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Martinez A, Lakkimsetti M, Maharjan S, Aslam MA, Basnyat A, Kafley S, Reddy SS, Ahmed SS, Razzaq W, Adusumilli S, Khawaja UA. Beta-Blockers and Their Current Role in Maternal and Neonatal Health: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e44043. [PMID: 37746367 PMCID: PMC10517705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are a class of medications that act on beta-adrenergic receptors and are categorized as cardio-selective and non-selective. They are principally used to treat cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension and arrhythmias. Beta-blockers have also been used to treat non-cardiogenic indications in non-pregnant individuals and the pediatric population. In pregnancy, labetalol is the mainstay treatment for hypertension and other cardiovascular indications. However, contraindications to certain sub-types of beta-blockers include bradycardia, heart failure, obstructive lung diseases, and hemodynamic instability. There is conflicting evidence of the adverse effects on fetal and neonatal health due to a scarce safety and efficacy profile, and further studies are necessary to understand the pharmacokinetics of the different classes of beta-blockers in pregnancy and fetal health. Understanding the hemodynamic changes during the stages of pregnancy is important to target a more beneficial therapy for both mother and fetus as well as better neonatal outcomes. Beta-blocker use in the pediatric population is less documented in studies but does have the potential to treat various cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic conditions. Future comprehensive studies would further benefit the direction of beta-blocker treatment during pregnancy in neonates and pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martinez
- Medical School, Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan, MEX
| | | | - Sameep Maharjan
- General Practice, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Muhammad Ammar Aslam
- Medical School, Sargodha Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Sargodha, PAK
| | - Anouksha Basnyat
- General Practice, Hospital for Advanced Medicine & Surgery (HAMS), Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Shashwat Kafley
- Medical School, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | | | - Saima S Ahmed
- Vascular Surgery, Dow International Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Waleed Razzaq
- Internal Medicine, Services Hospital Lahore, Lahore, PAK
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Kiplang’at KP, Boldizsár I, Dobolyi A, Varró P. Effects of dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans arctigenin and trachelogenin on the motility of isolated rat ileum. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1222-1232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ozveren Adibelli E, Aydinoglu F, Ogulener N. The role of l-cysteine/Hydrogen sulfide pathway on β 3-Adrenoceptor- induced relaxation in mouse gastric fundus. Nitric Oxide 2021; 119:19-28. [PMID: 34902580 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possible role of the l-cysteine/hydrogen sulfide pathway in β3-adrenoceptors-mediated relaxation in isolated mouse gastric fundus tissue. l-cysteine (endogenous H2S; 10-6-10-2 M), sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; exogenous H2S; 10-6-10-3 M), selective β3-adrenoceptors agonist BRL 37344 (10-9-10-4 M) and non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline (10-9-10-4 M) produced concentration-dependent relaxation in mouse gastric fundus. The non-selective β-adrenoceptors antagonist propranolol (10-6 M) inhibited the relaxant response to isoprenaline but not to BRL 37344. On the other hand, the selective β3-adrenoceptors antagonist SR 59230A (10-5 M) inhibited the relaxant responses to BRL 37344. In addition, cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) inhibitor D,L-propargylglycine (PAG, 10-2 M), cystathionine-beta-synthase inhibitor (CBS) aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, 10-2 M), and the combination of these inhibitors significantly reduced the relaxant responses induced by l-cysteine and BRL 37344. Pre-incubation of gastric fundal strips with propranolol (10-6 M) and SR 59230A (10-5 M) did not affect relaxations to l-cysteine and NaHS. Also, the existence of CSE, CBS, 3-mercaptopurivate sulfur transferase (3-MST) enzymes and β3-adrenoceptors were detected in gastric fundal tissue. Furthermore, basal H2S release was detected in the measurements. H2S level increased in the presence of l-cysteine, NaHS, and BRL 37344. The increase in H2S level by l-cysteine and BRL 37344 decreased significantly with PAG and AOAA enzyme inhibitors. These results suggest that endogenous H2S is synthesized from l-cysteine at least by CBS and CSE enzymes. Also, β3-adrenoceptors are found in the mouse stomach fundus and mediate BRL 37344-induced relaxations, and l-cysteine/hydrogen sulfide pathway plays a partial role in β3-adrenoceptors-mediated relaxation in mouse gastric fundus tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Aydinoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nuran Ogulener
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
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Aurora SK, Shrewsbury SB, Ray S, Hindiyeh N, Nguyen L. A link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine: Insights into the gut-brain connection. Headache 2021; 61:576-589. [PMID: 33793965 PMCID: PMC8251535 DOI: 10.1111/head.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Migraine is a complex, multifaceted, and disabling headache disease that is often complicated by gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, such as gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS). Functional dyspepsia and CVS are part of a spectrum of disorders newly classified as disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI). Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia are both associated with delayed gastric emptying, while nausea and vomiting are prominent in CVS, which are also symptoms that commonly occur with migraine attacks. Furthermore, these gastric disorders are comorbidities frequently reported by patients with migraine. While very few studies assessing GI disorders in patients with migraine have been performed, they do demonstrate a physiological link between these conditions. Objective To summarize the available studies supporting a link between GI comorbidities and migraine, including historical and current scientific evidence, as well as provide evidence that symptoms of GI disorders are also observed outside of migraine attacks during the interictal period. Additionally, the importance of route of administration and formulation of migraine therapies for patients with GI symptoms will be discussed. Methods A literature search of PubMed for articles relating to the relationship between the gut and the brain with no restriction on the publication year was performed. Studies providing scientific support for associations of gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, and CVS with migraine and the impact these associations may have on migraine treatment were the primary focus. This is a narrative review of identified studies. Results Although the association between migraine and GI disorders has received very little attention in the literature, the existing evidence suggests that they may share a common etiology. In particular, the relationship between migraine, gastric motility, and vomiting has important clinical implications in the treatment of migraine, as delayed gastric emptying and vomiting may affect oral dosing compliance, and thus, the absorption and efficacy of oral migraine treatments. Conclusions There is evidence of a link between migraine and GI comorbidities, including those under the DGBI classification. Many patients do not find adequate relief with oral migraine therapies, which further necessitates increased recognition of GI disorders in patients with migraine by the headache community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena K Aurora
- Medical Affairs, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sutapa Ray
- Medical Affairs, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nada Hindiyeh
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Dan W, Park GH, Vemaraju S, Wu AD, Perez K, Rao M, Berkowitz DE, Lang RA, Yim PD. Light-Mediated Inhibition of Colonic Smooth Muscle Constriction and Colonic Motility via Opsin 3. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744294. [PMID: 34975518 PMCID: PMC8716924 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opsin photoreceptors outside of the central nervous system have been shown to mediate smooth muscle photorelaxation in several organs. We hypothesized that opsin receptor activation in the colon would have a similar effect and influence colonic motility. We detected Opsin 3 (OPN3) protein expression in the colonic wall and demonstrated that OPN3 was present in enteric neurons in the muscularis propria of the murine colon. Precontracted murine colon segments demonstrated blue light (BL) -mediated relaxation ex vivo. This photorelaxation was wavelength specific and was increased with the administration of the chromophore 9-cis retinal and a G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor. Light-mediated relaxation of the colon was not inhibited by L-NAME or tetrodotoxin (TTX). Furthermore, BL exposure in the presence of 9-cis retinal decreased the frequency of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMC) in spontaneously contracting mouse colons ex vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time a receptor-mediated photorelaxation of colonic smooth muscle and implicate opsins as possible new targets in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ga Hyun Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Amy D Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristina Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peter D Yim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Abbas G, Asim S, Bhatti HN, Mansha A, Zahid M, Ahmad M, Haider R. Spectroscopic studies of interactions of 2-(2-Oxo-2-Phenylethyl)-1, 2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1, 1-dioxide with human DNA. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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do Vale GT, Ceron CS, Gonzaga NA, Simplicio JA, Padovan JC. Three Generations of β-blockers: History, Class Differences and Clinical Applicability. Curr Hypertens Rev 2019; 15:22-31. [PMID: 30227820 DOI: 10.2174/1573402114666180918102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-adrenergic receptors are expressed in cardiomyocytes and activated by either noradrenaline released from sympathetic synapses or circulating catecholamines. Their corresponding receptors have three subtypes, namely, β1, β2 and β3, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. Activation of β1-adrenergic receptors causes various physiological reactions including cardiac contraction and renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors, known as β-blockers, have been used effectively for over four decades and have beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are three generations of β-blockers according to their pharmacological properties. Firstgeneration β-blockers are non-selective, blocking both β1- and β2-receptors; second-generation β- blockers are more cardioselective in that they are more selective for β1-receptors; and thirdgeneration β-blockers are highly selective drugs for β1-receptors. The latter also display vasodilator actions by blocking α1-adrenoreceptors and activating β3-adrenergic receptors. In addition, thirdgeneration β-blockers exhibit angiogenic, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-hypertrophic and antiapoptotic activities among other effects that are still under investigation. CONCLUSION The objective of this review is to describe the evolution observed during the development of the three distinctive generations, thereby highlighting the advantages of third-generation β- blockers over the other two drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T do Vale
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla S Ceron
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália A Gonzaga
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina A Simplicio
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Padovan
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, New York, NY, United States
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Igawa Y, Aizawa N, Michel MC. β 3 -Adrenoceptors in the normal and diseased urinary bladder-What are the open questions? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2525-2538. [PMID: 30868554 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β3 -Adrenoceptor agonists are used in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Although the relaxant response to adrenergic stimulation in human detrusor smooth muscle cells is mediated mainly via β3 -adrenoceptors, the plasma concentrations of the therapeutic dose of mirabegron, the only clinically approved β3 -adrenoceptor agonist, are considerably lower than the EC50 for causing direct relaxation of human detrusor, suggesting a mechanism of action other than direct relaxation of detrusor smooth muscle. However, the site and mechanism of action of β3 -adrenoceptor agonists in the bladder have not been firmly established. Postulated mechanisms include prejunctional suppression of ACh release from the parasympathetic nerves during the storage phase and inhibition of micro-contractions through β3 -adrenoceptors on detrusor smooth muscle cells or suburothelial interstitial cells. Implications of possible desensitization of β3 -adrenoceptors in the bladder upon prolonged agonist exposure and possible causes of rarely observed cardiovascular effects of mirabegron are also discussed. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Igawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Aizawa
- Department of Continence Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Safety and Efficacy of Ferula asafoetida in Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4813601. [PMID: 30224930 PMCID: PMC6129344 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4813601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of various synthetic drugs for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD), the side effects and their cost have always created a great interest in the search for novel natural alternatives for the management of gut disorders. The present contribution reports the safety and efficacy of the kitchen spice asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) in FD for the first time. In the double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 43 subjects diagnosed to have moderate to severe discomforts of nonulcer FD were randomized to receive hard-shell capsules (250 mg × 2/day) of either placebo (n=22) or a food-grade formulation of asafoetida (Asafin) (n=21) for 30 days. When evaluated by a set of validated indexing tools (GSRS, GDSS, and NDI), almost 81% in the Asafin group showed significant (p < 0.01) improvement in the overall score and quality of life as compared to the placebo. At the end of the study, 66% of subjects in the Asafin group remained symptoms-free. Although the symptoms score improved significantly in both the groups (from -5.67 to -25.29 in Asafin group versus -1.55 to -6.0 in the placebo; p ≤ 0.001), the relative percentage of subjects in the Asafin group with more than 80% reduction in various symptoms were: bloating (58%), appetite (69%), postprandial fullness (74%) motion sickness (75%), and digestion (77%) as compared to less than 10% nonspecific improvement in the placebo group. All the subjects remained safe with no adverse events or variations in haematological and biochemical parameters. The study was registered at http://ctri.nic.in/ (CTRI/2018/ 01/011149).
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Aslam N, Janbaz KH. Antispasmodic and bronchorelaxant activities of Salsola imbricata are mediated through dual Ca +2 antagonistic and β-adrenergic agonistic effects. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1131-1137. [PMID: 28209080 PMCID: PMC6130700 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1291691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Salsola imbricata Forssk. (Chenopodiaceae) has folkloric repute for the treatment of various gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates spasmolytic and bronchorelaxant effects of S. imbricata. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude aqueous-ethanol extract of the aerial parts of S. imbricata and its fractions, in cumulative concentrations (0.01-10 mg/mL), were tested on contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum and tracheal preparations. Furthermore, concentration response curves (CRCs) of Ca+2 and carbachol were constructed in the absence and presence of the extract. Standard organ bath methods were used. RESULTS The crude extract relaxed spontaneous, K+ (80 mM) and carbachol (1 μM)-induced contractions in jejunum preparations with respective EC50 values of 0.40 (0.35-0.46), 0.69 (0.60-0.79) and 0.66 (0.57-0.75) mg/mL. It shifted Ca+2 CRCs rightward in nonparallel manner. In isolated tracheal preparations, the crude extract caused relaxation of K+ (80 mM) and carbachol (1 μM)-induced contractions with EC50 values of 0.86 (0.75-0.98) and 0.74 (0.66-0.84) mg/mL, respectively. It displaced carbachol CRCs rightward with suppression of maximal response. In both tissues, pretreatment with propranolol (1 μM) caused rightward shift in inhibitory CRCs of the extract against carbachol-induced contractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was found more potent in relaxing smooth muscle contractions than the parent extract and its aqueous fraction. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results suggest that the spasmolytic and bronchorelaxant activities of S. imbricata are related to Ca+2 antagonistic and β-adrenergic agonistic effects, thus justifying some of the traditional uses of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Aslam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- CONTACT Naveed AslamDepartment of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain Janbaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Akson College of Pharmacy, MUST, Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
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Induction of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by central leptin is mediated by muscle β 2-adrenergic receptor but not by AMPK. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15141. [PMID: 29123236 PMCID: PMC5680211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin increases glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in red-type skeletal muscle. However, the mechanism remains unknown. We have investigated the role of β2-adrenergic receptor (AR), the major β-AR isoform in skeletal muscle, and AMPK in leptin-induced muscle glucose uptake of mice. Leptin injection into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) increased 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) uptake in red-type skeletal muscle in wild-type (WT) mice accompanied with increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR) and Akt as well as of norepinephrine (NE) turnover in the muscle. Leptin-induced 2DG uptake was not observed in β-AR-deficient (β-less) mice despite that AMPK phosphorylation was increased in the muscle. Forced expression of β2-AR in the unilateral hind limb of β-less mice restored leptin-induced glucose uptake and enhancement of insulin signalling in red-type skeletal muscle. Leptin increased 2DG uptake and enhanced insulin signalling in red-type skeletal muscle of mice expressing a dominant negative form of AMPK (DN-AMPK) in skeletal muscle. Thus, leptin increases glucose uptake and enhances insulin signalling in red-type skeletal muscle via activation of sympathetic nerves and β2-AR in muscle and in a manner independent of muscle AMPK.
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Michel MC, Korstanje C. β3-Adrenoceptor agonists for overactive bladder syndrome: Role of translational pharmacology in a repositioning clinical drug development project. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 159:66-82. [PMID: 26808167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptor agonists were originally considered as a promising drug class for the treatment of obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. When these development efforts failed, they were repositioned for the treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome. Based on the example of the β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, but also taking into consideration evidence obtained with ritobegron and solabegron, we discuss challenges facing a translational pharmacology program accompanying clinical drug development for a first-in-class molecule. Challenges included generic ones such as ligand selectivity, species differences and drug target gene polymorphisms. Challenges that are more specific included changing concepts of the underlying pathophysiology of the target condition while clinical development was under way; moreover, a paucity of public domain tools for the study of the drug target and aspects of receptor agonists as drugs had to be addressed. Nonetheless, a successful first-in-class launch was accomplished. Looking back at this translational pharmacology program, we conclude that a specifically tailored and highly flexible approach is required. However, several of the lessons learned may also be applicable to translational pharmacology programs in other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Cees Korstanje
- Department of Drug Discovery Science & Management-Europe, Astellas Pharma Europe R&D, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hejazian SH, Bagheri SM, Safari F. Spasmolytic and Anti-Spasmodic Action of Trachyspermum ammi Essence on Rat's Ileum Contraction. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 6:643-7. [PMID: 25599053 PMCID: PMC4290054 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.147982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Trachyspermum ammi is a plant of umbelliferae family and has been traditionally used in the treatment of many gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion, colic, and diarrhea. Our previous study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Trachyspermum ammi reduced the contractile activity of rat's ileum. Aims: This study was designed to examine the effect of Trachyspermum ammi essence on acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum. Materials and Methods: In this experimental procedure, the tissue samples were suspended from the transducer lever and mounted on the organ bath containing Tyrode's solution. Isotonic responses were recorded by using an isotonic transducer and the amplitude of contractions. This process was induced by cumulative logarithmic concentrations of acetylcholine before and after exposing tissue by saline and different concentrations of essence. Results: The chemical constituents of the essence from distillate extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the chemical analysis showed many components in which thymol was the main constituent. Our findings showed that the essence derived from the extract in all concentrations used in this study (0.002, 0.005, and 0.01% V/V) significantly reduced acetylcholine-induced contractions (47.34, 60.46, and 86%, respectively, P < 0.05). The same concentrations of the essence also exhibit a significant anti-spasmodic action on acetylcholine-induced contractions (0.1,88.3, and 90.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Since thymol was the major constituent of our samples of Trachyspermum ammi, the relaxant effect observed in this study is probably due to this agent which can exert an anti-cholinergic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Hejazian
- Department of Physiology/Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyyed Majid Bagheri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
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Rat β3-adrenoceptor protein expression: antibody validation and distribution in rat gastrointestinal and urogenital tissues. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:1117-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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İlhan M, Arabaci E, Turgut S, Karaman O, Danalioglu A, Tasan E. Esophagus motility in overt hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:639-44. [PMID: 24844564 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastrointestinal tract is one of the most affected systems in hypothyroidism. Despite decreased esophageal emptying, prolonged esophageal and gastric transit time have been indicated in previous reports, the mechanism of thyroid hormones activity and antibodies on the esophagus motility is not yet fully understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the esophagus motility by manometry in hypothyroid patients. METHODS The study enrolled with 28 overt, newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Twenty-one females and 7 males with overt hypothyroidism and 22 females and 7 males with healthy control subjects were recruited to study. Esophageal manometry was performed using MMS (Medical Measurement Systems bv. The Netherlands) Solar GI-Air-Charged Intelligent Gastrointestinal Conventional Manometry. RESULTS The lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was 19.5 ± 6.5 mmHg in hypothyroid patients and 17.48 ± 4.65 mmHg in controls, and there was no significant difference (p = 0.18). Percentage of relaxation was 61.5 and 80.9 %, and it was significantly lower in hypothyroid patients than controls (p < 0.001). Additionally, duration of relaxation was found 3.85 ± 2.3 and 5.5 ± 2.28 s in patients and controls, respectively (p = 0.009). In patient group, LESP was positively correlated with fT3 (p = 0.033), and the duration of the contraction was negatively correlated with fT4 (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION In this study, we observed that hypothyroid state can affect esophagus motility via shortened duration of relaxation and reduced percentage of relaxation even if in patients without any gastrointestinal symptoms. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect of thyroid hormones on esophagus motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer İlhan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bezmialem University, Vatan Caddesi, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Song J, Zheng L, Zhang X, Feng X, Fan R, Sun L, Hong F, Zhang Y, Zhu J. Upregulation of β1-adrenoceptors is involved in the formation of gastric dysmotility in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Transl Res 2014; 164:22-31. [PMID: 24467967 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysmotility is one of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Gastroparesis and upregulated β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) have been reported in rats with bilateral microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the substantia nigra, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The aim of the current study is to investigate the role of β-ARs in gastroparesis in 6-OHDA rats. Gastric motility was studied through strain gauge measurement. Immunofluorescence, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to examine the expression of β-ARs. Norepinephrine (NE) inhibited gastric motility in a dose-dependent fashion in both control and 6-OHDA rats, but much stronger adrenergic reactivity was observed in the 6-OHDA rats. The inhibition of gastric motility by NE in both control and 6-OHDA rats was not affected by tetrodotoxin, a neural sodium channel blocker. Blocking β1-AR or β2-AR did not affect the inhibition of strip contraction by NE in control rats, but β1-AR blockage obviously enhanced the half maximal inhibitory concentration value of NE in 6-OHDA rats. Selective inhibition of β3-AR blocked the effect of NE significantly in both control and 6-OHDA rats. The protein expression of β1-AR, but not β2-AR and β3-AR in gastric muscularis externa was increased significantly in 6-OHDA rats. In conclusion, β3-AR involves the regulation of gastric motility in control rats, whereas the upregulation of β1-AR is responsible for enhanced NE reactivity in 6-OHDA rats and therefore is involved in the formation of gastroparesis. The effect of both β1-AR and β3-AR on gastric motility is independent of the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifei Zheng
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Hong
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhu
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Bagheri S, Hejazian S, Dashti-R M. The Relaxant Effect of Seed's Essential Oil and Oleo-Gum-Resin of Ferula Assa-Foetida on Isolated Rat's Ileum. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4:238-41. [PMID: 24761245 PMCID: PMC3991947 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.129050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Iranian folk medicine, several plants are used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea and spasm. One of these herbal medications are the essential oil yielded from seeds of Ferula assa-foetida L. and an oleo-gum-resin known as asafetida, which is exudated from its root. F. assa-foetida grows wildly in south and central mountains of Iran. Aim: In this study, relaxant effect of asafoetida and seed's essential oil of F. assa-foetida was investigated in isolated rat's ileum in three doses. Materials and Methods: A total of 5 cm of ileum was removed and sets for recording its isotonic contractions. The amplitude of contractions induced by different doses of asafoetida and essential oil before and after exposing the specimens with cumulative logarithmic concentrations of acetylcholine (Ach) was evaluated. The relaxant effect of asafoetida and seed's essential oil of F. assa-foetida was investigated in isolated rat's ileum in three doses (0.1 0.2 and 0.3%). All statistical analysis was by GraphPad Prism 5 (San Diego, California) and comparisons were made by means of the analysis of variances followed by Tukey's test. The statistical significance was considered as P < 0.05. Results: Asafoetida produced an antispasmodic effect on Ach induced contraction in 0.2% and 0.3% concentrations. Our findings also showed that essential oil has significant antispasmodic action against cumulative concentrations of 10-12 up to 10-2 M Ach. In spasmolytic evaluation, our findings showed that the essential oil derived from F. assa-foetida seed in concentrations of 0.2% and 0.3% significantly reduced Ach (10-4 M) induced contractions. Exposure to the 0.2% and 0.3% asafoetida, reduced the percentage of maximum contraction induced by 10-4 M Ach to 43% and 12% respectively, which this reduction was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results of the present study, supports the traditional claim of asafoetida as an antispasmodic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sm Bagheri
- Department of Physiology/Herbal Medicine Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sh Hejazian
- Department of Physiology/Herbal Medicine Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mh Dashti-R
- Department of Physiology/Herbal Medicine Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Hejazian SH, Bagheri SM, Dashti-R MH. Relaxant effect of Humulus lupulus extracts on isotonic rat's ileum contractions. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2014; 4:53-8. [PMID: 25050301 PMCID: PMC4103727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many biological studies have been done to determine the activity of medicinal plants on gastrointestinal function. Since acetylcholine is the major transmitter involved in the gastrointestinal motility and there are some evidences regarding the cholinergic modulatory effect of hops extract, in the present study spasmolytic and antispasmodic action of hops (Humulus lupulus) on acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, pieces of isolated rat's ileum were mounted in the internal chamber of an organ bath which was filled with Tyrode's solution and tightly tied to the lever of an isotonic transducer. The contractile responses were recorded by using an oscillograph device. In the presence of normal saline and different concentrations of hops (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/ml), the amplitude of contractions induced by10(-12) up to 10(-2) M acetylcholine was determined. The spasmolytic action of the same extract concentrations was also examined on contraction induced by 10(-4) acetylcholine. RESULTS Our findings indicate that hops extract reduces acetylcholine-induced contraction in all concentrations. The significant inhibitory effects of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/ml hops extract on contraction induced by 10(-3) M acetylcholine were 81.9, 77, and 29.3, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION According to our findings, hops extract poses a potent spasmolytic and antispasmodic action on acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum which may be mediated by cholinergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Hejazian
- Department of Physiology/herbal Medicine Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, I. R. Iran
| | - Seyyed Majid Bagheri
- Department of Physiology/herbal Medicine Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, I. R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Dashti-R
- Department of Physiology/herbal Medicine Research Center, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, I. R. Iran ,Corresponding author: Tel: +983518203810-17, Fax: +983518202632,
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Goetz B, Benhaqi P, Müller MH, Kreis ME, Kasparek MS. Changes in beta-adrenergic neurotransmission during postoperative ileus in rat circular jejunal muscle. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:154-e84. [PMID: 23009554 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore postoperative changes in β-adrenergic neurotransmission that participate in pathophysiology of postoperative ileus. METHODS Contractile activity of circular jejunal muscle strips was studied. Groups (n = 6/group) were: naïve controls, sham controls 1 and 7 days after laparotomy, and rats 12 h, 1, 3, and 7 days after laparotomy with standardized small bowel manipulation (postoperative ileus). Dose-responses to the β-agonist isoprenaline (3 × 10(-10) - 10(-7) mol L(-1)) were studied in presence/absence of tetrodotoxin (global neural blockade; 10(-6) mol L(-1) ), N6-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine (inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthesis; 10(-4) mol L(-1)), nimesulide (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition; 10(-5) mol L(-1)), or propranolol (β-blockade; 5 × 10(-6) mol L(-1)). Histochemistry for inflammatory cells and intestinal transit were studied. KEY RESULTS Intramural inflammation and delayed transit (postoperative ileus) occurred only in ileus groups. The inhibitory potential of isoprenaline decreased in all postoperative groups including sham (P < 0.05). Tetrodotoxin enhanced isoprenaline-induced inhibition in ileus and sham groups (P < 0.05). N6-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine and nimesulide decreased isoprenaline-induced inhibition in ileus groups 12 h, 1, and 7 days, and in sham controls 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). Propranolol prevented isoprenaline effects in all groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Inhibitory effects of isoprenaline on contractile activity were decreased for 7 days postoperatively. Changes in β-adrenergic neurotransmission do not induce postoperative ileus and appear to be caused by anesthesia and laparotomy rather than bowel manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Goetz
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Munich, Germany
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Miniaci MC, Bucci M, Santamaria R, Irace C, Cantalupo A, Cirino G, Scotto P. CL316,243, a selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist, activates protein translation through mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:509-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dehvari N, Hutchinson DS, Nevzorova J, Dallner OS, Sato M, Kocan M, Merlin J, Evans BA, Summers RJ, Bengtsson T. β(2)-Adrenoceptors increase translocation of GLUT4 via GPCR kinase sites in the receptor C-terminal tail. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1442-56. [PMID: 21883150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β-Adrenoceptor stimulation induces glucose uptake in several insulin-sensitive tissues by poorly understood mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used a model system in CHO-K1 cells expressing the human β(2)-adrenoceptor and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to investigate the signalling mechanisms involved. KEY RESULTS In CHO-K1 cells, there was no response to β-adrenoceptor agonists. The introduction of β(2)-adrenoceptors and GLUT4 into these cells caused increased glucose uptake in response to β-adrenoceptor agonists. GLUT4 translocation occurred in response to insulin and β(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation, although the key insulin signalling intermediate PKB was not phosphorylated in response to β(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation. Truncation of the C-terminus of the β(2)-adrenoceptor at position 349 to remove known phosphorylation sites for GPCR kinases (GRKs) or at position 344 to remove an additional PKA site together with the GRK phosphorylation sites did not significantly affect cAMP accumulation but decreased β(2)-adrenoceptor-stimulated glucose uptake. Furthermore, inhibition of GRK by transfection of the βARKct construct inhibited β(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation, and overexpression of a kinase-dead GRK2 mutant (GRK2 K220R) also inhibited GLUT4 translocation. Introducing β(2)-adrenoceptors lacking phosphorylation sites for GRK or PKA demonstrated that the GRK sites, but not the PKA sites, were necessary for GLUT4 translocation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Glucose uptake in response to activation of β(2)-adrenoceptors involves translocation of GLUT4 in this model system. The mechanism is dependent on the C-terminus of the β(2)-adrenoceptor, requires GRK phosphorylation sites, and involves a signalling pathway distinct from that stimulated by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodi Dehvari
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Maruyama I, Tatemichi S, Goi Y, Maruyama K, Hoyano Y, Yamazaki Y, Kusama H. Effects of ritobegron (KUC-7483), a novel selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist, on bladder function in cynomolgus monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:163-8. [PMID: 22511202 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.191783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the pharmacological profile of ritobegron [KUC-7483; (-)-ethyl 2-[4-(2-{[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino}ethyl)-2,5-dimethylphenyloxy]acetate monohydrochloride] and its effects on the bladder in cynomolgus monkeys by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro, ritobegron decreased the resting tension of the isolated bladder in a concentration-dependent manner (EC(50) 8.2 ± 2.3 × 10(-7) M; maximal relaxation 88.7 ± 3.7%). The β(3)-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist 3-(2-allylphenoxy)-1-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino]-(2S)-2-propanol hydrochloride (SR58894A) produced a rightward shift of this concentration-response curve without altering the maximal response (pK(B) value 6.56 ± 0.35). In isolated atria, ritobegron increased the atrial rate only at high concentrations (EC(50) 6.5 ± 1.2 × 10(-5) M). Ritobegron had no effect on tracheal contraction at concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-4) M, and even at the highest concentration tested, 10(-3) M, the maximal relaxation it induced was only 26.7 ± 8.1%. Tests of the selectivity of ritobegron for the bladder gave values of 79.3- and 1200-fold higher versus atria and trachea, respectively. In the in vivo study ritobegron significantly decreased intravesical pressure (ED(50) 1.44 mg/kg) without affecting either mean blood pressure or heart rate. In conclusion, ritobegron displayed potent and selective β(3)-AR agonistic activity and relaxed the monkey isolated bladder, and in vivo it decreased intravesical pressure without affecting cardiovascular parameters. These results suggest that ritobegron may be a promising potential agent for the treatment of overactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Maruyama
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara, Hotaka, Azumino-City, Nagano-Pref. 399-8304, Japan.
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Albayrak Y, Halici Z, Odabasoglu F, Unal D, Keles ON, Malkoc İ, Oral A, Yayla M, Aydin O, Unal B. The Effects of Testosterone on Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2011; 24:283-91. [DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2011.591894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Catus SL, Gibbs ME, Sato M, Summers RJ, Hutchinson DS. Role of β-adrenoceptors in glucose uptake in astrocytes using β-adrenoceptor knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1700-15. [PMID: 21138422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β(1) -, β(2) - and β(3) -adrenoceptors determined by functional, binding and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies are present in chick astrocytes and activation of β(2) - or β(3) -adrenoceptors increase glucose uptake. The aims of the present study are to identify which β-adrenoceptor subtypes are present in mouse astrocytes, the signal transduction mechanisms involved and whether β-adrenoceptor stimulation regulates glucose uptake. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Astrocytes were prepared from four mouse strains: FVB/N, DBA/1 crossed with C57BL/6J, β(3) -adrenoceptor knockout and β(1) β(2) -adrenoceptor knockout mice. RT-PCR and radioligand binding studies were used to determine β-adrenoceptor expression. Glucose uptake and cAMP were assayed to elucidate the signalling pathways involved. KEY RESULTS mRNAs for all three β-adrenoceptors were identified in astrocytes from wild-type mice. Radioligand binding studies identified that β(1) - and β(3) -adrenoceptors were predominant. cAMP studies showed that β(1) - and β(2) -adrenoceptors coupled to G(s) whereas β(3) -adrenoceptors coupled to both G(s) and G(i) . However, activation of any of the three β-adrenoceptors increased glucose uptake in mouse astrocytes. Interestingly, there was no functional compensation for receptor subtype loss in knockout animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that although β(1) -adrenoceptors are the predominant β-adrenoceptor in mouse astrocytes and are primarily responsible for cAMP production in response to β-adrenoceptor stimulation, β(3) -adrenoceptors are also present in mouse astrocytes and activation of β(2) - and β(3) -adrenoceptors increases glucose uptake in mouse astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Catus
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Pharmacological and molecular approaches have shown that an atypical β-adrenoceptor (AR), called β(3)-AR, that is distinct from β(1)-ARs and β(2)-ARs, exists in some tissues in heterogeneous populations such as β(3a)-ARs and β(3b)-ARs. β(3)-ARs belong to a superfamily of receptors linked to guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). The β(3)-AR gene contains two introns whereas the β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR genes are intronless, leading to splice variants. β(3)-ARs can couple to G(i) and G(s) and they are reported to be present in brown adipose tissue, vasculature, the heart, among other tissues. β(3)-ARs cause vasodilation of microvessels in the islets of Langerhans and may participate in the pathogenesis of cardiac failure, during which modification of β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR expression occurs. The development of β(3)-AR agonists has led to the elaboration of promising new drugs, including antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs. This article reviews the various pharmacological actions of β(3)-ARs and their clinical implications for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita A. Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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The role of α – and β – adrenergic receptors in the spasmolytic effects on rat ileum of Petroselinum crispum Latifolum (parsley). ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zhang T, Srivastava K, Wen MC, Yang N, Cao J, Busse P, Birmingham N, Goldfarb J, Li XM. Pharmacology and immunological actions of a herbal medicine ASHMI on allergic asthma. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1047-55. [PMID: 19998324 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease for which there is no satisfactory treatment. Studies reported tolerability and efficacy of an anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention (ASHMI) for asthma patients, developed from traditional Chinese medicine. To investigate the pharmacological actions of ASHMI on early- and late-phase airway responses (EAR and LAR), Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice received 6 weeks of ASHMI treatment beginning 24 h following the first intratracheal OVA challenge. EAR were determined 30 min following the fourth challenge and LAR 48 h following the last challenge. ASHMI effects on cytokine secretion, murine tracheal ring contraction and human bronchial smooth muscle cell prostaglandin (PG) production were also determined.ASHMI abolished EAR, which was associated with significantly reduced histamine, leukotriene C4, and OVA-specific IgE levels, as well as LAR, which was associated with significantly reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophils, decreased airway remodeling, and lower Th2 cytokine levels in BALF and splenocyte cultures. Furthermore, ASHMI inhibited contraction of murine tracheal rings and increased production of the potent smooth muscle relaxer PGI(2). ASHMI abrogation of allergic airway responses is associated with broad effects on asthma pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Gibbs ME, Hutchinson DS, Summers RJ. Noradrenaline release in the locus coeruleus modulates memory formation and consolidation; roles for α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Neuroscience 2010; 170:1209-22. [PMID: 20709158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenaline, essential for the modulation of memory, is released in various parts of the brain from nerve terminals controlled by the locus coeruleus (LoC). Noradrenaline release consequent upon input from higher brain areas also occurs within the LoC itself. We examined the effect of noradrenaline on adrenergic receptors in the LoC on memory processing, using colored bead discrimination learning in the young domestic chick. We have shown previously that the release of noradrenaline in the hippocampus and cortex (mesopallium) is essential for acquisition and consolidation of short-term to intermediate and to long-term memory. Noradrenaline release within the LoC is triggered by the glutamatergic input from the forebrain. Inhibition by LoC injection of NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists is rescued by injection of β2-and β3-adrenoceptor (AR) agonists in the hippocampus. We show that inhibition of α2A-ARs by BRL44408 in the LoC up to 30 min post-training consolidates weakly-reinforced learning. Conversely activation of α2A-ARs in the LoC at the times of consolidation between short-term and intermediate and long-term memory caused memory loss, which is likely to be due to a decreased release of noradrenaline within these two time windows. The α2A-AR antagonist will block presynaptic inhibitory receptors leading to an increase in extracellular noradrenaline. This interpretation is supported by the actions of noradrenaline uptake blockers that produce the same memory outcome. BRL44408 in the mesopallium also caused memory enhancement. β2-ARs are important in the first time window, whereas α1-, α2C-and β3-ARs are important in the second time window. The results reveal that for successful memory formation noradrenaline release is necessary within the LoC as well as in other brain regions, at the time of consolidation of memory from short-term to intermediate and from intermediate to long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gibbs
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Michel MC, Ochodnicky P, Summers RJ. Tissue functions mediated by beta(3)-adrenoceptors-findings and challenges. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 382:103-8. [PMID: 20517594 PMCID: PMC2904903 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As β3-adrenoceptor agonists metamorphose from experimental tools into therapeutic drugs, it is vital to obtain a comprehensive picture of the cell and tissue functions mediated by this receptor subtype in humans. Human tissues with proven functions and/or a high expression of β3-adrenoceptors include the urinary bladder, the gall bladder, and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. While several other β3-adrenoceptor functions have been proposed based on results obtained in animals, their relevance to humans remains uncertain. For instance, β3-adrenoceptors perform an important role in thermogenesis and lipolysis in rodent brown and white adipose tissue, respectively, but their role in humans appears less significant. Moreover, the use of tools such as the agonist BRL 37344 and the antagonist SR59230A to demonstrate functional involvement of β3-adrenoceptors may lead in many cases to misleading conclusions as they can also interact with other β-adrenoceptor subtypes or even non-adrenoceptor targets. In conclusion, we propose that many responses attributed to β3-adrenoceptor stimulation may need re-evaluation in the light of the development of more selective tools. Moreover, findings in experimental animals need to be extended to humans in order to better understand the potential additional indications and side effects of the β3-adrenoceptor agonists that are beginning to enter clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Ochodnicky
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roger J. Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Australia
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Merlin J, Evans BA, Csikasz RI, Bengtsson T, Summers RJ, Hutchinson DS. The M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulates glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells by a CaMKK-AMPK-dependent mechanism. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1104-13. [PMID: 20206685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in regulating glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle cells was investigated. [(3)H]-2-Deoxyglucose uptake was increased in differentiated L6 cells by insulin, acetylcholine, oxotremorine-M and carbachol. mAChR-mediated glucose uptake was inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Whole cell radioligand binding using [(3)H]-N-methyl scopolamine chloride identified mAChRs in differentiated but not undifferentiated L6 cells and M(3) mAChR mRNA was detected only in differentiated cells. M(3) mAChRs are Gq-coupled, and cholinergic stimulation by the mAChR agonists acetylcholine, oxotremorine-M and carbachol increased Ca(2+) in differentiated but not undifferentiated L6 cells. This was due to muscarinic but not nicotinic activation as responses were antagonised by the muscarinic antagonist atropine but not the nicotinic antagonist tubocurarine. Western blotting showed that both carbachol and the AMPK activator AICAR increased phosphorylation of the AMPKalpha subunit at Thr172, with responses to carbachol blocked by Compound C and the CaMKK inhibitor STO609 but not by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. AICAR-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation was not sensitive to STO-609, confirming that this compound inhibits CaMKK but not the classical AMPK kinase LKB1. The TAK1 inhibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol and the G(i) inhibitor pertussis toxin both failed to block AMPK phosphorylation in response to carbachol. Using CHO-K1 cells stably expressing each of the mAChR subtypes (M(1)-M(4)), it was determined that only the M(1) and M(3) mAChRs phosphorylate AMPK, confirming a G(q)-dependent mechanism. This study demonstrates that activation of M(3) mAChRs in L6 skeletal muscle cells stimulates glucose uptake via a CaMKK-AMPK-dependent mechanism, independent of the insulin-stimulated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Merlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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31
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Percy WH, Keupp SM. Adrenergic responses of rat colonic muscularis mucosae. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1097-103. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated adrenoceptor-mediated responses of muscularis mucosae from the proximal, mid and distal regions of the rat colon. Noradrenaline-induced relaxations of the muscularis mucosae in each region were unaffected by atenolol, butoxamine or propranolol, but they were attenuated by the selective β3-adrenoceptor antagonist cyanopindolol. The β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL216343 elicited concentration-dependent relaxation of the muscularis mucosae in all regions of the colon. Isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist, evoked concentration-dependent relaxations of the muscularis mucosae in all regions, but only in the proximal colon were these significantly larger than the maximum noradrenaline-induced relaxation. The α1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine caused large contractions of the proximal colonic muscularis mucosae. When proximal tissue was pretreated with phentolamine, an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, maximal noradrenaline- and isoprenaline-induced relaxations did not differ significantly. Although the mid colonic muscularis mucosae was also found to possess excitatory α1-adrenoceptors, these were associated with small contractions and did not modify the muscle's inhibitory responses to noradrenaline. Distal colonic muscularis mucosae lacked excitatory adrenoceptors and only responded to noradrenaline with β3-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxations. No evidence was obtained for functional α2-adrenoceptors on the muscularis mucosae in any region of the rat colon. These data demonstrated that noradrenaline-induced relaxation of the rat colonic muscularis mucosae was mediated via β3-adrenoceptors throughout, but in the proximal region this was modified by concurrent excitatory α1-adrenoceptor activation. Based upon these observations it appeared unlikely that noradrenaline-induced relaxation of rat colonic muscularis mucosae would be functionally linked to the secretory responses of the corresponding mucosa during periods of increased sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Percy
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069-2390, USA
| | - Sarah M Keupp
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069-2390, USA
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32
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Choudhury BK, Shi XZ, Sarna SK. Norepinephrine mediates the transcriptional effects of heterotypic chronic stress on colonic motor function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1238-47. [PMID: 19359422 PMCID: PMC2697948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90712.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress precipitates or exacerbates the symptoms of functional bowel disorders, including motility dysfunction. The cellular mechanisms of these effects are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that heterotypic chronic stress (HeCS) elevates the release of norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which enhances transcription of the gene-regulating expression of Ca(v)1.2 (L-type) channels in colonic circular smooth muscle cells, resulting in enhanced colonic motor function. The experiments were performed in rats using a 9-day heterotypic chronic stress (HeCS) protocol. We found that HeCS, but not acute stress, time dependently enhances the contractile response to ACh in colonic circular smooth muscle strips and in single dissociated smooth muscle cells, the plasma levels of norepinephrine and the mRNA and protein expressions of the alpha(1C) subunit of Ca(v)1.2 channels. These effects result in faster colonic transit and increase in defecation rate. The effects of HeCS are blocked by adrenalectomy but not by depletion of norepinephrine in sympathetic neurons. The inhibition of receptors for glucocortocoids, corticotropin-releasing hormone or nicotine also does not block the effects of heterotypic chronic stress. Norepinephrine acts on alpha- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors to induce the transcription of alpha(1C) subunit. We conclude that HeCS alters colonic motor function by elevating the plasma levels of norepinephrine. Colonic motor dysfunction is associated with enhanced gene transcription of Ca(v)1.2 channels in circular smooth muscle cells. These findings suggest the potential cellular mechanisms by which heterotypic chronic stress may exacerbate motility dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Adrenalectomy
- Adrenergic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/physiopathology
- Corticosterone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood
- Defecation/physiology
- Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Norepinephrine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Norepinephrine/physiology
- Potassium Chloride/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun K Choudhury
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, The Univ. of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 8-104 Medical Research Bldg., Galveston, TX 77555-1083, USA
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33
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Hejazian-Y SH, Dashti-R MH, Mahdavi SM, Qureshi MA. The effect of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2009; 2:75-8. [PMID: 20633478 DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There are many biological investigations for determining an effective cure for the dysfunction of gastrointestinal tracts, using herbal medicine. It has been reported that Carum Copticum is a bactericidal agent and possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic and b-adrenergic stimulatory effects in some tissues. However, these effects of Carum Copticum on mechanical activities of isolated intestine are not clearly identified yet. The present study has been designed to find out the specific effects of Carum Copticum on mechanical activity of isolated rat's ileum. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study rat's ileum contraction was recorded through an isolated tissue chamber in an organ bath by using isotonic transducer and oscillographic device. The effect of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum was evaluated. RESULTS Our findings showed that 1% aqueous extract of Carum Copticum reduces the basal contractile activity of rat's ileum. The extract also reduced acetylcholine induced contraction to 40% of its maximum response. The inhibitory action of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction was similar but slower than that of atropine sulfate. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed an inhibitory effect of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction in rat's ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Hejazian-Y
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
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34
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Comini M, Pozzoli C, Incerti M, Rossi D, Collina S, Azzolina O, Di Vittorio E, Morini G, Poli E. Stereospecific effects of benzo[d]isothiazolyloxypropanolamine derivatives at β-adrenoceptors: Synthesis, chiral resolution, and biological activity in vitro. Chirality 2009; 21:284-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Hutchinson DS, Summers RJ, Gibbs ME. β2- and β3-Adrenoceptors activate glucose uptake in chick astrocytes by distinct mechanisms: a mechanism for memory enhancement? J Neurochem 2007; 103:997-1008. [PMID: 17680985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenaline, acting at beta-adrenoceptors (ARs), enhances memory formation in single trial discriminated avoidance learning in day-old chicks by mechanisms involving alterations in glucose and glycogen metabolism. Earlier studies of memory consolidation in chicks indicated that beta3-ARs enhanced memory by increasing glucose uptake, whereas beta2-ARs enhance memory by increasing glycogenolysis. This study examines the ability of beta-ARs to increase glucose uptake in chick forebrain astrocytes. The beta-AR agonist isoprenaline increased glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, as did insulin. Glucose uptake was increased by the beta2-AR agonist zinterol and the beta3-AR agonist CL316243, but not by the beta1-AR agonist RO363. In chick astrocytes, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction studies showed that beta1-, beta2-, and beta3-AR mRNA were present, whereas radioligand-binding studies showed the presence of only beta2- and beta3-ARs. beta-AR or insulin-mediated glucose uptake was inhibited by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C inhibitors, suggesting a possible interaction between the beta-AR and insulin pathways. However beta2- and beta3-ARs increase glucose uptake by two different mechanisms: beta2-ARs via a Gs-cAMP-protein kinase A-dependent pathway, while beta3-ARs via interactions with Gi. These results indicate that activation of beta2- and beta3-ARs causes glucose uptake in chick astrocytes by distinct mechanisms, which may be relevant for memory enhancement.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Ethanolamines/pharmacology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacokinetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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36
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Ozakca I, Arioglu E, Guner S, Altan VM, Ozcelikay AT. Role of Beta-3-Adrenoceptor in Catecholamine-Induced Relaxations in Gastric Fundus from Control and Diabetic Rats. Pharmacology 2007; 80:227-38. [PMID: 17622774 DOI: 10.1159/000104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes to the catecholamine-mediated relaxations in gastric fundus from control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Isolated organ bath studies and molecular techniques were used to characterize the beta-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating relaxation of rat gastric fundus. Isoprenaline-mediated relaxation was not significantly changed by nadolol (beta(1)-/beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist; 1 micromol/l) but only shifted to the right by SR59230A (3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-[[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl]amino]-(2S)-2-propanol oxalate salt, 0.1-1 micromol/l), a selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor antagonist, in a competitive manner. Relaxant responses to noradrenaline were antagonized in a concentration-dependent manner by SR59230A (0.1-1 micromol/l), but not by metoprolol (selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist; 0.1-1 micromol/l) and ICI-118551 (1-[2,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1Hinden- 4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-butanol hydrochloride, selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist; 0.1-1 micromol/l). SR59230A (1 micromol/l) also caused a significant rightward shift in fenoterol-induced relaxation while ICI-118551 (1 micromol/l) did not have any effect. Selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL37344 ([4-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]phenoxy]acetic acid), caused biphasic relaxation which was not affected by nadolol (1 micromol/l). SR59230A (1 micromol/l) abolished only the first phase of BRL37344 response. beta(1)-, beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptor mRNA expressions have been detected in a similar intensity in gastric fundus from control rats. Experimental diabetes caused a significant decrease in E(max) and pD(2) values of isoprenaline and noradrenaline. Diabetes also reduced E(max) but not pD(2) value of the first component of BRL37344-induced relaxation response. The band intensity of mRNA transcript of beta(3)-adrenoceptor was reduced in diabetics while no alteration has been found for beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptor mRNA transcripts between groups. These results show that functional beta-adrenoceptor subtype involved in catecholamine-mediated relaxations is beta(3)-adrenoceptor, and its function and mRNA expression are decreased in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Ozakca
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandogan/Ankara, Turkey
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37
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38
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Nasser Y, Ho W, Sharkey KA. Distribution of adrenergic receptors in the enteric nervous system of the guinea pig, mouse, and rat. J Comp Neurol 2006; 495:529-53. [PMID: 16498685 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are important in control of the gastrointestinal tract. Here we describe the distribution of adrenergic receptors in the ENS of the ileum and colon of the guinea pig, rat, and mouse by using single- and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. In the myenteric plexus (MP) of the rat and mouse, alpha2a-adrenergic receptors (alpha2a-AR) were widely distributed on neurons and enteric glial cells. alpha2a-AR mainly colocalized with calretinin in the MP, whereas submucosal alpha2a-AR neurons colocalized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y, and calretinin in both species. In the guinea pig ileum, we observed widespread alpha2a-AR immunoreactivity on nerve fibers in the MP and on VIP neurons in the submucosal plexus (SMP). We observed extensive beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1-AR) expression on neurons and nerve fibers in both the MP and the SMP of all species. Similarly, the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR) was expressed on neurons and nerve fibers in the SMP of all species, as well as in the MP of the mouse. In the MP, beta1- and beta2-AR immunoreactivity was localized to several neuronal populations, including calretinin and nitrergic neurons. In the SMP of the guinea pig, beta1- and beta2-AR mainly colocalized with VIP, whereas, in the rat and mouse, beta1- and beta2-AR were distributed among the VIP and calretinin populations. Adrenergic receptors were widely localized on specific neuronal populations in all species studied. The role of glial alpha2a-AR is unknown. These results suggest that sympathetic innervation of the ENS is directed toward both enteric neurons and enteric glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Nasser
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Hutchinson DS, Chernogubova E, Sato M, Summers RJ, Bengtsson T. Agonist effects of zinterol at the mouse and human beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 373:158-68. [PMID: 16601951 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the action of zinterol at beta(3)-adrenoceptors. We used mouse primary brown adipocytes and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells expressing the mouse or human beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Zinterol was a full agonist at increasing cyclic AMP levels in primary brown adipocytes (which express beta(1)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptors but not beta(2)-adrenoceptors), and this effect was almost totally abolished in adipocytes derived from beta(3)-adrenoceptor knock-out (KO) mice. Zinterol was also a full agonist at increasing another biological end-point, glucose uptake in brown adipocytes. This effect was reduced in adipocytes derived from beta(3)-adrenoceptor KO mice, with the remaining response sensitive to beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonism. To determine whether the effect of zinterol on beta(3)-adrenoceptors in primary brown adipocytes can be replicated in a recombinant system, we used CHO-K1 cells expressing the mouse or human beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Zinterol was a full agonist at mouse and human receptors with respect to increasing cyclic AMP levels, with pEC(50) values similar to that of the selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist (R, R)-5-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-amino]-propyl]1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylate (CL316243) at the mouse receptor. At the human receptor, zinterol was more potent at increasing cyclic AMP levels than CL316243. In cytosensor microphysiometer studies, zinterol was a full agonist for increases in extracellular acidification rates at the mouse and human beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Therefore, we have shown that zinterol is a potent, high-efficacy beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist at the endogenous mouse beta(3)-adrenoceptor in primary brown adipocytes and at the cloned mouse and human beta(3)-adrenoceptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Zinterol is therefore one of few beta-adrenoceptor agonists with high potency and efficacy at the human beta(3)-adrenoceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Hutchinson
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratory F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Morini G, Poli E, Comini M, Menozzi A, Pozzoli C. Benzisothiazoles and beta-adrenoceptors: synthesis and pharmacological investigation of novel propanolamine and oxypropanolamine derivatives in isolated rat tissues. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:1317-23. [PMID: 16392661 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to examine the ability of benzisothiazole-based drugs to interact with beta-adrenoceptors, a series of 1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives, which were substituted with various propanolamine or oxypropanolamine side chains in the 2 or 3 position, were synthesised and tested. The pharmacological activity of these compounds at the beta-adrenoceptors was examined using isolated rat atria and small intestinal segments, which preferentially express the beta1- and beta3-adrenoceptor-mediated responses, respectively. None of these products showed any beta-adrenoceptor agonistic activity. In contrast, the 2- and 3-substituted isopropyl, tert-butyl, benzyl, and piperonyl derivatives 2a-d and 3a-d elicited surmountable inhibition of the isoprenaline-induced chronotropic effects in the atria, suggesting competitive antagonism at the beta1-recognition site. The pA2 values revealed tert-butyl 3b and the isopropyl substituted piperonyl derivatives 3a to be the most effective. Remarkably, many of the 2-substituted propanolamines were less active than the corresponding 3-substituted oxypropanolamines. With the exception of compound 3b, none of these drugs antagonised the muscle relaxant activity of isoprenaline in the intestine, suggesting no effect on the beta3-adrenoceptors. These results confirm the ability of the benzisothiazole ring to interact with the beta-adrenoceptors, and demonstrate that 2-substitution with propanolamine or 3-substitution with oxypropanolamine groups yields compounds with preferential antagonistic activity at the cardiac beta1-adrenoceptors. The degree of antagonism depends strongly on both the nature of the substituent and its position on the benzisothiazole ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Morini
- University of Parma, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Department, Italy
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41
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Botion LM, Ferreira AVM, Côrtes SF, Lemos VS, Braga FC. Effects of the Brazilian phytopharmaceutical product Ierobina on lipid metabolism and intestinal tonus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 102:137-42. [PMID: 16054792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ierobina is a Brazilian phytopharmaceutical product indicated for the treatment of dyspepsia. It contains the hydroethanolic extracts of Solanum paniculatum L. (Solanaceae), Remijia ferruginea D.C. (Rubiaceae), Jacaranda caroba D.C. (Bignoniaceae) and Erythraea centaurium (L.) Borkh. (Gentianaceae), species traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The effect of Ierobina on the digestive system was investigated in rats fed with normal or high-fat (HF) diets, at doses of 2.16, 4.32 and 8.64 mg/kg. The product did not affect the plasmatic levels of glucose, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in the evaluated doses, whereas the triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration showed a dose-dependent increase in HF-fed animals. TAG-rich lipoprotein uptake, estimated by measuring total lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal adipose tissue, was accompanied by TAG increase in HF-fed rats, after Ierobina administration. The product also induced a concentration-dependent relaxant effect on spontaneous ileum contractions and on the rat ileum pre-contracted with carbachol. Together, these results support the indication of Ierobina as an anti-dyspeptic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Botion
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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42
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Hutchinson DS, Bengtsson T. alpha1A-adrenoceptors activate glucose uptake in L6 muscle cells through a phospholipase C-, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-, and atypical protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Endocrinology 2005; 146:901-12. [PMID: 15550506 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of alpha1-adrenoceptor activation on glucose uptake in L6 cells was investigated. The alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine [pEC50 (-log10 EC50), 5.27 +/- 0.30] or cirazoline (pEC50, 5.00 +/- 0.23) increased glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, as did insulin (pEC50, 7.16 +/- 0.21). The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine was without any stimulatory effect on glucose uptake. The stimulatory effect of cirazoline was inhibited by the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, but not by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. RT-PCR showed that the alpha1A-adrenoceptor was the sole alpha1-adrenoceptor subtype expressed in L6 cells. Cirazoline- or insulin-mediated glucose uptake was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, suggesting a possible interaction between the alpha1-adrenoceptor and insulin pathways. Cirazoline or insulin stimulated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activity, but alpha1-adrenoceptor activation did not phosphorylate Akt. Both cirazoline- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake were inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC), phospholipase C, and p38 kinase inhibitors, but not by Erk1/2 inhibitors (despite both treatments being able to phosphorylate Erk1/2). Insulin and cirazoline were able to activate and phosphorylate p38 kinase. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and the calcium ionophore A23187 produced significant increases in glucose uptake, indicating roles for PKC and calcium in glucose uptake. Down-regulation of conventional PKC isoforms inhibited glucose uptake mediated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, but not by insulin or cirazoline. This study demonstrates that alpha1-adrenoceptors mediate increases in glucose uptake in L6 muscle cells. This effect appears to be related to activation of phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, p38 kinase, and PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Hutchinson
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratory F3, Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Severi C, Tattoli I, Romano G, Corleto VD, Delle Fave G. β3-Adrenoceptors: relaxant function and mRNA detection in smooth muscle cells isolated from the human colon. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 82:515-22. [PMID: 15389299 DOI: 10.1139/y04-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional involvement of β3-adrenoceptors in controlling human gastrointestinal motility has not been unequivocally assessed yet. The direct myogenic contribution of these receptors was examined, by in vitro functional studies and analysis of mRNA expression, on smooth muscle cells separately isolated from taenia coli and circular muscle layers of the human colon. Isoproterenol, a nonselective β-adrenoceptor agonist, relaxed, in a concentration-dependent manner, both human taenia coli and circular colonic smooth muscle cells, although displaying a higher intrinsic activity (65.3 ± 2.3 vs. 55.2 ± 1.4% maximal relaxation) and potency (pEC50: 7.41 ± 0.07 vs. 6.32 ± 0.08) were greater on taenia coli than circular cells. In the presence of the β1-antagonist CGP20712A and of the β2-antagonist ICI 118,551, a 25–30% decrease in isoproterenol intrinsic activity was observed on both cell types and on taenia coli, the nonselective β1/β2-antagonist propranolol produced a rightward shift of the isoproterenol concentration-response curve with mean estimated pKB values (8.12 ± 0.27 at 0.1 µM and 6.45 ± 0.13 at 1 µM) lower than that expected for both β1- and β2-adrenoceptors. CGP12177A and SR 58611A, two β3-adrenoceptor agonists, presented an intrinsic activity comparable to that of isoproterenol in the presence of β1- and β2-antagonists, the former being more potent on taenia coli than on circular smooth muscle cells. β3-Adrenoceptor mRNA was detected by reverse transcription PCR on both cell types. These results strongly suggest a direct functional role of β3-adrenoceptors in the human colon.Key words: adrenoceptors, β3-adrenoceptors, smooth muscle cells, taenia coli, human colon.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Colon/cytology
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/physiology
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Propranolol/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/physiology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Severi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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44
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Popp BD, Hutchinson DS, Evans BA, Summers RJ. Stereoselectivity for interactions of agonists and antagonists at mouse, rat and human β3-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 484:323-31. [PMID: 14744619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the stereoselectivity profile of recombinant mouse, rat and human beta(3)-adrenoceptors expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells using radioligand binding, in comparison with endogenously expressed beta(3)-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation responses in mouse ileum. The enantiomeric ratios for several beta-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists at the cloned mouse, rat and human beta(3)-adrenoceptor were less than those reported at the cloned beta(1)-/beta(2)-adrenoceptor but higher than those reported in previous studies. The degree of stereoselectivity was relatively low for the agonists isoprenaline and noradrenaline but higher for antagonists and, in particular, tertatolol and propranolol. In mouse ileum, stereoselectivity of propranolol and tertatolol was observed under beta(1)-/beta(2)-adrenoceptor blockade. The (-)-enantiomers of propranolol and tertatolol were more effective at antagonism of (-)-isoprenaline-mediated relaxation of mouse ileum than their (+)-enantiomers. The recombinant mouse, rat and human beta(3)-adrenoceptors display stereoselective interactions for agonists and antagonists similar to the stereoselective profile of beta(3)-adrenoceptors in mouse ileum. The degree of stereoselectivity varied between species and the human beta(3)-adrenoceptor displayed higher affinities and enantiomeric ratios than the mouse or rat beta(3)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Popp
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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45
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Kravtsov GM, Hwang ISS, Tang F. The inhibitory effect of adrenomedullin in the rat ileum: cross-talk with beta3-adrenoceptor in the serotonin-induced muscle contraction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:241-8. [PMID: 14569072 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.057612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to vascular muscles, the contribution of a hypotensive peptide adrenomedullin (AM) to the regulation of visceral smooth muscles is obscure. The content, synthesis, and effects of AM on the muscular tone in rat ileum were explored. It was found that there was immunoreactive AM (301 pg/mg of protein) and AM mRNA expression (162 fg/pg actin mRNA) in the ileum and that AM evoked relaxation in ileal strips (Ki = 0.85 nM) precontracted with serotonin. Antagonists of both AM (AM(22-52)) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP(8-37)) receptors did not affect this AM-induced relaxation, whereas it was suppressed by a selective blocker of beta3-adrenoreceptor (SR 59230A). The AM-induced relaxation was accompanied by a production of cAMP. Antagonists of protein kinases A (KT 5720 and H-7) and an inhibitor of the ATP-dependent K(+)-channels (glibenclamide) attenuated the effect of AM. We suggest that AM is a local regulator of the ileal tone, with an inhibitory action on muscle contraction. AM may activate the beta3-adrenoceptors, resulting in protein kinase A activation, which in turn opens the ATP-dependent K(+)-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadi M Kravtsov
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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46
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Kozłowska H, Szymska U, Schlicker E, Malinowska B. Atypical beta-adrenoceptors, different from beta 3-adrenoceptors and probably from the low-affinity state of beta 1-adrenoceptors, relax the rat isolated mesenteric artery. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:3-12. [PMID: 12967929 PMCID: PMC1574016 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) We examined whether beta3- and/or atypical beta-adrenoceptors relax the rat isolated mesenteric artery. (2) Mesenteric arteries precontracted with phenylephrine were relaxed by beta-agonists with the following potencies (pD2): nonselective agonist isoprenaline (6.00)>nonconventional partial agonist cyanopindolol (5.45)>beta2-agonist fenoterol (4.98)>nonconventional partial agonist CGP 12177 (4.19)>beta3-agonist ZD 2079 (3.72). The beta3-agonist CL 316243 1 mm relaxed the vessel only marginally. (3) The concentration-response curves (CRCs) for cyanopindolol, CGP 12177 and ZD 2079 were not affected by the nonselective beta-antagonist propranolol 0.3 microm, the beta2-antagonist ICI 118551 1 microm and by CL 316243 60 microm, but shifted to the right by bupranolol (pA2 5.3-5.7), CGP 20712 (5.4) and SR 59230A (6.5-6.7) (the latter three drugs block atypical and/or beta3-adrenoceptors at high concentrations). (4) The CRC for isoprenaline was shifted to the right by propranolol (pA2 7.0) but, in the presence of propranolol 0.3 microm, not affected by SR 59230A 1 microm. The CRC for fenoterol was shifted to the right by propranolol (pA2 6.9) and ICI 118551 (6.8). (5) Removal of endothelium diminished the vasorelaxant effects of cyanopindolol, CGP 12177 and ZD 2079. (6) Fenoterol and cyanopindolol also relaxed (endothelium-intact) mesenteric arteries precontracted with serotonin. The relaxant effect of cyanopindolol was antagonized by bupranolol to about the same degree as in phenylephrine-contracted vessels. (7) In conclusion, beta2- and atypical beta-adrenoceptors (but not beta3-adrenoceptors) relax the rat mesenteric artery. The atypical beta-adrenoceptor, which is partially located endothelially, may differ from the low-affinity state of the beta1-adrenoceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kozłowska
- Zakład Fizjologii Doświadczalnej, Akademia Medyczna w Białymstoku, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Szymska
- Zakład Fizjologii Doświadczalnej, Akademia Medyczna w Białymstoku, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Zakład Fizjologii Doświadczalnej, Akademia Medyczna w Białymstoku, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
- Author for correspondence:
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Horinouchi T, Tanaka Y, Koike K. Function of beta1-adrenoceptors and mRNA expression of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig esophagus. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 473:79-82. [PMID: 12877941 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
beta-Adrenoceptor subtypes mediating relaxation were examined by using pharmacological and molecular analyses in guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae. (-)-Isoprenaline-induced relaxations were antagonized by (+/-)-propranolol (pA2 = 8.47+/-0.07), a selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist, (+/-)-2-hydroxy-5-[2-[[2-hydroxy-3-[4-[1-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]ethoxy]-benzamide methanesulfonate (CGP20712A; pA(2)=9.43+/-0.09), and a selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, (+/-)-1-[2,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-butanol hydrochloride (ICI-118,5511; pA2 = 7.11+/-0.04), indicating that beta(1)-adrenoceptors but not beta2- or beta3-adrenoceptors were essentially involved in beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxations. However, the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors, but not for beta3-adrenoceptors, was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results clearly suggest that not all beta-adrenoceptor mRNA expressed strictly reflect functional receptors in guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Esophagus/metabolism
- Esophagus/physiology
- Guinea Pigs
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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48
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Rathi S, Kazerounian S, Banwait K, Schulz S, Waldman SA, Rattan S. Functional and molecular characterization of beta-adrenoceptors in the internal anal sphincter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:615-24. [PMID: 12606629 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.048462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize different beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) and determine their role in the spontaneously tonic smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter (IAS). The beta-AR subtypes in the opossum IAS were investigated by functional in vitro, radioligand binding, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies. ZD 7114 [(S)-4-[2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropylaminoethoxy]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxyacetamide], a selective beta(3)-AR agonist, caused a potent and concentration-dependent relaxation of the IAS smooth muscle that was antagonized by the beta(3)-AR antagonist SR 59230A [1-(2-ethylphenoxy)-3-[[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]amino]-(2S)-2-propanol hydrochloride]. Conversely, the IAS smooth muscle relaxation caused by beta(1)- and beta(2)-AR agonists (xamoterol and procaterol, respectively) was selectively antagonized by their respective antagonists CGP 20712 [(+/-)-2-hydroxy-5-[2-[[2-hydroxy-3-[4-[1-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]phenoxy]propyl]amino]ethoxy]-benzamide methanesulfonate salt] and ICI 118551. Saturation binding of [(125)I]iodocyanopindolol to beta-AR subtypes revealed the presence of a high-affinity site (K(d1) = 96.4 +/- 8.7 pM; B(max1) = 12.5 +/- 0.6 fmol/mg protein) and a low-affinity site (K(d2) = 1.96 +/- 1.7 nM; B(max2) = 58.7 +/- 4.3 fmol/mg protein). Competition binding with selective beta-AR antagonists revealed that the high-affinity site correspond to beta(1)/beta(2)-AR and the low affinity site to beta(3)-AR. Receptor binding data suggest the predominant presence of beta(3)-AR over beta(1)/beta(2)-AR. Western blot studies identified beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and beta(3)-AR subtypes. The presence of beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and beta(3)-ARs was further demonstrated by mRNA analysis using RT-PCR. The studies demonstrate a comprehensive functional and molecular characterization of beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and beta(3)-ARs in IAS smooth muscle. These studies may have important implications in anorectal and other gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Rathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Room no. 901 College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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49
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Sarma DNK, Banwait K, Basak A, DiMarino AJ, Rattan S. Inhibitory effect of beta3-adrenoceptor agonist in lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle: in vitro studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:48-55. [PMID: 12490574 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of (R,R)-5-[2-[2-3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl] - amino]propyl] - 1,3 - benzodioxole - 2, 2 - dicarboxylate (CL 316243) (a typical beta3-agonist) on the spontaneously tonic smooth muscle of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Studies were carried out in smooth muscle strips and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of opossum LES. Isometric tension was recorded in the basal state and after CL 316243, and before and after beta3-antagonist (S)-N-[4-[2-[[3-[-(acetamidomethyl)phenoxy]-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]benzenesulfonamide (L 748337) and nonselective antagonist propranolol. In some experiments, the effects of nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerve activation by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were also examined. The effects of CL 316243 were compared with those of nonselective beta-agonist isoproterenol. CL 316243 caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of the LES smooth muscle. The relaxant action of CL 316243 was determined to be directly at the smooth muscle because it remained unmodified by the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin and other neurohumoral antagonists, and also was observed in the SMCs. L 748337 selectively antagonized the relaxant effect of CL 316243 and, conversely, had no significant effect on the inhibitory actions of isoproterenol. CL 316243 (1 x 10(-8) M) caused an augmentation of NANC relaxation in the LES. Another beta3-agonist, (S)-4-[hydroxy-3-phenoxy-propylamino-ethoxy]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-phenoxyacetamide (ZD 7114), also caused concentration-dependent full relaxation of the LES that was selectively antagonized by beta3-anatagonist 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-[(1S)1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylaminol]-(2S)-2-propanol oxalate (SR 59230A). These studies defined the effects of characteristic inhibitory beta3-adrenoceptors in the spontaneously tonic LES smooth muscle and suggested a potential therapeutic role in the esophageal motility disorders characterized by hypertensive LES.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N K Sarma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Shabalina I, Wiklund C, Bengtsson T, Jacobsson A, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Uncoupling protein-1: involvement in a novel pathway for beta-adrenergic, cAMP-mediated intestinal relaxation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 283:G1107-16. [PMID: 12381524 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00193.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathway for adrenergic relaxation of smooth muscle is not fully understood. As mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression has been reported in cells within the longitudinal smooth muscle layer of organs exhibiting peristalsis, we examined whether the absence of UCP1 affects adrenergic responsiveness. Intestinal (ileal) segments were obtained from UCP1-ablated mice and from wild-type mice (C57Bl/6, 129/SvPas, and outbred NMRI). In UCP1-containing mice, isoprenaline totally inhibited contractions induced by electrical field stimulation, but in intestine from UCP1-ablated mice, a significant residual contraction remained even at a high isoprenaline concentration; the segments were threefold less sensitive to isoprenaline. Also, when contraction was induced by carbachol, there was a residual isoprenaline-insensitive contraction. Similar results were obtained with the beta(3)-selective agonist CL-316,243 and with the adenylyl cyclase stimulator forskolin. Thus the UCP1 reported to be expressed in the longitudinal muscle layer of the mouse intestine is apparently functional, and UCP1, presumably through uncoupling, may be involved in a novel pathway leading from increased cAMP levels to relaxation in organs exhibiting peristalsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shabalina
- Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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