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Jiang Z, Xu Y, Du G, Sun X. Emerging advances in delivery systems for mRNA cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2024; 370:287-301. [PMID: 38679162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The success of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in treating COVID-19 promotes further research of mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination. Aiming at overcoming the constraints of currently available mRNA carriers, various alternative nano-vectors have been developed for delivering tumor antigen encoding mRNA and showed versatility to induce potent anti-tumor immunity. The rationally designed nano-vaccines increase the immune activation capacity of the mRNA vaccines by promoting crucial aspects including mRNA stability, cellular uptake, endosomal escape and targeting of immune cells or organs. Herein, we summarized the research progress of various mRNA based nano-vaccines that have been reported for cancer vaccination, including LNPs, lipid enveloped hybrid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles etc. Several strategies that have been reported for further enhancing the immune stimulation efficacy of mRNA nano-vaccines, including developing nano-vaccines for co-delivering adjuvants, combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and optimizing the injection routes for boosting immune responses, have been reviewed. The progress of mRNA nano-vaccines in clinical trials and the prospect of the mRNA vaccines for cancer vaccination are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Joshua AM, Li Y, O'Meara CH, Morris MJ, Khachigian LM. Targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and small molecules and peptidomimetics as emerging immunoregulatory agents for melanoma. Cancer Lett 2024; 586:216633. [PMID: 38281663 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous melanoma is the most lethal of all skin neoplasms and its incidence is increasing. Clinical management of advanced melanoma in the last decade has been revolutionised by the availability of immunotherapies and targeted therapies, used alone and in combination. This article summarizes advances in the treatment of late-stage melanoma including use of protein kinase inhibitors, antibody-based immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive immunotherapy, vaccines and more recently, small molecules and peptidomimetics as emerging immunoregulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yue Li
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Connor H O'Meara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, ANU Medical School and Canberra Health Services, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Tabasi H, Mollazadeh S, Fazeli E, Abnus K, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. Transitional Insight into the RNA-Based Oligonucleotides in Cancer Treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:1685-1711. [PMID: 37402038 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies with chemodrugs suffer from various disadvantages, such as irreversible side effects on the skin, heart, liver, and nerves with even fatal consequences. RNA-based therapeutic is a novel technology which offers great potential as non-toxic, non-infectious, and well-tolerable platform. Herein, we introduce different RNA-based platforms with a special focus on siRNA, miRNA, and mRNA applications in cancer treatment in order to better understand the details of their therapeutic effects. Of note, the co-delivery of RNAs with other distinct RNA or drugs has provided safe, efficient, and novel treatment modalities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Tabasi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Elham Fazeli
- Biomedicine Department, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Khalil Abnus
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Delehedde C, Ciganek I, Rameix N, Laroui N, Gonçalves C, Even L, Midoux P, Pichon C. Impact of net charge, targeting ligand amount and mRNA modification on the uptake, intracellular routing and the transfection efficiency of mRNA lipopolyplexes in dendritic cells. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123531. [PMID: 37863445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Targeting mRNA formulations to achieve cell specificity is one of the challenges that must be tackled to mettle their therapeutic potential. Here, lipopolyplexes (LPR) bearing tri-mannose-lipid (TM) are used to target mannose receptor on dendritic cells. We investigated the impact of the net charge and percentage of TM units on the binding, uptake, transfection efficiency (TE) and RNA sensors activation. Binding and uptake capacities of naked and targeted LPR increase with the percent of cationic lipid, but the latter are 2-fold more up taken by the cells. Cationic LPR bearing 5 % and 10 % TM were localized in acidic compartments in contrast to naked LPR and 2.5 % TM-LPR. The drawback is the dramatic decrease of TE as the number of TM-units increases. Cationic LPR bearing 5 % and 10 % TM strongly induced NF-κB and PKR phosphorylation at 6 h. Conversely, mTOR is less activated in line with their low TE. Those side effects are overcome by using 5-methoxyuridine mRNA resulting in an improved TE due to non-phosphorylation of NF-κB and PKR and mTOR activation. Our results point out that targeting DC via mannose receptor triggers a higher uptake of cationic LPRs and fast routing to acidic compartments, and that efficient TE requires low number of TM units use or modified mRNA to escape RNA sensors activation to enhance the translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Delehedde
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, F-45071, Orléans cedex 02, France; Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Ivan Ciganek
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, F-45071, Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Nathalie Rameix
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Nabila Laroui
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, F-45071, Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Cristine Gonçalves
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, F-45071, Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Luc Even
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Midoux
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, F-45071, Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, F-45071, Orléans cedex 02, France; Inserm UMS 55 ART ARNm and University of Orléans, F-45100 Orléans; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75035 Paris, France.
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5
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Neill B, Romero AR, Fenton OS. Advances in Nonviral mRNA Delivery Materials and Their Application as Vaccines for Melanoma Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37930174 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are promising platforms for cancer immunotherapy because of their potential to encode for a variety of tumor antigens, high tolerability, and capacity to induce strong antitumor immune responses. However, the clinical translation of mRNA cancer vaccines can be hindered by the inefficient delivery of mRNA in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of mRNA cancer vaccines by discussing their utility in treating melanoma. Specifically, we begin our review by describing the barriers that can impede mRNA delivery to target cells. We then review native mRNA structure and discuss various modification methods shown to enhance mRNA stability and transfection. Next, we outline the advantages and challenges of three nonviral carrier platforms (lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipopolyplexes) frequently used for mRNA delivery. Last, we summarize preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated nonviral mRNA vaccines for the treatment of melanoma. In writing this review, we aim to highlight innovative nonviral strategies designed to address mRNA delivery challenges while emphasizing the exciting potential of mRNA vaccines as next-generation therapies for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin Neill
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Adriana Retamales Romero
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Owen S Fenton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Strelkova Petersen DM, Chaudhary N, Arral ML, Weiss RM, Whitehead KA. The mixing method used to formulate lipid nanoparticles affects mRNA delivery efficacy and organ tropism. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:126-135. [PMID: 37838143 PMCID: PMC10826902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
mRNA is a versatile drug molecule with therapeutic applications ranging from protein replacement therapies to in vivo gene engineering. mRNA delivery is often accomplished using lipid nanoparticles, which are formulated via mixing of aqueous and organic solutions. Although this has historically been accomplished by manual mixing for bench scale science, microfluidic mixing is required for scalable continuous manufacturing and batch to batch control. Currently, there is limited understanding on how the mixing process affects mRNA delivery efficacy, particularly in regard to tropism. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the influence of the type of mixing and microfluidic mixing parameters on the performance of lipid nanoparticles in mice. This was accomplished with a Design of Experiment approach using four nanoparticle formulations with varied ionizable lipid chemistry. We found that each formulation required unique optimization of mixing parameters, with the total delivery efficacy of each lipid nanoparticle generated with microfluidics ranging from 100-fold less to 4-fold more than manually mixed LNPs. Further, mixing parameters influenced organ tropism, with the most efficacious formulations disproportionately increasing liver delivery compared to other organs. These data suggest that mixing parameters for lipid nanoparticle production may require optimization for each unique chemical formulation, complicating translational efforts. Further, microfluidic parameters must be chosen carefully to balance overall mRNA delivery efficacy with application-specific tropism requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Strelkova Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000, Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Namit Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000, Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mariah L Arral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000, Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan M Weiss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000, Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000, Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000, Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Lu TL, Li CL, Gong YQ, Hou FT, Chen CW. Identification of tumor antigens and immune subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma for mRNA vaccine development. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:1717-1738. [PMID: 37969406 PMCID: PMC10631436 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i10.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mRNA vaccines have been investigated in multiple tumors, but limited studies have been conducted on their use for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIM To identify candidate mRNA vaccine antigens for HCC and suitable subpopulations for mRNA vaccination. METHODS Gene expression profiles and clinical information of HCC datasets were obtained from International Cancer Genome Consortium and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Genes with somatic mutations and copy number variations were identified by cBioPortal analysis. The differentially expressed genes with significant prognostic value were identified by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 website analysis. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource database was used to assess the correlation between candidate antigens and the abundance of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Tumor-associated antigens were overexpressed in tumors and associated with prognosis, genomic alterations, and APC infiltration. A consensus cluster analysis was performed with the Consensus Cluster Plus package to identify the immune subtypes. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to determine the candidate biomarker molecules for appropriate populations for mRNA vaccines. RESULTS AURKA, CCNB1, CDC25C, CDK1, TRIP13, PES1, MCM3, PPM1G, NEK2, KIF2C, PTTG1, KPNA2, and PRC1 were identified as candidate HCC antigens for mRNA vaccine development. Four immune subtypes (IS1-IS4) and five immune gene modules of HCC were identified that were consistent in both patient cohorts. The immune subtypes showed distinct cellular and clinical characteristics. The IS1 and IS3 immune subtypes were immunologically "cold". The IS2 and IS4 immune subtypes were immunologically "hot", and the immune checkpoint genes and immunogenic cell death genes were upregulated in these subtypes. IS1-related modules were identified with the WGCNA algorithm. Ultimately, five hub genes (RBP4, KNG1, METTL7A, F12, and ABAT) were identified, and they might be potential biomarkers for mRNA vaccines. CONCLUSION AURKA, CCNB1, CDC25C, CDK1, TRIP13, PES1, MCM3, PPM1G, NEK2, KIF2C, PTTG1, KPNA2, and PRC1 have been identified as candidate HCC antigens for mRNA vaccine development. The IS1 and IS3 immune subtypes are suitable populations for mRNA vaccination. RBP4, KNG1, METTL7A, F12, and ABAT are potential biomarkers for mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Liang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Long Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fu-Tao Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao-Wu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China
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Ahmed K, Jha S. Oncoviruses: How do they hijack their host and current treatment regimes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188960. [PMID: 37507056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have the ability to modulate the cellular machinery of their host to ensure their survival. While humans encounter numerous viruses daily, only a select few can lead to disease progression. Some of these viruses can amplify cancer-related traits, particularly when coupled with factors like immunosuppression and co-carcinogens. The global burden of cancer development resulting from viral infections is approximately 12%, and it arises as an unfortunate consequence of persistent infections that cause chronic inflammation, genomic instability from viral genome integration, and dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and host oncogenes involved in normal cell growth. This review provides an in-depth discussion of oncoviruses and their strategies for hijacking the host's cellular machinery to induce cancer. It delves into how viral oncogenes drive tumorigenesis by targeting key cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the review discusses current therapeutic approaches that have been approved or are undergoing clinical trials to combat malignancies induced by oncoviruses. Understanding the intricate interactions between viruses and host cells can lead to the development of more effective treatments for virus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Yihunie W, Nibret G, Aschale Y. Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:77-98. [PMID: 37554660 PMCID: PMC10405914 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s418314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was found as the intermediary that transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis in 1961. The emergency use authorization of the two covid-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, is a significant achievement in the history of vaccine development. Because they are generated in a cell-free environment using the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, mRNA vaccines are risk-free. Moreover, chemical modifications to the mRNA molecule, such as cap structures and changed nucleosides, have proved critical in overcoming immunogenicity concerns, achieving sustained stability, and achieving effective, accurate protein production in vivo. Several vaccine delivery strategies (including protamine, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, nanoemulsions, and cell-based administration) were also optimized to load and transport RNA into the cytosol. LNPs, which are composed of a cationic or a pH-dependent ionizable lipid layer, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are the most advanced systems for delivering mRNA vaccines. Moreover, modifications of the four components that make up the LNPs showed to increase vaccine effectiveness and reduce side effects. Furthermore, the introduction of biodegradable lipids improved LNP biocompatibility. Furthermore, mRNA-based therapies are expected to be effective treatments for a variety of refractory conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic genetic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to provide the scientific community with up-to-date information on mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Nibret
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Nsairat H, AlShaer W, Odeh F, Essawi E, Khater D, Bawab AA, El-Tanani M, Awidi A, Mubarak MS. Recent Advances in Using Liposomes for Delivery of Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Li X, Ma S, Gao T, Mai Y, Song Z, Yang J. The main battlefield of mRNA vaccine – Tumor immune microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Musa HH, Musa TH. A systematic and thematic analysis of the top 100 cited articles on mRNA vaccine indexed in Scopus database. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2135927. [PMID: 36328513 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2135927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 implies that this technology can be applied to target any pathogen. However, the scientific production and research trends using the bibliometric method are still unknown. The top 100 most cited articles on mRNA vaccine research were obtained from the Scopus database from 1995 to 2021. Bibliometrix, an R-Package, and VOSviewer 1.6.11 were used for data analysis. There is a rapid growth in scientific outputs with a gradual increase in 2021. The United States produced 45 (45%) of the articles, followed by Germany with 15 (15%) and Israel with 10 (10%). The New England Journal of Medicine published the most papers in this field 13 (13%), followed by Nature 6(6%). Barney S. Graham was the most productive author among the top 100 most cited mRNA vaccine articles. University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, US, was the top ranking institution, having 37 (37%). The visualization map clearly and spontaneously displayed the current state and research hot spots of mRNA research from a specific perspective. The most frequent keywords were COVID-19, vaccine, mRNA vaccine, mRNA, SARS-CoV-2, and immunogenicity, among others. A systematic review of the articles provided evidence that out of 100 articles, approximately 25 (25%) were focused on vaccine production and evaluation, followed by 26 (26%) in mRNA vaccine safety and efficacy, 23 (23%) were into mRNA vaccination, 23 (23%) considered risk factors associated with mRNA vaccination, while 8 (8%) of the articles covered the issue of mRNA vaccine delivery. In addition, 42% of the articles focused on COVID-19, 17% on cancer, 8% on influenza virus, 4% on COVID-19 and kidney disease, 3% COVID-19 and myocarditis, and 3% on rabies virus, among others. The findings of this systematic and thematic analysis provided the knowledge basis for further research on mRNA vaccines globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H Musa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Taha H Musa
- Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala, Sudan.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Karim ME, Haque ST, Al-Busaidi H, Bakhtiar A, Tha KK, Holl MMB, Chowdhury EH. Scope and challenges of nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery in cancer treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:865-893. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Diep YN, Kim TJ, Cho H, Lee LP. Nanomedicine for advanced cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:1017-1037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Koyande NP, Srivastava R, Padmakumar A, Rengan AK. Advances in Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunoprevention and Immunotherapy: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1727. [PMID: 36298592 PMCID: PMC9610880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most effective cancer therapies, cancer immunotherapy has produced outstanding outcomes in the field of cancer treatment. However, the cost is excessive, which limits its applicability. A smart way to address this issue would be to apply the knowledge gained through immunotherapy to develop strategies for the immunoprevention of cancer. The use of cancer vaccines is one of the most popular methods of immunoprevention. This paper reviews the technologies and processes that support the advantages of cancer immunoprevention over traditional cancer immunotherapies. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems and nanoparticle-based nano-vaccines have been employed in the past for cancer immunotherapy. This paper outlines numerous immunoprevention strategies and how nanotechnology can be applied in immunoprevention. To comprehend the non-clinical and clinical evaluation of these cancer vaccines through clinical studies is essential for acceptance of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, India
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16
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Liu T, Tian Y, Zheng A, Cui C. Design Strategies for and Stability of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle COVID-19 Vaccines. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4195. [PMID: 36236141 PMCID: PMC9572882 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have shown great preventive potential in response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The lipid nanoparticle (LNP), as a non-viral vector with good safety and potency factors, is applied to mRNA delivery in the clinic. Among the recently FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, lipid-based nanoparticles have been shown to be well-suited to antigen presentation and enhanced immune stimulation to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. However, a design strategy for optimal mRNA-LNP vaccines has not been fully elaborated. In this review, we comprehensively and systematically discuss the research strategies for mRNA-LNP vaccines against COVID-19, including antigen and lipid carrier selection, vaccine preparation, quality control, and stability. Meanwhile, we also discuss the potential development directions for mRNA-LNP vaccines in the future. We also conduct an in-depth review of those technologies and scientific insights in regard to the mRNA-LNP field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunying Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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17
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Chen Z, Wang X, Yan Z, Zhang M. Identification of tumor antigens and immune subtypes of glioma for mRNA vaccine development. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2711-2726. [PMID: 35285582 PMCID: PMC9249984 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggested that the mRNA vaccine has been effective for many tumors, but its progress in gliomas was slow. In this study, we screened potential tumor antigens and suitable populations for mRNA vaccine to develop mRNA vaccine for glioma. We integrated the normalized RNA sequencing expression data and somatic mutation data from TCGA-GBM, TCGA-LGG, and CGGA datasets. Putative antigens in glioma were identified by selecting highly mutated genes with intimate correlation with clinical survival and immune infiltration. An unsupervised partition around medoids algorithm was utilized to stably cluster the patients into five different immune subtypes. Among them, IS1/2 was cold tumor with low tumor mutation burden (TMB), immunogenic cell death (ICDs), and immune checkpoints (ICPs), and IS4/5 was hot tumor with high TMB, ICDs, and ICPs. Monocle3 package was used to evaluate the immune status similarity and evolution in glioma, which identified cluster IS2A/2B within IS2 subtype to be more suitable vaccination receivers. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified five hub immune genes as the biomarkers of patients' immune status in glioma. In conclusion, NAT1, FRRS1, GTF2H2C, BRCA2, GRAP, NR5A2, ABCB4, ZNF90, ERCC6L, and ZNF813 are potential antigens suitable for glioma mRNA vaccine. IS1/2A/2B are suitable for mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zhouyi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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18
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Zhang S, Li S, Wei Y, Xiong Y, Liu Q, Hu Z, Zeng Z, Tang F, Ouyang Y. Identification of Potential Antigens for Developing mRNA Vaccine for Immunologically Cold Mesothelioma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:879278. [PMID: 35846349 PMCID: PMC9284534 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.879278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA vaccines are considered to be a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, while their application on mesothelioma is still largely uncharacterized. This study aimed to identify potential antigens in mesothelioma for anti-mesothelioma mRNA vaccine development, and further determine the immune subtypes of mesothelioma for selection of suitable candidates from an extremely heterogeneous population. Gene expression data and corresponding clinicopathological information were obtained from the TCGA and gene expression omnibus, respectively. Then, the genetic alterations were compared and visualized using cBioPortal, and differentially expressed genes and their prognostic signatures were identified by GEPIA. The relationship between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the expression of tumor antigens was systematically evaluated by TIMER online. Finally, the immune subtypes and immune landscape of mesothelioma were separately analyzed using consensus cluster and graph learning-based dimensional reduction. A total of five potential tumor antigens correlated with prognosis and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells, including AUNIP, FANCI, LASP1, PSMD8, and XPO5 were identified. Based on the expression of immune-related genes, patients with mesothelioma were divided into two immune subtypes (IS1 and IS2). Each subtype exhibited differential molecular, cellular and clinical properties. Patients with the IS1 subtype were characterized by an immune “cold” phenotype, displaying superior survival outcomes, whereas those with the IS2 subtype were characterized by an immune “hot” and immunosuppressive phenotype. Furthermore, immune checkpoints and immunogenic cell death modulators were differentially expressed between the IS1 and IS2 immune subtype tumors. The immunogenomic landscape of mesothelioma revealed a complex tumor immune microenvironment between individual patients. AUNIP, FANCI, LASP1, PSMD8, and XPO5 are putative antigens for the development of anti-mesothelioma mRNA vaccine and patients with the IS1 subtype may be considered for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya Wei
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Immune and Antibody Engineering in Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zuquan Hu
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zuquan Hu, ; Zhu Zeng, ; Fuzhou Tang, ; Yan Ouyang,
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zuquan Hu, ; Zhu Zeng, ; Fuzhou Tang, ; Yan Ouyang,
| | - Fuzhou Tang
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zuquan Hu, ; Zhu Zeng, ; Fuzhou Tang, ; Yan Ouyang,
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Immune Cells and Antibody Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zuquan Hu, ; Zhu Zeng, ; Fuzhou Tang, ; Yan Ouyang,
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19
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Kiaie SH, Majidi Zolbanin N, Ahmadi A, Bagherifar R, Valizadeh H, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. Recent advances in mRNA-LNP therapeutics: immunological and pharmacological aspects. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:276. [PMID: 35701851 PMCID: PMC9194786 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the development of messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics by lipid nanoparticles (LNP) leads to facilitate clinical trial recruitment, which improves the efficacy of treatment modality to a large extent. Although mRNA-LNP vaccine platforms for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated high efficiency, safety and adverse effects challenges due to the uncontrolled immune responses and inappropriate pharmacological interventions could limit this tremendous efficacy. The current study reveals the interplay of immune responses with LNP compositions and characterization and clarifies the interaction of mRNA-LNP therapeutics with dendritic, macrophages, neutrophile cells, and complement. Then, pharmacological profiles for mRNA-LNP delivery, including pharmacokinetics and cellular trafficking, were discussed in detail in cancer types and infectious diseases. This review study opens a new and vital landscape to improve multidisciplinary therapeutics on mRNA-LNP through modulation of immunopharmacological responses in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Department of Formulation Development, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology School of Pharmacy , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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20
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Wei J, Hui AM. The paradigm shift in treatment from Covid-19 to oncology with mRNA vaccines. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 107:102405. [PMID: 35576777 PMCID: PMC9068246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have gained popularity over the last decade as a versatile tool for developing novel therapeutics. The recent success of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine has unlocked the potential of mRNA technology as a powerful therapeutic platform. In this review, we apprise the literature on the various types of cancer vaccines, the novel platforms available for delivery of the vaccines, the recent progress in the RNA-based therapies and the evolving role of mRNA vaccines for various cancer indications, along with a future strategy to treat the patients. Literature reveals that despite multifaceted challenges in the development of mRNA vaccines, the promising and durable efficacy of the RNA in pre-clinical and clinical studies deserves consideration. The introduction of mRNA-transfected DC vaccine is an approach that has gained interest for cancer vaccine development due to its ability to circumvent the necessity of DC isolation, ex vivo cultivation and re-infusion. The selection of appropriate antigen of interest remains one of the major challenges for cancer vaccine development. The rapid development and large-scale production of mRNA platform has enabled for the development of both personalized vaccines (mRNA 4157, mRNA 4650 and RO7198457) and tetravalent vaccines (BNT111 and mRNA-5671). In addition, mRNA vaccines combined with checkpoint modulators and other novel medications that reverse immunosuppression show promise, however further research is needed to discover which combinations are most successful and the best dosing schedule for each component. Each delivery route (intradermal, subcutaneous, intra tumoral, intranodal, intranasal, intravenous) has its own set of challenges to overcome, and these challenges will decide the best delivery method. In other words, while developing a vaccine design, the underlying motivation should be a reasonable combination of delivery route and format. Exploring various administration routes and delivery route systems has boosted the development of mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wei
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; Fosun Pharma USA Inc, 91 Hartwell Avenue, Suite 305, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Ai-Min Hui
- Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., 1289 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; Fosun Pharma USA Inc, 91 Hartwell Avenue, Suite 305, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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21
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Lee JH. Oral mRNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases- A Bacterial Perspective [Invited]. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884862. [PMID: 35592330 PMCID: PMC9110646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mRNA vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna were granted emergency approval in record time in the history of vaccinology and played an instrumental role in limiting the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The success of these vaccines resulted from over 3 decades of research from many scientists. However, the development of orally administrable mRNA vaccine development is surprisingly underexplored. Our group specializing in Salmonella-based vaccines explored the possibility of oral mRNA vaccine development. Oral delivery was made possible by the exploitation of the Semliki Forest viral replicon and Salmonella vehicle for transgene amplification and gene delivery, respectively. Herein we highlight the prospect of developing oral replicon-based mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases based on our recent primary studies on SARS-CoV-2. Further, we discuss the potential advantages and limitations of bacterial gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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22
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He Q, Gao H, Tan D, Zhang H, Wang JZ. mRNA cancer vaccines: Advances, trends and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2969-2989. [PMID: 35345451 PMCID: PMC8942458 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients exhibit good tolerance to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, and the choice of encoded molecules is flexible and diverse. These vaccines can be engineered to express full-length antigens containing multiple epitopes without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction, are relatively easy to control and can be rapidly mass produced. In 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine produced by Pfizer and BioNTech, which has generated enthusiasm for mRNA vaccine research and development. Based on the above characteristics and the development of mRNA vaccines, mRNA cancer vaccines have become a research hotspot and have undergone rapid development, especially in the last five years. This review analyzes the advances in mRNA cancer vaccines from various perspectives, including the selection and expression of antigens/targets, the application of vectors and adjuvants, different administration routes, and preclinical evaluation, to reflect the trends and challenges associated with these vaccines.
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23
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Hooshmand SE, Sabet MJ, Hasanzadeh A, Mousavi SMK, Moghadam NH, Hooshmand SA, Rabiee N, Liu Y, Hamblin MR, Karimi M. Histidine‐enhanced gene delivery systems: The state of the art. J Gene Med 2022; 24:e3415. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Emad Hooshmand
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Makkieh Jahanpeimay Sabet
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyede Mahtab Kamrani Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Niloofar Haeri Moghadam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Aghil Hooshmand
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
- School of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science University of Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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24
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Cox A, Lim SA, Chung EJ. Strategies to deliver RNA by nanoparticles for therapeutic potential. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 83:100991. [PMID: 34366123 PMCID: PMC8792155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of a variety of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA, small interfering RNA, and microRNA, has shown great potential for prevention and therapy of many pathologies. However, this therapeutic promise has historically been limited by short in vivo half-life, lack of targeted delivery, and safety issues. Nanoparticle (NP)-mediated delivery has been a successful platform to overcome these limitations, with multiple formulations already in clinical trials and approved by the FDA. Although there is a diversity of NPs in terms of material formulation, size, shape, and charge that have been proposed for biomedical applications, specific modifications are required to facilitate sufficient RNA delivery and adequate therapeutic effect. This includes optimization of (i) RNA incorporation into NPs, (ii) specific cell targeting, (iii) cellular uptake and (iv) endosomal escape ability. In this review, we summarize the methods by which NPs can be modified for RNA delivery to achieve optimal therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Cox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Siyoung A Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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Baptista B, Carapito R, Laroui N, Pichon C, Sousa F. mRNA, a Revolution in Biomedicine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2090. [PMID: 34959371 PMCID: PMC8707022 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The perspective of using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic molecule first faced some uncertainties due to concerns about its instability and the feasibility of large-scale production. Today, given technological advances and deeper biomolecular knowledge, these issues have started to be addressed and some strategies are being exploited to overcome the limitations. Thus, the potential of mRNA has become increasingly recognized for the development of new innovative therapeutics, envisioning its application in immunotherapy, regenerative medicine, vaccination, and gene editing. Nonetheless, to fully potentiate mRNA therapeutic application, its efficient production, stabilization and delivery into the target cells are required. In recent years, intensive research has been carried out in this field in order to bring new and effective solutions towards the stabilization and delivery of mRNA. Presently, the therapeutic potential of mRNA is undoubtedly recognized, which was greatly reinforced by the results achieved in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, but there are still some issues that need to be improved, which are critically discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Baptista
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Rita Carapito
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Nabila Laroui
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301 CNRS, University of Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France;
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301 CNRS, University of Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France;
| | - Fani Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (B.B.); (R.C.)
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26
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Steinle H, Weber J, Stoppelkamp S, Große-Berkenbusch K, Golombek S, Weber M, Canak-Ipek T, Trenz SM, Schlensak C, Avci-Adali M. Delivery of synthetic mRNAs for tissue regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114007. [PMID: 34710530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nucleic acid-based therapeutics have gained increasing importance as novel treatment options for disease prevention and treatment. Synthetic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are promising nucleic acid-based drugs to transiently express desired proteins that are missing or defective. Recently, synthetic mRNA-based vaccines encoding viral proteins have been approved for emergency use against COVID-19. Various types of vehicles, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and liposomes, are being investigated to enable the efficient uptake of mRNA molecules into desired cells. In addition, the introduction of novel chemical modifications into mRNAs increased the stability, enabled the modulation of nucleic acid-based drugs, and increased the efficiency of mRNA-based therapeutic approaches. In this review, novel and innovative strategies for the delivery of synthetic mRNA-based therapeutics for tissue regeneration are discussed. Moreover, with this review, we aim to highlight the versatility of synthetic mRNA molecules for various applications in the field of regenerative medicine and also discuss translational challenges and required improvements for mRNA-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Steinle
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Josefin Weber
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Stoppelkamp
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Große-Berkenbusch
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sonia Golombek
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marbod Weber
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tuba Canak-Ipek
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sarah-Maria Trenz
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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27
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Jain S, Venkataraman A, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA. Messenger RNA-based vaccines: Past, present, and future directions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114000. [PMID: 34637846 PMCID: PMC8502079 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have received major attention in the fight against COVID-19. Formulations from companies such as Moderna and BioNTech/Pfizer have allowed us to slowly ease the social distancing measures, mask requirements, and lockdowns that have been prevalent since early 2020. This past year's focused work on mRNA vaccines has catapulted this technology to the forefront of public awareness and additional research pursuits, thus leading to new potential for bionanotechnology principles to help drive further innovation using mRNA. In addition to alleviating the burden of COVID-19, mRNA vaccines could potentially provide long-term solutions all over the world for diseases ranging from influenza to AIDS. Herein, we provide a brief commentary based on the history and development of mRNA vaccines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we address current research using the technology and future directions of mRNA vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samagra Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Abhijeet Venkataraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marissa E. Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Corresponding author
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Bidram M, Zhao Y, Shebardina NG, Baldin AV, Bazhin AV, Ganjalikhany MR, Zamyatnin AA, Ganjalikhani-hakemi M. mRNA-Based Cancer Vaccines: A Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Melanoma Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1060. [PMID: 34696168 PMCID: PMC8540049 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer and the leading cause of death from skin tumors. Given the increased incidence of melanoma diagnoses in recent years, it is essential to develop effective treatments to control this disease. In this regard, the use of cancer vaccines to enhance cell-mediated immunity is considered to be one of the most modern immunotherapy options for cancer treatment. The most recent cancer vaccine options are mRNA vaccines, with a focus on their usage as modern treatments. Advantages of mRNA cancer vaccines include their rapid production and low manufacturing costs. mRNA-based vaccines are also able to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition to the many advantages of mRNA vaccines for the treatment of cancer, their use is associated with a number of challenges. For this reason, before mRNA vaccines can be used for the treatment of cancer, comprehensive information about them is required and a large number of trials need to be conducted. Here, we reviewed the general features of mRNA vaccines, including their basis, stabilization, and delivery methods. We also covered clinical trials involving the use of mRNA vaccines in melanoma cancer and the challenges involved with this type of treatment. This review also emphasized the combination of treatment with mRNA vaccines with the use of immune-checkpoint blockers to enhance cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bidram
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran; (M.B.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Natalia G. Shebardina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey V. Baldin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (Y.Z.); (A.V.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamad Reza Ganjalikhany
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran; (M.B.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7X, UK
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran
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Ye L, Wang L, Yang J, Hu P, Zhang C, Tong S, Liu Z, Tian D. Identification of Tumor Antigens and Immune Landscape in Glioblastoma for mRNA Vaccine Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:701065. [PMID: 34527020 PMCID: PMC8435740 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.701065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical benefits from standard therapies against glioblastoma (GBM) are limited in part due to the intrinsic radio- and chemo-resistance. As an essential part of tumor immunotherapy for adjunct, therapeutic tumor vaccines have been effective against multiple solid cancers, while their efficacy against GBM remains undefined. Therefore, this study aims to find the possible tumor antigens of GBM and identify the suitable population for cancer vaccination through immunophenotyping. Method: The genomic and responding clinical data of 169 GBM samples and five normal brain samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The mRNA_seq data of 940 normal brain tissue were downloaded from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). Potential GBM mRNA antigens were screened out by differential expression, copy number variant (CNV), and mutation analysis. K-M survival and Cox analysis were carried out to investigate the prognostic association of potential tumor antigens. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was used to explore the association between the antigens and tumor immune infiltrating cells (TIICs). Immunophenotyping of 169 samples was performed through consensus clustering based on the abundance of 22 kinds of immune cells. The characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in each cluster were explored through single-sample gene set enrichment analysis based on 29 kinds of immune-related hallmarks and pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to cluster the genes related to immune subtypes. Finally, pathway enrichment analyses were performed to annotate the potential function of modules screened through WGCNA. Results: Two potential tumor antigens selected were significantly positively associated with the antigen-presenting immune cells (APCs) in GBM. Furthermore, the expression of antigens was verified at the protein level by Immunohistochemistry. Two robust immune subtypes, immune subtype 1 (IS1) and immune subtype 2 (IS2), representing immune status "immune inhibition" and "immune inflamed", respectively, had distinct clinical outcomes in GBM. Conclusion: ARPC1B and HK3 were potential mRNA antigens for developing GBM mRNA vaccination, and the patients in IS2 were considered the most suitable population for vaccination in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji'an Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi'ao Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daofeng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhong H, Liu S, Cao F, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Tang F, Peng Z, Li Y, Xu S, Wang C, Yang G, Li ZQ. Dissecting Tumor Antigens and Immune Subtypes of Glioma to Develop mRNA Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709986. [PMID: 34512630 PMCID: PMC8429949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, researchers are leveraging the mRNA-based vaccine technology used to develop personalized immunotherapy for cancer. However, its application against glioma is still in its infancy. In this study, the applicable candidates were excavated for mRNA vaccine treatment in the perspective of immune regulation, and suitable glioma recipients with corresponding immune subtypes were further investigated. Methods The RNA-seq data and clinical information of 702 and 325 patients were recruited from TCGA and CGGA, separately. The genetic alteration profile was visualized and compared by cBioPortal. Then, we explored prognostic outcomes and immune correlations of the selected antigens to validate their clinical relevance. The prognostic index was measured via GEPIA2, and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was calculated and visualized by TIMER. Based on immune-related gene expression, immune subtypes of glioma were identified using consensus clustering analysis. Moreover, the immune landscape was visualized by graph learning-based dimensionality reduction analysis. Results Four glioma antigens, namely ANXA5, FKBP10, MSN, and PYGL, associated with superior prognoses and infiltration of APCs were selected. Three immune subtypes IS1-IS3 were identified, which fundamentally differed in molecular, cellular, and clinical signatures. Patients in subtypes IS2 and IS3 carried immunologically cold phenotypes, whereas those in IS1 carried immunologically hot phenotype. Particularly, patients in subtypes IS3 and IS2 demonstrated better outcomes than that in IS1. Expression profiles of immune checkpoints and immunogenic cell death (ICD) modulators showed a difference among IS1-IS3 tumors. Ultimately, the immune landscape of glioma elucidated considerable heterogeneity not only between individual patients but also within the same immune subtype. Conclusions ANXA5, FKBP10, MSN, and PYGL are identified as potential antigens for anti-glioma mRNA vaccine production, specifically for patients in immune subtypes 2 and 3. In summary, this study may shed new light on the promising approaches of immunotherapy, such as devising mRNA vaccination tailored to applicable glioma recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Yangsheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 901 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Logistic Support Force, Hefei, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 901 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Logistic Support Force, Hefei, China
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ye L, Wang L, Yang J, Hu P, Zhang C, Tong S, Liu Z, Tian D. Identification of tumor antigens and immune subtypes in lower grade gliomas for mRNA vaccine development. J Transl Med 2021; 19:352. [PMID: 34404444 PMCID: PMC8369324 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important part of tumor immunotherapy for adjunct, therapeutic tumor vaccines have been effective against multiple solid cancers, while their efficacy against lower grade glioma (LGG) remains undefined. Immunophenotyping of tumors is an essential tool to evaluate the immune function of patients with immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. Therefore, this study aims to find the potential tumor antigen of LGG and identify the suitable population for cancer vaccination based on the immune landscape. METHOD The genomic and clinical data of 529 patients with LGG were obtained from TCGA, the mRNA_seq data of normal brain tissue were downloaded from GTEx. Differential expression gene and mutation analysis were performed to screen out potential antigens, K-M curves were carried out to investigate the correlation between the level of potential antigens and OS and DFS of patients. TIMER dataset was used to explore the correlation between genes and immune infiltrating cells. Immunophenotyping of 529 tumor samples was based on the single-sample gene sets enrichment analysis. Cibersort and Estimate algorithm were used to explore the tumor immune microenvironment characteristics in each immune subtype. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) clustered immune-related genes and screened the hub genes, and pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the hub modules related to immune subtype in the WGCNA. RESULTS Selecting for the mutated, up-regulated, prognosis- and immune-related genes, four potential tumor antigens were identified in LGG. They were also significantly positively associated with the antigen-presenting immune cells (APCs). Three robust immune subtypes, IS1, IS2 and IS3, represented immune status "desert", "immune inhibition", and "inflamed" respectively, which might serve as a predictive parameter. Subsequently, clinicopathological features, including the codeletion status of 1p19q, IDH mutation status, tumor mutation burden, tumor stemness, etc., were significantly different among subtypes. CONCLUSION FCGBP, FLNC, TLR7, and CSF2RA were potential antigens for developing cancer vaccination, and the patients in IS3 were considered the most suitable for vaccination in LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Ji'an Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shi'ao Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhennan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Daofeng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
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Qin L, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Umeshappa CS, Gao H. Nanovaccine-Based Strategies to Overcome Challenges in the Whole Vaccination Cascade for Tumor Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006000. [PMID: 33768693 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanovaccine-based immunotherapy (NBI) has received greater attention recently for its potential to prime tumor-specific immunity and establish a long-term immune memory that prevents tumor recurrence. Despite encouraging results in the recent studies, there are still numerous challenges to be tackled for eliciting potent antitumor immunity using NBI strategies. Based on the principles that govern immune response, here it is proposed that these challenges need to be addressed at the five critical cascading events: Loading tumor-specific antigens by nanoscale drug delivery systems (L); Draining tumor antigens to lymph nodes (D); Internalization by dendritic cells (DCs) (I); Maturation of DCs by costimulatory signaling (M); and Presenting tumor-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes to T cells (P) (LDIMP cascade in short). This review provides a detailed and objective overview of emerging NBI strategies to improve the efficacy of nanovaccines in each step of the LDIMP cascade. It is concluded that the balance between each step must be optimized by delicate designing and modification of nanovaccines and by combining with complementary approaches to provide a synergistic immunity in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chongqing Vocational College of Transportation, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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CEBA: A new heterobifunctional reagent for plasmid DNA functionalization by click chemistry. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120566. [PMID: 33812974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of 3,6,9-trioxaundecan-1-{4-[(2-Chloroethyl)Ethylamino)]-Benzylamino},11-Azide (CEBA). CEBA alkylates the N7 of guanine of DNA thanks its chloroethyl group and can be coupled by a strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition to an alkynylated molecule. The optimization of the alkylation level of pDNA reveals that the expression of the encoded gene is preserved when it is randomly modified with at most 1 CEBA molecule per 150 bp. We show that the azido group of CEBA allows the linkage via click chemistry of CEBA-pDNA with a fluorophore or a peptide containing a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) function. This new heterobifunctional reagent opens new ways to equip pDNA easily with signal molecules including peptides and nucleic acids without side products providing great interest for non-viral gene therapy.
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Borah P, Deb PK, Al-Shar’i NA, Dahabiyeh LA, Venugopala KN, Singh V, Shinu P, Hussain S, Deka S, Chandrasekaran B, Jaradat DMM. Perspectives on RNA Vaccine Candidates for COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:635245. [PMID: 33869282 PMCID: PMC8044912 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.635245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the current outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2, vaccination is acclaimed as a public health care priority. Rapid genetic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has triggered the scientific community to search for effective vaccines. Collaborative approaches from research institutes and biotech companies have acknowledged the use of viral proteins as potential vaccine candidates against COVID-19. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) vaccines are considered the next generation vaccines as they can be rapidly designed to encode any desirable viral sequence including the highly conserved antigen sequences. RNA vaccines being less prone to host genome integration (cons of DNA vaccines) and anti-vector immunity (a compromising factor of viral vectors) offer great potential as front-runners for universal COVID-19 vaccine. The proof of concept for RNA-based vaccines has already been proven in humans, and the prospects for commercialization are very encouraging as well. With the emergence of COVID-19, mRNA-1273, an mRNA vaccine developed by Moderna, Inc. was the first to enter human trials, with the first volunteer receiving the dose within 10 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequencing. The recent interest in mRNA vaccines has been fueled by the state of the art technologies that enhance mRNA stability and improve vaccine delivery. Interestingly, as per the "Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines" published by the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 29, 2020, seven potential RNA based COVID-19 vaccines are in different stages of clinical trials; of them, two candidates already received emergency use authorization, and another 22 potential candidates are undergoing pre-clinical investigations. This review will shed light on the rationality of RNA as a platform for vaccine development against COVID-19, highlighting the possible pros and cons, lessons learned from the past, and the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nizar A. Al-Shar’i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Lina A. Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Pottathil Shinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Snawar Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam, India
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Da’san M. M. Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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Rahman MM, Zhou N, Huang J. An Overview on the Development of mRNA-Based Vaccines and Their Formulation Strategies for Improved Antigen Expression In Vivo. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030244. [PMID: 33799516 PMCID: PMC8001631 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA-based vaccine approach is a promising alternative to traditional vaccines due to its ability for prompt development, high potency, and potential for secure administration and low-cost production. Nonetheless, the application has still been limited by the instability as well as the ineffective delivery of mRNA in vivo. Current technological improvements have now mostly overcome these concerns, and manifold mRNA vaccine plans against various forms of malignancies and infectious ailments have reported inspiring outcomes in both humans and animal models. This article summarizes recent mRNA-based vaccine developments, advances of in vivo mRNA deliveries, reflects challenges and safety concerns, and future perspectives, in developing the mRNA vaccine platform for extensive therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Motiar Rahman
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (N.Z.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nan Zhou
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (N.Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiandong Huang
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (N.Z.); (J.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Taher Z, Legge C, Winder N, Lysyganicz P, Rawlings A, Bryant H, Muthana M, Staniland S. Magnetosomes and Magnetosome Mimics: Preparation, Cancer Cell Uptake and Functionalization for Future Cancer Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:367. [PMID: 33802121 PMCID: PMC7998144 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) are heralded as model vehicles for nanomedicine, particularly cancer therapeutics. However, there are many methods of synthesizing different sized and coated MNP, which may affect their performance as nanomedicines. Magnetosomes are naturally occurring, lipid-coated MNP that exhibit exceptional hyperthermic heating, but their properties, cancer cell uptake and toxicity have yet to be compared to other MNP. Magnetosomes can be mimicked by coating MNP in either amphiphilic oleic acid or silica. In this study, magnetosomes are directly compared to control MNP, biomimetic oleic acid and silica coated MNP of varying sizes. MNP are characterized and compared with respect to size, magnetism, and surface properties. Small (8 ± 1.6 nm) and larger (32 ± 9.9 nm) MNP are produced by two different methods and coated with either silica or oleic acid, increasing the size and the size dispersity of the MNP. The coated larger MNP are comparable in size (49 ± 12.5 nm and 61 ± 18.2 nm) to magnetosomes (46 ± 11.8 nm) making good magnetosome mimics. All MNP are assessed and compared for cancer cell uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells and importantly, all are readily taken up with minimal toxic effect. Silica coated MNP show the most uptake with greater than 60% cell uptake at the highest concentration, and magnetosomes showing the least with less than 40% at the highest concentration, while size does not have a significant effect on uptake. Finally, surface functionalization is demonstrated for magnetosomes and silica coated MNP using biotinylation and EDC-NHS, respectively, to conjugate fluorescent probes. The modified particles are visualized in MDA-MB-231 cells and demonstrate how both naturally biosynthesized magnetosomes and biomimetic silica coated MNP can be functionalized and readily up taken by cancer cells for realization as nanomedical vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Taher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Christopher Legge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Natalie Winder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Pawel Lysyganicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrea Rawlings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Helen Bryant
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (H.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Sarah Staniland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK; (Z.T.); (C.L.); (N.W.); (P.L.); (A.R.)
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Kim J, Eygeris Y, Gupta M, Sahay G. Self-assembled mRNA vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:83-112. [PMID: 33400957 PMCID: PMC7837307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have evolved from being a mere curiosity to emerging as COVID-19 vaccine front-runners. Recent advancements in the field of RNA technology, vaccinology, and nanotechnology have generated interest in delivering safe and effective mRNA therapeutics. In this review, we discuss design and self-assembly of mRNA vaccines. Self-assembly, a spontaneous organization of individual molecules, allows for design of nanoparticles with customizable properties. We highlight the materials commonly utilized to deliver mRNA, their physicochemical characteristics, and other relevant considerations, such as mRNA optimization, routes of administration, cellular fate, and immune activation, that are important for successful mRNA vaccination. We also examine the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines currently in clinical trials. mRNA vaccines are ready for the clinic, showing tremendous promise in the COVID-19 vaccine race, and have pushed the boundaries of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Yulia Eygeris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Mohit Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 South Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Huang X, Zhang G, Tang T, Liang T. Identification of tumor antigens and immune subtypes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma for mRNA vaccine development. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:44. [PMID: 33648511 PMCID: PMC7917175 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mRNA vaccines have been effective against multiple cancers, their efficacy against pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) remains undefined. Accumulating evidence suggests that immunotyping can indicate the comprehensive immune status in tumors and their immune microenvironment, which is closely associated with therapeutic response and vaccination potential. The aim of this study was to identify potent antigens in PAAD for mRNA vaccine development, and further distinguish immune subtypes of PAAD to construct an immune landscape for selecting suitable patients for vaccination. METHODS Gene expression profiles and clinical information of 239 PAAD datasets were extracted from ICGC, and RNA-Seq data of 103 samples were retrieved from TCGA. GEPIA was used to calculate differential expression levels and prognostic indices, cBioPortal program was used to compare genetic alterations, and TIMER was used to explore correlation between genes and immune infiltrating cells. Consensus cluster was used for consistency matrix construction and data clustering, DAVID was used for functional annotation, and graph learning-based dimensional reduction was used to depict immune landscape. RESULTS Six overexpressed and mutated tumor antigens associated with poor prognosis and infiltration of antigen presenting cells were identified in PAAD, including ADAM9, EFNB2, MET, TMOD3, TPX2, and WNT7A. Furthermore, five immune subtypes (IS1-IS5) and nine immune gene modules of PAAD were identified that were consistent in both patient cohorts. The immune subtypes showed distinct molecular, cellular and clinical characteristics. IS1 and IS2 exhibited immune-activated phenotypes and correlated to better survival compared to the other subtypes. IS4 and IS5 tumors were immunologically cold and associated with higher tumor mutation burden. Immunogenic cell death modulators, immune checkpoints, and CA125 and CA199, were also differentially expressed among the five immune subtypes. Finally, the immune landscape of PAAD showed a high degree of heterogeneity between individual patients. CONCLUSIONS ADAM9, EFNB2, MET, TMOD3, TPX2, and WNT7A are potent antigens for developing anti-PAAD mRNA vaccine, and patients with IS4 and IS5 tumors are suitable for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
| | - Tianyu Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Zhejiang, 310003 Hangzhou China
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Carreira B, Acúrcio RC, Matos AI, Peres C, Pozzi S, Vaskovich‐Koubi D, Kleiner R, Bento M, Satchi‐Fainaro R, Florindo HF. Nanomedicines as Multifunctional Modulators of Melanoma Immune Microenvironment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Rita C. Acúrcio
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Ana I. Matos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Daniella Vaskovich‐Koubi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Ron Kleiner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Mariana Bento
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi‐Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Helena F. Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Av. Prof. Gama Pinto Lisboa 1649‐003 Portugal
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Islam MA, Rice J, Reesor E, Zope H, Tao W, Lim M, Ding J, Chen Y, Aduluso D, Zetter BR, Farokhzad OC, Shi J. Adjuvant-pulsed mRNA vaccine nanoparticle for immunoprophylactic and therapeutic tumor suppression in mice. Biomaterials 2021; 266:120431. [PMID: 33099060 PMCID: PMC7528902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic mRNA represents an exciting cancer vaccine technology for the implementation of effective cancer immunotherapy. However, inefficient in vivo mRNA delivery along with a requirement for immune co-stimulation present major hurdles to achieving anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept adjuvant-pulsed mRNA vaccine nanoparticle (NP) that is composed of an ovalbumin-coded mRNA and a palmitic acid-modified TLR7/8 agonist R848 (C16-R848), coated with a lipid-polyethylene glycol (lipid-PEG) shell. This mRNA vaccine NP formulation retained the adjuvant activity of encapsulated C16-R848 and markedly improved the transfection efficacy of the mRNA (>95%) and subsequent MHC class I presentation of OVA mRNA derived antigen in antigen-presenting cells. The C16-R848 adjuvant-pulsed mRNA vaccine NP approach induced an effective adaptive immune response by significantly improving the expansion of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells and infiltration of these cells into the tumor bed in vivo, relative to the mRNA vaccine NP without adjuvant. The approach led to an effective anti-tumor immunity against OVA expressing syngeneic allograft mouse models of lymphoma and prostate cancer, resulting in a significant prevention of tumor growth when the vaccine was given before tumor engraftment (84% reduction vs. control) and suppression of tumor growth when given post engraftment (60% reduction vs. control). Our findings indicate that C16-R848 adjuvant pulsation to mRNA vaccine NP is a rational design strategy to increase the effectiveness of synthetic mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Rice
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harshal Zope
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunhan Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dike Aduluso
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Zetter
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nanoparticles as Adjuvants and Nanodelivery Systems for mRNA-Based Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010045. [PMID: 33396817 PMCID: PMC7823281 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines have shown promise against infectious diseases and several types of cancer in the last two decades. Their promise can be attributed to their safety profiles, high potency, and ability to be rapidly and affordably manufactured. Now, many RNA-based vaccines are being evaluated in clinical trials as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, until recently, their development has been limited by their instability and inefficient in vivo transfection. The nanodelivery system plays a dual function in RNA-based vaccination by acting as a carrier system and as an adjuvant. That is due to its similarity to microorganisms structurally and size-wise; the nanodelivery system can augment the response by the immune system via simulating the natural infection process. Nanodelivery systems allow non-invasive mucosal administration, targeted immune cell delivery, and controlled delivery, reducing the need for multiple administrations. They also allow co-encapsulating with immunostimulators to improve the overall adjuvant capacity. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent developments and applications of biodegradable nanodelivery systems that improve RNA-based vaccine delivery and enhance the immunological response against targeted diseases.
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42
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He J, Xu S, Leng Q, Mixson AJ. Location of a single histidine within peptide carriers increases mRNA delivery. J Gene Med 2020; 23:e3295. [PMID: 33171540 PMCID: PMC7900953 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we determined that four-branched histidine-lysine (HK) peptides were effective carriers of plasmids and small interfering RNA. In the present study, we compared several branched HK carriers and, in particular, two closely-related H3K4b and H3K(+H)4b peptides for their ability as carriers of mRNA. The H3K(+H)4b peptide differed from its parent analogue, H3K4b, by only a single histidine in each branch. METHODS A series of four-branched HK peptides with varied sequences was synthesized on a solid-phase peptide synthesizer. The ability of these peptides to carry mRNA expressing luciferase to MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated. With gel retardation and heparin displacement assays, the stability of HK polyplexes was examined. We determined the intracellular uptake of HK polyplexes by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The size and polydispersity index of the polyplexes in several media were measured by dynamic light scattering. RESULTS MDA-MB-231 cells transfected by H3K(+H)4b-mRNA polyplexes expressed 10-fold greater levels of luciferase than H3K4b polyplexes. With gel retardation and heparin displacement assays, the H3K(+H)4b polyplexes showed greater stability than H3K4b. Intracellular uptake and co-localization of H3K(+H)4b polyplexes within acidic endosomes were also significantly increased compared to H3K4b. Similar to H3K(+H)4b, several HK analogues with an additional histidine in the second domain of their branches were effective carriers of mRNA. When combined with DOTAP liposomes, H3K(+H)4b was synergistic in delivery of mRNA. CONCLUSIONS H3K(+H)4b was a more effective carrier of mRNA than H3K4b. Mechanistic studies suggest that H3K(+H)4b polyplexes were more stable than H3K4b polyplexes. Lipopolyplexes formed with H3K(+H)4b markedly increased mRNA transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi He
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Songhui Xu
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qixin Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Australisches Institut für Bioingenieurwesen und Nanotechnologie Universität Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australisches Institut für Bioingenieurwesen und Nanotechnologie Universität Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australien
- Fakultät für Chemie und Molekulartechnik Pädagogische Universität Ostchina Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
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44
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Wang Y, Yu C. Emerging Concepts of Nanobiotechnology in mRNA Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23374-23385. [PMID: 32400110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introducing mRNA into cells has attracted intense interest for diverse applications; however, success requires delivery solutions. Engineered nanomaterials have been applied as mRNA nanocarriers; their functions are designed mainly as delivery vehicles, but rarely in regulation of the protein translation. Recently, progress in nanobiotechnology has shifted the design principle of mRNA nanocarriers from simple delivery tools to translation modulators. Here, we review the emerging concepts of nanomaterials regulating mRNA translation and recent progress in mRNA delivery. Designer nanomaterials providing integrated functions for specific mRNA applications are also reviewed to provide insights for the design of next-generation nanomaterials to revolutionize mRNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has immense potential for developing a wide range of therapies, including immunotherapy and protein replacement. As mRNA presents no risk of integration into the host genome and does not require nuclear entry for transfection, which allows protein production even in nondividing cells, mRNA-based approaches can be envisioned as safe and practical therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, mRNA presents unfavorable characteristics, such as large size, immunogenicity, limited cellular uptake, and sensitivity to enzymatic degradation, which hinder its use as a therapeutic agent. While mRNA stability and immunogenicity have been ameliorated by direct modifications on the mRNA structure, further improvements in mRNA delivery are still needed for promoting its activity in biological settings. In this regard, nanomedicine has shown the ability for spatiotemporally controlling the function of a myriad of bioactive agents in vivo. Direct engineering of nanomedicine structures for loading, protecting, and releasing mRNA and navigating in biological environments can then be applied for promoting mRNA translation toward the development of effective treatments. Here, we review recent approaches aimed at enhancing mRNA function and its delivery through nanomedicines, with particular emphasis on their applications and eventual clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Federico Perche
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans 45071 Cedex 02, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS Rue Charles Sadron Orléans, Orléans 45071 Cedex 02, France.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Orléans, Orléans 45071 Cedex 02, France
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
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Liu J, Miao L, Sui J, Hao Y, Huang G. Nanoparticle cancer vaccines: Design considerations and recent advances. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:576-590. [PMID: 33193861 PMCID: PMC7610208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines therapeutics manipulate host's immune system and have broad potential for cancer prevention and treatment. However, due to poor immunogenicity and limited safety, fewer cancer vaccines have been successful in clinical trials. Over the past decades, nanotechnology has been exploited to deliver cancer vaccines, eliciting long-lasting and effective immune responses. Compared to traditional vaccines, cancer vaccines delivered by nanomaterials can be tuned towards desired immune profiles by (1) optimizing the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial carriers, (2) modifying the nanomaterials with targeting molecules, or (3) co-encapsulating with immunostimulators. In order to develop vaccines with desired immunogenicity, a thorough understanding of parameters that affect immune responses is required. Herein, we discussed the effects of physicochemical properties on antigen presentation and immune response, including but not limited to size, particle rigidity, intrinsic immunogenicity. Furthermore, we provided a detailed overview of recent preclinical and clinical advances in nanotechnology for cancer vaccines, and considerations for future directions in advancing the vaccine platform to widespread anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lei Miao
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Jiying Sui
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Yanyun Hao
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Guihua Huang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
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He J, Xu S, Mixson AJ. The Multifaceted Histidine-Based Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Advances and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080774. [PMID: 32823960 PMCID: PMC7465012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidines incorporated into carriers of nucleic acids may enhance the extracellular stability of the nanoparticle, yet aid in the intracellular disruption of the nanoparticle, enabling the release of the nucleic acid. Moreover, protonation of histidines in the endosomes may result in endosomal swelling with subsequent lysis. These properties of histidine are based on its five-member imidazole ring in which the two nitrogen atoms may form hydrogen bonds or act as a base in acidic environments. A wide variety of carriers have integrated histidines or histidine-rich domains, which include peptides, polyethylenimine, polysaccharides, platform delivery systems, viral phages, mesoporous silica particles, and liposomes. Histidine-rich carriers have played key roles in our understanding of the stability of nanocarriers and the escape of the nucleic acids from endosomes. These carriers show great promise and offer marked potential in delivering plasmids, siRNA, and mRNA to their intracellular targets.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Meng
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine Houston Methodist Research Institute Houston TX 77030 USA
- Cancer Center Houston Methodist Hospital Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY 10065 USA
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Paris JL, Coelho F, Teixeira A, Diéguez L, Silva BFB, Abalde-Cela S. In Vitro Evaluation of Lipopolyplexes for Gene Transfection: Comparing 2D, 3D and Microdroplet-Enabled Cell Culture. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143277. [PMID: 32708478 PMCID: PMC7397275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes combining nucleic acids with lipids and polymers (lipopolyplexes) show great promise for gene therapy since they enable compositional, physical and functional versatility to be optimized for therapeutic efficiency. When developing lipopolyplexes for gene delivery, one of the first evaluations performed is an in vitro transfection efficiency experiment. Many different in vitro models can be used, and the effect of the model on the experiment outcome has not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this work was to compare the insights obtained from three different in vitro models, as well as the potential limitations associated with each of them. We have prepared a series of lipopolyplex formulations with three different cationic polymers (poly-l-lysine, bioreducible poly-l-lysine and polyethyleneimine), and assessed their in vitro biological performance in 2D monolayer cell culture, 3D spheroid culture and microdroplet-based single-cell culture. Lipopolyplexes from different polymers presented varying degrees of transfection efficiency in all models. The best-performing formulation in 2D culture was the polyethyleneimine lipopolyplex, while lipoplexes prepared with bioreducible poly-l-lysine were the only ones achieving any transfection in microdroplet-enabled cell culture. None of the prepared formulations achieved significant gene transfection in 3D culture. All of the prepared formulations were well tolerated by cells in 2D culture, while at least one formulation (poly-l-lysine polyplex) delayed 3D spheroid growth. These results highlight the need for selecting the appropriate in vitro model depending on the intended application.
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Nanomedicines to Deliver mRNA: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020364. [PMID: 32093140 PMCID: PMC7075285 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of messenger RNA (mRNA) in gene therapy is increasing in recent years, due to its unique features compared to plasmid DNA: Transient expression, no need to enter into the nucleus and no risk of insertional mutagenesis. Nevertheless, the clinical application of mRNA as a therapeutic tool is limited by its instability and ability to activate immune responses; hence, mRNA chemical modifications together with the design of suitable vehicles result essential. This manuscript includes a revision of the strategies employed to enhance in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA functionality and efficacy, including the optimization of its stability and translational efficiency, as well as the regulation of its immunostimulatory properties. An overview of the nanosystems designed to protect the mRNA and to overcome the intra and extracellular barriers for successful delivery is also included. Finally, the present and future applications of mRNA nanomedicines for immunization against infectious diseases and cancer, protein replacement, gene editing, and regenerative medicine are highlighted.
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