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Vinodh R, Kalanur SS, Natarajan SK, Pollet BG. Recent Advancements of Polymeric Membranes in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer (AEMWE): A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092144. [PMID: 37177289 PMCID: PMC10181302 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Water electrolysis coupled with renewable energy is one of the principal methods for producing green hydrogen (or renewable hydrogen). Among the different electrolysis technologies, the evolving anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) shows the utmost promise for the manufacture of green hydrogen in an inexpensive way. In the present review, we highlight the most current and noteworthy achievements of AEMWE, which include the advancements in increasing the polymer anionic conductivity, understanding the mechanism of degradation of AEM, and the design of the electrocatalyst. The important issues affecting the AEMWE behaviour are highlighted, and future constraints and openings are also discussed. Furthermore, this review provides strategies for producing dynamic and robust AEMWE electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Shankara Sharanappa Kalanur
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Sadesh Kumar Natarajan
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
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Gopi CVVM, Ramesh R, Vinodh R, Alzahmi S, Obaidat IM. Facile Synthesis of Battery-Type CuMn 2O 4 Nanosheet Arrays on Ni Foam as an Efficient Binder-Free Electrode Material for High-Rate Supercapacitors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1125. [PMID: 36986018 PMCID: PMC10058770 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of battery-type electrode materials with hierarchical nanostructures has recently gained considerable attention in high-rate hybrid supercapacitors. For the first time, in the present study novel hierarchical CuMn2O4 nanosheet arrays (NSAs) nanostructures are developed using a one-step hydrothermal route on a nickel foam substrate and utilized as an enhanced battery-type electrode material for supercapacitors without the need of binders or conducting polymer additives. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques are used to study the phase, structural, and morphological characteristics of the CuMn2O4 electrode. SEM and TEM studies show that CuMn2O4 exhibits a nanosheet array morphology. According to the electrochemical data, CuMn2O4 NSAs give a Faradic battery-type redox activity that differs from the behavior of carbon-related materials (such as activated carbon, reduced graphene oxide, graphene, etc.). The battery-type CuMn2O4 NSAs electrode showed an excellent specific capacity of 125.56 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 with a remarkable rate capability of 84.1%, superb cycling stability of 92.15% over 5000 cycles, good mechanical stability and flexibility, and low internal resistance at the interface of electrode and electrolyte. Due to their excellent electrochemical properties, high-performance CuMn2O4 NSAs-like structures are prospective battery-type electrodes for high-rate supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandu V. V. Muralee Gopi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - R. Ramesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Salem Alzahmi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ihab M. Obaidat
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Atchudan R, Perumal S, Edison TNJI, Sundramoorthy AK, Vinodh R, Sangaraju S, Kishore SC, Lee YR. Natural Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Obtained from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and Their Sensing Ability toward Heavy Metal Ions. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:787. [PMID: 36679584 PMCID: PMC9865267 DOI: 10.3390/s23020787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chebulic Myrobalan is the main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation Triphala, which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions. Herein, natural nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NN-CDs) were prepared from the hydrothermal carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and were demonstrated to sense heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. Briefly, the NN-CDs were developed from Chebulic Myrobalan by a single-step hydrothermal carbonization approach under a mild temperature (200 °C) without any capping and passivation agents. They were then thoroughly characterized to confirm their structural and optical properties. The resulting NN-CDs had small particles (average diameter: 2.5 ± 0.5 nm) with a narrow size distribution (1-4 nm) and a relatable degree of graphitization. They possessed bright and durable fluorescence with excitation-dependent emission behaviors. Further, the as-synthesized NN-CDs were a good fluorometric sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. The NN-CDs showed sensitive and selective sensing platforms for Fe3+ ions; the detection limit was calculated to be 0.86 μM in the dynamic range of 5-25 μM of the ferric (Fe3+) ion concentration. Moreover, these NN-CDs could expand their application as a potential candidate for biomedical applications and offer a new method of hydrothermally carbonizing waste biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 143747, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ashok K. Sundramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Sambasivam Sangaraju
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Somasundaram Chandra Kishore
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Yoon JH, Jinsoo B, Cho I, Vinodh R, Pollet BG, Babu RS, Kim HJ, Kim S. Novel Supercapacitor Electrode Derived from One Dimensional Cerium Hydrogen Phosphate (1D-Ce(HPO 4) 2.xH 2O). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227691. [PMID: 36431792 PMCID: PMC9694725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we are reporting for the first time one dimensional (1D) cerium hydrogen phosphate (Ce(HPO4)2.xH2O) electrode material for supercapacitor application. In short, a simple hydrothermal technique was employed to prepare Ce(HPO4)2.xH2O. The maximum surface area of 82 m2 g-1 was obtained from nitrogen sorption isotherm. SEM images revealed Ce(HPO4)2.xH2O exhibited a nanorod-like structure along with particles and clusters. The maximum specific capacitance of 114 F g-1 was achieved at 0.2 A g-1 current density for Ce(HPO4)/NF electrode material in a three-electrode configuration. Furthermore, the fabricated symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) based on Ce(HPO4)2.xH2O//Ce(HPO4)2.xH2O demonstrates reasonable specific energy (2.08 Wh kg-1), moderate specific power (499.88 W kg-1), and outstanding cyclic durability (retains 92.7% of its initial specific capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Bak Jinsoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Inho Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Bruno G. Pollet
- Green Hydrogen Lab (GH2Lab), Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Rajendran Suresh Babu
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physics, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Av. Maracanã Campus 229, Rio de Janeiro 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sungshin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (S.K.)
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Atchudan R, Perumal S, Jebakumar Immanuel Edison TN, Aldawood S, Vinodh R, Sundramoorthy AK, Ghodake G, Lee YR. Facile synthesis of novel molybdenum disulfide decorated banana peel porous carbon electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135712. [PMID: 35843438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is one of the cleanest renewable and environmentally friendly energy resource that can be generated through water splitting. However, hydrogen evolution occurs at high overpotential, and efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts are desired to replace state-of-the-art catalysts such as platinum. In the present work, a novel molybdenum disulfide decorated banana peel porous carbon (MoS2@BPPC) catalyst has been developed using banana peel carbon and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Banana peel porous carbon (BPPC) was initially synthesized from the banana peel (biowaste) by a simple carbonization method. Subsequently, 20 wt% of bare MoS2 was distributed on the pristine BPPC matrix using the dry-impregnation method. The resulting MoS2@BPPC composites were systematically investigated to determine the morphology and structure. Finally, using a three-electrode cell system, pristine BPPC, bare MoS2, and MoS2@BPPC composite were used as HER electrocatalysts. The developed MoS2@BPPC composite showed greater HER activity and possessed excellent stability in the acid solution, including an overpotential of 150 mV at a current density of -10 mA cm-2, and a Tafel slope of 51 mV dec-1. This Tafel study suggests that the HER takes place by Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism with a rate-determining Heyrovsky step. The excellent electrochemical performance of MoS2@BPPC composite for HER can be ascribed to its unique porous nanoarchitecture. Further, due to the synergetic effect between MoS2 and porous carbon. The HER activity using the MoS2@BPPC electrode advises that the prepared catalyst may hold great promise for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | | | - S Aldawood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, P.O. BOX 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gajanan Ghodake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Atchudan R, Perumal S, Edison TNJI, Albasher G, Sundramoorthy AK, Vinodh R, Lee YR. Lotus-biowaste derived sulfur/nitrogen-codoped porous carbon as an eco-friendly electrocatalyst for clean energy harvesting. Environ Res 2022; 214:113910. [PMID: 35870499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent research is focused on biomass-derived porous carbon materials for energy harvesting (hydrogen evolution reaction) because of their cost-effective synthesis, enriched with heteroatoms, lightweight, and stable properties. Here, the synthesis of porous carbon (PC) materials from lotus seedpod (LP) and lotus stem (LS) is reported by the pyrolysis method. The porous and graphitic structure of the prepared LP-PC and LS-PC materials were confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. Heteroatoms in LP-PC and LS-PC materials were investigated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specific surface area of LP-PC and LS-PC were calculated as 457 and 313 m2 g-1, respectively. Nitrogen and sulfur enriched LP-PC and LS-PC materials were found to be effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions. LP-PC catalyst showed a very low overpotential of 111 mV with the Tafel slope of 69 mV dec-1, and LS-PC catalyst achieved a Tafel slope of 85 mV dec-1 with a low overpotential of 135 mV. This work is expected to be extended for the development of biomass as a sustainable porous carbon electrocatalyst with a tunable structure, elements, and electronic properties. Furthermore, preparing carbon materials from the biowaste and applying clean energy harvesting might reduce environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143747, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Gadah Albasher
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn KS, Vinodh R, Pollet BG, Babu RS, Ramkumar V, Kim SC, Krishnakumar K, Kim HJ. A High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor Consists of Binder Free Electrode Materials of Bimetallic Hydrogen Phosphate (MnCo(HPO4)) Hexagonal Tubes and Graphene ink. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vinodh R, Babu RS, Sambasivam S, Gopi CVVM, Alzahmi S, Kim HJ, de Barros ALF, Obaidat IM. Recent Advancements of Polyaniline/Metal Organic Framework (PANI/MOF) Composite Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications: A Critical Review. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12091511. [PMID: 35564227 PMCID: PMC9105330 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Supercapacitors (SCs), also known as ultracapacitors, should be one of the most promising contenders for meeting the needs of human viable growth owing to their advantages: for example, excellent capacitance and rate efficiency, extended durability, and cheap materials price. Supercapacitor research on electrode materials is significant because it plays a vital part in the performance of SCs. Polyaniline (PANI) is an exceptional candidate for energy-storage applications owing to its tunable structure, multiple oxidation/reduction reactions, cheap price, environmental stability, and ease of handling. With their exceptional morphology, suitable functional linkers, metal sites, and high specific surface area, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are outstanding materials for electrodes fabrication in electrochemical energy storage systems. The combination of PANI and MOF (PANI/MOF composites) as electrode materials demonstrates additional benefits, which are worthy of exploration. The positive impacts of the two various electrode materials can improve the resultant electrochemical performances. Recently, these kinds of conducting polymers with MOFs composites are predicted to become the next-generation electrode materials for the development of efficient and well-organized SCs. The recent achievements in the use of PANI/MOFs-based electrode materials for supercapacitor applications are critically reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, we discuss the existing issues with PANI/MOF composites and their analogues in the field of supercapacitor electrodes in addition to potential future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Rajendran Suresh Babu
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physics, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso suckow da Fonesca, Av. Maracanã Campus 229, Rio de Janeiro 20271-110, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.L.F.d.B.)
| | - Sangaraju Sambasivam
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Chandu V. V. Muralee Gopi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Salem Alzahmi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (H.-J.K.); (I.M.O.)
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (H.-J.K.); (I.M.O.)
| | - Ana Lucia Ferreira de Barros
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physics, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso suckow da Fonesca, Av. Maracanã Campus 229, Rio de Janeiro 20271-110, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.L.F.d.B.)
| | - Ihab M. Obaidat
- Department of Physics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (H.-J.K.); (I.M.O.)
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Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Perumal S, Vinodh R, Sundramoorthy AK, Babu RS, Lee YR. Morus nigra-derived hydrophilic carbon dots for the highly selective and sensitive detection of ferric ion in aqueous media and human colon cancer cell imaging. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Atchudan R, Jebakumar Immanuel Edison TN, Perumal S, Vinodh R, Babu RS, Sundramoorthy AK, Renita AA, Lee YR. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials using waste biomass for energy storage applications. Chemosphere 2022; 289:133225. [PMID: 34896173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple, low-cost, and green route for the preparation of lotus carbon (LC) materials using lotus parts including leaves, flowers, fruits (seed pods), and stems as a renewable precursor is reported. Different porous carbons, leaf-carbon (LF-carbon), flower-carbon (FL-carbon), fruit-carbon (FR-carbon), and stem-carbon (ST-carbon) were synthesized from different parts of the lotus plant by simple carbonization method. The as-synthesized LC materials were well-characterized by many techniques such as electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, X-ray diffraction, and BET-surface area analysis. These techniques confirmed the porous structure of LC materials and the existence of heteroatoms in the prepared LC materials. The mesoporous structure of LC materials suggested employing it for the supercapacitor applications. The obtained FR-Carbon exhibits a high specific capacitance of 160 F/g in a three-electrode system in an aqueous 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte with a high rate performance of 52% retention from 0.5 to 5.0 A/g with good cycling stability of 95%. These results indicate that the porous carbon derived from lotus fruits is a potential electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Suguna Perumal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendran Suresh Babu
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physics, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica, Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), Av. Maracanã 229, Rio de Janeiro, 20271-110, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Sundramoorthy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Annam Renita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Vinodh R, Atchudan R, Kim HJ, Yi M. Recent Advancements in Polysulfone Based Membranes for Fuel Cell (PEMFCs, DMFCs and AMFCs) Applications: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:300. [PMID: 35054706 PMCID: PMC8777856 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ion electrolyte membranes (IEMs) preparation and properties have attracted fabulous attention in fuel cell usages owing to its high ionic conductivity and chemical resistance. Currently, perfluorinatedsulfonicacid (PFSA) membrane has been widely employed in the membrane industry in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs); however, NafionTM suffers reduced proton conductivity at a higher temperature, requiring noble metal catalyst (Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru), and catalyst poisoning by CO. Non-fluorinated polymers are a promising substitute. Polysulfone (PSU) is an aromatic polymer with excellent characteristics that have attracted membrane scientists in recent years. The present review provides an up-to-date development of PSU based electrolyte membranes and its composites for PEMFCs, alkaline membrane fuel cells (AMFCs), and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) application. Various fillers encapsulated in the PEM/AEM moiety are appraised according to their preliminary characteristics and their plausible outcome on PEMFC/DMFC/AMFC. The key issues associated with enhancing the ionic conductivity and chemical stability have been elucidated as well. Furthermore, this review addresses the current tasks, and forthcoming directions are briefly summarized of PEM/AEMs for PEMFCs, DMFCs, AMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Raji Atchudan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Moonsuk Yi
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
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Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Mani S, Perumal S, Vinodh R, Thirunavukkarasu S, Lee YR. Facile synthesis of a novel nitrogen-doped carbon dot adorned zinc oxide composite for photodegradation of methylene blue. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17725-17736. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon dot decorated zinc oxide nanoparticles were successfully fabricated by an economical wet-impregnation method and used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of aqueous methylene blue dye under UV-light at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shanmugam Mani
- Department of Science and Humanities
- Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
- Hyderabad 500043
- India
| | - Suguna Perumal
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Somanathan Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Vels Institute of Science
- Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS)
- Chennai – 600117
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 38541
- Republic of Korea
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Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Perumal S, Vinodh R, Lee YR. Betel-derived nitrogen-doped multicolor carbon dots for environmental and biological applications. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Atchudan R, Edison TNJI, Perumal S, Thirukumaran P, Vinodh R, Lee YR. Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanograss for supercapacitors. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Vinodh R, Rana PJS, Muralee Gopi CVV, Yang Z, Atchudan R, Venkatachalam K, Kim H. Polyaniline–13X zeolite composite‐supported platinum electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cell applications. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPusan National University, Busandaehak‐ro 63 beon‐gil, Geumjeong‐gu Busan South Korea
| | - Prem Jyoti Sing Rana
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPusan National University, Busandaehak‐ro 63 beon‐gil, Geumjeong‐gu Busan South Korea
| | - Chandu VV Muralee Gopi
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPusan National University, Busandaehak‐ro 63 beon‐gil, Geumjeong‐gu Busan South Korea
| | - Zongmin Yang
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPusan National University, Busandaehak‐ro 63 beon‐gil, Geumjeong‐gu Busan South Korea
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical EngineeringYeungnam University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hee‐Je Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPusan National University, Busandaehak‐ro 63 beon‐gil, Geumjeong‐gu Busan South Korea
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Chul HD, Vinodh R, Muralee Gopi CVV, Deviprasath C, Kim HJ, Yi M. Effect of the cobalt and zinc ratio on the preparation of zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs): synthesis, characterization and supercapacitor applications. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14808-14819. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the cobalt nitrate hexahydrate/zinc nitrate hexahydrate molar ratio on the physicochemical features of the zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Dong Chul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan-46241
- South Korea
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan-46241
- South Korea
| | | | - Chinnadurai Deviprasath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan-46241
- South Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan-46241
- South Korea
| | - Moonsuk Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan-46241
- South Korea
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Atchudan R, Muthuchamy N, Edison TNJI, Perumal S, Vinodh R, Park KH, Lee YR. An ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical biosensor for glucose based on bio-derived nitrogen-doped carbon sheets wrapped titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:160-169. [PMID: 30399518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an ultra-sensing photoelectrochemical (PEC) glucose biosensor has been constructed from the bio-derived nitrogen-doped carbon sheets (NDC) wrapped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NDC-TiO2 NPs) followed by the covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase (GODx) on them (designated as a GODx/NDC-TiO2NPs/ITO biosensor). Initially, the TiO2 NPs was synthesized by sol-gel method and then NDC-TiO2 NPs was synthesized utilizing a green source of Prunus persica (peach fruit) through a simple hydrothermal process. The synthesized NDC-TiO2 NPs composite was characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and XPS to determine composition and phase purity. These fabricated GODx/NDC-TiO2NPs/ITO biosensor exhibited a good charge separation, highly enhanced and stable photocurrent responses with switching PEC behavior under the light (λ > 400 nm). As a result, GODx/NDC-TiO2NPs/ITO PEC glucose sensor exhibits a good photocurrent response to detection of glucose concentrations (0.05-10 μM) with an ultra-low detection limit of 13 nM under optimized PEC experimental conditions. Also, the PEC glucose sensor revealed a high selectivity, good stability, long time durability, and capability to analyze the glucose levels in real human serum. Also, the further development of this work may provide new insights into preparing other bio-derived carbon nanostructure-based photocatalysts for PEC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nallal Muthuchamy
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan 360-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Vinodh R, Abidov A, Palanichamy M, Cha WS, Jang HT. Constrained growth of solid amino alkyl siloxane (an organic–inorganic hybrid): The ultimate selective sorbent for CO2. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lee HM, V. V. Muralee Gopi C, Rana PJS, Vinodh R, Kim S, Padma R, Kim HJ. Hierarchical nanostructured MnCo2O4–NiCo2O4 composites as innovative electrodes for supercapacitor applications. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03764g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical MnCo2O4–NiCo2O4 nanostructures deliver a higher electrochemical performance than MnCo2O4 and NiCo2O4 electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Min Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- South Korea
| | | | - Prem Jyoti Singh Rana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- South Korea
| | - Rajangam Vinodh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- South Korea
| | - R. Padma
- Department of Physics
- Sri Venkateswara University
- Tirupati 517 502
- India
- School of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- South Korea
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Vinodh R, Babu CM, Abidov A, Peng MM, Palanichamy M, Cha WS, Jang HT. Microporous Spheres of Tiny Semiconducting Graphene Sheets from Hypercross-linked Polymers: Absorption and CO2
Sorption Characteristics. Adv Polym Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanseo University; Seosan 360-706 South Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Cadiam Mohan Babu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanseo University; Seosan 360-706 South Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Aziz Abidov
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanseo University; Seosan 360-706 South Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Mei Mei Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanseo University; Seosan 360-706 South Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Muthiahpillai Palanichamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanseo University; Seosan 360-706 South Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
| | - Wang Seog Cha
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Kunsan National University; Kunsan 573-701 South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanseo University; Seosan 360-706 South Korea
- Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R and D Centre; 360 Daegok-ri Haemi-myun Seosan-si 356 706 Chungcheongnam-do South Korea
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Vinodh R, Jung EM, Ganesh M, Peng MM, Abidov A, Palanichamy M, Cha WS, Jang HT. Novel microporous hypercross-linked polymers as sorbent for volatile organic compounds and CO 2 adsorption. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ganesh M, Hemalatha P, Peng MM, Vinodh R, Saktimanigandan K, Tae Jang H. Determination of Tolterodine tartrate in bulk and formulation by extractive colorimetric method using Tropaeolin OOO-1. TROP J PHARM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Peng MM, Jeon UJ, Ganesh M, Aziz A, Vinodh R, Palanichamy M, Jang HT. Oxidation of Ethylbenzene Using Nickel Oxide Supported Metal Organic Framework Catalyst. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.11.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vinodh R, Bhagiyalakshmi M, Hemalatha P, Ganesh M, Peng MM, Palanichamy M, Cha WS, Jang HT. Homopiperazine grafted mesoporous silicas from rice husk ash for CO2 adsorption. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:4639-4648. [PMID: 24738442 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.8240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloro-functionalized mesoporous MCM-41, SBA-15, MCM-48 and KIT-6 were synthesized by co-condensation of 3-chloropropyl-trimethoxy-silane (CPTMS) and rice husk ash sodium silicate solution, which is subsequently grafted with a heterocyclic amine, homopiperazine (HPZ). X-ray powder diffraction and BET analysis of the chloro-functionalized mesoporous silicas confirmed the similarity between their structural properties and those obtained from conventional silica sources. CO2 adsorption studies of all HPZ-grafted mesoporous silicas exhibited 8-10 wt% of adsorption capacity and are found to be selective, recyclable and thermally stable. Here, the CO2 adsorption reaction is via the traditional carbamate mechanism. The presence of both secondary and tertiary amine in HPZ influences the high CO2 adsorption capacity. Hence, these HPZ-grafted mesoporous silicas could contribute to CO2 capture as a green, tunable, selective and efficient sorbent.
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Vinodh R, Hemalatha P, Ganesh M, Peng MM, Abidov A, Palanichamy M, Cha WS, Jang HT. Novel microporous hypercross-linked conjugated quinonoid chromophores with broad light absorption and CO2sorption characteristics. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45466e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Vinodh R, Sangeetha D. Quaternized poly(styrene ethylene butylene poly styrene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites for alkaline fuel cell applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013; 13:5522-5533. [PMID: 23882789 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at synthesizing a novel anion exchange composite membrane from quaternized polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene [QPSEBS] and functionalized multi walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT) by solution casting method. The characteristic properties of the QPSEBS/f-MWCNT composite membranes were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and Raman spectroscopy. The water uptake, ion exchange capacity, ionic conductivity, methanol permeability and selectivity ratio of the membranes were also studied. The prepared composite membranes were tested in an in-house fabricated alkaline membrane fuel cell (AMFC) set up using Pt/C as the common anode catalyst and three different cathode catalysts namely Pt/C, Pd-Ni/C and Ag/C. Among all the three cathode catalysts, Pt/C for QPSEBS/5% f-MWCNT is found to show the maximum power density and open circuit voltage (OCV) of 187 mW cm(-2) and 0.73 V respectively. For direct methanol alkaline membrane fuel cells (DMAMFC), the OCV of QPSEBS/5% f-MWCNT is found to be 0.76 V and the maximum power density of 59.5 mW cm(-2) is achieved at a current density of 175 mA cm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Vinodh
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Vinodh R, Sangeetha D. Comparative study of composite membranes from nano-metal-oxide-incorporated polymer electrolytes for direct methanol alkaline membrane fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vinodh R, Raj GD, Govindarajan R, Thiagarajan V. Detection of Leptospira and Brucella genomes in bovine semen using polymerase chain reaction. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 40:323-9. [PMID: 18509939 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-007-9110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Vinodh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 007, India
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