1
|
Jiang F, Xu C, Fan X, Yang S, Fan W, Li M, Song J, Wei W, Chen H, Zhong D, Li G. MyD88 Inhibition Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Inflammatory Response and Reducing Blood-brain Barrier Damage. Neuroscience 2024; 549:121-137. [PMID: 38754722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a downstream molecule directly linked to Toll-like receptor (TLRs) and IL1 receptor, has been implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury across various organs. However, its role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) remains unclear. Five transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We screened these datasets for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the GSE35338 and GSE58720 datasets and performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using the GSE30655, GSE28731, and GSE32529 datasets to identify the core module related to tMCAO. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the intersecting DEGs and genes in the core module. Finally, we identified Myd88 was the core gene. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) validated that TNFα, IL17, and MyD88 signaling pathways were significantly enriched in tMCAO. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanistic role of MyD88 in the tMCAO model using male C57BL/6 mice. MyD88 expression increased significantly 24 h after reperfusion. After intraperitoneal administration of TJ-M2010-5, a MyD88-specific inhibitor, during reperfusion, the infarction volumes in the mice were ameliorated. TJ-M2010-5 inhibits the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, it attenuates the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL17, and MMP9 while preserving the expression level of ZO1 after tMCAO, thereby safeguarding against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Finally, our findings suggest that MyD88 regulates the IRAK4/IRF5 signaling pathway associated with microglial activation. MyD88 participates in CIRI by regulating the inflammatory response and BBB damage following tMCAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Neurology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chung K, Ullah I, Yi Y, Kang E, Yun G, Heo S, Kim M, Chung SE, Park S, Lim J, Lee M, Rhim T, Lee SK. Intranasal Delivery of Anti-Apoptotic siRNA Complexed with Fas-Signaling Blocking Peptides Attenuates Cellular Apoptosis in Brain Ischemia. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:290. [PMID: 38399343 PMCID: PMC10892455 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke-induced neuronal cell death leads to the permanent impairment of brain function. The Fas-mediating extrinsic apoptosis pathway and the cytochrome c-mediating intrinsic apoptosis pathway are two major molecular mechanisms contributing to neuronal injury in ischemic stroke. In this study, we employed a Fas-blocking peptide (FBP) coupled with a positively charged nona-arginine peptide (9R) to form a complex with negatively charged siRNA targeting Bax (FBP9R/siBax). This complex is specifically designed to deliver siRNA to Fas-expressing ischemic brain cells. This complex enables the targeted inhibition of Fas-mediating extrinsic apoptosis pathways and cytochrome c-mediating intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Specifically, the FBP targets the Fas/Fas ligand signaling, while siBax targets Bax involved in mitochondria disruption in the intrinsic pathway. The FBP9R carrier system enables the delivery of functional siRNA to hypoxic cells expressing the Fas receptor on their surface-a finding validated through qPCR and confocal microscopy analyses. Through intranasal (IN) administration of FBP9R/siCy5 to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic rat models, brain imaging revealed the complex specifically localized to the Fas-expressing infarcted region but did not localize in the non-infarcted region of the brain. A single IN administration of FBP9R/siBax demonstrated a significant reduction in neuronal cell death by effectively inhibiting Fas signaling and preventing the release of cytochrome c. The targeted delivery of FBP9R/siBax represents a promising alternative strategy for the treatment of brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunho Chung
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yujong Yi
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Eunhwa Kang
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Gyeongju Yun
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Seoyoun Heo
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Seong-Eun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Jaeyeoung Lim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (K.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vitale I, Pietrocola F, Guilbaud E, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostini M, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Aqeilan RI, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Balachandran S, Bano D, Barlev NA, Bartek J, Bazan NG, Becker C, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi ME, Blagosklonny MV, Blander JM, Blandino G, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bortner CD, Bove P, Boya P, Brenner C, Broz P, Brunner T, Damgaard RB, Calin GA, Campanella M, Candi E, Carbone M, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FKM, Chen GQ, Chen Q, Chen YH, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Ciliberto G, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Daugaard M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Maria R, De Strooper B, Debatin KM, Deberardinis RJ, Degterev A, Del Sal G, Deshmukh M, Di Virgilio F, Diederich M, Dixon SJ, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Engeland K, Fimia GM, Galassi C, Ganini C, Garcia-Saez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Gerlic M, Ghosh S, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Häcker G, Hajnóczky G, Hardwick JM, Haupt Y, He S, Heery DM, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Hildeman DA, Ichijo H, Inoue S, Jäättelä M, Janic A, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kanneganti TD, Karin M, Kashkar H, Kaufmann T, Kelly GL, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Kluck R, Krysko DV, Kulms D, Kumar S, Lavandero S, Lavrik IN, Lemasters JJ, Liccardi G, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Luedde T, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malorni W, Manic G, Mantovani R, Marchi S, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Mastroberardino PG, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino G, Melino S, Miao EA, Moll UM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Murphy DJ, Niklison-Chirou MV, Novelli F, Núñez G, Oberst A, Ofengeim D, Opferman JT, Oren M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pentimalli F, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Pinton P, Porta G, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rajalingam K, Ravichandran KS, Rehm M, Ricci JE, Rizzuto R, Robinson N, Rodrigues CMP, Rotblat B, Rothlin CV, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Rufini A, Ryan KM, Sarosiek KA, Sawa A, Sayan E, Schroder K, Scorrano L, Sesti F, Shao F, Shi Y, Sica GS, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stephanou A, Stockwell BR, Strapazzon F, Strasser A, Sun L, Sun E, Sun Q, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Troy CM, Turk B, Urbano N, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Vander Heiden MG, Vanderluit JL, Verkhratsky A, Villunger A, von Karstedt S, Voss AK, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Vuri D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang R, Wang Y, Weber A, Wood W, Yamazaki T, Yang HT, Zakeri Z, Zawacka-Pankau JE, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhivotovsky B, Zhou W, Piacentini M, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1097-1154. [PMID: 37100955 PMCID: PMC10130819 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- BIOGEM, Avellino, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division of Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David W Andrews
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Lautenberg Center for Immunology & Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniele Bano
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy and Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Villejuif, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francis K-M Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- State Key Lab of Oncogene and its related gene, Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Munich, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph J Deberardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park-Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- CECAD, Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR, 1231, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Anti-cancer Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv university, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacology, Oncology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ygal Haupt
- VITTAIL Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudan He
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Janic
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruth Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Lab, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - John J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Global Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- IFOM-ETS The AIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Flavia Novelli
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore, Singapore
- ISEP, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Center of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The NIBN, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- University of Leicester, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutics Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emre Sayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Giuseppe S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Flavie Strapazzon
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carol M Troy
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicoletta Urbano
- Department of Oncohaematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Vuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henning Walczak
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Achim Weber
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biophysics and p53 protein biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wenzhao Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song X, Wang Z, Tian Z, Wu M, Zhou Y, Zhang J. Identification of Key Ferroptosis-Related Genes in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis and Its Diagnostic Value. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076399. [PMID: 37047371 PMCID: PMC10094542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a complex pathogenesis. Re-lapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common subset of MS, accounting for approximately 85% of cases. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis may contribute to the progression of RRMS, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Herein, this study intended to explore the molecular network of ferroptosis associated with RRMS and establish a predictive model for efficacy diagnosis. Firstly, RRMS-related module genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Secondly, the optimal machine learning model was selected from four options: the generalized linear model (GLM), random forest model (RF), support vector machine model (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting model (XGB). Subsequently, the predictive efficacy of the diagnostic model was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. Finally, a SVM diagnostic model based on five genes (JUN, TXNIP, NCOA4, EIF2AK4, PIK3CA) was established, and it demonstrated good predictive performance in the validation dataset. In summary, our study provides a systematic exploration of the complex relationship between ferroptosis and RRMS, which may contribute to a better understanding of the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of RRMS and provide promising diagnostic strategies for RRMS patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Risso V, Lafont E, Le Gallo M. Therapeutic approaches targeting CD95L/CD95 signaling in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:248. [PMID: 35301281 PMCID: PMC8931059 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Key players in the controlled induction of cell death are the Death Receptors (DR). CD95 is a prototypic DR activated by its cognate ligand CD95L triggering programmed cell death. As a consequence, alterations in the CD95/CD95L pathway have been involved in several disease conditions ranging from autoimmune diseases to inflammation and cancer. CD95L-induced cell death has multiple roles in the immune response since it constitutes one of the mechanisms by which cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets, but it is also involved in the process of turning off the immune response. Furthermore, beyond the canonical pro-death signals, CD95L, which can be membrane-bound or soluble, also induces non-apoptotic signaling that contributes to its tumor-promoting and pro-inflammatory roles. The intent of this review is to describe the role of CD95/CD95L in the pathophysiology of cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation and to discuss recently patented and emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit/block the CD95/CD95L system in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Risso
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Lafont
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Le Gallo
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Exploring the Potential Mechanism of Shennao Fuyuan Tang for Ischemic Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6015702. [PMID: 34603472 PMCID: PMC8486536 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6015702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methods Screen the biologically active components and potential targets of SNFYT through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP), Traditional Chinese Medicines Integrated Database (TCMID), and related literature. In addition, DrugBank, OMIM, DisGeNET, and the Therapeutic Target Database were searched to explore the therapeutic targets of IS. The cross-targets of SNFYT potential targets and IS treatment targets were taken as candidate gene targets, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on the candidate targets. On this basis, the SNFYT-component-target network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2. Finally, AutoDock was used to verify the molecular docking of core components and core targets. Results We screened out 95 potentially active components and 143 candidate targets. SNFYT-component-target network, PPI network, and Cytoscape analysis identified four core active ingredients and 14 core targets. GO enrichment analyzed 2333 biological processes, 79 cell components, and 149 molecular functions. There are 170 KEGG-related signal pathways (P < 0.05), including the IL-17 signal pathway, TNF signal pathway, and HIF-1 signal pathway. The molecular docking results of the core components and the core targets showed good binding power. Conclusions SNFYT may achieve the effect of treating ischemic stroke through its anti-inflammatory effect through a signal pathway with core targets as the core.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee CH, Ahn JH, Chen BH, Kim DW, Sim H, Lee TK, Park JH, Won MH, Choi SY. Differences in TNF‑α and TNF‑R1 expression in damaged neurons and activated astrocytes of the hippocampal CA1 region between young and adult gerbils following transient forebrain ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:625. [PMID: 34212986 PMCID: PMC8281367 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1) play diverse roles in modulating the neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia. The present study compared the time-dependent changes of TNF-α and TNF-R1 protein expression levels in the hippocampal subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) between adult and young gerbils following transient forebrain ischemia (tFI), via western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. In adult gerbils, delayed neuronal death of pyramidal neurons, the principal neurons in CA1, was recorded 4 days after tFI; however, in young gerbils, delayed neuronal death was recorded 7 days after tFI. TNF-α protein expression levels gradually increased in both groups following tFI; however, TNF-α expression was higher in young gerbils compared with adult gerbils. TNF-R1 protein expression levels markedly increased in both groups 1 day after tFI. Subsequently, TNF-R1 expression gradually decreased in young gerbils, whereas TNF-R1 expression levels were irregularly altered in adult gerbils following tFI. Notably, TNF-α immunoreactivity significantly increased in pyramidal neurons in both groups 1 day after tFI; however, the patterns altered between both groups. In adult gerbils, TNF-α immunoreactivity was rarely exhibited in pyramidal neurons 4 days after tFI due to neuronal death, suggesting that TNF-α immunoreactivity was newly expressed in astrocytes. In young gerbils, TNF-α immunoreactivity increased in pyramidal neurons 4 days after tFI, and TNF-α immunoreactivity was newly expressed in astrocytes. In addition, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity was exhibited in pyramidal cells of both sham groups, and significantly increased 1 day after tFI; however, the patterns altered between both groups. In adult gerbils, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity was rarely exhibited 4 days after tFI, and astrocytes newly expressed TNF-R1 immunoreactivity. In young gerbils, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity increased in pyramidal neurons 4 days after tFI; however, TNF-R1 immunoreactivity was not reported in pyramidal neurons and astrocytes thereafter. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that different expression levels of TNF-α and TNF-R1 in ischemic CA1 between adult and young gerbils may be due to age-dependent differences of tFI-induced neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50510, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiu Z, Yang J, Deng G, Li D, Zhang S. Angiopoietin-like 4 promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis in a mouse model of acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2021; 168:156-164. [PMID: 33417949 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) can promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis following stroke, as well as to explore the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS ANGPTL4 (40 μg/kg) or a vehicle was administered via tail vein beginning 5 min prior to electrocoagulation-induced stroke in male C57/B6 J mice. Infarct volume was measured via Nissl staining at day 3 post-stroke. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and activation of microglia were evaluated by immunofluorescence co-labelling bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) with von Willebrand factor (vWF), doublecortin (DCX), neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and Iba1 at day 7 post-stroke. The levels of p-AKT, T-AKT, VEGF, MPO, Fas and FasL in the ipsilesional brain were detected by Western blot analysis at day 1 post-stroke. RESULTS Compared with the Vehicle group, ANGPTL4 reduced infarct volume significantly at day 3 post-stroke. ANGPTL4 significantly increased the number of BrdU+, BrdU+/vWF+and BrdU+/DCX+ cells in the peri-infarct zone, subventricular zone and subgranular zone and inhibited BrdU+/Iba1+ cells in the peri-infarct zone at day 7 post-stroke. The level of p-AKT and the ratio of phospho-AKT to total-AKT in the ipsilesional brain were significantly elevated, the levels of MPO, Fas and FasL were significantly declined; however, there was no significant difference at day 1 post-stroke between the VEGF and total-AKT levels in both groups. CONCLUSIONS ANGPTL4 enhances angiogenesis and neurogenesis post-stroke by upregulating the phosphorylation of AKT, reduces neuronal death and inhibits inflammatory response, which resultes from the inhibition of FasL/Fas expression and its downstream pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Suming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan J, Amin P, Ofengeim D. Necroptosis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation in CNS diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:19-33. [PMID: 30467385 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is crucial for the normal development of the nervous system, whereas neurons in the adult CNS are relatively resistant to this form of cell death. However, under pathological conditions, upregulation of death receptor family ligands, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), can sensitize cells in the CNS to apoptosis and a form of regulated necrotic cell death known as necroptosis that is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Necroptosis promotes further cell death and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. In this Review, we outline the evidence implicating necroptosis in these neurological diseases and suggest that targeting RIPK1 might help to inhibit multiple cell death pathways and ameliorate neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Palak Amin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chan SJ, Zhao H, Hayakawa K, Chai C, Tan CT, Huang J, Tao R, Hamanaka G, Arumugam TV, Lo EH, Yu VCK, Wong PH. Modulator of apoptosis-1 is a potential therapeutic target in acute ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:2406-2418. [PMID: 30132384 PMCID: PMC6893981 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18794839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP-1) is a Bax-associating protein highly enriched in the brain. In this study, we examined the role of MOAP-1 in promoting ischemic injuries following a stroke by investigating the consequences of MOAP-1 overexpression or deficiency in in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. MOAP-1 overexpressing SH-SY5Y cells showed significantly lower cell viability following oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment when compared to control cells. Consistently, MOAP-1-/- primary cortical neurons were observed to be more resistant against OGD treatment than the MOAP-1+/+ primary neurons. In the mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, ischemia triggered MOAP-1/Bax association, suggested activation of the MOAP-1-dependent apoptotic cascade. MOAP-1-/- mice were found to exhibit reduced neuronal loss and smaller infarct volume 24 h after tMCAO when compared to MOAP-1+/+ mice. Correspondingly, MOAP-1-/- mice also showed better integrity of neurological functions as demonstrated by their performance in the rotarod test. Therefore, both in vitro and in vivo data presented strongly support the conclusion that MOAP-1 is an important apoptotic modulator in ischemic injury. These results may suggest that a reduction of MOAP-1 function in the brain could be a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of acute stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jing Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Institute of Medical Biology, Glycotherapeutics Group, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chou Chai
- Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chong Teik Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiawen Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Chun Kong Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - PeterTsun-Hon Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ullah I, Chung K, Oh J, Beloor J, Bae S, Lee SC, Lee M, Kumar P, Lee SK. Intranasal delivery of a Fas-blocking peptide attenuates Fas-mediated apoptosis in brain ischemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15041. [PMID: 30301943 PMCID: PMC6178348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke-induced neuronal cell death results in the permanent disabling of brain function. Apoptotic mechanisms are thought to play a prominent role in neuronal injury and ample evidence implicates Fas signaling in mediating cell death. In this study, we describe the neuroprotective effects of a Fas-blocking peptide (FBP) that by obstructing Fas signaling in cerebral ischemia inhibits apoptosis. Using an intranasal administration route in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia, we demonstrate that nose-to-brain delivery of FBP after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery results in the delivery and retention of FBP in Fas-expressing ischemic areas of the brain. A single intranasal administration of 2 mg/kg FBP resulted in significantly reduced neuronal cell death by inhibiting Fas-mediated apoptosis leading to decreased infarct volumes, reduced neurologic deficit scores and recovery from cerebral ischemia. Intranasally delivered FBP might be a promising strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kunho Chung
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jungju Oh
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sumin Bae
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangah Clara Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Li L, Deng S, Liu F, He Z. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Possibly via High Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4/NFκB Pathway. Front Neurol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29867706 PMCID: PMC5968106 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury by inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). According to recent studies, ursolic acid (UA) regulates TLR signaling and exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we explored the mechanism by which UA regulates inflammation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. The MCAO/R model was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats (MCAO for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h). UA was administered intragastrically at 0.5, 24, and 47 h after reperfusion. The direct high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GL) was injected intravenously after 0.5 h of ischemia as a positive control. The degree of brain damage was estimated using the neurological deficit score, infarct volume, histopathological changes, and neuronal apoptosis. We assessed IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels to evaluate post-ischemic inflammation. HMGB1 and TLR4 expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) were also examined to explore the underlying mechanism. UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, apoptotic cells, and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 concentrations. The infarct area ratio was reduced by (33.07 ± 1.74), (27.05 ± 1.13), (27.49 ± 1.87), and (39.74 ± 2.14)% in the 10 and 20 mg/kg UA, GL, and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased HMGB1 release and the TLR4 level and inactivated NFκB signaling. Thus, the effects of intragastric administration of 20 mg/kg of UA and 10 mg/kg of GL were similar. We provide novel evidence that UA reduces inflammatory cytokine production to protect the brain from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury possibly through the HMGB1/TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shumin Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu D, Robinson AP, Ishii T, Duncan DS, Alden TD, Goings GE, Ifergan I, Podojil JR, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Kearney JA, Swanson GT, Miller SD, Koh S. Peripherally derived T regulatory and γδ T cells have opposing roles in the pathogenesis of intractable pediatric epilepsy. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1169-1186. [PMID: 29487082 PMCID: PMC5881465 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xu et al. provide the first study in patients with intractable epilepsy showing a direct correlation between the phenotype, activation state, cytokine profiles, and ability to cause neuronal apoptosis of brain-infiltrating peripherally derived immune cells with seizure severity using an unbiased flow cytometric approach. The pathophysiology of drug-resistant pediatric epilepsy is unknown. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory leukocytes in resected brain tissues from 29 pediatric patients with genetic (focal cortical dysplasia) or acquired (encephalomalacia) epilepsy demonstrated significant brain infiltration of blood-borne inflammatory myeloid cells and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Significantly, proinflammatory (IL-17– and GM-CSF–producing) γδ T cells were concentrated in epileptogenic lesions, and their numbers positively correlated with disease severity. Conversely, numbers of regulatory T (T reg) cells inversely correlated with disease severity. Correspondingly, using the kainic acid model of status epilepticus, we show ameliorated seizure activity in both γδ T cell– and IL-17RA–deficient mice and in recipients of T reg cells, whereas T reg cell depletion heightened seizure severity. Moreover, both IL-17 and GM-CSF induced neuronal hyperexcitability in brain slice cultures. These studies support a major pathological role for peripherally derived innate and adaptive proinflammatory immune responses in the pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy and suggest testing of immunomodulatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Andrew P Robinson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Toshiyuki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D'Anne S Duncan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tord D Alden
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Gwendolyn E Goings
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL .,Department of Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao H, Wan L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Qiu S. FasL incapacitation alleviates CD4 + T cells-induced brain injury through remodeling of microglia polarization in mouse ischemic stroke. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:36-44. [PMID: 29395324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation responses involving the crosstalk between infiltrated T cells and microglia play crucial roles in ischemia stroke. Recent studies showed that Fas ligand (FasL) mutation could reduce post-stroke T cell invasion and microglia activation. In this study, we demonstrated that CD4+ T cells could induce M1 microglia polarization through NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas FasL mutant CD4+ T cells significantly reversed this effect. Besides, Th17/Treg cells balance was skewed into Treg cells after FasL mutation. In addition, conditioned medium from co-culture of FasL mutant CD4+ T cells and microglia could alleviate neuronal injury. Collectively, FasL incapacitation could alleviate CD4+ T cells-induced inflammation through remodeling microglia polarization, suggesting a therapeutic potential for control of inflammation responses after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lihua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He F, Ren Y, Shi E, Liu K, Yan L, Jiang X. Overexpression of microRNA-21 protects spinal cords against transient ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152:1602-1608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Neuroprotective hypothermia - Why keep your head cool during ischemia and reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2521-2528. [PMID: 27475000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted temperature management (TTM) is the induced cooling of the entire body or specific organs to help prevent ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, as may occur during major surgery, cardiac resuscitation, traumatic brain injury and stroke. Ischemia and reperfusion induce neuronal damage by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative injury, ER stress, neuronal excitotoxicity, and a neuroinflammatory response, which may lead to activation of apoptosis pathways. SCOPE OF REVIEW The aim of the current review is to discuss TTM targets that convey neuroprotection and to identify potential novel pharmacological intervention strategies for the prevention of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS TTM precludes I/R injury by reducing glutamate release and oxidative stress and inhibiting release of pro-inflammatory factors and thereby counteracts mitochondrial induced apoptosis, neuronal excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, TTM promotes regulation of the unfolded protein response and induces SUMOylation and the production of cold shock proteins. These advantageous effects of TTM seem to depend on the clinical setting, as well as type and extent of the injury. Therefore, future aims should be to refine hypothermia management in order to optimize TTM utilization and to search for pharmacological agents mimicking the cellular effects of TTM. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Bundling knowledge about TTM in the experimental, translational and clinical setting may result in better approaches for diminishing I/R damage. While application of TTM in the clinical setting has some disadvantages, targeting its putative protective pathways may be useful to prevent I/R injury and reduce neurological complications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sergeeva SP, Savin AA, Litvitskiy PF. [A role of the Fas system in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 116:3-8. [PMID: 27296794 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2016116323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Fas system can promote several biological effects due to their activation after ischemic stroke: apoptosis, inflammation, proliferation, differentiation. Fas interacts with adapter proteins activating a number of signaling pathways, including MAPK, NFKB, JNK, ERK, phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Fas expressed by neuronal progenitor cells from the subventricular zone does not induce apoptosis in healthy adult humans. During motion and differentiation of these cells, Fas regulates their morphological structure by the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of cytoskeletal elements. An increase in the Fas and Fas ligand expression is observed in response to stroke injury. Fas responsible not only for cell death and inflammation but also for neuronal plasticity which occupies a central place in the processes of sanogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Sergeeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow
| | - A A Savin
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meng HL, Li XX, Chen YT, Yu LJ, Zhang H, Lao JM, Zhang X, Xu Y. Neuronal Soluble Fas Ligand Drives M1-Microglia Polarization after Cerebral Ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:771-81. [PMID: 27283206 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study explored sFasL expression in neurons and the potential role of neuronal sFasL in modulating the microglial phenotypes. METHODS In vivo, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in both FasL-mutant (gld) and wild-type (wt) mice. In vitro, primary cortical neuron or microglia or coculture from wt/gld mice was subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). sFasL level in the supernatant was evaluated by ELISA. Neuronal-conditioned medium (NCM) or exogenous sFasL was applied to primary microglia with or without FasL neutralizing antibody. Protein expression of JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB pathways were determined by Western blot. The effect of microglia phenotype from wt/gld mice on the fate of ischemic neurons was further elucidated. RESULTS In vivo, compared with wild-type mice, M1 markers (CD16, CD32 and iNOS) were attenuated in gld mice after MCAO. In vitro, post-OGD neuron released more sFasL. Both post-OGD NCM and exogenous sFasL could trigger M1-microglial polarization. However, this M1 phenotype shift was partially blocked by utilization of FasL neutralizing antibody or gld NCM. Consistently, JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signal pathways were both activated in microglia after exogenous sFasL treatment. Compared with wild-type mice, M1-conditioned medium prepared from gld mice protected neuron against OGD injury. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic neurons release sFasL, which contributes to M1-microglial polarization. The underlying mechanisms may involve the activation of JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Jie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Min Lao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tisato V, Gonelli A, Voltan R, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Clinical perspectives of TRAIL: insights into central nervous system disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2017-27. [PMID: 26910728 PMCID: PMC4834097 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand TRAIL is a member of the TNF superfamily that has been firstly studied and evaluated for its anti-cancer activity, and the insights into its biology have already led to the identification of several TRAIL-based anticancer strategies with strong clinical therapeutic potentials. Nonetheless, the TRAIL system is far more complex and it can lead to a wider range of biological effects other than the ability of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. By virtue of the different receptors and the different signalling pathways involved, TRAIL plays indeed a role in the regulation of different processes of the innate and adaptive immune system and this feature makes it an intriguing molecule under consideration in the development/progression/treatment of several immunological disorders. In this context, central nervous system represents a peculiar anatomic site where, despite its "status" of immune-privileged site, both innate and adaptive inflammatory responses occur and are involved in several pathological conditions. A number of studies have evaluated the role of TRAIL and of TRAIL-related pathways as pro-inflammatory or protective stimuli, depending on the specific pathological condition, confirming a twofold nature of this molecule. In this light, the aim of this review is to summarize the main preclinical evidences of the potential/involvement of TRAIL molecule and TRAIL pathways for the treatment of central nervous system disorders and the key suggestions coming from their assessment in preclinical models as proof of concept for future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 66, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tulsulkar J, Nada SE, Slotterbeck BD, McInerney MF, Shah ZA. Obesity and hyperglycemia lead to impaired post-ischemic recovery after permanent ischemia in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:417-23. [PMID: 26694743 PMCID: PMC4731242 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-induced diabetes has increased over the years and has become one of the risk factors for stroke. We investigated the influence of diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia on permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in mice. METHODS Male C57/Bl6 mice were treated with a high-fat/high-carbohydrate diet [HFCD/obese and hyperglycemia (O/H)] or a normal diet (control) for 3.5 months, subjected to pMCAO, and sacrificed after 7 days. RESULTS Infarct volume analysis showed no differences between the O/H and control group, whereas neurological deficits were significantly higher in the O/H group compared to the control group. Sirtuin (Sirt1) was overexpressed and NADPH oxidase was reduced in the O/H group. O/H mice had significantly lower expression of Wnt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 α and β, a key component in the Wnt signaling pathway. Translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus was observed in both the O/H and control groups, but O/H mice showed a higher expression of AIF in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that impaired Wnt signaling and active apoptosis result in reduced post-stroke recovery in obese and hyperglycemic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Tulsulkar
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
| | - Shadia E. Nada
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
| | - Brandon D. Slotterbeck
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
| | - Marcia F. McInerney
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
| | - Zahoor A. Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo Ohio
- Corresponding Author: Zahoor A. Shah, PhD, Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio, 43614. Phone: 419-383-1587.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anrather J, Iadecola C, Hallenbeck J. Inflammation and Immune Response. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Miao W, Qu Z, Shi K, Zhang D, Zong Y, Zhang G, Zhang G, Hu S. RIP3 S-nitrosylation contributes to cerebral ischemic neuronal injury. Brain Res 2015; 1627:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
23
|
Konstantinova EV, Kochetov AG, Shostak NA, Shurdumova MK, Eremin II, Lyang OV, Skvortsova VI. [Characteristics of immune response and inflammatory reaction in atherothrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:48-53. [PMID: 26978640 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511512248-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study characteristics of ischemic tissue damage basing on the assessment of the correlations between markers of immune response, inflammation and apoptosis in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and atherothrombotic stroke (AS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), immune complexes with cryogenic properties, soluble Fas-ligand, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10 measured with ELISA as well as the activity of spontaneous apoptosis of mononuclear cells and surface expression of Toll-like receptors-4 and intracellular heat shock proteins measured with flow cytofluorometry were determined in the blood of 93 patients with the first AS and 94 patients with MI without concomitant inflammation in the 1st and 7th day of the disease. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Increased levels of the markers of immune response, inflammation, apoptosis and destruction of the extracellular matrix were identified at the beginning of MI and AS. The results provide the evidence that similar mechanisms may be involved in ischemic tissue damage. Multivariate analysis conducterd by of principal component analysis correlation matrix revealed the specificity of the relationships between all of these markers. This is the completely new approach to assessin the role and importance of defined parameters in the acute period of the myocardial ischemia and brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A G Kochetov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - N A Shostak
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - M Kh Shurdumova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - I I Eremin
- Buznazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow
| | - O V Lyang
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| | - V I Skvortsova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Senn R, Elkind MSV, Montaner J, Christ-Crain M, Katan M. Potential role of blood biomarkers in the management of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 38:395-409. [PMID: 25471997 DOI: 10.1159/000366470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a subtype of stroke associated with high mortality and disability, accounts for 13% of all strokes. Basic and clinical research has contributed to our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of neuronal injury in ICH. Outcome rates, however, remain stable, and questions regarding acute management of ICH remain unanswered. Newer research is aiming at matching measured levels of serum proteins, enzymes, or cells to different stages of brain damage, suggesting that blood biomarkers may assist in acute diagnosis, therapeutic decisions, and prognostication. This paper provides an overview on the most promising blood biomarkers and their potential role in the diagnosis and management of spontaneous ICH. SUMMARY Information was collected from studies, reviews, and guidelines listed in PubMed up to November 2013 on blood biomarkers of nontraumatic ICH in humans. We describe the potential role and limitations of GFAP, S100B/RAGE, and ApoC-III as diagnostic biomarkers, β-Amyloid as a biomarker for etiological classification, and 27 biomarkers for prognosis of mortality and functional outcome. Within the group of prognostic markers we discuss markers involved in coagulation processes (e.g., D-Dimers), neuroendocrine markers (e.g., copeptin), systemic metabolic markers (e.g., blood glucose levels), markers of inflammation (e.g., IL-6), as well as growth factors (e.g., VEGF), and others (e.g., glutamate). Some of those blood biomarkers are agents of pathologic processes associated with hemorrhagic stroke but also other diseases, whereas others play more distinct pathophysiological roles and help in understanding the basic mechanisms of brain damage and/or recovery in ICH. KEY MESSAGES Numerous blood biomarkers are associated with different pathophysiological pathways in ICH, and some of them promise to be useful in the management of ICH, eventually contributing additional information to current tools for diagnosis, therapy monitoring, risk stratification, or intervention. Up to date, however, no blood biomarker of ICH has been studied sufficiently to find its way into clinical routine yet; well-designed, large-scale, clinical studies addressing relevant clinical questions are needed. We suggest that the effectiveness of biomarker research in ICH might be improved by international cooperation and shared resources for large validation studies, such as provided by the consortium on stroke biomarker research (http://stroke-biomarkers.com/page.php?title=Resources).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Senn
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, Pinto A. Studies of selective TNF inhibitors in the treatment of brain injury from stroke and trauma: a review of the evidence to date. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:2221-38. [PMID: 25422582 PMCID: PMC4232043 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is very actively involved in immune-inflammatory processes, and the response to several trigger factors such as trauma, hemorrhage, or ischemia causes the release of active inflammatory substances such as cytokines, which are the basis of second-level damage. During brain ischemia and after brain trauma, the intrinsic inflammatory mechanisms of the brain, as well as those of the blood, are mediated by leukocytes that communicate with each other through cytokines. A neuroinflammatory cascade has been reported to be activated after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and this cascade is due to the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Microglia are the first sources of this inflammatory cascade in the brain setting. Also in an ischemic stroke setting, an important mediator of this inflammatory reaction is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which seems to be involved in every phase of stroke-related neuronal damage such as inflammatory and prothrombotic events. TNF-α has been shown to have an important role within the central nervous system; its properties include activation of microglia and astrocytes, influence on blood–brain barrier permeability, and influences on glutamatergic transmission and synaptic plasticity. TNF-α increases the amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor density on the cell surface and simultaneously decreases expression of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor cells, and these effects are related to a direct neurotoxic effect. Several endogenous mechanisms regulate TNF-α activity during inflammatory responses. Endogenous inhibitors of TNF include prostaglandins, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and glucocorticoids. Etanercept, a biologic TNF antagonist, has a reported effect of decreasing microglia activation in experimental models, and it has been used therapeutically in animal models of ischemic and traumatic neuronal damage. In some studies using animal models, researchers have reported a limitation of TBI-induced cerebral ischemia due to etanercept action, amelioration of brain contusion signs, as well as motor and cognitive dysfunction. On this basis, it appears that etanercept may improve outcomes of TBI by penetrating into the cerebrospinal fluid in rats, although further studies in humans are needed to confirm these interesting and suggestive experimental findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Pecoraro
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou W, Yuan J. Necroptosis in health and diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:14-23. [PMID: 25087983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis that can be activated by ligands of death receptors and stimuli that induce the expression of death receptor ligands under apoptotic deficient conditions. Activation of necroptosis by ligands of death receptors requires the kinase activity of RIP1, which mediates the activation of RIP3 and MLKL, two critical downstream mediators of necroptosis. Blocking the kinase activity of RIP1, a key druggable target in the necroptosis pathway, by necrostatins inhibits the activation of necroptosis and allows cell survival and proliferation in the presence of death receptor ligands. The activation of necroptosis is modulated by different forms of ubiquitination, including K63, linear and K48 ubiquitination, as well as phosphorylation of RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL. Necroptosis is suppressed by caspase-8/FADD-mediated apoptosis. Deficiency in caspase-8 and FADD leads to embryonic lethality, tissue degeneration and inflammation which can be suppressed by inhibition of RIP1 kinase and RIP3. On the other hand, the lack of RIP3 kinase activity leads to early embryonic lethality which can be suppressed by the loss of caspase-8, suggesting that although the kinase activity of RIP3 is involved in mediating necroptosis, the basal activity of RIP3 kinase may be required for suppressing caspase-8 mediated apoptosis. Necroptosis as well as RIP1- and RIP3-mediated inflammatory response have been implicated in mediating multiple human diseases including TNF-mediated hypothermia and systemic inflammation, ischemic reperfusion injury, neurodegeneration, Gaucher's disease, progressive atherosclerotic lesions, etc. Targeting RIP1 kinase may provide therapeutic benefits for the treatment of human diseases characterized by necrosis and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Remifentanil preconditioning alleviating brain damage of cerebral ischemia reperfusion rats by regulating the JNK signal pathway and TNF-α/TNFR1 signal pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6997-7006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
28
|
Neuroprotection of S-nitrosoglutathione against ischemic injury by down-regulating Fas S-nitrosylation and downstream signaling. Neuroscience 2013; 248:290-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Yu CY, Ng G, Liao P. Therapeutic antibodies in stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:477-83. [PMID: 24098313 PMCID: PMC3787786 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents an active area of biomedical research to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. In stroke, recanalization therapy is effective in reducing brain tissue damage after acute ischemic stroke. However, the narrow time window restricts its application for the majority of stroke patients. There is an urgent need to develop adjuvant therapies such as immunotherapy, stem cell replacement, and neuroprotective drugs. A number of molecules have been targeted for immunotherapy in stroke management, including myelin-associated proteins and their receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Both active vaccination and passive antibodies were tested in animal models of acute ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of immunotherapy are different for each target protein. Blocking myelin-associated proteins may enhance neuroplasticity, whereas blocking adhesion molecules may yield neuroprotection by suppressing the immune response after stroke. Although results from animal studies are encouraging, clinical trials using therapeutic antibodies failed to improve stroke outcome due to severe side effects. It remains a challenge to generate specific therapeutic antibodies with minimal side effects on other organs and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chye Yun Yu
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Puyal J, Ginet V, Clarke PGH. Multiple interacting cell death mechanisms in the mediation of excitotoxicity and ischemic brain damage: a challenge for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:24-48. [PMID: 23567504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no approved neuroprotective pharmacotherapy for acute conditions such as stroke and cerebral asphyxia. One of the reasons for this may be the multiplicity of cell death mechanisms, because inhibition of a particular mechanism leaves the brain vulnerable to alternative ones. It is therefore essential to understand the different cell death mechanisms and their interactions. We here review the multiple signaling pathways underlying each of the three main morphological types of cell death--apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necrosis--emphasizing their importance in the neuronal death that occurs during cerebral ischemia and hypoxia-ischemia, and we analyze the interactions between the different mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the implications of the multiplicity of cell death mechanisms for the design of neuroprotective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Puyal
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Influence of inflammation on poststroke plasticity. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:258582. [PMID: 23533818 PMCID: PMC3595668 DOI: 10.1155/2013/258582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related brain injuries including stroke are a leading cause of morbidity and mental disability worldwide. Most patients who survive stroke experience some degree of recovery. The restoration of lost functions can be explained by neuronal plasticity, understood as brain ability to reorganize and remodel itself in response to changed environmental requirements. However, stroke triggers a cascade of events which may prevent the normal development of the plastic changes. One of them may be inflammatory response initiated immediately after stroke, which has been found to contribute to neuronal injury. Some recent evidence though has suggested that inflammatory reaction can be also neuroprotective. This paper attempts to discuss the influence of poststroke inflammatory response on brain plasticity and stroke outcome. We also describe the recent anti-inflammatory strategies that have been effective for recovery in experimental stroke.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lonskaya I, Hebron ML, Algarzae NK, Desforges N, Moussa CEH. Decreased parkin solubility is associated with impairment of autophagy in the nigrostriatum of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2012; 232:90-105. [PMID: 23262240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder that involves death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Parkin is an autosomal recessive gene that is mutated in early onset PD. We investigated the role of parkin and autophagic clearance in postmortem nigrostriatal tissues from 22 non-familial sporadic PD patients and 15 control samples. Parkin was insoluble with altered cytosolic expression in the nigrostriatum of sporadic PD. Parkin insolubility was associated with lack of degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and accumulation of α-Synuclein and parkin in autophagosomes, suggesting autophagic defects in PD. To test parkin's role in mediating autophagic clearance, we used lentiviral gene transfer to express human wild type or mutant parkin (T240R) with α-Synuclein in the rat striatum. Lentiviral expression of α-Synuclein led to accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, while co-expression of parkin with α-Synuclein facilitated autophagic clearance. Subcellular fractionation showed accumulation of α-Synuclein and tau hyper-phosphorylation (p-Tau) in autophagosomes in gene transfer models, similar to the effects observed in PD brains, but parkin expression led to protein deposition into lysosomes. However, parkin loss of function mutation did not affect autophagic clearance. Taken together, these data suggest that functional parkin regulates autophagosome clearance, while decreased parkin solubility may alter normal autophagy in sporadic PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Lonskaya
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - M L Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - N K Algarzae
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - N Desforges
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - C E-H Moussa
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, Pellegrino M, Calabriso N, Storelli C, Martines G, De Caterina R. Dipyridamole decreases inflammatory metalloproteinase-9 expression and release by human monocytes. Thromb Haemost 2012; 109:280-9. [PMID: 23238437 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays an important role in stroke by accelerating matrix degradation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier and increasing infarct size. Dipyridamole is an antiplatelet agent with recognised benefits in ischaemic stroke prevention. In addition to its antiplatelet properties, recent studies have reported that dipyridamole also features anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. We therefore investigated whether dipyridamole can ameliorate the proinflammatory profile of human monocytes, a source of MMP-9 in stroke, in terms of regulation of MMP-9 activity and expression, and explored underlying mechanisms. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and U937 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of dipyridamole (up to 10 µg/ml) for 60 minutes before stimulation with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Exposure of PBMC and U937 to dipyridamole reduced TNF-α- and PMA-induced MMP-9 activity and protein release as well as MMP-9 mRNA, without significantly affecting the release of TIMP-1. This inhibitory effect was independent of dipyridamole-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) increase. Correspondingly, dipyridamole also significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and nuclear translocation of the p65 NF-κB subunit through a mechanism involving the inhibition of IkBα degradation and p38 MAPK activation. In conclusion, dipyridamole, at therapeutically achievable concentrations, reduces the expression and release of MMP-9 through a mechanism involving p38 MAPK and NF-κB inhibition. These results indicate that dipyridamole exerts anti-inflammatory properties in human monocytes that may favourably contribute to its actions in the secondary prevention of stroke, independent of its antiplatelet properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Massaro
- C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa and Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Since the initial description of apoptosis, a number of different forms of cell death have been described. In this review we will focus on classic caspase-dependent apoptosis and its variations that contribute to diseases. Over fifty years of research have clarified molecular mechanisms involved in apoptotic signaling as well and shown that alterations of these pathways lead to human diseases. Indeed both reduced and increased apoptosis can result in pathology. More recently these findings have led to the development of therapeutic approaches based on regulation of apoptosis, some of which are in clinical trials or have entered medical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Favaloro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA, McDonald SA, Das A, Schendel DE, Thorsen P, Hougaard DM, Skogstrand K, Higgins RD. Cytokines and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation in premature infants. Am J Perinatol 2012; 29:731-40. [PMID: 22773292 PMCID: PMC3619127 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1316443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine in extremely low-birth-weight infants if elevated blood interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β are associated with need for shunt following severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or with ventricular dilation following milder grades/no IVH. STUDY DESIGN Whole blood cytokines were measured on postnatal days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Maximum IVH grade in the first 28 days, and shunt surgery or ventricular dilation on subsequent ultrasound (28 days' to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) were determined. RESULTS Of 902 infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Cytokine study who survived to 36 weeks or discharge, 3.1% had shunts. Of the 12% of infants with severe (grade III to IV) IVH, 26% had a shunt associated with elevated TNF-α. None of the infants without IVH (69%) or with grade I (12%) or II (7%) IVH received shunts, but 8.4% developed ventricular dilation, associated with lower IFN-γ and higher IL-18. CONCLUSION Statistically significant but clinically nondiscriminatory alterations in blood cytokines were noted in infants with severe IVH who received shunts and in those without severe IVH who developed ventricular dilation. Blood cytokines are likely associated with brain injury but may not be clinically useful as biomarkers for white matter damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
| | - Waldemar A. Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Abhik Das
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Poul Thorsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is produced in brain in response to acute cerebral ischemia, and promotes neuronal apoptosis. Biologic TNF inhibitors (TNFIs), such as the etanercept, cannot be developed as new stroke treatments because these large molecule drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A BBB-penetrating biologic TNFI was engineered by fusion of the type II human TNF receptor (TNFR) to each heavy chain of a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), designated as cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein. The cTfRMAb domain of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to deliver the fused TNFR across the BBB. Etanercept or the cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in adult mice subjected to 1-hour reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion up to 90 minutes after the occlusion. Neuroprotection was assessed at 24 hours or 7 days after occlusion. The cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein treatment caused a significant 45%, 48%, 42%, and 54% reduction in hemispheric, cortical, and subcortical stroke volumes, and neural deficit, respectively. Intravenous etanercept had no therapeutic effect. Biologic TNFIs can be reengineered for BBB penetration, and the IgG-TNFR fusion protein is therapeutic after delayed intravenous administration in experimental stroke.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Cryonics technology seeks to cryopreserve the anatomical basis of the mind so that future medicine can restore legally dead cryonics patients to life, youth, and health. Most cryonics patients experience varying degrees of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Neurons can survive ischemia and reperfusion injury more than is generally believed, but blood vessels are more vulnerable, and such injury can impair perfusion of vitrifying cryoprotectant solution intended to eliminate ice formation in the brain. Forms of vascular and neuronal damage are reviewed, along with means of mitigating that damage. Recommendations are also made for preventing such damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Best
- Cryonics Institute, 24355 Sorrentino Court, Clinton Township, MI 48035, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Desforges NM, Hebron ML, Algarzae NK, Lonskaya I, Moussa CEH. Fractalkine Mediates Communication between Pathogenic Proteins and Microglia: Implications of Anti-Inflammatory Treatments in Different Stages of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:345472. [PMID: 22919540 PMCID: PMC3420133 DOI: 10.1155/2012/345472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases has been widely demonstrated. Intraneuronal protein accumulation may regulate microglial activity via the fractalkine (CX3CL1) signaling pathway that provides a mechanism through which neurons communicate with microglia. CX3CL1 levels fluctuate in different stages of neurodegenerative diseases and in various animal models, warranting further investigation of the mechanisms underlying microglial response to pathogenic proteins, including Tau, β-amyloid (Aβ), and α-synuclein. The temporal relationship between microglial activity and localization of pathogenic proteins (intra- versus extracellular) likely determines whether neuroinflammation mitigates or exacerbates disease progression. Evidence in transgenic models suggests a beneficial effect of microglial activity on clearance of proteins like Aβ and a detrimental effect on Tau modification, but the role of CX3CL1 signaling in α-synucleinopathies is less clear. Here we review the nature of fractalkine-mediated neuronmicroglia interaction, which has significant implications for the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments during different stages of neurodegenerative pathology. Specifically, it is likely that anti-inflammatory treatment in early stages of disease during intraneuronal accumulation of proteins could be beneficial, while anti-inflammatory treatment in later stages when proteins are secreted to the extracellular space could exacerbate disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Desforges
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Michaeline L. Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Norah K. Algarzae
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Irina Lonskaya
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Charbel E.-H. Moussa
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wei G, Chen DF, Lai XP, Liu DH, Deng RD, Zhou JH, Zhang SX, Li YW, Li H, Zhang QD. Muscone Exerts Neuroprotection in an Experimental Model of Stroke via Inhibition of the Fas Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying small molecules that are neuroprotective against stroke injury will be highly beneficial for treatment therapies. A cell viability assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify active small molecules in XingNaoJing, which is a well known Chinese Medicine prescribed for the effective treatment of stroke. Studies have found that muscone is the active compound that prevents PC12 cell and cortical neuron damage following various injuries. Analysis of apoptosis indicated that muscone inhibited glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death of PC12 cells and cortical neurons. Fas and caspase-8 expression were upregulated following glutamate treatment in cortical neurons, and was markedly attenuated in the presence of muscone. Furthermore, muscone significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, neurological dysfunction and inhibited cortical neuron apoptosis in middle cerebral artery occluded (MCAO) rats in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, a significant decrease in Fas and caspase-8 expression in the rat cortex was observed in MCAO rats treated with muscone. Our results demonstrate that muscone may be a small active molecule with neuroprotective properties, and that inhibition of apoptosis and Fas is an important mechanism of neuroprotection by muscone. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for muscone in the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- Research & Development of New Drugs, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Feng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Lai
- Research & Development of New Drugs, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine of Dongguan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Dong-Hui Liu
- Research & Development of New Drugs, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Dong Deng
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Dan Zhang
- Research & Development of New Drugs, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu YM, Tao RR, Huang JY, Li LT, Liao MH, Li XM, Fukunaga K, Hong ZH, Han F. P2X7 signaling promotes microsphere embolism-triggered microglia activation by maintaining elevation of Fas ligand. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:172. [PMID: 22789015 PMCID: PMC3420259 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebral microvascular occlusion elicits microvascular injury which mimics the different degrees of stroke severity observed in patients, but the mechanisms underlying these embolic injuries are far from understood. The Fas ligand (FasL)-Fas system has been implicated in a number of pathogenic states. Here, we examined the contribution of microglia-derived FasL to brain inflammatory injury, with a focus on the potential to suppress the FasL increase by inhibition of the P2X7-FasL signaling with pharmacological or genetic approaches during ischemia. Methods The cerebral microvascular occlusion was induced by microsphere injection in experimental animals. Morphological changes in microglial cells were studied immunohistochemically. The biochemical analyses were used to examine the intracellular changes of P2X7/FasL signaling. The BV-2 cells and primary microglia from mice genetically deficient in P2X7 were used to further establish a linkage between microglia activation and FasL overproduction. Results The FasL expression was continuously elevated and was spatiotemporally related to microglia activation following microsphere embolism. Notably, P2X7 expression concomitantly increased in microglia and presented a distribution pattern that was similar to that of FasL in ED1-positive cells at pathological process of microsphere embolism. Interestingly, FasL generation in cultured microglia cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation-treated neuron-conditioned medium was prevented by the silencing of P2X7. Furthermore, FasL induced the migration of BV-2 microglia, whereas the neutralization of FasL with a blocking antibody was highly effective in inhibiting ischemia-induced microglial mobility. Similar results were observed in primary microglia from wild-type mice or mice genetically deficient in P2X7. Finally, the degrees of FasL overproduction and neuronal death were consistently reduced in P2X7−/− mice compared with wild-type littermates following microsphere embolism insult. Conclusion FasL functions as a key component of an immunoreactive response loop by recruiting microglia to the lesion sites through a P2X7-dependent mechanism. The specific modulation of P2X7/FasL signaling and aberrant microglial activation could provide therapeutic benefits in acute and subacute phase of cerebral microembolic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-mei Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, apoptosis persists for days to weeks after the onset of an ischemic event. Cysteine-ASPartic proteASEs (caspases) are key mediators of apoptosis and neurodegeneration in stroke. The impact of caspase activity is not restricted to neuronal death, as caspases can exacerbate inflammation and alter glial function. Thus, caspases are logical therapeutic targets for this disease, but they have never been clinically evaluated due to a paucity of ideal drug candidates. Recent developments in caspase inhibition and drug delivery offer novel neuroprotective strategies for stroke, which are deliberated in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nsikan Akpan
- Department of Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dave KR, Christian SL, Perez-Pinzon MA, Drew KL. Neuroprotection: lessons from hibernators. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:1-9. [PMID: 22326449 PMCID: PMC3334476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammals that hibernate experience extreme metabolic states and body temperatures as they transition between euthermia, a state resembling typical warm blooded mammals, and prolonged torpor, a state of suspended animation where the brain receives as low as 10% of normal cerebral blood flow. Transitions into and out of torpor are more physiologically challenging than the extreme metabolic suppression and cold body temperatures of torpor per se. Mammals that hibernate show unprecedented capacities to tolerate cerebral ischemia, a decrease in blood flow to the brain caused by stroke, cardiac arrest or brain trauma. While cerebral ischemia often leads to death or disability in humans and most other mammals, hibernating mammals suffer no ill effects when blood flow to the brain is dramatically decreased during torpor or experimentally induced during euthermia. These animals, as adults, also display rapid and pronounced synaptic flexibility where synapses retract during torpor and rapidly re-emerge upon arousal. A variety of coordinated adaptations contribute to tolerance of cerebral ischemia in these animals. In this review we discuss adaptations in heterothermic mammals that may suggest novel therapeutic targets and strategies to protect the human brain against cerebral ischemic damage and neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Niu FN, Zhang X, Hu XM, Chen J, Chang LL, Li JW, Liu Z, Cao W, Xu Y. Targeted mutation of Fas ligand gene attenuates brain inflammation in experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:61-71. [PMID: 21802508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important contributing mechanism in ischemic brain injury. The current study elucidates a previously unexplored role of Fas ligand (FasL) in post-stroke inflammatory responses that is independent of its well-known effect in triggering apoptosis. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced for 2 h by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in FasL mutant (gld) and wild-type mice. FasL mutation profoundly reduced brain damage and improved neurological performance from 6 to 72 h after ischemic stroke. The production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain was attenuated in gld mice after ischemia in the absence of dramatic change in inflammatory cell apoptosis. FasL mutation attenuated the recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells (neutrophil) and inhibited the activation of residential glial cells (microglia and astrocyte). FasL mutation reduced CD8(+) T cells and turned the Th1/Th2 balance towards Th2 in the brain and peripheral blood after cerebral ischemia. In contrast to cerebral ischemia, the molecular and cellular inflammatory changes induced by intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were also attenuated in gld mice. Moreover, the soluble FasL (sFasL) and phospho-SAPK/JNK were decreased in gld mice, suggesting that the inflammatory role of FasL in experimental stroke might relate to sFasL and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggest a novel role of FasL in the damaging inflammatory responses associated with cerebral ischemia. Neutralization of FasL may be a novel therapeutic strategy to suppress post-stroke inflammation and improve the long-term outcomes of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-nan Niu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Khandelwal PJ, Herman AM, Moussa CEH. Inflammation in the early stages of neurodegenerative pathology. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 238:1-11. [PMID: 21820744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is secondary to protein accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicate sustained inflammatory responses, involving microglia and astrocytes in animal models of neurodegeneration. It is unknown whether inflammation is beneficial or detrimental to disease progression and how inflammatory responses are induced within the CNS. Persistence of an inflammatory stimulus or failure to resolve sustained inflammation can result in pathology, thus, mechanisms that counteract inflammation are indispensable. Here we review studies on inflammation mediated by innate and adaptive immunity in the early stages of neurodegeneration and highlight important areas for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J Khandelwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ziebell JM, Bye N, Semple BD, Kossmann T, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Attenuated neurological deficit, cell death and lesion volume in Fas-mutant mice is associated with altered neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2011; 1414:94-105. [PMID: 21871613 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Progressive neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves the Fas and TNF-receptor1 protein systems which have been implicated in mediating delayed cell death. In this study, we used two approaches to assess whether inhibition of these pathways reduced secondary brain damage and neurological deficits after TBI. Firstly, we investigated whether the expression of non-functional Fas in lpr mice subjected to TBI altered tissue damage and neurological outcome. Compared to wild-type, lpr mice showed improved neurological deficit (p=0.0009), decreased lesion volume (p=0.017), number of TUNEL+ cells (p=0.011) and caspase-3+ cells (p=0.007). Changes in cellular inflammation and cytokine production were also compared between mouse strains. Accumulation of macrophages/microglia occurred earlier in lpr mice, likely due to enhanced production of the chemotactic mediators IL-12(p40) and MCP-1 (p<0.05). Cortical production of IL-1α and IL-6 increased after injury to a similar extent regardless of strain (p<0.05), while TNF and G-CSF were significantly higher in lpr animals (p<0.05). Secondly, we assessed whether therapeutic inhibition of FasL and TNF via intravenous injection of neutralizing antibodies in wild-type mice post-TBI could reproduce the beneficial effects observed in lpr animals. No differences were found with this approach in animals treated with anti-FasL and anti-TNF antibodies alone or the combination of both. Altogether, reduced neurological deficits and lesion volume in lpr mice was associated with altered cellular and humoral inflammation, possibly contributing to neuroprotection, whereas neutralization of FasL and TNF had no effect. In future studies, the lpr mouse strain may be utilized as a model to further characterize molecular and cellular mechanisms protecting against secondary brain damage after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Ziebell
- National Trauma Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Husain S, Liou GI, Crosson CE. Opioid receptor activation: suppression of ischemia/reperfusion-induced production of TNF-α in the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2577-83. [PMID: 21282567 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The detrimental role of TNF-α in ischemia-induced tissue damage is known. The authors study examined whether opioid receptor activation alters TNF-α levels in the postischemic retina. METHODS Retinal ischemia was induced by raising the intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure (155-160 mm Hg) for 45 minutes. Rats were pretreated with the opioid receptor agonist morphine (1 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) before injury. Selected animals were pretreated with the opioid antagonist naloxone (3 mg/kg; intraperitoneally). Human optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes and rat microglial cells were treated with morphine (0.1-1 μM) for 24 hours and then treated with 10 μg/mL or 30 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Opioid receptor subtypes in astrocytes and microglia were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS There was a time-dependent increase in TNF-α production; the maximum production occurred at 4 hours after ischemia and localized to the inner retinal regions. Ischemia-induced TNF-α production was significantly inhibited by morphine. In astrocytes and microglia, LPS triggered a robust increase in the release of TNF-α, which was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by morphine. Naloxone reversed the morphine-induced suppression of TNF-α production in vivo and in vitro. Both ONH astrocytes and microglial cells expressed δ-, κ-, and μ-opioid receptor subtypes. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that the production of TNF-α after ischemia/reperfusion injury is an early event and that opioid receptor activation reduces the production of TNF-α. Immunohistochemistry data and in vitro studies provide evidence that ONH astrocytes and microglial cells are the primary sources for the TNF-α production under ischemic/inflammatory conditions. Activation of one or more opioid receptors can reduce ischemic/reperfusion injury by the suppression of TNF-α production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Husain
- Hewitt Laboratory, Ola B. Williams Glaucoma Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yu WR, Liu T, Kiehl TR, Fehlings MG. Human neuropathological and animal model evidence supporting a role for Fas-mediated apoptosis and inflammation in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Brain 2011; 134:1277-92. [PMID: 21490053 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a common cause of chronic spinal cord dysfunction in humans, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the progressive neural degeneration characterized by this condition. Based on animal models of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and traumatic spinal cord injury, we hypothesized that Fas-mediated apoptosis and inflammation may play an important role in the pathobiology of human cervical spondylotic myelopathy. We further hypothesized that neutralization of the Fas ligand using a function-blocking antibody would reduce cell death, attenuate inflammation, promote axonal repair and enhance functional neurological outcomes in animal models of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. We examined molecular changes in post-mortem human spinal cord tissue from eight patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and four control cases. Complementary studies were conducted using a mouse model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (twy/twy mice that develop spontaneous cord compression at C2-C3). We observed Fas-mediated apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes and an increase in inflammatory cells in the compressed spinal cords of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Furthermore, neutralization of Fas ligand with a function-blocking antibody in twy/twy mice reduced neural inflammation at the lesion mediated by macrophages and activated microglia, glial scar formation and caspase-9 activation. It was also associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and promoted dramatic functional neurological recovery. Our data demonstrate, for the first time in humans, the potential contribution of Fas-mediated cell death and inflammation to the pathobiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Complementary data in a murine model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy further suggest that targeting the Fas death receptor pathway is a viable neuroprotective strategy to attenuate neural degeneration and optimize neurological recovery in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Our findings highlight the possibility of medical treatments for cervical spondylotic myelopathy that are complementary to surgical decompression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ru Yu
- Department of Pathology, Toronto Western Research Institute, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Room 4W-449, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mechanisms of estrogens' dose-dependent neuroprotective and neurodamaging effects in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1533-62. [PMID: 21673906 PMCID: PMC3111617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12031533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the hypothesis was put forward that estrogens could protect against cerebral ischemia, numerous studies have investigated the mechanisms of their effects. Despite initial studies showing ameliorating effects, later trials in both humans and animals have yielded contrasting results regarding the fundamental issue of whether estrogens are neuroprotective or neurodamaging. Therefore, investigations of the possible mechanisms of estrogen actions in brain ischemia have been difficult to assess. A recently published systematic review from our laboratory indicates that the dichotomy in experimental rat studies may be caused by the use of insufficiently validated estrogen administration methods resulting in serum hormone concentrations far from those intended, and that physiological estrogen concentrations are neuroprotective while supraphysiological concentrations augment the damage from cerebral ischemia. This evidence offers a new perspective on the mechanisms of estrogens’ actions in cerebral ischemia, and also has a direct bearing on the hormone replacement therapy debate. Estrogens affect their target organs by several different pathways and receptors, and the mechanisms proposed for their effects on stroke probably prevail in different concentration ranges. In the current article, previously suggested neuroprotective and neurodamaging mechanisms are reviewed in a hormone concentration perspective in an effort to provide a mechanistic framework for the dose-dependent paradoxical effects of estrogens in stroke. It is concluded that five protective mechanisms, namely decreased apoptosis, growth factor regulation, vascular modulation, indirect antioxidant properties and decreased inflammation, and the proposed damaging mechanism of increased inflammation, are currently supported by experiments performed in optimal biological settings.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Death receptor (DR) signaling has a major impact on the outcome of numerous neurological diseases, including ischemic stroke. DRs mediate not only cell death signals, but also proinflammatory responses and cell proliferation. Identification of regulatory proteins that control the switch between apoptotic and alternative DR signaling opens new therapeutic opportunities. Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (Faim2) is an evolutionary conserved, neuron-specific inhibitor of Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis. To investigate its role during development and in disease models, we generated Faim2-deficient mice. The ubiquitous null mutation displayed a viable and fertile phenotype without overt deficiencies. However, lack of Faim2 caused an increase in susceptibility to combined oxygen-glucose deprivation in primary neurons in vitro as well as in caspase-associated cell death, stroke volume, and neurological impairment after cerebral ischemia in vivo. These processes were rescued by lentiviral Faim2 gene transfer. In summary, we provide evidence that Faim2 is a novel neuroprotective molecule in the context of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
|
50
|
Similarities and differences between primary and secondary degeneration of the optic nerve and the effect of minocycline. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:849-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|