine sensing applications. The results showed that the relative FL intensity was linear with lysine concentration in the range of 1-100 μM and had a detection limit of 0.66 μM. This proposed method has high selectivity for lysine over other amino acids, and the developed methods were used in real sample with good recoveries. Under relatively acidic conditions, a specific and fast lysine interaction was observed, resulting in the successful of IO QDs as the fluorescent probe for rapid and interference-free lysine assessment in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Sudewi
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sandhiya Dayalan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Zulfajri
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23245, Indonesia
| | | | - Genin Gary Huang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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14
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Harun NH, Zainal Abidin Z, Majid UA, Abdul Hamid MR, Abdullah AH, Othaman R, Harun MY. Adopting Sustainable Jatropha Oil Bio-Based Polymer Membranes as Alternatives for Environmental Remediation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163325. [PMID: 36015582 PMCID: PMC9416055 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the removal of Cu(II) ions from an aqueous solution using a Jatropha oil bio-based membrane blended with 0.50 wt% graphene oxide (JPU/GO 0.50 wt%) using a central composite model (CCD) design using response surface methodology. The input factors were the feed concentration (60–140) ppm, pressure (1.5–2.5) bar, and solution pH value (3–5). An optimum Cu(II) ions removal of 87% was predicted at 116 ppm feed concentration, 1.5 bar pressure, and pH 3.7, while the validated experimental result recorded 80% Cu(II) ions removal, with 95% of prediction intervals. A statistically non-significant term was removed from the analysis by the backward elimination method to improve the model’s accuracy. Using the reduction method, the predicted R2 value was increased from −0.16 (−16%) to 0.88 (88%), suggesting that the reduced model had a good predictive ability. The quadratic regression model was significant (R2 = 0.98) for the optimization prediction. Therefore, the results from the reduction model implied acceptable membrane performance, offering a better process optimization for Cu(II) ions removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Haninah Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Umar Adam Majid
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Rezi Abdul Hamid
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Rizafizah Othaman
- Department of Chemical Science and Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Harun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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15
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Kirbas Cilingir E, Sankaran M, Garber JM, Vallejo FA, Bartoli M, Tagliaferro A, Vanni S, Graham RM, Leblanc RM. Surface modification of carbon nitride dots by nanoarchitectonics for better drug loading and higher cancer selectivity. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9686-9701. [PMID: 35766148 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Dots (CDs) have recently attracted a considerable amount of attention thanks to their well-documented biocompatibility, tunable photoluminescence, and excellent water solubility. However, CDs need further analysis before their potential use in clinical trials. Previously, we reported a new type of carbon nitride dot (CND) that displayed selective cancer uptake traits attributed to structural resemblances between CNDs and glutamine. Here, the effects of surface structural differences on the cellular uptake of CNDs are further investigated to understand their selective cancer cell uptake trend. Beyond enhanced drug loading on modified CNDs, our cytotoxicity, western blotting and bioimaging studies proposed that modified CNDs' cellular uptake mechanism is thoroughly linked with ASCT2 and LAT1 transporters. Therefore, CNDs have a promising trait of selective cancer cell targeting by utilizing highly expressed transporters on cancer cells. Additionally, drug loaded CNDs exhibited improved anti-cancer efficacies towards cancer cells along with good non-tumor biocompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kirbas Cilingir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
| | - Meghana Sankaran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Jordan M Garber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
| | - Frederic Anthony Vallejo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- University of Miami Brain Tumor Initiative, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
| | | | - Steven Vanni
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- HCA Florida University Hospital, 3476 S University Dr., Davie, FL 33328, USA
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314-7796, USA
| | - Regina M Graham
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- University of Miami Brain Tumor Initiative, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1475 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
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16
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Dual Fluorometric Detection of Fe 3+ and Hg 2+ Ions in an Aqueous Medium Using Carbon Quantum Dots as a "Turn-off" Fluorescence Sensor. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1143-1154. [PMID: 35318547 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a carbon dots-based fluorescence (FL) sensor that can detect more than one pollutant simultaneously in the same aqueous solution. The carbon dots-based FL sensor has been prepared by employing a facile hydrothermal method using citric acid and ethylenediamine as precursors. The as-synthesized CDs displayed excellent hydrophilicity, good photostability and blue fluorescence under UV light. They have been used as an efficient "turn-off" FL sensor for dual sensing of Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions in an aqueous medium with high sensitivity and selectivity through a static quenching mechanism. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) for Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions was found to be 0.406 µM and 0.934 µM, respectively over the concentration range of 0-50 µM. Therefore, the present work provides an effective strategy to monitor the concentration of Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions simultaneously in an aqueous medium using environment-friendly CDs.
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17
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Rodwihok C, Tam TV, Choi WM, Suwannakaew M, Woo SW, Wongratanaphisan D, Kim HS. Preparation and Characterization of Photoluminescent Graphene Quantum Dots from Watermelon Rind Waste for the Detection of Ferric Ions and Cellular Bio-Imaging Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040702. [PMID: 35215030 PMCID: PMC8878562 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized using watermelon rind waste as a photoluminescent (PL) agent for ferric ion (Fe3+) detection and in vitro cellular bio-imaging. A green and simple one-pot hydrothermal technique was employed to prepare the GQDs. Their crystalline structures corresponded to the lattice fringe of graphene, possessing amide, hydroxyl, and carboxyl functional groups. The GQDs exhibited a relatively high quantum yield of approximately 37%. Prominent blue emission under UV excitation and highly selective PL quenching for Fe3+ were observed. Furthermore, Fe3+ could be detected at concentrations as low as 0.28 μM (limit of detection), allowing for high sensitivity toward Fe3+ detection in tap and drinking water samples. In the bio-imaging experiment, the GQDs exhibited a low cytotoxicity for the HeLa cells, and they were clearly illuminated at an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. These results can serve as the basis for developing an environment-friendly, simple, and cost-effective approach of using food waste by converting them into photoluminescent nanomaterials for the detection of metal ions in field water samples and biological cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Rodwihok
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (C.R.); (M.S.); (S.W.W.)
| | - Tran Van Tam
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44160, Korea; (T.V.T.); (W.M.C.)
| | - Won Mook Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44160, Korea; (T.V.T.); (W.M.C.)
| | - Mayulee Suwannakaew
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (C.R.); (M.S.); (S.W.W.)
| | - Sang Woon Woo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (C.R.); (M.S.); (S.W.W.)
| | - Duangmanee Wongratanaphisan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Han S. Kim
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (C.R.); (M.S.); (S.W.W.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Dual-emitter polymer carbon dots with spectral selection towards nanomolar detection of iron and aluminum ions. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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19
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Hashemi N, Mousazadeh MH. Green synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots derived from red beetroot as a selective probe for Pd2+ detection. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Xie H, Li Z, Gong J, Hu L, Alam P, Ji X, Hu Y, Chau JHC, Lam JWY, Kwok RTK, Tang BZ. Phototriggered Aggregation-Induced Emission and Direct Generation of 4D Soft Patterns. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105113. [PMID: 34605067 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic control of macroscopic phenomena is one of the core subjects in materials science. Particularly, the spatio-temporal control of material behaviors through a non-contact way is of fundamental importance but is difficult to accomplish. Herein, a strategy to realize remote spatio-temporal control of luminescence behaviors is reported. A multi-arm salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone-based aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)/metal-ion system, of which the fluorescence can be gated by the UV irradiation with time dependency, is developed. By changing the metal-ion species, the fluorescence emission and the intensity can also be tuned. The mechanism of the UV-mediated fluorescence change is investigated, and it is revealed that a phototriggered aggregation-induced emission (PTAIE) process contributes to the behaviors. The AIEgen is further covalently integrated into a polymeric network and the formed gel/metal-ion system can achieve laser-mediated mask-free writing enabled by the PTAIE process. Moreover, by further taking advantage of the time-dependent self-healing property of hydrazone-based dynamic covalent bond, transformable 4D soft patterns are generated. The findings and the strategy increase the ways to manipulate molecules on the supramolecule or aggregate level. They also show opportunities for the development of controllable smart materials and expand the scope of the materials in advanced optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junyi Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lianrui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Parvej Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Joe H C Chau
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Aggregate Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, 518172, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, and Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission (Guangzhou International Campus), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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21
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Kamali SR, Chen CN, Agrawal DC, Wei TH. Sulfur-doped carbon dots synthesis under microwave irradiation as turn-off fluorescent sensor for Cr(III). J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study synthesized a facile and high sensitive fluorescent probe based on sulfur-doped carbon dots (S-CDs) using a one-step microwave irradiation method. The probe exhibited a strong blue emission and a high quantum yield (QY) of 36.40%. In the detection, the presence of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) strongly quenched the PL intensity of S-CDs by the inner filter effect (IFE) quenching mechanism of Cr(III) on the S-CDs. The S-CDs exhibited good sensitivity to turn-off Cr(III) detection with a linear range concentration of 0–45 μM and a detection limit of 0.17 μM. Furthermore, the proposed method has been successfully applied for Cr(III) detection in natural water samples with the 93.68–106.20% recoveries.
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22
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Qureashi A, Pandith AH, Bashir A, Malik LA. Biomass-derived carbon quantum dots: a novel and sustainable fluorescent "ON-OFF-ON" sensor for ferric ions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:4756-4766. [PMID: 34559168 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dot sensing probes have attracted much attention in recent times due to their amazing properties regarding chemical inertness, solubility, non-toxicity, optoelectronic behavior, and charge transport functionality. Herein, we report the green synthesis of lotus stem-derived carbon dots (LS-CQDs) from the naturally available lotus stem by a simple and economical hydrothermal method without the use of an oxidizing agent. HR-TEM and DLS measurements confirm the quasi-spherical shaped LS-CQDs, with a 2.5 nm average diameter. The LS-CQDs possess better aqueous dispersibility and stability due to the presence of hydrophilic hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine surface functional groups, as manifested by FT-IR analysis. The LS-CQDs demonstrate excellent fluorescence properties that are sensitive to conditions of pH, time, and temperature. Furthermore, the prepared LS-CQDs display an interesting fluorescence "ON-OFF-ON" property. The LS-CQDs depict a selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching response in the presence of ferric ions. Moreover, the prepared LS-CQDs exhibit a quantum yield of about 0.44%. The LS-CQDs show an excellent sensing response with the limit of detection (LOD) equal to 0.212 ppm. The promising sensitivity and selectivity of LS-CQDs were utilized for the detection of ferric ions in the water samples collected from three polluted sources viz. lake water (Dal lake), underground water (tube well), and stream water. For all the collected water samples the results were reasonably good with the achievement of recovery factor above 1. Therefore, we strongly believe that the present study will serve as a good guiding star for the selective and sensitive detection of ferric ions from various polluted water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaliya Qureashi
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Quantum Computations, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
| | - Altaf Hussain Pandith
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Quantum Computations, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
| | - Arshid Bashir
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Quantum Computations, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
| | - Lateef Ahmad Malik
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Quantum Computations, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, J&K, India.
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23
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Preparation of Multifunctional N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots from Citrus clementina Peel: Investigating Targeted Pharmacological Activities and the Potential Application for Fe 3+ Sensing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090857. [PMID: 34577557 PMCID: PMC8465261 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently emerged as innovative theranostic nanomaterials, enabling fast and effective diagnosis and treatment. In this study, a facile hydrothermal approach for N-doped biomass-derived CQDs preparation from Citrus clementina peel and amino acids glycine (Gly) and arginine (Arg) has been presented. The gradual increase in the N-dopant (amino acids) nitrogen content increased the quantum yield of synthesized CQDs. The prepared CQDs exhibited good biocompatibility, stability in aqueous, and high ionic strength media, similar optical properties, while differences were observed regarding the structural and chemical diversity, and biological and antioxidant activity. The antiproliferative effect of CQD@Gly against pancreatic cancer cell lines (CFPAC-1) was observed. At the same time, CQD@Arg has demonstrated the highest quantum yield and antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging radical method of 81.39 ± 0.39% and has been further used for the ion sensing and cellular imaging of cancer cells. The obtained results have demonstrated selective response toward Fe3+ detection, with linear response ranging from 7.0 µmol dm−3 to 50.0 µmol dm−3 with R2 = 0.9931 and limit of detection (LOD) of 4.57 ± 0.27 µmol dm−3. This research could be a good example of sustainable biomass waste utilization with potential for biomedical analysis and ion sensing applications.
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24
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Nadgir A, Sidarai AH. Photophysical Investigation of a Benzimidazole Derivative and Its Applications in Selective Detection of Fe 3+, Thermosensing and Logic Gates. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1503-1512. [PMID: 34287763 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence based applications such as chemosensing of Fe3+ ion, temperature sensing, NOR-gate molecular logic operations, and fluorescent ink were achieved using an expired medicine namely Pantoprazole (sensor1) which is a derivative of benzimidazole class. The phenomenon of quenching was a basic principle used in sensing Fe3+. We found that there was a combined effect of dynamic and static processes in quenching of fluorescence of sensor1. To confirm the selectiveness of sensor1, we performed interference experiments with other metal ions. There was no interference between these metal ions and Fe3+. The low LOD value of 1.032 µM suggested that the molecule is highly sensitive towards Fe3+. A high quantum yield of 8.087% increased the possibility of using sensor1 for light applications. There was a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio between sensor1 and Fe3+. The FTIR data analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups S = O, C-O-C, etc. The average particle size found with the DLS method was 130.5 nm. The zeta potential of -12.7 mV indicated that sensor1 is quite stable in solution form. For logic gate application EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid) and Fe3+ were considered as inputs and fluorescence intensity was taken as an output. In thermal sensing application, the high value of activation energy i.e. 908 meV and relative sensitivity of 1.2% 0C-1 affirmed that sensor1 can be used for thermal applications. The sensor1 was also apt for fluorescent ink application. Hence this investigation deduced that sensor1 can be a potential candidate for such applications over other conventional synthesized fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Nadgir
- Department of Studies in Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Ashok H Sidarai
- Department of Studies in Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.
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25
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An Overview of the Recent Developments in Carbon Quantum Dots—Promising Nanomaterials for Metal Ion Detection and (Bio)Molecule Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) represent an emerging subset of carbonaceous nanomaterials, recently becoming a powerful tool for biosensing, bioimaging, and drug and gene delivery. In general, carbon dots are defined as zero-dimensional (0D), spherical-like nanoparticles with <10 nm in size. Their unique chemical, optical, and electronic properties make CQDs versatile materials for a wide spectrum of applications, mainly for the sensing and biomedical purposes. Due to their good biocompatibility, water solubility, and relatively facile modification, these novel materials have attracted tremendous interest in recent years, which is especially important for nanotechnology and nanoscience expertise. The preparation of the biomass-derived CQDs has attracted growing interest recently due to their low-cost, renewable, and green biomass resources, presenting also the variability of possible modification for the enhancement of CQDs’ properties. This review is primarily focused on the recent developments in carbon dots and their application in the sensing of different chemical species within the last five years. Furthermore, special emphasis has been made regarding the green approaches for obtaining CQDs and nanomaterial characterization toward better understanding the mechanisms of photoluminescent behavior and sensing performance. In addition, some of the challenges and future outlooks in CQDs research have been briefly outlined.
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26
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Sagar P, Gupta GK, Srivastava M, Srivastava A, Srivastava SK. Tagetes erecta as an organic precursor: synthesis of highly fluorescent CQDs for the micromolar tracing of ferric ions in human blood serum. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19924-19934. [PMID: 35479259 PMCID: PMC9033680 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01571k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article illustrates the green synthesis of novel carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from biomass viz. Tagetes erecta (TE), and subsequently fabrication of a metal ion probe for the sensing of Fe3+ in real samples. TE-derived CQDs (TE-CQDs) have been synthesized by a facile, eco-friendly, bottom-up hydrothermal approach using TE as a carbon source. The successful synthesis and proper phase formation of the envisaged material has been confirmed by various characterization techniques (Raman, XRD, XPS, TEM, and EDS). Notably, the green synthesized TE-CQDs show biocompatibility, good solubility in aqueous media, and non-toxicity. The as-synthesized TE-CQDs show an intense photoluminescence peak at 425 nm and exhibit excitation dependent photoluminescence behavior. The proposed TE-CQD-based probe offers a remarkable fluorescence (FL) quenching for Fe3+ with high selectivity (Kq ∼ 10.022 × 1013 M−1 s−1) and a sensitive/rapid response in a linear concentration range 0–90 μM (regression coefficient R2 ∼ 0.99) for the detection of Fe3+. The limit of detection (LOD) of the probe for Fe3+ has been found as 0.37 μM in the standard solution. It has further been applied for the detection of Fe3+ in real samples (human blood serum) and displays good performance with LOD ∼ 0.36 μM. The proposed TE-CQD-based ion sensing probe has potential prospects to be used effectively in biological studies and clinical diagnosis. TE-CQDs synthesized via the hydrothermal method for the detection of Fe3+ in HBS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Sagar
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India 221005
| | - Gopal Krishna Gupta
- Department of Physics, TDPG College, VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur India 222001
| | - Monika Srivastava
- School of Materials Science and Technology, IIT (BHU) Varanasi India 221005
| | - Amit Srivastava
- Department of Physics, TDPG College, VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur India 222001
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India 221005
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27
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Ludmerczki R, Malfatti L, Stagi L, Meloni M, Carbonaro CM, Casula MF, Bogdán D, Mura S, Mándity IM, Innocenzi P. Polymerization-Driven Photoluminescence in Alkanolamine-Based C-Dots. Chemistry 2021; 27:2543-2550. [PMID: 33196126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), a peculiar type of carbon dots, show extremely high quantum yields, making them very attractive nanostructures for application in optics and biophotonics. The origin of the strong photoluminescence of CPDs resides in a complicated interplay of several radiative mechanisms. To understand the correlation between CPD processing and properties, the early stage formation of carbonized polymer dots has been studied. In the synthesis, citric acid monohydrate and 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol have been thermally degraded at 180 °C. The use of an oil bath instead of a more traditional hydrothermal reactor has allowed the CPD properties to be monitored at different reactions times. Transmission electron microscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy have revealed the formation of polymeric species with amide and ester bonds. Quantum chemistry calculations have been employed to investigate the origin of CPD electronic transitions. At short reaction times, amorphous C-dots with 80 % quantum yield, have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ludmerczki
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Manuela Meloni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, sp 8, km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- DIMCM-Department of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, INSTM, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dóra Bogdán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre St. 7, 1092, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefania Mura
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - István M Mándity
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre St. 7, 1092, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Plinio Innocenzi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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