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Zhang T, Yin X, Yu X, Shang R, Lu L, Miao J. Metformin protects fibroblasts from patients with GNE myopathy by restoring autophagic flux via an AMPK/mTOR-independent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114958. [PMID: 37263165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) myopathy is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by rimmed vacuoles (RVs). Previous studies have shown that metformin protects against several neuromuscular disorders. In the present study, we summarize the clinical features of three GNE patients with the p.D207V mutation. The pathogenesis of GNE myopathy is described, and the significance of metformin in this disease is observed. Skin biopsy-derived fibroblasts from patients with GNE myopathy, carrying a D207V mutation in GNE, were cultured. GNE fibroblasts and control fibroblasts were treated under normal culture conditions, serum starvation conditions, or serum starvation + metformin conditions. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of muscle samples showed that autophagy was involved in the formation of RVs in the muscle of patients. Starved GNE fibroblasts showed decreased autophagy-related proteins and impaired autophagic flow (p < 0.05). The mRFP-GFP-LC3 assay showed that the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was partially blocked in GNE cells. Notably, metformin treatment upregulated the expression of autophagy proteins, increased the number of autolysosomes (p < 0.001), and influenced the viability of GNE cells (p < 0.001). Furthermore, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylated (p)-AMPK expression levels were upregulated in serum-starved GNE fibroblasts, while the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-mTOR expression levels were downregulated in both groups. Metformin treatment inhibited the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Our results suggest that metformin plays a protective role in the GNE fibroblast by restoring autophagic flux and through the AMPK/mTOR-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xuefan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Ren Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Liuzhe Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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2
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Livne H, Avital T, Ruppo S, Harazi A, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Daya A. Generation and characterization of a novel gne Knockout Model in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:976111. [PMID: 36353515 PMCID: PMC9637792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.976111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE Myopathy is a rare, recessively inherited neuromuscular worldwide disorder, caused by a spectrum of bi-allelic mutations in the human GNE gene. GNE encodes a bi-functional enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step of sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. However, the process in which GNE mutations lead to the development of a muscle pathology is not clear yet. Cellular and mouse models for GNE Myopathy established to date have not been informative. Further, additional GNE functions in muscle have been hypothesized. In these studies, we aimed to investigate gne functions using zebrafish genetic and transgenic models, and characterized them using macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular approaches. We first established transgenic zebrafish lineages expressing the human GNE cDNA carrying the M743T mutation, driven by the zebrafish gne promoter. These fish developed entirely normally. Then, we generated a gne knocked-out (KO) fish using the CRISPR/Cas9 methodology. These fish died 8–10 days post-fertilization (dpf), but a phenotype appeared less than 24 h before death and included progressive body axis curving, deflation of the swim bladder and decreasing movement and heart rate. However, muscle histology uncovered severe defects, already at 5 dpf, with compromised fiber organization. Sialic acid supplementation did not rescue the larvae from this phenotype nor prolonged their lifespan. To have deeper insights into the potential functions of gne in zebrafish, RNA sequencing was performed at 3 time points (3, 5, and 7 dpf). Genotype clustering was progressive, with only 5 genes differentially expressed in gne KO compared to gne WT siblings at 3 dpf. Enrichment analyses of the primary processes affected by the lack of gne also at 5 and 7 dpf point to the involvement of cell cycle and DNA damage/repair processes in the gne KO zebrafish. Thus, we have established a gne KO zebrafish lineage and obtained new insights into gne functions. This is the only model where GNE can be related to clear muscle defects, thus the only animal model relevant to GNE Myopathy to date. Further elucidation of gne precise mechanism-of-action in these processes could be relevant to GNE Myopathy and allow the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagay Livne
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tom Avital
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
| | - Shmuel Ruppo
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Harazi
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Daya
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
- *Correspondence: Alon Daya,
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Ilouz N, Harazi A, Guttman M, Daya A, Ruppo S, Yakovlev L, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. In vivo and in vitro genome editing to explore GNE functions. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:930110. [PMID: 36237634 PMCID: PMC9552322 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.930110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an adult onset neuromuscular disorder characterized by slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, caused by missense recessive mutations in the GNE gene. Although the encoded bifunctional enzyme is well known as the limiting factor in the biosynthesis of sialic acid, no clear mechanisms have been recognized to account for the muscle atrophic pathology, and novel functions for GNE have been hypothesized. Two major issues impair studies on this protein. First, the expression of the GNE protein is minimal in human and mice muscles and there is no reliable antibody to follow up endogenous expression. Second, no reliable animal model is available for the disease and cellular models from GNE myopathy patients’ muscle cells (expressing the mutated protein) are less informative than expected. In order to broaden our knowledge on GNE functions in muscle, we have taken advantage of the CRISPR/Cas9 method for genome editing to first, add a tag to the endogenous Gne gene in mouse, allowing the determination of the spatiotemporal expression of the protein in the organism, using well established and reliable antibodies against the specific tag. In addition we have generated a Gne knock out murine muscle cell lineage to identify the events resulting from the total lack of the protein. A thorough multi-omics analysis of both cellular systems including transcriptomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics and ubiquitination, unraveled novel pathways for Gne, in particular its involvement in cell cycle control and in the DNA damage/repair pathways. The elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of Gne in normal muscle may contribute to the identification of the disrupted functions in GNE myopathy, thus, to the definition of novel biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Ilouz
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Harazi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Guttman
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Daya
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
| | - Shmuel Ruppo
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Yakovlev
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum,
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Awasthi K, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Tissue-specific isoform expression of GNE gene in human tissues. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:49-61. [PMID: 35524895 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the sialic acid biosynthesis enzyme GNE lead to a late-onset, debilitating neuromuscular disorder, GNE myopathy, characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness. The mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle specificity, late-onset, and disease progression are unknown. Our main aim is to understand the reason for skeletal muscle-specific phenotype. To answer this question, we have analyzed the expression profile of the GNE gene and its multiple mRNA variants in different human tissues. A combinatorial approach encompassing bioinformatics tools and molecular biology techniques was used. NCBI, Ensembl, and GTEx were used for data mining. The expression analysis of GNE and its variants was performed with cDNA tissue panel using PCR and targeted RNA-seq. Among nine different GNE isoforms reported in this study, transcript variants 1, X1, and X2 were not tissue specific. Transcript variants 1, 6, X1, and X2, were found in skeletal muscles suggesting their possible role in GNE myopathy. In the current study, we present new data about GNE expression patterns in human tissues. Our results suggest that there may be a link between tissue-specific pathology and isoform pattern in skeletal muscles, which could provide clues for the development of new treatment strategies for GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapila Awasthi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O.Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O.Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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Park JC, Kim J, Jang HK, Lee SY, Kim KT, Kwon EJ, Park S, Lee HS, Choi H, Park SY, Choi HJ, Park SJ, Moon SH, Bae S, Cha HJ. Multiple isogenic GNE-myopathy modeling with mutation specific phenotypes from human pluripotent stem cells by base editors. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Shi J, Tang M, Zhou S, Xu D, Zhao J, Wu C, Wang Q, Tian X, Li M, Zeng X. Programmed Cell Death Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:783616. [PMID: 34899749 PMCID: PMC8651702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is a heterogeneous group of acquired, autoimmune muscle diseases characterized by muscle inflammation and extramuscular involvements. Present literatures have revealed that dysregulated cell death in combination with impaired elimination of dead cells contribute to the release of autoantigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and inflammatory cytokines, and result in immune responses and tissue damages in autoimmune diseases, including IIMs. This review summarizes the roles of various forms of programmed cell death pathways in the pathogenesis of IIMs and provides evidence for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
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7
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Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Yakovlev L, Becker Cohen M, Argov Z, Fellig Y, Harazi A. Pre Clinical Assessment of AAVrh74.MCK.GNE Viral Vector Therapeutic Potential: Robust Activity Despite Lack of Consistent Animal Model for GNE Myopathy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 9:179-192. [PMID: 34806613 PMCID: PMC8842764 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: GNE myopathy is a unique adult onset rare neuromuscular disease caused by recessive mutations in the GNE gene. The pathophysiological mechanism of this disorder is not well understood and to date, there is no available therapy for this debilitating disease. We have previously established proof of concept that AAV based gene therapy can effectively deliver the wild type human GNE into cultured muscle cells from human patients and in mice, using a CMV promoter driven human wild type GNE plasmid delivered through an adeno associated virus (AAV8) based platform. Objective: In the present study we have generated a muscle specific GNE construct, driven by the MCK promoter and packaged with the AAVrh74 serotype for efficacy evaluation in an animal model of GNE Myopathy. Methods: The viral vector was systemically delivered at 2 doses to two age groups of a Gne–/– hGNED207V Tg mouse described as a preclinical model of GNE Myopathy, and treatment was monitored for long term efficacy. Results: In spite of the fact that the full described characteristics of the preclinical model could not be reproduced, the systemic injection of the rAAVrh74.MCK.GNE viral vector resulted in a long term presence and expression of human wt GNE in the murine muscles and in some improvements of their mild phenotype. The Gne–/– hGNED207V Tg mice are smaller from birth, but cannot be differentiated from littermates by muscle function (grip strength and Rotarod) and their muscle histology is normal, even at advanced age. Conclusions: The rAAVrh74.MCK.GNE vector is a robust tool for the development of GNE Myopathy therapies that supply the intact GNE. However, there is still no reliable animal model to fully assess its efficacy since the previously developed Gne–/– hGNED207V Tg mice do not present disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Yakovlev
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Becker Cohen
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Argov
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yakov Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Harazi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Chaudhary P, Sharma S, Singh R, Arya R. Elucidation of ER stress and UPR pathway in sialic acid-deficient cells: Pathological relevance to GNEM. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1886-1902. [PMID: 34555215 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generates a stress condition in the cell. The cell combats ER stress by activating unfolded protein response (UPR) and ERAD (ER stress-associated degradation) pathway. Failure to restore favorable folding environment results in cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Various neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded protein, protein aggregates, and ER stress. GNE myopathy (GNEM) is a neuromuscular disorder pathologically characterized by rimmed vacuole formation due to the accumulation of protein aggregates. More than 200 mutations in key sialic acid biosynthetic enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) have been identified worldwide in the muscle biopsies of GNE myopathy patients. However, the cellular and molecular pathomechanism leading to the disease ar poorly understood. In the present study, the phenomenon of ER stress has been elucidated in GNE mutant cells overexpressing GNE mutations of Indian origin. The effect of GNE mutations on activation of UPR signaling via inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1 (IRE-1), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) were deciphered to understand the effect of GNE mutations on these proteins. GRP78 was upregulated with increased X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1) splicing and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) upregulation leading to increased apoptosis of GNE mutant cells. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) ligand rescued the cells from apoptotic phenotype by supporting cell survival mechanism. Our study indicates a balance of cell death and survival that decides cell fate and offers potential therapeutic targets to combat ER stress in diseases associated with dysfunctional UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Reema Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying sporadic inclusion body myositis is ameliorated by the mitochondrial homing drug MA-5. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231064. [PMID: 33264289 PMCID: PMC7710105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the most common idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, and several reports have suggested that mitochondrial abnormalities are involved in its etiology. We recruited 9 sIBM patients and found significant histological changes and an elevation of growth differential factor 15 (GDF15), a marker of mitochondrial disease, strongly suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction. Bioenergetic analysis of sIBM patient myoblasts revealed impaired mitochondrial function. Decreased ATP production, reduced mitochondrial size and reduced mitochondrial dynamics were also observed in sIBM myoblasts. Cell vulnerability to oxidative stress also suggested the existence of mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochonic acid-5 (MA-5) increased the cellular ATP level, reduced mitochondrial ROS, and provided protection against sIBM myoblast death. MA-5 also improved the survival of sIBM skin fibroblasts as well as mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in these cells. The reduction in the gene expression levels of Opa1 and Drp1 was also reversed by MA-5, suggesting the modification of the fusion/fission process. These data suggest that MA-5 may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for treating not only mitochondrial diseases but also sIBM.
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10
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Benyamini H, Kling Y, Yakovlev L, Becker Cohen M, Nevo Y, Elgavish S, Harazi A, Argov Z, Sela I, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Upregulation of Hallmark Muscle Genes Protects GneM743T/M743T Mutated Knock-In Mice From Kidney and Muscle Phenotype. J Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 7:119-136. [PMID: 31985472 PMCID: PMC7175939 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-190461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mutations in GNE cause a recessive, adult onset myopathy characterized by slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness. Knock-in mice carrying the most frequent mutation in GNE myopathy patients, GneM743T/M743T, usually die few days after birth from severe renal failure, with no muscle phenotype. However, a spontaneous sub-colony remains healthy throughout a normal lifespan without any kidney or muscle pathology. Objective: We attempted to decipher the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotypic differences and to determine the mechanisms preventing the kidney and muscles from disease. Methods: We analyzed the transcriptome and proteome of kidneys and muscles of sick and healthy GneM743T/M743T mice. Results: The sick GneM743T/M743T kidney was characterized by up-regulation of extra-cellular matrix degradation related processes and by down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory electron chain pathway, that was also observed in the asymptomatic muscles. Surprisingly, the healthy kidneys of the GneM743T/M743T mice were characterized by up-regulation of hallmark muscle genes. In addition the asymptomatic muscles of the sick GneM743T/M743T mice showed upregulation of transcription and translation processes. Conclusions: Overexpression of muscle physiology genes in healthy GneM743T/M743T mice seems to define the protecting mechanism in these mice. Furthermore, the strong involvement of muscle related genes in kidney may bridge the apparent phenotypic gap between GNE myopathy and the knock-in GneM743T/M743T mouse model and provide new directions in the study of GNE function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Benyamini
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kling
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Yakovlev
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Becker Cohen
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharona Elgavish
- Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Harazi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Argov
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Sela
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Awasthi K, Srivastava A, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Tissue specific expression of sialic acid metabolic pathway: role in GNE myopathy. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2020; 42:99-116. [PMID: 33029681 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-020-09590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an adult-onset degenerative muscle disease that leads to extreme disability in patients. Biallelic mutations in the rate-limiting enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine-kinase (GNE) of sialic acid (SA) biosynthetic pathway, was shown to be the cause of this disease. Other genetic disorders with muscle pathology where defects in glycosylation are known. It is yet not clear why a defect in SA biosynthesis and glycosylation affect muscle cells selectively even though they are ubiquitously present in all tissues. Here we have comprehensively examined the complete SA metabolic pathway involving biosynthesis, sialylation, salvage, and catabolism. To understand the reason for tissue-specific phenotype caused by mutations in genes of this pathway, we analysed the expression of different SA pathway genes in various tissues, during the muscle tissue development and in muscle tissues from GNE myopathy patients (p.Met743Thr) using publicly available databases. We have also analysed gene co-expression networks with GNE in different tissues as well as gene interactions that are unique to muscle tissues only. The results do show a few muscle specific interactions involving ANLN, MYO16 and PRAMEF25 that could be involved in specific phenotype. Overall, our results suggest that SA biosynthetic and catabolic genes are expressed at a very low level in skeletal muscles that also display a unique gene interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapila Awasthi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O.Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- Ashoka University, Plot No. 2, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.O.Rai, Sonepat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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The glycomic sialylation profile of GNE Myopathy muscle cells does not point to consistent hyposialylation of individual glycoconjugates. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:621-630. [PMID: 32736841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GNE Myopathy is a recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness, and a typical muscle pathology. Although GNE, which is the mutated gene in the disease, is well known as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid, the pathophysiological pathway leading from GNE mutations to the muscle phenotype in GNE Myopathy is still unclear. The obvious hypothesis of impaired sialylation in patients' skeletal muscle as the cause of the disease is still controversial. In the present study we have investigated whether a distinctive altered pattern of sialylation in GNE Myopathy cultured muscle cells could be attributed to a specific glycoconjugate. Mass spectrometry based glycomic methodologies have been utilized to assess the sialylation level of protein N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipid derived glycans from patient and matched control samples. No consistent change in sialylation was detected in glycoconjugates. These results suggest potential additional roles for GNE that could account for the disease pathology.
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Devi S, Yadav R, Chanana P, Arya R. Fighting the Cause of Alzheimer's and GNE Myopathy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:669. [PMID: 30374284 PMCID: PMC6196280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the common risk factor for both neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Alzheimer disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, causes dementia with age progression while GNE myopathy (GNEM), a neuromuscular disorder, causes muscle degeneration and loss of muscle motor movement with age. Individuals with mutations in presenilin or amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene develop AD while mutations in GNE (UDP N-acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase/N-acetyl Mannosamine kinase), key sialic acid biosynthesis enzyme, cause GNEM. Although GNEM is characterized with degeneration of muscle cells, it is shown to have similar disease hallmarks like aggregation of Aβ and accumulation of phosphorylated tau and other misfolded proteins in muscle cell similar to AD. Similar impairment in cellular functions have been reported in both disorders such as disruption of cytoskeletal network, changes in glycosylation pattern, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, upregulation of chaperones, unfolded protein response in ER, autophagic vacuoles, cell death, and apoptosis. Interestingly, AD and GNEM are the two diseases with similar phenotypic condition affecting neuron and muscle, respectively, resulting in entirely different pathology. This review represents a comparative outlook of AD and GNEM that could lead to target common mechanism to find a plausible therapeutic for both the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Yadav
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratibha Chanana
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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14
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Role of IGF-1R in ameliorating apoptosis of GNE deficient cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7323. [PMID: 29743626 PMCID: PMC5943343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (SAs) are nine carbon acidic amino sugars, found at the outermost termini of glycoconjugates performing various physiological and pathological functions. SA synthesis is regulated by UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) that catalyzes rate limiting steps. Mutations in GNE result in rare genetic disorders, GNE myopathy and Sialuria. Recent studies indicate an alternate role of GNE in cell apoptosis and adhesion, besides SA biosynthesis. In the present study, using a HEK cell-based model for GNE myopathy, the role of Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor (IGF-1R) as cell survival receptor protein was studied to counter the apoptotic effect of non-functional GNE. In the absence of functional GNE, IGF-1R was hyposialylated and transduced a downstream signal upon IGF-1 (IGF-1R ligand) treatment. IGF-1 induced activation of IGF-1R led to AKT (Protein Kinase B) phosphorylation that may phosphorylate BAD (BCL2 Associated Death Promoter) and its dissociation from BCL2 to prevent apoptosis. However, reduced ERK (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases) phosphorylation in GNE deficient cells after IGF-1 treatment suggests downregulation of the ERK pathway. A balance between the ERK and AKT pathways may determine the cell fate towards survival or apoptosis. Our study suggests that IGF-1R activation may rescue apoptotic cell death of GNE deficient cell lines and has potential as therapeutic target.
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15
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Pogoryelova O, González Coraspe JA, Nikolenko N, Lochmüller H, Roos A. GNE myopathy: from clinics and genetics to pathology and research strategies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:70. [PMID: 29720219 PMCID: PMC5930817 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disease, which starts as a distal muscle weakness and ultimately leads to a wheelchair bound state. Molecular research and animal modelling significantly moved forward understanding of GNE myopathy mechanisms and suggested therapeutic interventions to alleviate the symptoms. Multiple therapeutic attempts are being made to supplement sialic acid depleted in GNE myopathy muscle cells. Translational research field provided valuable knowledge through natural history studies, patient registries and clinical trial, which significantly contributed to bringing forward an era of GNE myopathy treatment. In this review, we are summarising current GNE myopathy, scientific trends and open questions, which would be of significant interest for a wide neuromuscular diseases community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Pogoryelova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Nikoletta Nikolenko
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Present Address: Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Center for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andreas Roos
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Biomedical Research Department, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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16
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Bosch-Morató M, Iriondo C, Guivernau B, Valls-Comamala V, Vidal N, Olivé M, Querfurth H, Muñoz FJ. Increased amyloid β-peptide uptake in skeletal muscle is induced by hyposialylation and may account for apoptosis in GNE myopathy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13354-71. [PMID: 26968811 PMCID: PMC4924647 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an autosomal recessive muscular disorder of young adults characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. It is caused by a mutation in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, which encodes a key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis. The mutated hypofunctional GNE is associated with intracellular accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in patient muscles through as yet unknown mechanisms. We found here for the first time that an experimental reduction in sialic acid favors Aβ1-42 endocytosis in C2C12 myotubes, which is dependent on clathrin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Accordingly, Aβ1-42 internalization in myoblasts from a GNE myopathy patient was enhanced. Next, we investigated signal changes triggered by Aβ1-42 that may underlie toxicity. We observed that p-Akt levels are reduced in step with an increase in apoptotic markers in GNE myopathy myoblasts compared to control myoblasts. The same results were experimentally obtained when Aβ1-42 was overexpressed in myotubes. Hence, we propose a novel disease mechanism whereby hyposialylation favors Aβ1-42 internalization and the subsequent apoptosis in myotubes and in skeletal muscle from GNE myopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Bosch-Morató
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Iriondo
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biuse Guivernau
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victòria Valls-Comamala
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Vidal
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Olivé
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Francisco J Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Willems AP, van Engelen BGM, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:1640-54. [PMID: 26721333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation are caused by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Classically, gene defects with multisystem disease have been identified in the ubiquitously expressed glycosyltransferases required for protein N-glycosylation. An increasing number of defects are being described in sugar supply pathways for protein glycosylation with tissue-restricted clinical symptoms. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we address the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathways in sugar metabolism. GFPT1, PGM3 and GNE are essential for synthesis of nucleotide sugars uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-sialic acid) as precursors for various glycosylation pathways. Defects in these enzymes result in contrasting clinical phenotypes of congenital myasthenia, immunodeficiency or adult-onset myopathy, respectively. We therefore discuss the biochemical mechanisms of known genetic defects in the hexosamine and CMP-sialic acid synthesis pathway in relation to the clinical phenotypes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both UDP-GlcNAc and CMP-sialic acid are important precursors for diverse protein glycosylation reactions and for conversion into other nucleotide-sugars. Defects in the synthesis of these nucleotide sugars might affect a wide range of protein glycosylation reactions. Involvement of multiple glycosylation pathways might contribute to disease phenotype, but the currently available biochemical information on sugar metabolism is insufficient to understand why defects in these pathways present with tissue-specific phenotypes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Future research on the interplay between sugar metabolism and different glycosylation pathways in a tissue- and cell-specific manner will contribute to elucidation of disease mechanisms and will create new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke P Willems
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Singh R, Arya R. GNE Myopathy and Cell Apoptosis: A Comparative Mutation Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3088-3101. [PMID: 25976366 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a number of genetic disorders such as GNE myopathy, it is not clear how mutations in target genes result in disease phenotype. GNE myopathy is a progressive neuro-degenerative disorder associated with homozygous or compound heterozygous missense mutations in either epimerase or kinase domain of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE). This bifunctional enzyme catalyses the rate limiting step in sialic acid biosynthesis. Many mechanisms have been suggested as possible cause of muscle degeneration. These include hyposialylation of critical proteins, defects in cytoskeletal network, sarcomere organization and apoptosis. In order to elucidate the role of GNE in cell apoptosis, we have used HEK cell-based model system overexpressing pathologically relevant GNE mutations. These cells display a reduction in the levels of sialic acid-bound glycoconjugates. These mutants GNE overexpressing cells have defect in cell proliferation as compared to vector or wild-type GNE (wtGNE) controls. Moreover, effect of different GNE mutations on cell apoptosis was also observed using staining with annexin V-FITC and TUNEL assay. The downstream apoptosis signalling pathway involving activation of caspases and increased PARP cleavage were observed in all GNE mutant cell lines. In addition, morpho-structural changes in mitochondria in cells overexpressing different GNE mutants were noticed by transmission electron microscopy, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential was found to be altered in absence of functional GNE. Our results clearly indicate role of GNE in mitochondria-dependent cell apoptosis and provide insights into the pathomechanism of GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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19
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Krause S. Insights into muscle degeneration from heritable inclusion body myopathies. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:13. [PMID: 25729363 PMCID: PMC4325924 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle mass and function are gradually lost in age-related, degenerative neuromuscular disorders, which also reflect the clinical hallmarks of sarcopenia. The consensus definition of sarcopenia includes a condition of age-related loss of muscle mass, quality, and strength. The most common acquired muscle disease affecting adults aged over 50 years is sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM). Besides inflammatory effects and immune-mediated muscle injury, degenerative myofiber changes are characteristic features of the disease. Although the earliest triggering events in sIBM remain elusive, a plethora of downstream mechanisms are implicated in the pathophysiology of muscle wasting. Although it remains controversial whether hereditary forms of inclusion body myopathy (IBM) may be considered as degenerative sIBM disease models, partial pathophysiological aspects can mimic the much more frequent sporadic condition, in particular the occurrence of inclusion bodies in skeletal muscle. Various clinical aspects in genetically determined skeletal muscle disorders reflect age-related alterations observed in sarcopenia. Several intriguing clues from monogenic defects in heritable IBMs contributing to the molecular basis of muscle loss will be discussed with special emphasis on inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and GNE myopathy. Finally, also the recently identified dominant multisystem proteinopathy will be considered, which may rarely present as IBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Krause
- Laboratory for Molecular Myology, Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University , Munich , Germany
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20
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Harazi A, Chaouat M, Shlomai Z, Levitzki R, Becker-Cohen M, Sadeh M, Dabby R, Ben-Bassat H, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Survival-apoptosis associated signaling in GNE myopathy-cultured myoblasts. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:249-57. [PMID: 25510413 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.956755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
GNE Myopathy (GNEM) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene. It is a slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness sparing the quadriceps. In this study, we applied our model of mutated M743T GNE enzyme skeletal muscle-cultured myoblasts and paired healthy controls to depict the pattern of signaling proteins controlling survival and/or apoptosis of the PI3K/AKT, BCL2, ARTS/XIAP pathways, examined the effects of metabolic changes/stimuli on their expression and activation, and their potential role in GNEM. Immunoblot analysis of the GNEM myoblasts indicated a notable increased level of activated PTEN and PDK1 and a trend of relative differences in the expression and activation of the examined signaling molecules with variability among the cultures. ANOVA analysis showed a highly significant interaction between the level of PTEN and the patients groups. In parallel, the interaction between the level of BCL2, BAX and PTEN with the specific PI3K/AKT inhibitor-LY294002 was highly significant for BCL2 and nearly significant for PTEN and BAX. The pattern of the ARTS/XIAP signaling proteins of GNEM and the paired controls was variable, with no significant differences between the two cell types. The response of the GNEM cells to the metabolic changes/stimuli: serum depletion and insulin challenge, as indicated by expression of selected signaling proteins, was variable and similar to the control cells. Taken together, our observations provide a clearer insight into specific signaling molecules influencing growth and survival of GNEM muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Harazi
- a Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Malka Chaouat
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Zippora Shlomai
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Robina Levitzki
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Michal Becker-Cohen
- a Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | | | - Ron Dabby
- c Wolfson Medical Center , Holon , Israel
| | - Hannah Ben-Bassat
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- a Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
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Kwon B, Kumar P, Lee HK, Zeng L, Walsh K, Fu Q, Barakat A, Querfurth HW. Aberrant cell cycle reentry in human and experimental inclusion body myositis and polymyositis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3681-94. [PMID: 24556217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis (IBM), a degenerative and inflammatory disorder of skeletal muscle, and Alzheimer's disease share protein derangements and attrition of postmitotic cells. Overexpression of cyclins and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and evidence for DNA replication is reported in Alzheimer's disease brain, possibly contributing to neuronal death. It is unknown whether aberrant cell cycle reentry also occurs in IBM. We examined cell cycle markers in IBM compared with normal control, polymyositis (PM) and non-inflammatory dystrophy sample sets. Next, we tested for evidence of reentry and DNA synthesis in C2C12 myotubes induced to express β-amyloid (Aβ42). We observed increased levels of Ki-67, PCNA and cyclins E/D1 in IBM compared with normals and non-inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, PM samples displayed similar increases. Satellite cell markers did not correlate with Ki-67-affected myofiber nuclei. DNA synthesis and cell cycle markers were induced in Aβ-bearing myotubes. Cell cycle marker and cyclin protein expressions were also induced in an experimental allergic myositis-like model of PM in mice. Levels of p21 (Cip1/WAF1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, were decreased in affected myotubes. However, overexpression of p21 did not rescue cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. This is the first report of cell cycle reentry in human myositis. The absence of rescue and evidence for reentry in separate models of myodegeneration and inflammation suggest that new DNA synthesis may be a reactive response to either or both stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ling Zeng
- Molecular Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Qinghao Fu
- Department of Neurology, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Amey Barakat
- Department of Neurology, Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
| | - Henry W Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA Molecular Cardiology and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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22
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Daya A, Vatine GD, Becker-Cohen M, Tal-Goldberg T, Friedmann A, Gothilf Y, Du SJ, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Gne depletion during zebrafish development impairs skeletal muscle structure and function. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3349-61. [PMID: 24488768 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GNE Myopathy is a rare recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene, which codes for the key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of sialic acid synthesis. The process by which GNE mutations lead to myopathy is not well understood. By in situ hybridization and gne promoter-driven fluorescent transgenic fish generation, we have characterized the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the zebrafish gne gene and have shown that it is highly conserved compared with the human ortholog. We also show the deposition of maternal gne mRNA and maternal GNE protein at the earliest embryonic stage, emphasizing the critical role of gne in embryonic development. Injection of morpholino (MO)-modified antisense oligonucleotides specifically designed to knockdown gne, into one-cell embryos lead to a variety of phenotypic severity. Characterization of the gne knockdown morphants showed a significantly reduced locomotor activity as well as distorted muscle integrity, including a reduction in the number of muscle myofibers, even in mild or intermediate phenotype morphants. These findings were further confirmed by electron microscopy studies, where large gaps between sarcolemmas were visualized, although normal sarcomeric structures were maintained. These results demonstrate a critical novel role for gne in embryonic development and particularly in myofiber development, muscle integrity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Daya
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel, School of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel
| | - Gad David Vatine
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and
| | - Michal Becker-Cohen
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Tzukit Tal-Goldberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Adam Friedmann
- School of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shao Jun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91240, Israel,
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Correction of the Middle Eastern M712T mutation causing GNE myopathy by trans-splicing. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:322-31. [PMID: 24264357 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GNE myopathy is a rare neuromuscular autosomal recessive disease, resulting from mutations in the gene UDP N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE). The most frequent mutation is the single homozygous missense mutation, M712T-the Middle Eastern mutation-located ten amino acids before the end of the protein. We have used an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based trans-splicing (TS) vector as a gene therapy tool to overcome this mutation by replacing the mutated last exon of GNE by the wild-type exon while preserving the natural endogenous regulatory machinery. We have designed relevant plasmids directed either to mouse or to human GNE. Following transfection of C2C12 murine muscle cells with the mouse TS vectors, we have been able to detect by nested RT-PCR trans-spliced molecules carrying the wild-type exon 12 of GNE. Similarly, transfection of HEK293 human cells with the human-directed TS vectors resulted in the generation of trans-spliced human GNE RNA molecules. Furthermore, infection of primary muscle cells from a GNE myopathy patient carrying the homozygous M712T mutation, with an AAV8-based viral vector carrying a human-directed TS construct, resulted in the generation of wild-type GNE transcripts in addition to the mutated ones. These studies provide a proof of concept that the TS approach could be used to partially correct the Middle Eastern mutation in GNE myopathy patients. These results provide the basis for in vivo research in animal models using the AAV platform with TS plasmids as a potential genetic therapy for GNE myopathy.
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24
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Li H, Chen Q, Liu F, Zhang X, Li W, Liu S, Zhao Y, Gong Y, Yan C. Unfolded protein response and activated degradative pathways regulation in GNE myopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58116. [PMID: 23472144 PMCID: PMC3589370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although intracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation is known as an early upstream event in the degenerative course of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) myopathy, the process by which Aβdeposits initiate various degradative pathways, and their relationship have not been fully clarified. We studied the possible secondary responses after amyloid beta precursor protein (AβPP) deposition including unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) activation and its correlation with autophagy system. Eight GNE myopathy patients and five individuals with normal muscle morphology were included in this study. We performed immunofluorescence and immunoblotting to investigate the expression of AβPP, phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperones. Proteasome activities were measured by cleavage of fluorogenic substrates. The expression of proteasome subunits and linkers between proteasomal and autophagy systems were also evaluated by immunoblotting and relative quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Four molecular chaperones, glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), calreticulin and calnexin and valosin containing protein (VCP) were highly expressed in GNE myopathy. 20S proteasome subunits, three main proteasome proteolytic activities, and the factors linking UPS and autophagy system were also increased. Our study suggests that AβPP deposition results in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and highly expressed VCP deliver unfolded proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to proteosomal system which is activated in endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) in GNE myopathy. Excessive ubiquitinated unfolded proteins are exported by proteins that connect UPS and autophagy to autophagy system, which is activated as an alternative pathway for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Li
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Shandong University Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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Lee HK, Rocnik E, Fu Q, Kwon B, Zeng L, Walsh K, Querfurth H. Foxo/atrogin induction in human and experimental myositis. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 46:463-75. [PMID: 22590725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy can occur rapidly in various fasting, cancerous, systemic inflammatory, deranged metabolic or neurogenic states. The ubiquitin ligase Atrogin-1 (MAFbx) is induced in animal models of these conditions, causing excessive myoprotein degradation. It is unknown if Atrogin upregulation also occurs in acquired human myositis. Intracellular β-amyloid (Aβi), phosphorylated neurofilaments, scattered infiltrates and atrophy involving selective muscle groups characterize human sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis (sIBM). In Polymyositis (PM), inflammation is more pronounced and atrophy is symmetric and proximal. IBM and PM share various inflammatory markers. We found that forkhead family transcription factor Foxo3A is directed to the nucleus and Atrogin-1 transcript is increased in both conditions. Expression of Aβ in transgenic mice and differentiated C2C12 myotubes was sufficient to upregulate Atrogin-1 mRNA and cause atrophy. Aβi reduces levels of p-Akt and downstream p-Foxo3A, resulting in Foxo3A translocation and Atrogin-1 induction. In a mouse model of autoimmune myositis, cellular inflammation alone was associated with similar Foxo3A and Atrogin changes. Thus, either Aβi accumulation or cellular immune stimulation may independently drive muscle atrophy in sIBM and PM, respectively, through pathways converging on Foxo and Atrogin-1. In sIBM it is additionally possible that both mechanisms synergize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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26
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Hinderlich S, Weidemann W, Yardeni T, Horstkorte R, Huizing M. UDP-GlcNAc 2-Epimerase/ManNAc Kinase (GNE): A Master Regulator of Sialic Acid Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 366:97-137. [PMID: 23842869 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase is the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis in vertebrates. It catalyzes the first two steps of the cytosolic formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. In this review we give an overview of structure, biochemistry, and genetics of the bifunctional enzyme and its complex regulation. Furthermore, we will focus on diseases related to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hinderlich
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany,
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27
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Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Yakovlev L, Becker Cohen M, Telem M, Elbaz M, Yanay N, Yotvat H, Ben Shlomo U, Harazi A, Fellig Y, Argov Z, Sela I. Sustained expression and safety of human GNE in normal mice after gene transfer based on AAV8 systemic delivery. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:1015-24. [PMID: 22633753 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
GNE myopathy is an autosomal recessive adult onset disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene. GNE encodes the bifunctional enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetyl mannosamine kinase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of sialic acid. Additional functions for GNE have been described recently, but the mechanism leading from GNE mutation to this myopathy is unclear. Therefore a gene therapy approach could address all potential defects caused by GNE mutations in muscle. We show that AAV8 viral vectors carrying wild type human GNE cDNA are able to transduce murine muscle cells and human GNE myopathy-derived muscle cells in culture and to express the transgene in these cells. Furthermore, the intravenous administration of this viral vector to healthy mice allows expression of the GNE transgene mRNA and of the coexpressed luciferase protein, for at least 6months in skeletal muscles, with no clinical or pathological signs of focal or general toxicity, neither from the virus particles nor from the wild type human GNE overexpression. Our results support the future use of an AAV8 based vector platform for a safe and efficient therapy of muscle in GNE myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S, Nishino I. A preclinical trial of sialic acid metabolites on distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles/hereditary inclusion body myopathy, a sugar-deficient myopathy: a review. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 3:127-35. [PMID: 21179605 DOI: 10.1177/1756285609359546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM), is a moderately progressive hereditary muscle disorder affecting young adults. DMRV/hIBM is characterized clinically by muscle atrophy and weakness initially involving the distal muscles, and pathologically by the presence of small angular fibers, formation of rimmed vacuoles and deposition of various proteins in the muscle fibers. This disease is known to be caused by mutations in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene, which encodes the essential enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis, leading to a reduction of sialic acid levels in the serum and skeletal muscles of affected patients. As it is a metabolic disease, metabolite supplementation is theoretically one of the therapeutic options. In this review, recent animal models for DMRV/hIBM are briefly characterized followed by a focus on the administration of sialic acid metabolites as a reliable therapeutic option to DMRV/hIBM with the following points highlighted: the property of compounds, the pharmacokinetic metabolism in vivo, and the therapeutic effects on the DMRV/hIBM mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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GNE is involved in the early development of skeletal and cardiac muscle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21389. [PMID: 21731727 PMCID: PMC3123316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase/N-acetylmannosamime kinase (GNE) is a bifunctional enzyme which catalyzes the two key sequential steps in the biosynthetic pathway of sialic acid, the most abundant terminal monosaccharide on glycoconjugates of eukaryotic cells. GNE knock out (GNE KO) mice are embryonically lethal at day E8.5. Although the role of GNE in the sialic pathway has been well established as well as the importance of sialylation in many diverse biological pathways, less is known about the involvement of GNE in muscle development. To address this issue we have studied the role of GNE during in vitro embryogenesis by comparing the developmental profile in culture of embryonic stem cells (ES) from wild type and from GNE KO E3.5 mice embryos, during 45 days. Neuronal cells appeared rarely in GNE KO ES cultures and did not reach an advanced differentiated stage. Although primary cardiac cells appeared at the same time in both normal and GNE KO ES cultures, GNE KO cardiac cells degraded very soon and their beating capacity decayed rapidly. Furthermore very rare skeletal muscle committed cells were detected in the GNE KO ES cultures at any stage of differentiation, as assessed by analysis of the expression of either Pax7, MyoD and MyHC markers. Beyond the supporting evidence that GNE plays an important role in neuronal cell and brain development, these results show that GNE is strongly involved in cardiac tissue and skeletal muscle early survival and organization. These findings could open new avenues in the understanding of muscle function mechanisms in health and in disease.
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Sela I, Milman Krentsis I, Shlomai Z, Sadeh M, Dabby R, Argov Z, Ben-Bassat H, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. The proteomic profile of hereditary inclusion body myopathy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16334. [PMID: 21305017 PMCID: PMC3031555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is an adult onset, slowly progressive distal and proximal myopathy. Although the causing gene, GNE, encodes for a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sialic acid, its primary function in HIBM remains unknown. The goal of this study was to unravel new clues on the biological pathways leading to HIBM by proteomic comparison. Muscle cultures and biopsies were analyzed by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and the same biopsy extracts by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). Proteins that were differentially expressed in all HIBM specimens versus all controls in each analysis were identified by mass spectrometry. The muscle cultures 2-DE analysis yielded 41 such proteins, while the biopsies 2-DE analysis showed 26 differentially expressed proteins. Out of the 400 proteins identified in biopsies by iTRAQ, 41 showed altered expression. In spite of the different nature of specimens (muscle primary cultures versus muscle biopsies) and of the different methods applied (2D gels versus iTRAQ) the differentially expressed proteins identified in each of the three analyses where related mainly to the same pathways, ubiquitination, stress response and mitochondrial processes, but the most robust cluster (30%) was assigned to cytoskeleton and sarcomere organization. Taken together, these findings indicate a possible novel function of GNE in the muscle filamentous apparatus that could be involved in the pathogenesis of HIBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Sela
- Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ganglioside GM3 levels are altered in a mouse model of HIBM: GM3 as a cellular marker of the disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10055. [PMID: 20383336 PMCID: PMC2850932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective HIBM (Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy) is a recessive hereditary disease characterized by adult-onset, slowly progressive muscle weakness sparing the quadriceps. It is caused by a single missense mutation of each allele of the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene, a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the first two steps of sialic acid synthesis in mammals. However, the mechanisms and cellular pathways affected by the GNE mutation and causing the muscle weakness could not be identified so far. Based on recent evidence in literature, we investigated a new hypothesis, i.e. the involvement in the disease of the GM3 ganglioside, a specific glycolipid implicated in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods qRT-PCR analysis of St3gal5 (GM3 synthase) gene expression and HPLC quantification of GM3 ganglioside were conducted on muscle tissue from a mouse model of HIBM harboring the M712T mutation of GNE (GneM712T/M712T mouse) vs control mice (Gne+/+ mouse). Results St3gal5 mRNA levels were significantly lower in GneM712T/M712T mouse muscles vs Gne+/+ mouse muscles (64.41%±10% of Gne+/+ levels). GM3 ganglioside levels showed also a significant decrease in GneM712T/M712T mouse muscle compared to Gne+/+ mouse muscle (18.09%±5.33% of Gne+/+ levels). Although these GneM712T/M712T mice were described to suffer severe glomerular proteinuria, no GM3 alterations were noted in kidneys, highlighting a tissue specific alteration of gangliosides. Conclusion The M712T mutation of GNE hampers the muscle ability to synthesize normal levels of GM3. This is the first time that a mutation of GNE can be related to the molecular pathological mechanism of HIBM.
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Jay CM, Levonyak N, Nemunaitis G, Maples PB, Nemunaitis J. Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy (HIBM2). GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:181-90. [PMID: 20054407 PMCID: PMC2796972 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy type 2 (HIBM2) is a myopathy characterized by progressive muscle weakness with early adult onset. The disease is the result of a recessive mutation in the Glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene (GNE), which results in reduced enzyme function and sialic acid levels. A majority of individuals with HIBM2 are from Iranian-Jewish or Japanese decent, but isolated cases have been identified world wide. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria for HIBM2. Current research with a highlight on the biology of the disease and the role of GNE in the sialic acid pathway are assessed. Finally, therapeutic investigations and animal models are discussed with a focus on future studies to better understand the pathology of Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy and move therapeutic agents towards clinical trials.
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Kontou M, Weidemann W, Bork K, Horstkorte R. Beyond glycosylation: sialic acid precursors act as signaling molecules and are involved in cellular control of differentiation of PC12 cells. Biol Chem 2009; 390:575-9. [PMID: 19361277 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids represent a family of 9-carbon acidic amino sugars expressed mainly as terminal monosaccharides on most mammalian glycoconjugates. Sialic acids play an outstanding role during cellular processes, such as development and regeneration, as they are involved in a variety of molecular interactions. Sialic acids are synthesized in the cytosol starting from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine-kinase (GNE), which is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sialic acid that catalyzes the generation of N-acetylmannosamine, which in turn is an intermediate of the sialic acid pathway that represents the natural molecular precursor of all sialic acids. Of increasing interest are the influence of the sialic acid precursor N-acetylmannosamine (or related N-acylmannosamines), GNE, and sialic acids themselves on cellular processes such as proliferation, gene expression, or cell differentiation. Here, we present recent data and review indications that N-acylmannosamines (the direct precursors of all sialic acids) may act as signaling molecules, and that the key enzyme of the sialic acid metabolism is directly involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kontou
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: a decade of progress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:881-7. [PMID: 19596068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy (HIBM) is an autosomal recessive, quadriceps sparing type commonly referred to as HIBM but also termed h-IBM or Inclusion Body Myopathy 2 (IBM2). The clinical manifestations begin with muscle weakness progressing over the next 10-20 years uniquely sparing the quadriceps until the most advanced stage of the disease. Histopathology of an HIBM muscle biopsy shows rimmed vacuoles on Gomori's trichrome stain, small fibers in groups and tubulofilaments without evidence of inflammation. In affected individuals distinct mutations have been identified in the GNE gene, which encodes the bifunctional enzyme uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 2-epimerase/N-acetyl-mannosamine (ManNAc) kinase (GNE/MNK). GNE/MNK catalyzes the first two committed steps in the biosynthesis of acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), an abundant and functionally important sugar. The generation of HIBM animal models has led to novel insights into both the disease and the role of GNE/MNK in pathophysiology. Recent advances in therapeutic approaches for HIBM, including administration of N-acetyl-mannosamine (ManNAc), a precursor of Neu5Ac will be discussed.
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Broccolini A, Gidaro T, Morosetti R, Mirabella M. Hereditary inclusion-body myopathy: Clues on pathogenesis and possible therapy. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:340-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Reinke SO, Lehmer G, Hinderlich S, Reutter W. Regulation and pathophysiological implications of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) as the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. Biol Chem 2009; 390:591-9. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe key enzyme for the biosynthesis ofN-acetylneuraminic acid, from which all other sialic acids are formed, is the bifunctional enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE). GNE is a highly conserved protein found throughout the animal kingdom. Its highest expression is seen in the liver and placenta. GNE is regulated by a variety of biochemical means, including tetramerization promoted by the substrate UDP-GlcNAc, phosphorylation by protein kinase C and feedback inhibition by CMP-Neu5Ac, which is defect in the human disease sialuria. GNE knock-out in mice leads to embryonic lethality, emphasizing the crucial role of this key enzyme for sialic acid biosynthesis. The metabolic capacity to synthesize sialic acid and CMP-sialic acid upon ManNAc loads is amazingly high. An additional characteristic of GNE is its interaction with proteins involved in the regulation of development, which might play a crucial role in the hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Due to the importance of increased concentrations of tumor-surface sialic acid, first attempts to find inhibitors of GNE have been successful.
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Phadke AP, Jay C, Chen SJ, Haddock C, Wang Z, Yu Y, Nemunaitis D, Nemunaitis G, Templeton NS, Senzer N, Maples PB, Tong AW, Nemunaitis J. Safety and in vivo expression of a GNE-transgene: a novel treatment approach for hereditary inclusion body myopathy-2. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:89-101. [PMID: 19838336 PMCID: PMC2758285 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy-2 (HIBM2) is an adult-onset, muscular disease caused by mutations in the GNE gene. HIBM2-associated GNE mutations causing hyposialyation have been proposed to contribute to reduced muscle function in patients with HIBM2, though the exact cause of this disease is unknown. In the current studies we examined pre-clinical in vivo toxicity, and expression of the plasmid-based, CMV driven wild-type GNE plasmid vector. The plasmid vector was injected intramuscularly (IM) or systemically (IV) into BALB/c mice, following encapsulation in a cationic liposome (DOTAP:Cholesterol). Single IM injections of the GNE-lipoplex at 40 μg did not produce overt toxicity or deaths, indicating that the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) dose for IM injection was ≥40 μg. Single intravenous (IV) infusion of GNE-lipoplex was lethal in 33% of animals at 100 μg dose, with a small proportion of animals in the 40 μg cohort demonstrating transient toxicity. Thus the NOAEL dose by the IV route was greater than 10 μg and less than or equal to 40 μg. Real-time RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated recombinant human GNE mRNA expression in 100% of muscle tissues that received IM injection of 40 μg GNE-lipoplex, at 2 weeks. These results indicate that GNE-lipoplex gene transfer is safe and can produce durable transgene expression in treated muscles. Our findings support future exploration of the clinical efficacy of GNE-lipoplex for experimental gene therapy of HIBM2.
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Argov Z, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. The hereditary inclusion body myopathy enigma and its future therapy. Neurotherapeutics 2008; 5:633-7. [PMID: 19019317 PMCID: PMC4514692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is a genetic muscle disease due to mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme complex UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase-N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in sialic acid production. The review describes some of the disease features that may be relevant for further understanding of the metabolic impairment of HIBM and its future therapy. It also addresses the biochemical basis behind the substrate supplementation therapy designed for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Argov
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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39
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21:615-24. [PMID: 18769258 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32830fb782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Eisenberg I, Novershtern N, Itzhaki Z, Becker-Cohen M, Sadeh M, Willems PH, Friedman N, Koopman WJ, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Mitochondrial processes are impaired in hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3663-74. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Malicdan MCV, Noguchi S, Hayashi YK, Nishino I. Muscle weakness correlates with muscle atrophy and precedes the development of inclusion body or rimmed vacuoles in the mouse model of DMRV/hIBM. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:106-15. [PMID: 18628337 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90219.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), also called hereditary inclusion body myopathy (hIBM), is characterized clinically by weakness and atrophy that initially involves the distal muscles and pathologically by the presence of rimmed vacuoles (RVs) or intracellular protein deposits in myofibers. It is caused by mutations in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene that is important in sialic acid synthesis. Recently, we generated a mouse model (Gne(-/-)hGNED176VTg) that exhibits muscle weakness and pathological changes similar to DMRV patients. To gain better understanding of the pathomechanism of DMRV, we determined temporal changes in the overall motor performance of this model mouse for DMRV in correlation with the structure and function of isolated skeletal muscles and muscle pathology. These DMRV mice exhibited muscle weakness, decreased whole muscle mass and cross-sectional area (CSA), and reduced contractile power in an age-related manner. Single-fiber CSA further supported the finding of muscle atrophy that involved both type I and type II fibers. These results suggest that atrophy is highly correlated with reduced production of force at young age, both in vivo and ex vivo, thereby implicating the important role of atrophy in the pathomechanism of DMRV. In older age, and particularly in gastrocnemius muscles, RVs and intracellular inclusions were seen in type IIA fibers, further aggravating reduction of force and specific increase in twitch-tetanus ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Christine V Malicdan
- Department of Neuromuscular Research and Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Jay C, Nemunaitis G, Nemunaitis J, Senzer N, Hinderlich S, Darvish D, Ogden J, Eager J, Tong A, Maples PB. Preclinical assessment of wt GNE gene plasmid for management of hereditary inclusion body myopathy 2 (HIBM2). GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2008; 2:243-52. [PMID: 19787087 PMCID: PMC2733101 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy (HIBM2) is a chronic progressive skeletal muscle wasting disorder which generally leads to complete disability before the age of 50 years. There is currently no effective therapeutic treatment for HIBM2. Development of this disease is related to expression in family members of an autosomal recessive mutation of the GNE gene, which encodes the bifunctional enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE/MNK). This is the rate limiting bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first 2 steps of sialic acid biosynthesis. Decreased sialic acid production, consequently leads to decreased sialyation of a variety of glycoproteins including the critical muscle protein alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). This in turn severely cripples muscle function and leads to the onset of the syndrome. We hypothesize that replacing the mutated GNE gene with the wildtype gene may restore functional capacity of GNE/MNK and therefore production of sialic acid, allowing for improvement in muscle function and/or delay in rate of muscle deterioration. We have constructed three GNE gene/CMV promoter plasmids (encoding the wildtype, HIBM2, and Sialuria forms of GNE) and demonstrated enhanced GNE gene activity following delivery to GNE-deficient CHO-Lec3 cells. GNE/MNK enzyme function was significantly increased and subsequent induction of sialic acid production was demonstrated after transfection into Lec3 cells with the wild type or R266Q mutant GNE vector. These data form the foundation for future preclinical and clinical studies for GNE gene transfer to treat HIBM2 patients.
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Amsili S, Zer H, Hinderlich S, Krause S, Becker-Cohen M, MacArthur DG, North KN, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) binds to alpha-actinin 1: novel pathways in skeletal muscle? PLoS One 2008; 3:e2477. [PMID: 18560563 PMCID: PMC2423482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in GNE, the key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of sialic acid. While the mechanism leading from GNE mutations to the HIBM phenotype is not yet understood, we searched for proteins potentially interacting with GNE, which could give some insights about novel putative biological functions of GNE in muscle. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Biosensor based assay to search for potential GNE interactors in anion exchanged fractions of human skeletal muscle primary culture cell lysate. Analysis of the positive fractions by in vitro binding assay revealed α-actinin 1 as a potential interactor of GNE. The direct interaction of the two proteins was assessed in vitro by SPR-Biosensor based kinetics analysis and in a cellular environment by a co-immunoprecipitation assay in GNE overexpressing 293T cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry on stretched mouse muscle suggest that both GNE and α-actinin 1 localize to an overlapping but not identical region of the myofibrillar apparatus centered on the Z line. Conclusions/Significance The interaction of GNE with α-actinin 1 might point to its involvement in α-actinin mediated processes. In addition these studies illustrate for the first time the expression of the non-muscle form of α-actinin, α-actinin 1, in mature skeletal muscle tissue, opening novel avenues for its specific function in the sarcomere. Although no significant difference could be detected in the binding kinetics of α-actinin 1 with either wild type or mutant GNE in our SPR biosensor based analysis, further investigation is needed to determine whether and how the interaction of GNE with α-actinin 1 in skeletal muscle is relevant to the putative muscle-specific function of α-actinin 1, and to the muscle-restricted pathology of HIBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Amsili
- Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Zer
- Biacore Laboratory, Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephan Hinderlich
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Fachhochschule Berlin, Fachbereich Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Krause
- Friedrich-Baur-Institut, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Michal Becker-Cohen
- Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Neuromuscular Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn N. North
- Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Neuromuscular Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Broccolini A, Gidaro T, De Cristofaro R, Morosetti R, Gliubizzi C, Ricci E, Tonali PA, Mirabella M. Hyposialylation of neprilysin possibly affects its expression and enzymatic activity in hereditary inclusion-body myopathy muscle. J Neurochem 2008; 105:971-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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