Polymorphisms in APOA1 and LPL genes are statistically independently associated with fasting TG in men with CAD

Pravastatin for lowering lipids

BACKGROUND

A detailed summary and meta-analysis of the dose-related effect of pravastatin on lipids is not available.

OBJECTIVES

Primary objective To assess the pharmacology of pravastatin by characterizing the dose-related effect and variability of the effect of pravastatin on the surrogate marker: low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol). The effect of pravastatin on morbidity and mortality is not the objective of this systematic review. Secondary objectives • To assess the dose-related effect and variability of effect of pravastatin on the following surrogate markers: total cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol); and triglycerides. • To assess the effect of pravastatin on withdrawals due to adverse effects.

SEARCH METHODS

The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to September 2021: CENTRAL (2021, Issue 8), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Bireme LILACS, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language restrictions.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the dose response of different fixed doses of pravastatin on blood lipids over a duration of three to 12 weeks in participants of any age with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently assessed eligibility criteria for studies to be included, and extracted data. We entered lipid data from placebo-controlled trials into Review Manager 5 as continuous data and withdrawal due to adverse effects (WDAEs) data as dichotomous data. We searched for WDAEs information from all trials. We assessed all trials using Cochrane's risk of bias tool under the categories of sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other potential biases.

MAIN RESULTS

Sixty-four RCTs evaluated the dose-related efficacy of pravastatin in 9771 participants. The participants were of any age, with and without evidence of cardiovascular disease, and pravastatin effects were studied within a treatment period of three to 12 weeks. Log dose-response data over the doses of 5 mg to 160 mg revealed strong linear dose-related effects on blood total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and a weak linear dose-related effect on blood triglycerides. There was no dose-related effect of pravastatin on blood HDL cholesterol. Pravastatin 10 mg/day to 80 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% to 31.9%, total cholesterol by 16.1% to 23.3%,and triglycerides by 5.8% to 20.0%. The certainty of evidence for these effects was judged to be moderate to high. For every two-fold dose increase there was a 3.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2 to 4.6) decrease in blood LDL cholesterol. This represented a dose-response slope that was less than the other studied statins: atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin and cerivastatin. From other systematic reviews we conducted on statins for its effect to reduce LDL cholesterol, pravastatin is similar to fluvastatin, but has a decreased effect compared to atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin and cerivastatin. The effect of pravastatin compared to placebo on WADES has a risk ratio (RR) of 0.81 (95% CI 0.63 to 1.03). The certainty of evidence was judged to be very low.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Pravastatin lowers blood total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride in a dose-dependent linear fashion. This review did not provide a good estimate of the incidence of harms associated with pravastatin because of the lack of reporting of adverse effects in 48.4% of the randomized placebo-controlled trials.

The Role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in Human Disease

Cholesterol homeostasis is essential in normal physiology of all cells. One of several proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis is the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a transmembrane protein widely expressed in many tissues. One of its main functions is the efflux of intracellular free cholesterol and phospholipids across the plasma membrane to combine with apolipoproteins, mainly apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I), forming nascent high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In addition, ABCA1 regulates cholesterol and phospholipid content in the plasma membrane affecting lipid rafts, microparticle (MP) formation and cell signaling. Thus, it is not surprising that impaired ABCA1 function and altered cholesterol homeostasis may affect many different organs and is involved in the pathophysiology of a broad array of diseases. This review describes evidence obtained from animal models, human studies and genetic variation explaining how ABCA1 is involved in dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease (CHD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), thrombosis, neurological disorders, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, viral infections and in cancer progression.

Association of the S2 allele of the SstI polymorphism in the apoC3 gene with plasma apoCIII interacts with unfavorable lipid profiles to contribute to atherosclerosis in the Li ethnic group in China

Background

The SstI polymorphism in the apolipoprotein 3 gene (apoC3) has been identified in many ethnic groups. In addition, the S2 allele of the SstI polymorphism is shown to be associated with increased plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. Plasma apoCIII is an important atherogenic factor, which interrupts lipid metabolism and is positively associated with plasma TG levels. However, the existence of the SstI polymorphism in the Li ethnic group in China remains to be confirmed. The relationship between the S2 allele of the SstI polymorphism and plasma apoCIII or TG and their roles in atherosclerosis are also unknown.

Methods

A cohort of 628 participants was recruited (316 atherosclerotic patients and 312 healthy controls) from both the Li and Han ethnic groups. Blood samples were obtained to evaluate the SstI polymorphism in the apoC3 and lipid profiles. Chi-squared and t-tests and multiple unconditional logistic regression were employed to analyze the genotypic and allelic frequencies and lipid profiles using SPSS version 20.0 software.

Results

The SstI polymorphism in the apoC3 was identified in the Li ethnic group. The S2 allele and plasma apoCIII and TG levels were associated with the development of atherosclerosis (P < 0.01, S2 allele and apoCIII; P < 0.05, TG) in the Li ethnic group. The S2 allele was associated with increased plasma apoCIII levels in the atherosclerotic group (P < 0.01), but with increased plasma apoCIII and TG levels in control group (both P < 0.01). In addition to the increases in the S2 allele frequency and plasma TG and apoCIII levels, atherosclerotic patients in the Li ethnic group also exhibited increased apoB, decreased HDL-C and apoAI and a lower apoAI:apoB ratio (all P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the S2 allele of the SstI polymorphism in the apoC3 gene is associated with plasma apoCIII levels in the Li population. In combination with unfavorable lipid profiles, this might contribute to susceptibility to atherosclerosis.

Association of the Apolipoprotein A-I Gene Polymorphisms with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Atherogenic Indices in Patients from Assam, Northeast India

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and particularly decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) dyslipidemia are prevalent in Assam, India. This study was undertaken to investigate whether Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) gene polymorphisms (G-75A and C+83T) were associated with i) the risk for decreased HDL-C, and ii) other CVD risk factors, viz. serum lipids, atherogenic indices, obesity, and blood pressure (BP). A total of 649 subjects were screened, from which 200 eligible individuals, classified as case group with decreased HDL-C levels (100 subjects) and control group with normal HDL-C levels (100 subjects) were enrolled and genotyped using polymersase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing. Lipid fractions [HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TG)] and atherogenic indices [Castelli's Risk Indices-I and -II (CRI-I and -II), non-HDL-C fraction, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC)] were estimated. The G-75A and C+83T loci were not associated with decreased HDL-C risk. This was confirmed across different genetic models (dominant, recessive, additive and allelic). Association was also absent with BP and obesity. However, the G-75A locus was associated with LDL-C, whereas the C+83T locus was associated with TG and VLDL-C. Furthermore, these sites had effects on atherogenic indices. The rare A allele at the G-75A locus was associated with adverse CRI-I, CRI-II, non-HDL-C and AC values, while the major C allele at the C+83T locus was associated with adverse AIP values. Thus, the pro-atherogenic G-75A polymorphism and the anti-atherogenic C+83T polymorphism represent important genetic loci that modulate CVD risk factors in subjects from Assam.

Association of serum lipids and coronary artery disease with polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster

Genetic variants are considered as one of the main determinants of the concentration of serum lipids and coronary artery disease (CAD). Polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein (Apo) AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster has been known to affect the concentrations of various lipid sub-fractions and the risk of CAD. The present study assessed associations between polymorphisms of the Apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster, [ApoA-I,-75G > A, (rs1799837); ApoC-III 3238C > G, (SstI), (rs5128) and ApoA-IV, Thr347Ser(347A > T), (rs675)] with serum lipids and their contributions to CAD in North Indian population. We recruited age, sex matched, 200 CAD patients and 200 healthy controls and tested them for fasting levels of serum lipids. We genotyped selected polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. There were no statistically significant association of selected polymorphisms (or their combinations) with CAD even after employing additive, dominant and recessive models. However there was significant association of selected polymorphisms with various lipid traits amongst the control cohort (p < 0.05). Mean levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were found to be significantly higher among controls carrying at least one mutant allele at ApoA1-75G > A (p = 0.019) and ApoCIII SstI (p < 0.001) polymorphism respectively. Our study observed that the selected polymorphisms in the ApoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster although significantly affect various lipid traits but this affect does not seem to translate into association with CAD, at least among North Indian population.

Lack of evidence for a liver or intestinal miRNA regulation involved in the hypertriglyceridemic effect of APOC3 3'UTR variant SstI

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

APOC3 is a major regulator of triglycerides metabolism. Several APOC3 variants are associated with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Our aim was to establish the potential regulation of APOC3 3'UTR variants associated with HTG by liver or intestinal miRNAs.

METHODS

We sequenced APOC3 3'UTR in 100 type 2 diabetic (TD2) patients with severe HTG (TG > 15 mmol/L) (HTG group) compared to 100 normotriglyceridemic patients (NTG group). We performed in silico studies to identify potential loss of miRNA binding induced by APOC3 3'UTR variants. We also performed in vitro studies to test the functionality of miRNA/APOC3 variants interactions: APOC3 3'UTR plasmids coupled with a firefly luciferase reporter were transfected in HepG2, HuH-7 and Caco-2 cells.

RESULTS

We identified only two variants: SstI (rs5128) and BbvI (rs5225) in APOC3 3'UTR in the 2 groups of patients. Only the SstI-S2 rare allele was significantly associated with HTG (allele frequency 19,5% in HTG group vs. 9,5% in NTG group, p = 0.0045). In silico studies predicted a potential loss in the binding of 5 miRNAs induced by the S2 variant. These 5 miRNAs are all endogenously expressed in human liver and intestine, as well as in the cell models studied. However, in vitro, the S2 variant did not modulate APOC3 3'UTR reporter gene expression in HepG2, HuH-7 and Caco-2 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results do not confirm the hypothesis of a direct regulation of the APOC3 SstI variant by hepatic or intestinal miRNAs.

Functional variants of lipid level modifier MLXIPL, GCKR, GALNT2, CILP2, ANGPTL3 and TRIB1 genes in healthy Roma and Hungarian populations

The role of triglyceride metabolism in different diseases, such as cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases is still under extensive investigations. In genome-wide studies several polymorphisms have been reported, which are highly associated with plasma lipid level changes. Our goal was to examine eight variants: rs12130333 at the ANGPTL3, rs16996148 at the CILP2, rs17321515 at the TRIB1, rs17145738 and rs3812316 of the MLXIPL, rs4846914 at GALNT2, rs1260326 and rs780094 residing at the GCKR loci. A total of 399 Roma (Gypsy) and 404 Hungarian population samples were genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. Significant differences were found between Roma and Hungarian population samples in both MLXIPL variants (C allele frequency of rs17145738: 94.1% vs. 85.6%, C allele frequency of rs3812316: 94.2% vs. 86.8% in Romas vs. in Hungarians, p < 0.05), in ANGPTL3 (T allele frequency of rs1213033: 12.2% vs. 18.5% in Romas vs. Hungarians, p < 0.05) and GALNT2 (G allele frequency of rs4846914: 46.6% vs. 54.5% Romas vs. in Hungarians, p < 0.05), while no differences over SNPs could be verified and the known minor alleles showed no correlation with triglyceride levels in any population samples. The current study revealed fundamental differences of known triglyceride modifying SNPs in Roma population. Failure of finding evidence for affected triglyceride metabolism shows that these susceptibility genes are much less effective compared for example to the apolipoprotein A5 gene.

Triglyceride-Increasing Alleles Associated with Protection against Type-2 Diabetes

Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are an established risk factor for type-2 diabetes (T2D). However, recent studies have hinted at the possibility that genetic risk for TG may paradoxically protect against T2D. In this study, we examined the association of genetic risk for TG with incident T2D, and the interaction of baseline TG with TG genetic risk on incident T2D in 13,247 European-Americans (EA) and 3,238 African-Americans (AA) from three prospective cohort studies. A TG genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated based on 31 validated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We considered several baseline covariates, including body- mass index (BMI) and lipid traits. Among EA and AA, we find, as expected, that baseline levels of TG are strongly positively associated with incident T2D (p<2 x 10-(10)). However, the TG GRS is negatively associated with T2D (p=0.013), upon adjusting for only race, in the full dataset. Upon additionally adjusting for age, sex, BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and TG, the TG GRS is significantly and negatively associated with T2D incidence (p=7.0 x 10(-8)), with similar trends among both EA and AA. No single SNP appears to be driving this association. We also find a significant statistical interaction of the TG GRS with TG (pi(nteraction) = 3.3 x 10-(4)), whereby the association of TG with incident T2D is strongest among those with low genetic risk for TG. Further research is needed to understand the likely pleiotropic mechanisms underlying these findings, and to clarify the causal relationship between T2D and TG.

The relationship between apolipoprotein CIII gene polymorphism and serum lipid levels in Han Chinese males

Background

Although apolipoprotein (apo) CIII gene polymorphisms have proved to be related to the increased serum lipid level in foreign studies, the results have not always been consistent among diverse populations. In addition, the research focuses on the impact of the apoCIII on the serum lipid levels of Han Chinese subjects which was not conducted before.

Objective

To explore the relationship between the apoCIII gene C3175G and T3206G polymorphisms and serum lipid levels as well as other risk factors for hyperlipidaemia, in Han Chinese males.

Method

A total of 337 healthy male participants undergoing physical examinations were randomly selected from two hospitals in Chongqing, China. Through DNA sequencing, apoCIII gene C3175G and T3206G polymorphisms were identified and their relationships with serum lipid levels were further analysed.

Results

Carriers of apoCIII³¹⁷⁵ GG genotypes have higher levels of TG than other genotypes (P < 0.05). After the stratified selection of triacylglycerol (TG), G gene loci of apoCIIIT3206G are associated with decreasing the content of total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in relatively high TG group while the G gene loci of apoCIIIC3175G have an inverse effect. The outcome of TG unconditional logistic regression shows that the G gene loci of apoCIIIT3206G polymorphism are also beneficial for decreasing TG.

Conclusion

The detection of TG in apoCIII³¹⁷⁵ GG genotype carriers is an efficient predictor of hypertriglyceridaemia in Han Chinese males. The G gene loci of apoCIII³²⁰⁶ may be beneficial for decreasing serum lipid level.

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Our research has tried its best to avoid all possible factors associated with lipids.

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The method has been adopted in new DNA sequencing.

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No previous similar research has worked on it, and we filled the gap.

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The outcome is accurate and exciting.

Association of apolipoprotein A1 -75 G/A polymorphism with susceptibility to the development of acute lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

Introduction

Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) is the major apoprotein constituent of high density lipoprotein (HDL) which exerts innate protective effects in systemic inflammation. However, its role in the acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association between APOA1 -75 G/A polymorphism and the development of ALI after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery.

Materials and methods

A hospital-based case–control study was conducted in patients with ALI (n = 300), patients without ALI (n = 300) and healthy controls (n = 300). Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was applied to assess the APOA1 -75 G/A genotypes.

Results

Patients with ALI had a significantly higher frequency of APOA1 -75 AA genotype [odds ratio (OR) =1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04, 2.92; P = 0.03] than patients without ALI. APOA1 -75 AA genotype (OR =3.47, 95% CI = 1.60, 7.52; P = 0.002) and A allele (OR =1.92, 95% CI = 1.24, 2.96; P = 0.003) were the significant independent prognostic factors for the 30-day survival rate of patients with ALI after CPB surgery.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that APOA1 -75 AA genotype was associated with a higher ALI risk after CPB surgery. Patients with the APOA1 -75 AA genotype and A allele had higher 30-day mortality of ALI after CPB surgery. Additional studies are needed to confirm this finding.

TaqIB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene influences lipid responses to the consumption of kiwifruit in hypercholesterolaemic men

Fruit and vegetables are key elements of a cardioprotective diet, but benefits on plasma lipids, especially HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), are inconsistent both within and between studies. In the present study, we investigated whether four selected HDL-C-related polymorphisms (cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) Taq1B, APOA1 − 75G/A, hepatic lipase (LIPC) − 514C → T, and endothelial lipase (LIPG) I24582) modulate the plasma lipid response to a kiwifruit intervention. This is a retrospective analysis of data collected during a 12-week randomised controlled cross-over trial. A total of eighty-five hypercholesterolaemic men completed a 4-week healthy diet run-in period before being randomised to one of two 4-week intervention sequences of two green kiwifruit/d plus healthy diet (kiwifruit intervention) or healthy diet alone (control intervention). The measurement of anthropometric parameters and collection of fasting blood samples were carried out at baseline 1 and after the run-in (baseline 2) and intervention periods. At baseline 2, B1/B1 homozygotes of the CETPTaq1B gene had significantly higher total cholesterol:HDL-C, TAG:HDL-C, and apoB:apoA1 ratios and small-dense LDL concentrations than B2 carriers. A significant CETP Taq1B genotype × intervention interaction was observed for the TAG:HDL-C ratio (P= 0·03). B1/B1 homozygotes had a significantly lower TAG:HDL-C ( − 0·23 (sd 0·58) mmol/l; P= 0·03) ratio after the kiwifruit intervention than after the control intervention, whereas the ratio of B2 carriers was not affected. The lipid response was not affected by other gene polymorphisms. In conclusion, the significant decrease in the TAG:HDL-C ratio in B1/B1 homozygotes suggests that regular inclusion of green kiwifruit as part of a healthy diet may improve the lipid profiles of hypercholesterolaemic men with this genotype.

Triglyceride level-influencing functional variants of the ANGPTL3, CILP2, and TRIB1 loci in ischemic stroke

Stroke is a common multifactorial disease, and the third leading cause of death worldwide, which results in serious long-term mental and physical disability among survivors. The role of affected triglyceride metabolism in the development of ischemic stroke is under extensive investigations. Here, we examined three SNPs, rs12130333 located within the ANGPTL3 locus; rs16996148 residing at the CILP2 gene locus; and rs17321515 at the TRIB1 locus, which were originally reported in association with decreased triglyceride levels; therefore, we investigated their possible protective effect against the development of ischemic stroke. A total of 459 Caucasian stroke patients, stratified as large-vessel, small-vessel, and mixed stroke groups, and 168 control subjects were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. As a result, we could not detect any differences in triglyceride or total cholesterol levels in relation to any allelic variants of rs16996148, rs17321515, or rs12130333 SNPs. No correlation was found between the minor alleles rs16996148-T (P = 0.881), rs17321515-G (P = 0.070), or rs12130333-T allele (P = 0.757) and the risk for development of stroke. The data presented here suggest different scale of effect of triglyceride modifier alleles and also their variable susceptibility or protective nature.

Genetic analysis of fluvastatin response and dyslipidemia in renal transplant recipients

The Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplantation clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of fluvastatin in reducing cardiovascular (CV) disease in renal transplant recipients. The study included a voluntary pharmacogenetic component, enrolling 1,404 patients, which allowed association testing of baseline measures and longitudinal analysis of the 707 fluvastatin-treated and 697 placebo-treated individuals. A candidate gene approach, examining 42 polymorphisms in 18 genes, was used to test for association between selected polymorphisms and major adverse cardiac events, graft failure, change in LDL and HDL cholesterol, and baseline LDL and HDL cholesterol. Reported associations between cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and baseline HDL cholesterol were replicated, with four previously implicated single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated in males and one in females; tests of reported associations between CETP and CV disease yielded varying results. We found no evidence for genetic factors affecting fluvastatin response. Polymorphisms in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) previously reported to affect the efficacy of pravastatin did not show a similar effect on the reduction of LDL cholesterol by fluvastatin.

ABCA1 polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease

In our search for genetic factors related to the development of Alzheimer's disease, we have genotyped 332 pedigrees for three coding polymorphisms in the ABCA1 gene, two of which are known to alter plasma cholesterol levels, as well as a non-coding polymorphism within the promoter. We show an apparent weak association of rs2230806 (p-value=0.01) with the disease in a sibpair series of Alzheimer's disease that had shown previously evidence for linkage to the chromosome 9 locus where ABCA1 maps.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between lipoprotein lipase Asn291Ser variant and diseases

This systematic review attempted to summarize the associations between the Asn291Ser variant in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and dyslipidemia, the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and coronary heart disease (CHD). In addition, the relationships between the Asn291Ser variant and other metabolic diseases such as obesity and high blood pressure were also investigated in this systematic review. We systematically reviewed the literature by means of a meta-analysis. Twenty-one articles, including 19,246 white subjects, were selected for this meta-analysis. The summary standardized mean difference (SMD) of plasma triglyceride (TG) for carriers compared with noncarriers of the Asn291Ser variant was 3.23 (P < 0.00001). The summary SMD of plasma HDL-cholsterol (HDL-C) for carriers compared with noncarriers of the Asn291Ser variant was -3.42 (P < 0.0001). The summary SMD of the association of the Asn291Ser variant with plasma TG increased with increasing age and weight gain. Significant interactions between the LPL Asn291Ser variant and fasting glucose, T2DM, and CHD were seen (P = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively). No significant interactions were seen between the LPL Asn291Ser variant and body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure (P > 0.05). This meta-analysis indicates that the Asn291Ser variant in the LPL gene is a risk factor for dyslipidemia, characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C levels. And the Asn291Ser variant in the LPL gene predisposes to more severe dyslipidemia with increasing age and weight gain. Also, this meta-analysis shows that the LPL Asn291Ser variant is associated with CHD and T2DM.

Polymorphism in the beta2-adrenergic receptor and lipoprotein lipase genes as risk determinants for idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a multilocus, population-based, prospective genetic analysis

BACKGROUND

Candidate genes in inflammation, thrombosis, coagulation, and lipid metabolism pathways have been implicated in venous thromboembolism (VTE).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using DNA samples collected at baseline in the Physicians' Health Study cohort, we genotyped 92 polymorphisms from 56 candidate genes among 304 individuals who subsequently developed VTE (144 idiopathic, 156 secondary cases) and among 2070 individuals who remained free of reported vascular disease over a mean follow-up of 13.2 years to prospectively determine whether these gene polymorphisms contribute to the risk of VTE. For idiopathic VTE, in addition to the factor V (Leiden) mutation (odds ratio [OR], 5.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.24 to 8.14; P<0.0001; false discovery rate [FDR], P<0.0001), an N291S lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism (OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.56 to 6.09; P=0.001; FDR, P=0.036) and a Q27E beta2-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.79; P=0.006; FDR, P=0.036) were found to be significantly associated with increased risk. For secondary VTE, a Q360H apolipoprotein A4 gene polymorphism (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.65; P=0.001; FDR, P=0.07) and an I50V interleukin-4 receptor polymorphism (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.84; P=0.0009; FDR, P=0.07) were moderately, but not statistically and significantly, associated with reduced risk after adjustment for multiple comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS

These present findings are hypothesis generating and require replication and confirmation in an independent investigation.

APOA1 polymorphisms are associated with variations in serum triglyceride concentrations in hypercholesterolemic individuals

Background: Apolipoprotein A-I gene (

Methods:

Results: G–75A polymorphism was associated with differences in serum concentrations of triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol (p=0.026) in HC men. After atorvastatin treatment, women carrying the

Conclusion: Our data suggest that