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Fitch AK, Malhotra S, Conroy R. Differentiating monogenic and syndromic obesities from polygenic obesity: Assessment, diagnosis, and management. OBESITY PILLARS 2024; 11:100110. [PMID: 38766314 PMCID: PMC11101890 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Obesity is a multifactorial neurohormonal disease that results from dysfunction within energy regulation pathways and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life. The most common form is polygenic obesity, which results from interactions between multiple gene variants and environmental factors. Highly penetrant monogenic and syndromic obesities result from rare genetic variants with minimal environmental influence and can be differentiated from polygenic obesity depending on key symptoms, including hyperphagia; early-onset, severe obesity; and suboptimal responses to nontargeted therapies. Timely diagnosis of monogenic or syndromic obesity is critical to inform management strategies and reduce disease burden. We outline the physiology of weight regulation, role of genetics in obesity, and differentiating characteristics between polygenic and rare genetic obesity to facilitate diagnosis and transition toward targeted therapies. Methods In this narrative review, we focused on case reports, case studies, and natural history studies of patients with monogenic and syndromic obesities and clinical trials examining the efficacy, safety, and quality of life impact of nontargeted and targeted therapies in these populations. We also provide comprehensive algorithms for diagnosis of patients with suspected rare genetic causes of obesity. Results Patients with monogenic and syndromic obesities commonly present with hyperphagia (ie, pathologic, insatiable hunger) and early-onset, severe obesity, and the presence of hallmark characteristics can inform genetic testing and diagnostic approach. Following diagnosis, specialized care teams can address complex symptoms, and hyperphagia is managed behaviorally. Various pharmacotherapies show promise in these patient populations, including setmelanotide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Conclusion Understanding the pathophysiology and differentiating characteristics of monogenic and syndromic obesities can facilitate diagnosis and management and has led to development of targeted pharmacotherapies with demonstrated efficacy for reducing body weight and hunger in the affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonali Malhotra
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
- Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Shin J, Toyoda S, Okuno Y, Hayashi R, Nishitani S, Onodera T, Sakamoto H, Ito S, Kobayashi S, Nagao H, Kita S, Otsuki M, Fukuhara A, Nagata K, Shimomura I. HSP47 levels determine the degree of body adiposity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7319. [PMID: 37951979 PMCID: PMC10640548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiposity varies among individuals with the influence of diverse physiological, pathological, environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors, but a unified molecular basis remains elusive. Here, we identify HSP47, a collagen-specific chaperone, as a key determinant of body adiposity. HSP47 expression is abundant in adipose tissue; increased with feeding, overeating, and obesity; decreased with fasting, exercise, calorie restriction, bariatric surgery, and cachexia; and correlated with fat mass, BMI, waist, and hip circumferences. Insulin and glucocorticoids, respectively, up- and down-regulate HSP47 expression. In humans, the increase of HSP47 gene expression by its intron or synonymous variants is associated with higher body adiposity traits. In mice, the adipose-specific knockout or pharmacological inhibition of HSP47 leads to lower body adiposity compared to the control. Mechanistically, HSP47 promotes collagen dynamics in the folding, secretion, and interaction with integrin, which activates FAK signaling and preserves PPARγ protein from proteasomal degradation, partly related to MDM2. The study highlights the significance of HSP47 in determining the amount of body fat individually and under various circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Shin
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Shinichiro Toyoda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okuno
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Reiko Hayashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nishitani
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Onodera
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Haruyo Sakamoto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Ito
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kobayashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nagao
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunbun Kita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Adipose Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Otsuki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsunori Fukuhara
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Adipose Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Fichtner UA, Armbruster C, Bischoff M, Maiwald P, Sehlbrede M, Tinsel I, Brame J, Kohl J, König D, Fuchs R, Wurst R, Farin-Glattacker E. Evaluation of an Interactive Web-Based Health Program for Weight Loss-A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15157. [PMID: 36429876 PMCID: PMC9690889 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Personal behavior patterns, such as unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity, lead to the development of overweight and obesity. These are associated with other comorbidities, reduced quality of life, premature frailty and increased mortality. Personalized web-based interventions are promising in inducing behavioral change leading to effective reductions in body weight at relatively low costs. However, the long-term effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This work evaluates the effectiveness of web-based interactive weight loss coaching and compares it to a non-interactive web-based health program. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was implemented, measuring primary and secondary outcomes at four time points (program start; end of the 12-week-program; 6 months after program end, 12 months after program end). The net sample covered 1499 subjects in the intervention group and 1492 in the control group. On average, the IG was 43 years old (±13.6), 80.1% male, and had 86.4 kg body weight (±16.1) at baseline. The CG was 42.7 years old (±13.9), 79.5% male and had a mean body weight of 86.1 (±15.7). Multilevel analyses with fixed effects were carried out both from the perspective of an intention-to-treat (ITT) and a complete cases approach (CCA). In sum, our adjusted models suggest a weight loss of 0.4 kg per time point. At the end of the program, significant differences in weight loss in % to baseline (delta M = 1.8 in the CCA) were observed in favor of the intervention group. From a long-term perspective, no superiority of the intervention group in comparison to the control group could be found. More intensive use of the program was not statistically associated with higher weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Alexander Fichtner
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Armbruster
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Bischoff
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Maiwald
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Sehlbrede
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iris Tinsel
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judith Brame
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, Institute for Nutrition, Sports and Health, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Nutrition, Sports and Health, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Fuchs
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ramona Wurst
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Farin-Glattacker
- Section of Health Care Research and Rehabilitation Research, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Tao YX. Mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor: From fish to men. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:215-257. [PMID: 35595350 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), expressed abundantly in the hypothalamus, is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, including both food intake and energy expenditure. Shortly after the publication in 1997 of the Mc4r knockout phenotypes in mice, including increased food intake and severe obesity, the first mutations in MC4R were reported in humans in 1998. Studies in the subsequent two decades have established MC4R mutation as the most common monogenic form of obesity, especially in early-onset severe obesity. Studies in animals, from fish to mammals, have established the conserved physiological roles of MC4R in all vertebrates in regulating energy balance. Drug targeting MC4R has been recently approved for treating morbid genetic obesity. How the MC4R can be exploited for animal production is highly worthy of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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5
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Gasmi A, Mujawdiya PK, Noor S, Piscopo S, Menzel A. Lifestyle Genetics-Based Reports in the Treatment of Obesity. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:707-719. [PMID: 35096307 PMCID: PMC8790989 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356057.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/07/2022]
Abstract
Obesity becomes a chronic disease due to the increasing number of mortality and morbidity cases around the world. In most regions, chronic illnesses, such as obesity, are important sources of morbidity and mortality. Due to a lack of effective strategies for prevention and management, the adverse effects of obesity and related diseases on health continue to be a serious problem. Relevant information was searched from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed using such different terms as "Obesity", "Obesity Management", "Obesity AND Physical activity", "Obesity AND Genetics", "Obesity AND Diet", and "Obesity AND Nutrigenomics". Obesity is characterized by a complex interaction of hereditary and lifestyle factors, which includes food. Diet is an environmental element that plays an important and considerable role in the management of health and reduces the risk of obesity and its comorbidities. Changes in lifestyle patterns not only help burn extra calories but also prevent the development of obesity via its modulating effect on genetic factors. Different people respond differently to an obesogenic environment. The notion of nutrigenetics emerged as a result of various genetic variations that may explain this heterogeneity. Nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenetics, is the study that investigates and analyses gene variations linked to varied responses to certain foods; moreover, it links this variation to diseases, such as obesity. As a result, tailored nutrition advice based on a person's genetic profile may improve the outcomes of a specific dietary strategy and offer a novel dietary strategy to improve life quality and preventing obesity. This study concluded that physical activity and dietary interventions play an effective role in the management of obesity. Moreover, understanding of the function of the most prominent obesity-related genes, as well as the interaction between nutrition and gene expression, will help researchers design personalized treatment strategies for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | - P K Mujawdiya
- Inochi Care Private Limited, New Delhi-110017, India
| | - S Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
| | - S Piscopo
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
- Research and Development Department, Nutri-Logics SA, Weiswampach, Luxembourg
| | - A Menzel
- Laboratoires Réunis, Junglinster, Luxembourg
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6
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Löffler MC, Betz MJ, Blondin DP, Augustin R, Sharma AK, Tseng YH, Scheele C, Zimdahl H, Mark M, Hennige AM, Wolfrum C, Langhans W, Hamilton BS, Neubauer H. Challenges in tackling energy expenditure as obesity therapy: From preclinical models to clinical application. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101237. [PMID: 33878401 PMCID: PMC8122111 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chronic imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure results in excess fat storage. The obesity often caused by this overweight is detrimental to the health of millions of people. Understanding both sides of the energy balance equation and their counter-regulatory mechanisms is critical to the development of effective therapies to treat this epidemic. SCOPE OF REVIEW Behaviors surrounding ingestion have been reviewed extensively. This review focuses more specifically on energy expenditure regarding bodyweight control, with a particular emphasis on the organs and attractive metabolic processes known to reduce bodyweight. Moreover, previous and current attempts at anti-obesity strategies focusing on energy expenditure are highlighted. Precise measurements of energy expenditure, which consist of cellular, animal, and human models, as well as measurements of their translatability, are required to provide the most effective therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A precise understanding of the components surrounding energy expenditure, including tailored approaches based on genetic, biomarker, or physical characteristics, must be integrated into future anti-obesity treatments. Further comprehensive investigations are required to define suitable treatments, especially because the complex nature of the human perspective remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona C Löffler
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthias J Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Augustin
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anand K Sharma
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heike Zimdahl
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Michael Mark
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anita M Hennige
- Therapeutic Area CardioMetabolism & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bradford S Hamilton
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Heike Neubauer
- Cardio Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany.
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7
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Escribe C, Lu T, Keller-Baruch J, Forgetta V, Xiao B, Richards JB, Bhatnagar S, Oualkacha K, Greenwood CMT. Block coordinate descent algorithm improves variable selection and estimation in error-in-variables regression. Genet Epidemiol 2021; 45:874-890. [PMID: 34468045 PMCID: PMC9292988 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Medical research increasingly includes high‐dimensional regression modeling with a need for error‐in‐variables methods. The Convex Conditioned Lasso (CoCoLasso) utilizes a reformulated Lasso objective function and an error‐corrected cross‐validation to enable error‐in‐variables regression, but requires heavy computations. Here, we develop a Block coordinate Descent Convex Conditioned Lasso (BDCoCoLasso) algorithm for modeling high‐dimensional data that are only partially corrupted by measurement error. This algorithm separately optimizes the estimation of the uncorrupted and corrupted features in an iterative manner to reduce computational cost, with a specially calibrated formulation of cross‐validation error. Through simulations, we show that the BDCoCoLasso algorithm successfully copes with much larger feature sets than CoCoLasso, and as expected, outperforms the naïve Lasso with enhanced estimation accuracy and consistency, as the intensity and complexity of measurement errors increase. Also, a new smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalization option is added that may be appropriate for some data sets. We apply the BDCoCoLasso algorithm to data selected from the UK Biobank. We develop and showcase the utility of covariate‐adjusted genetic risk scores for body mass index, bone mineral density, and lifespan. We demonstrate that by leveraging more information than the naïve Lasso in partially corrupted data, the BDCoCoLasso may achieve higher prediction accuracy. These innovations, together with an R package, BDCoCoLasso, make error‐in‐variables adjustments more accessible for high‐dimensional data sets. We posit the BDCoCoLasso algorithm has the potential to be widely applied in various fields, including genomics‐facilitated personalized medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Escribe
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Operations Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tianyuan Lu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences Program, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julyan Keller-Baruch
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bowei Xiao
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences Program, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - J Brent Richards
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sahir Bhatnagar
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karim Oualkacha
- Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Celia M T Greenwood
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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8
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NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach to Investigate the Effects of Fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus in a High-Fat Diet Induced Mouse Model. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080505. [PMID: 34436446 PMCID: PMC8398628 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing and is recognized as a serious health problem. To investigate metabolic changes in an obese model after administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, mice were divided into four groups: normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with treatment fenofibrate, and A. sessiliflorus fruit extract. The liver tissue of mice was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry-based metabolomics. In multivariate statistical analyses, the HFD group was discriminated from the normal diet group, and the group fed A. sessiliflorus fruit was discriminated from the HFD group. In biomarker analysis between the HFD group and the group fed A. sessiliflorus fruit, alanine, inosine, formate, pyroglutamate, taurine, and tyrosine, with AUC values of 0.7 or more, were found. The levels of these metabolites were distinguished from the HFD mouse model. Changes in these metabolites were confirmed to act on metabolic pathways related to antioxidant activity.
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9
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Adebowale TO, Taylor BJ, Gray AR, Galland BC, Heath ALM, Fortune S, Meredith-Jones KA, Sullivan T, McIntosh D, Brosnan B, Taylor RW. Long-Term Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Excessive Weight Gain in Infancy: Protocol for the Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) Follow-Up Study at 11 Years. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e24968. [PMID: 33252344 PMCID: PMC7735907 DOI: 10.2196/24968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of a more conventional food, physical activity, and breastfeeding intervention, with a more novel sleep intervention on weight outcomes at 2 years of age. The trial had 58% uptake at recruitment, and retention was 86% at age 2 years, 77% at age 3.5 years, and 69% at age 5 years. Children who received the brief sleep intervention in infancy had just half the risk of obesity at 2 years of age compared to those who did not receive the sleep intervention. Importantly, this substantially reduced risk was still apparent at our follow-up at 5 years of age. Objective The primary aim of this follow-up at age 11 years is to determine whether differences in BMI z-score and obesity risk remain apparent now that it is at least 9 years since cessation of the sleep intervention. Several secondary outcomes of interest will also be examined including 24-hour movement patterns, mental health and wellbeing, and use of electronic media, particularly prior to sleep. Methods We will seek renewed consent from all 734 of the original 802 POI families who expressed interest in further involvement. Children and parent(s) will attend 2 clinics and 1 home appointment to obtain measures of anthropometry and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan), 24-hour movement patterns (sleep, sedentary time, and physical activity measured using an AX3 accelerometer), mental health and wellbeing (validated questionnaires), family functioning (validated questionnaires), use of electronic media (wearable and stationary cameras, questionnaires), and diet and eating behaviors (24-hour recall, questionnaires). Results This follow-up study has full ethical approval from the University of Otago Human Ethics Committee (H19/109) and was funded in May 2019 by the Health Research Council of New Zealand (grant 19/346). Data collection commenced in June 2020, and first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2022. Conclusions Long-term outcomes of early obesity intervention are rare. Despite the growing body of evidence linking insufficient sleep with an increased risk of obesity in children, interventions targeting improvements in sleep have been insufficiently explored. Our initial follow-up at 5 years of age suggested that an early sleep intervention may have long-term benefits for effective weight management in children. Further analysis in our now preteen population will provide much-needed evidence regarding the long-term effectiveness of sleep interventions in infancy as an obesity prevention approach. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00892983; https://tinyurl.com/y3xepvxf International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/24968
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry J Taylor
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Children's Pavilion Dunedin Public Hospital, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew R Gray
- Biostatistics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barbara C Galland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah Fortune
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Trudy Sullivan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Deborah McIntosh
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bradley Brosnan
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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Steindl SR, Buchanan K, Goss K, Allan S. Compassion focused therapy for eating disorders: A qualitative review and recommendations for further applications. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R. Steindl
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Kiera Buchanan
- Centre for Integrative Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,
| | - Kenneth Goss
- Coventry & Warwickshire Partnership Trust, Coventry Eating Disorder Service, Coventry, UK,
| | - Steven Allan
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK,
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11
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Khodaei F, Ahsan A, Chamanifard M, Zamiri MJ, Ommati MM. Updated information on new coronavirus disease 2019 occurrence, drugs, and prediction of a potential receptor. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22594. [PMID: 32770858 PMCID: PMC7435514 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus (COVID‐19) was first reported in Wuhan in China, on 31 December 2019. COVID‐19 is a new virus from the family of coronaviruses that can cause symptoms ranging from a simple cold to pneumonia. The virus is thought to bind to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, as a well‐known mechanism to enter the cell. It then transfers its DNA to the host in which the virus replicates the DNA. The viral infection leads to severe lack of oxygen, lung oxidative stress because of reactive oxygen species generation, and overactivation of the immune system by activating immune mediators. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the more precise mechanism(s) to manage the treatment of the disease. Regarding the mechanisms of the virus action, the suggested pharmacological and nutritional regimens have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Department of Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Anam Ahsan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Mostafa Chamanifard
- Department of Medical Radiation and Nuclear Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zamiri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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12
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Abedi-Taleb E, Vahabi Z, Sekhavati-Moghadam E, Khedmat L, Jazayeri S, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. Upregulation of FNDC5 gene expression in C2C12 cells after single and combined treatments of resveratrol and ATRA. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:181. [PMID: 31640715 PMCID: PMC6806552 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Irisin is a newly discovered myokine that secreted from skeletal muscle cells. Several studies showed that irisin involves in thermogenesis and increases the expression of browning markers such as uncoupling protein-1 that in turns induces the conversion of white adipose tissue to brown fat. Resveratrol (Res) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can also upregulate the expression of thermogenesis genes. In the present study, the effects of single and combined treatments of Res and ATRA on fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) gene expression was explored. Methods The mouse myoblasts, C2C12 cells, were seeded in 6-well plastic plates and cultured in DMEM media. After differentiation, in a pilot study, C2C12 myotubes were treated with different concentrations of Res and ATRA for 12 h. The best result was obtained by treatment of 1and 25 μM of Res and 1 μM of ATRA. Then the main study was continued by single and combined treatment of these compounds at chosen concentration. After treatments, total RNA was extracted from C2C12 cells. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was generated by the cDNA synthesis kit and FNDC5 mRNA expression was evaluated by the real-time PCR method. Results The FNDC5 gene expression in C2C12 myotubes of alone-treated with 1 μM, 25 μM Res and 10 μM ATRA did not change compared to vehicle group. However, in combination-treated the expression of FNDC5 gene was significantly increased compared to vehicle group. Conclusion This is the first evidence that Res and ATRA can regulate FNDC5 gene expression in C2C12 myotubes. More investigations are necessary to explore the therapeutic effects of these nutrients in obesity, diabetes, cardiac and neurovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Abedi-Taleb
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leila Khedmat
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Jazayeri
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 141613151, Iran.
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13
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Walker C, Gibney ER, Mathers JC, Hellweg S. Comparing environmental and personal health impacts of individual food choices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:609-620. [PMID: 31195322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary choices affect personal health and environmental impacts, but little is known about the relation between these outcomes. Here we examine the intake-related health impacts and the food-production related impacts to ecosystems and human health by applying life cycle impact assessment methods to habitual diet data of 1457 European adults. We measured food production impacts for each individual in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) as calculated by the Recipe 2016 life cycle impact assessment method using secondary production data, which were then compared with their personal health DALYs predicted from the known relationships between dietary choices and disease risk. Across this population cohort, each individual was estimated to lose on average 2.5 ± 0.9 DALYs per lifetime due to sub-optimal dietary intake (with seed and vegetable under-consumption the greatest contributors) and their food choices caused environmental human health impacts of 2.4 ± 1.3 DALYs (particularly due to the damage associated with production of meats, milk, and vegetables). Overall, there was no relationship between a healthier dietary pattern and the environmental human health impacts associated with production of its constituent foods (i.e. healthier diets did not have lower or higher production impacts). This was due to a combination of decreased meat consumption correlating with increased consumption of other foods, as well as the fact that under-consumption of some low impact foods yielded high personal health consequences. However, for specific food items synergies and tradeoffs could be identified. For example, reduced processed meat consumption benefits both personal and environmental health. Every DALY caused by higher whole grain and vegetable production and consumption would be offset by reduced disease risk that equated to an average of 7.7 (5.7 to 10.4) and 1.4 (0.9 to 2.5) lower personal health DALYs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Walker
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, HPZ E33, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, HPZ E33, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Yılmaz R, Ateş Ö, Gül A, Kasap T, Özer S, Ensari E. Association Between Trp64arg Polymorphism of the β3 adrenoreceptor Gene and Female Sex in Obese Turkish Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2019; 22:460-469. [PMID: 31555571 PMCID: PMC6751107 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.5.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is expressed in visceral adipose tissue and has been speculated to contribute to lipolysis, energy metabolism, and regulation of the metabolic rate. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene with the sex of children with obesity and related pathologies. METHODS ADRB3 gene trp64arg genotyping was conducted in 441 children aged 6-18 years. Among these subjects, 264 were obese (103 boys; 161 girls) and 179 were of normal weight (81 boys; 98 girls). In the obese group, fasting lipids, glucose and insulin levels, and blood pressure were measured. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to the modified World Health Organization criteria adapted for children. RESULTS The frequency of trp64arg genotype was similar in obese and normal weight children. In obese children, serum lipid, glucose, and insulin levels; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores; and MS were not different between arg allele carriers (trp64arg) and noncarriers (trp64trp). In 264 obese children, genetic analysis results revealed that the arg allele carriers were significantly higher in girls than in boys (p=0.001). In the normal weight group, no statistically significant difference was found between genotypes of boys and girls (p=0.771). CONCLUSION Trp64arg polymorphism of the ADRB3 gene was not associated with obesity and MS in Turkish children and adolescents. Although no relationships were observed between the genotypes and lipids, glucose/insulin levels, or HOMA-IR, the presence of trp64arg variant was frequent in obese girls, which can lead to weight gain as well as difficulty in losing weight in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resul Yılmaz
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Selcuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ateş
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ali Gül
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kasap
- Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Samet Özer
- Clinic of Pediatrics, Memorial Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emel Ensari
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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15
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Powell CA, Choudhury M. Advancing metabolism research to overcome low litter survival in metabolically stressed mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E261-E268. [PMID: 31084500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00024.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism underlying the transmission of metabolic disease to subsequent generations requires robust preclinical mouse breeding strategies. Western diets rich in fat and carbohydrates are contributing factors in the rise of diabetes and obesity rates worldwide. Therefore, determining the impact of Western diets consumed by parents on offspring and future generations is critical for understanding the perpetuation of these diseases. Specifically, epigenetic regulation and transgenerational inheritance of metabolic disease is an emerging field of study requiring robust murine models. However, a major challenge to transgenerational studies is offspring mortality, exacerbated by maternal stress during pregnancy. Here, we describe a challenge experienced in our metabolic research in Western diet-fed female mice leading to the loss of litters via pup mortality and cannibalism by the mother. Furthermore, our study evaluates various breeding schemes with pregnancy efficiency and refined husbandry techniques to overcome pup mortality and infanticide, to characterize dams' and pups' metabolic characteristics, and to determine the impact on physiology of dams under detailed breeding schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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16
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Xiong R, Spaccarotella K, Quick V, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Generational Differences: A Comparison of Weight-Related Cognitions and Behaviors of Generation X and Millennial Mothers of Preschool Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132431. [PMID: 31323912 PMCID: PMC6651214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A ‘generation’ is an identifiable group sharing birth years and significant life events at critical developmental ages. There is a paucity of literature examining how parental cognitions and lifestyle behaviors differ by generation and whether generational differences are substantial enough to warrant consideration during the development of health interventions. This study compared generational differences in weight-related cognitions and lifestyle behaviors of mothers of young children who were categorized as Generation X (born 1965–1981, n = 158) and Generation Y (aka Millennials; born 1982–1999, n = 162). Survey results indicated that Generation X had significantly higher family affluence; thus, this was controlled in subsequent analyses. Analysis of covariance indicated that Millennials had more positive expectations about the benefits of engaging in healthy eating and physical activity than comparators, but not significantly so. Millennial mothers placed significantly higher value on physical activity for themselves than Generation X mothers, but both generations were neutral on the value of personal physical activity. No generational differences were noted in self-efficacy of mothers for promoting childhood obesity-prevention practices to children and self-efficacy for personally engaging in weight-protective behaviors. Millennial mothers had significantly more family meals/week, however generations did not differ on the value placed on family meals, where family meals were eaten, or whether media devices were used at mealtime. Few differences were noted between the generations for most child feeding behaviors, except that Millennials reported placing significantly less pressure on children to eat. Mothers’ modeling of weight-related behaviors as a means for children’s observational learning about healthy eating, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors did not differ by generational group. The eating behaviors of mothers differed little between generations. Millennial mothers allowed significantly more media devices in children’s bedrooms and personally engaged in more screen time daily than comparators. Overall, the two generational groups were more similar than different in weight-related cognitions as well as for personal and parenting lifestyle behaviors. The results suggest that tailoring interventions for individuals at a similar life-stage (e.g., mothers of young children) by generation may not be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Xiong
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim Spaccarotella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07082, USA
| | - Virginia Quick
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Carol Byrd-Bredbenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 26 Nichol Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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17
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Alam MM, Hawlader MDH, Wahab A, Hossain MD, Nishat SA, Zaman S, Ahsan GU. Determinants of overweight and obesity among urban school-going children and adolescents: a case-control study in Bangladesh. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2019; 33:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2018-0034/ijamh-2018-0034.xml. [PMID: 31075080 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood overweight and obesity is a major public health concern all over the world. Overweight or obese children have a higher risk of becoming obese in adulthood and are at higher risk of associated chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among urban school children and adolescents in Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted among students aged 10-16 years in 10 schools of Dhaka city. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information and students' exposure to various risk factors. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 23. RESULTS Family income (p = 0.000), mother's weight (p = 0.036), school activity (p = 0.046), total physical activity (p = 0.008), sedentary activities (p = 0.014), eating fast food (0.008) and cakes/biscuits (p = 0.018) were found as potential determinants of overweight and obesity of children and adolescents. A multiple logistic regression revealed family income >50,000 per month [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.07, p = 0.001], no physical activity (AOR = 38.3, p = 0.004), more than 4 h of sedentary activities (AOR = 4.84, p = 0.02), regular consumption of fast food (AOR = 3.05, p = 0.042) are risk factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity. Whereas, having a normal weight mother (AOR = 0.51, p = 0.037) and eating cakes/biscuits less than 3 days a week (AOR = 0.33, p = 0.02) were found as protective factors. CONCLUSION Findings from this study will be very useful for public health professionals to increase awareness regarding risk factors of overweight and obesity, in order to reduce the future burden of obesity-associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Plot # 15, Block # B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh, Phone: +88-02-55668200, Ext: 1901
| | - Abrar Wahab
- North South University, Department of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Delowar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Shajeda Akter Nishat
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjana Zaman
- North South University, Department of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gias Uddin Ahsan
- North South University, Department of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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Analysis of the efficacy of an internet-based self-administered intervention (“Living Better”) to promote healthy habits in a population with obesity and hypertension: An exploratory randomized controlled trial. Int J Med Inform 2019; 124:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Doornweerd S, De Geus EJ, Barkhof F, Van Bloemendaal L, Boomsma DI, Van Dongen J, Drent ML, Willemsen G, Veltman DJ, IJzerman RG. Brain reward responses to food stimuli among female monozygotic twins discordant for BMI. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:718-727. [PMID: 28597337 PMCID: PMC5990553 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals are characterized by altered brain reward responses to food. Despite the latest discovery of obesity-associated genes, the contribution of environmental and genetic factors to brain reward responsiveness to food remains largely unclear. Sixteen female monozygotic twin pairs with a mean BMI discordance of 3.96 ± 2.1 kg/m2 were selected from the Netherlands Twin Register to undergo functional MRI scanning while watching high- and low-calorie food and non-food pictures and during the anticipation and receipt of chocolate milk. In addition, appetite ratings, eating behavior and food intake were assessed using visual analog scales, validated questionnaires and an ad libitum lunch. In the overall group, visual and taste stimuli elicited significant activation in regions of interest (ROIs) implicated in reward, i.e. amygdala, insula, striatum and orbitofrontal cortex. However, when comparing leaner and heavier co-twins no statistically significant differences in ROI-activations were observed after family wise error correction. Heavier versus leaner co-twins reported higher feelings of hunger (P = 0.02), cravings for sweet food (P = 0.04), body dissatisfaction (P < 0.05) and a trend towards more emotional eating (P = 0.1), whereas caloric intake was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.3). Our results suggest that inherited rather than environmental factors are largely responsible for the obesity-related altered brain responsiveness to food. Future studies should elucidate the genetic variants underlying the susceptibility to reward dysfunction and obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02025595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stieneke Doornweerd
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eco J De Geus
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Van Bloemendaal
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Van Dongen
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madeleine L Drent
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G IJzerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Dwivedi DK, Kumar D, Kwatra M, Pandey SN, Choubey P, Lahkar M, Jangra A. Voluntary alcohol consumption exacerbated high fat diet-induced cognitive deficits by NF-κB-calpain dependent apoptotic cell death in rat hippocampus: Ameliorative effect of melatonin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1393-1403. [PMID: 30372842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern sedentary lifestyle with altered dietary habits imposes the risk of human health towards several metabolic disorders such as obesity. The metabolic insults negatively affect the mental health status and quality life of affected individuals. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of melatonin on the cognitive and neurochemical deficits induced by the high-fat diet (HFD) and alcohol (ALC) alone or in combination (HFD + ALC) in rats. Male Wistar rats were given ALC (3-15% i.e. increased gradually) and HFD for 12 weeks in different experimental groups. After 12 weeks, we found that simultaneous consumption of HFD and ALC exacerbates cognitive dysfunction and neurochemical anomalies. However, melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) treatment for four weeks significantly prevented memory deficits, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in HFD, ALC and HFD + ALC groups. RT-PCR analysis showed down-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in ALC and HFD + ALC groups. Moreover, caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) mRNA expression level were found up-regulated in hippocampus of HFD, ALC and HFD + ALC groups. However, calpain expression was found up-regulated only in the hippocampus of HFD + ALC group. Chronic treatment with melatonin significantly restored the aberrant gene expression level in HFD, ALC and HFD + ALC group. In conclusion, our findings indicated that melatonin can mitigate the HFD and ALC-induced cognitive deficits via attenuation of oxidative stress and calpain-1 dependent as well as independent caspase-3 mediated neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mohit Kwatra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Surya Narayan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Priyansha Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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21
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Sun D, Heianza Y, Li X, Shang X, Smith SR, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Qi L. Genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variations at NFATC2IP locus with weight loss in response to diet interventions: The POUNDS Lost Trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2298-2303. [PMID: 29693310 PMCID: PMC6105429 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA Methylation of NFATC2IP was recently identified as being causally related to body mass index. The present study aimed to examine the roles of the genetic variation, methylation and gene expression at this locus in adiposity changes in a 2-year weight-loss trial. Participants (n = 692) were genotyped and randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 reduced-calorie diets, DNA methylation was derived from stored blood samples at baseline (n = 48), and adipose tissue gene expression was measured in 96 volunteers. We found significant interactions of fat intake with the genetic (rs11150675) and transcriptional (ILMN_1725441) variations at the NFATC2IP locus on 2-year weight change (Pinteraction < .01). Similarly, cis-DNA methylation at cg26663590 of the NFATC2IP locus showed an opposite impact on weight-loss in response to high-fat vs low-fat diet (effect size, 4.62 vs -1.24 kg). Additionally, baseline methylation at cg26663590 causally mediated 52.8% of the effect of rs11150675 on 2-year weight-loss in the high-fat diet group (P = .01), whereas no such mediation was observed in the low-fat diet group. Our findings suggest potentially causal effects of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variations at the NFATC2IP locus on adiposity changes in response to dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Steven R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center/LSU, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Mitra SR, Tan PY, Amini F. Effect ofFTOrs9930506 on obesity and interaction of the gene variants with dietary protein and vitamin E on C-reactive protein levels in multi-ethnic Malaysian adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:758-772. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Mitra
- School of Biosciences; Faculty of Science; University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Semenyih Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - P. Y. Tan
- School of Biosciences; Faculty of Science; University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Semenyih Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - F. Amini
- School of Healthy Aging, Medical Aesthetics & Regenerative Medicine; UCSI University; Kuala Lumpur Wilayah Persekutuan Malaysia
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Hidese S, Asano S, Saito K, Sasayama D, Kunugi H. Association of depression with body mass index classification, metabolic disease, and lifestyle: A web-based survey involving 11,876 Japanese people. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:23-28. [PMID: 29567524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle-related physical illnesses have been implicated in the pathology of depression. We aimed to investigate the association of depression wih BMI classification (i.e., underweight, normal, overweight, and obese), metabolic disease, and lifestyle using a web-based survey in a large cohort. Participants were 1000 individuals who have had depression (mean age: 41.4 ± 12.3 years, 501 men) and 10,876 population-based controls (45.1 ± 13.6 years, 5691 men). The six-item Kessler scale (K6) test was used as a psychological distress scale. Compared to in the controls, obesity and hyperlipidemia were more common and frequency of a snack or night meal consumption was higher, whereas frequencies of breakfast consumption and vigorous and moderate physical activities were lower in the patients. K6 test scores were higher for underweight or obese people compared to normal or overweight people. A logistic regression analysis showed that the K6 test cut-off score was positively associated with being underweight, hyperlipidemia, and the frequency of a snack or night meal consumption, whereas it was negatively associated with the frequency of breakfast consumption in the patients. Logistic regression analyses showed that self-reported depression was positively associated with metabolic diseases and the frequency of a snack or night meal consumption, whereas it was negatively associated with the frequency of breakfast consumption. The observed associations of depression with BMI classification, metabolic disease, and lifestyle suggest that lifestyle and related physical conditions are involved in at least a portion of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience (NCNP), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinya Asano
- Genequest Inc, 5-22-37, Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0022, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Genequest Inc, 5-22-37, Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0022, Japan
| | - Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience (NCNP), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience (NCNP), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
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Jain R, Austin Pickens C, Fenton JI. The role of the lipidome in obesity-mediated colon cancer risk. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:1-9. [PMID: 29605789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation influenced by lipids such as fatty acids and their secondary oxygenated metabolites deemed oxylipids. Many such lipid mediators serve as potent signaling molecules of inflammation, which can further alter lipid metabolism and lead to carcinogenesis. For example, sphingosine-1-phosphate activates cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial cells resulting in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 promotes colon cancer cell growth. In contrast, the less studied path of AA oxygenation via cytochrome p450 enzymes produces epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EETs), whose anti-inflammatory properties cause shrinking of enlarged adipocytes, a characteristic of obesity, through the liberation of fatty acids. It is now thought that EET depletion occurs in obesity and may contribute to colon cell carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, gangliosides, a type of sphingolipid, are cell surface signaling molecules that contribute to the apoptosis of colon tumor cells. Many of these discoveries have been made recently and the mechanisms are still not fully understood, leading to an exciting new chapter of lipidomic research. In this review, mechanisms behind obesity-associated colon cancer are discussed with a focus on the role of small lipid signaling molecules in the process. Specifically, changes in lipid metabolite levels during obesity and the development of colon cancer, as well as novel biomarkers and targets for therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Jain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Lamb KE, Thornton LE, Olstad DL, Cerin E, Ball K. Associations between major chain fast-food outlet availability and change in body mass index: a longitudinal observational study of women from Victoria, Australia. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016594. [PMID: 29042381 PMCID: PMC5652467 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The residential neighbourhood fast-food environment has the potential to lead to increased levels of obesity by providing opportunities for residents to consume energy-dense products. This longitudinal study aimed to examine whether change in body mass index (BMI) differed dependent on major chain fast-food outlet availability among women residing in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. SETTING Eighty disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Sample of 882 women aged 18-46 years at baseline (wave I: 2007/2008) who remained at the same residential location at all three waves (wave II: 2010/2011; wave III: 2012/2013) of the Resilience for Eating and Activity Despite Inequality study. PRIMARY OUTCOME BMI based on self-reported height and weight at each wave. RESULTS There was no evidence of an interaction between time and the number of major chain fast-food outlets within 2 (p=0.88), 3 (p=0.66) or 5 km (p=0.24) in the multilevel models of BMI. Furthermore, there was no evidence of an interaction between time and change in availability at any distance and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Change in BMI was not found to differ by residential major chain fast-food outlet availability among Victorian women residing in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. It may be that exposure to fast-food outlets around other locations regularly visited influence change in BMI. Future research needs to consider what environments are the key sources for accessing and consuming fast food and how these relate to BMI and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Lamb
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lukar E Thornton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Australian Catholic University, Institute for Health and Ageing, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kylie Ball
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Raman L. Do children think that inheritance determines height and weight? INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Raman
- Department of Psychology; Oakland University; Rochester Michigan USA
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Gul A, Ateş Ö, Özer S, Kasap T, Ensari E, Demir O, Sönmezgöz E. Role of the Polymorphisms of Uncoupling Protein Genes in Childhood Obesity and Their Association with Obesity-Related Disturbances. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:531-538. [PMID: 28704105 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, one of the most common disorders observed in clinical practice, has been associated with energy metabolism-related protein genes such as uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Herein, we evaluated UCPs as candidate genes for obesity and its morbidities. METHODS A total of 268 obese and 185 nonobese children and adolescents were enrolled in this study. To determine dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, laboratory tests were derived from fasting blood samples. UCP1-3826 A/G, UCP2 exon 8 deletion/insertion (del/ins), and UCP3-55C/T variants were also genotyped, and the relationships among the polymorphisms of these UCPs and obesity morbidities were investigated. RESULTS The mean ages of the obese and control groups were 11.61 ± 2.83 and 10.74 ± 3.36 years, respectively. The respective genotypic frequencies of the AA, AG, and GG genotypes of UCP1 were 46.3%, 33.2%, and 20.5% in obese subjects and 46.5%, 42.2%, and 11.4% in the controls (p = 0.020). G alleles were more frequent in obese subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (42.9%; p = 0.048) than in those without, and the GG genotype presented an odds ratio for obesity of 2.02 (1.17-3.47; p = 0.010). The polymorphisms of UCP2 exon 8 del/ins and UCP3-55C/T did not influence obesity risk (p > 0.05). The I (ins) allele was associated with low HDL cholesterolemia (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION The GG genotype of the UCP1-3826 A/G polymorphism appears to contribute to the onset of childhood obesity in Turkish children. The GG genotype of UCP1, together with the del/del genotype of the UCP2 polymorphism, may increase the risk of obesity with synergistic effects. The ins allele of the UCP2 exon 8 del/ins polymorphism may contribute to low HDL cholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gul
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ateş
- 2 Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
| | - Samet Özer
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kasap
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
| | - Emel Ensari
- 2 Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
| | - Osman Demir
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ergün Sönmezgöz
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat, Turkey
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Validation of optimal reference genes for quantitative real time PCR in muscle and adipose tissue for obesity and diabetes research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3612. [PMID: 28620170 PMCID: PMC5472619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity has led to an increasing need for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive this epidemic and its comorbidities. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most reliable and widely used method for gene expression analysis. The selection of suitable reference genes (RGs) is critical for obtaining accurate gene expression information. The current study aimed to identify optimal RGs to perform quantitative transcriptomic analysis based on RT-qPCR for obesity and diabetes research, employing in vitro and mouse models, and human tissue samples. Using the ReFinder program we evaluated the stability of a total of 15 RGs. The impact of choosing the most suitable RGs versus less suitable RGs on RT-qPCR results was assessed. Optimal RGs differed between tissue and cell type, species, and experimental conditions. By employing different sets of RGs to normalize the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), we show that sub-optimal RGs can markedly alter the PGC1α gene expression profile. Our study demonstrates the importance of validating RGs prior to normalizing transcriptional expression levels of target genes and identifies optimal RG pairs for reliable RT-qPCR normalization in cells and in human and murine muscle and adipose tissue for obesity/diabetes research.
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Shool F, Ostadrahimi A, Lotfi H, Abbasi Majdi M, Mahmoudi R, Niknam Moghanloo M, Ghafarian Alipour F, Porfaraj S, Zarghami N. Correlation between adiponectin level with common variant (rs9939609) of fat mass and obesity-associated gene in obese type 2 diabetic women. J Nephropharmacol 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/npj.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020273. [PMID: 28134808 PMCID: PMC5343809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrally-mediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin’s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.
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Masic U, Christiansen P, Boyland EJ. The influence of calorie and physical activity labelling on snack and beverage choices. Appetite 2017; 112:52-58. [PMID: 28082195 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much research suggests nutrition labelling does not influence lower energy food choice. This study aimed to assess the impact of physical activity based and kilocalorie (Kcal) based labels on the energy content of snack food and beverage choices made. METHODS An independent-groups design, utilizing an online questionnaire platform tested 458 UK adults (87 men), aged 18-64 years (mean: 30 years) whose BMI ranged from 16 to 41 kg/m2 (mean: 24 kg/m2). Participants were randomized to one of four label information conditions (no label, Kcal label, physical activity label [duration of walking required to burn the Kcal in the product], Kcal and physical activity label) and were asked to choose from higher and lower energy options for a series of items. RESULTS Label condition significantly affected low vs. high-energy product selection of snack foods (p < 0.001) and beverages (p < 0.001). The physical activity label condition resulted in significantly lower energy snack and beverage choices than the Kcal label condition (p < 0.001). This effect was found across the full sample and persisted even when participants' dietary restraint, BMI, gender, socioeconomic status, habitual physical activity, calorie and numerical literacy were controlled. CONCLUSION The provision of physical activity information appeared most effective in influencing the selection of lower Kcal snack food and beverage items, when compared with no information or Kcal information. These findings could inform the debate around potential legislative policies to facilitate healthier nutritional choices at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Masic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
| | - P Christiansen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
| | - E J Boyland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
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Role of PTEN in Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in the Liver of Whole-Body Pten Haplodeficient Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166956. [PMID: 27893783 PMCID: PMC5125655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are frequently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and with an elevated cancer incidence. The molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in this context are only partially understood. High blood insulin levels are typical in early T2DM and excessive insulin can cause elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and genomic instability. ROS are important for various cellular functions in signaling and host defense. However, elevated ROS formation is thought to be involved in cancer induction. In the molecular events from insulin receptor binding to genomic damage, some signaling steps have been identified, pointing at the PI3K/AKT pathway. For further elucidation Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (Pten), a tumour suppressor phosphatase that plays a role in insulin signaling by negative regulation of PI3K/AKT and its downstream targets, was investigated here. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was used to detect ROS formation in immortalized human hepatocytes. Comet assay and micronucleus test were performed to investigate genomic damage in vitro. In liver samples, DHE staining and western blot detection of HSP70 and HO-1 were performed to evaluate oxidative stress response. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were detected by immunohistostaining. Inhibition of PTEN with the pharmacologic inhibitor VO-OHpic resulted in increased ROS production and genomic damage in a liver cell line. Knockdown of Pten in a mouse model yielded increased oxidative stress levels, detected by ROS levels and expression of the two stress-proteins HSP70 and HO-1 and elevated genomic damage in the liver, which was significant in mice fed with a high fat diet. We conclude that PTEN is involved in oxidative stress and genomic damage induction in vitro and that this may also explain the in vivo observations. This further supports the hypothesis that the PI3K/AKT pathway is responsible for damaging effects of high levels of insulin.
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Substitution Models of Water for Other Beverages, and the Incidence of Obesity and Weight Gain in the SUN Cohort. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110688. [PMID: 27809239 PMCID: PMC5133076 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major epidemic for developed countries in the 21st century. The main cause of obesity is energy imbalance, of which contributing factors include a sedentary lifestyle, epigenetic factors and excessive caloric intake through food and beverages. A high consumption of caloric beverages, such as alcoholic or sweetened drinks, may particularly contribute to weight gain, and lower satiety has been associated with the intake of liquid instead of solid calories. Our objective was to evaluate the association between the substitution of a serving per day of water for another beverage (or group of them) and the incidence of obesity and weight change in a Mediterranean cohort, using mathematical models. We followed 15,765 adults without obesity at baseline. The intake of 17 beverage items was assessed at baseline through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The outcomes were average change in body weight in a four-year period and new-onset obesity and their association with the substitution of one serving per day of water for one of the other beverages. During the follow-up, 873 incident cases of obesity were identified. In substitution models, the consumption of water instead of beer or sugar-sweetened soda beverages was associated with a lower obesity incidence (the Odds Ratio (OR) 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68 to 0.94) and OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.97); respectively) and, in the case of beer, it was also associated with a higher average weight loss (weight change difference = −328 g; (95% CI −566 to −89)). Thus, this study found that replacing one sugar-sweetened soda beverage or beer with one serving of water per day at baseline was related to a lower incidence of obesity and to a higher weight loss over a four-year period time in the case of beer, based on mathematical models.
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Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling Shapes the Gut Microbiota and Controls Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. mSystems 2016; 1:mSystems00070-16. [PMID: 27822554 PMCID: PMC5080402 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00070-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in mediating the dialog between the host and gut microbiota, particularly through modulation of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Mounting evidence suggests that genetic ablation of Fxr in the gut or gut-restricted chemical antagonism of the FXR promotes beneficial health effects, including the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rodent models. However, questions remain unanswered, including whether modulation of FXR activity plays a role in shaping the gut microbiota community structure and function and what metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota contribute in an FXR-dependent manner to the host phenotype. In this report, new insights are gained into the metabolic contribution of the gut microbiota to the metabolic phenotypes, including establishing a link between FXR antagonism, bacterial bile salt hydrolase activity, and fermentation. Multiple approaches, including unique mouse models as well as metabolomics and genome-scale metabolic models, were employed to confirm these results. The gut microbiota modulates obesity and associated metabolic phenotypes in part through intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling. Glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA), an intestinal FXR antagonist, has been reported to prevent or reverse high-fat diet (HFD)-induced and genetic obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver; however, the mechanism by which these phenotypes are improved is not fully understood. The current study investigated the influence of FXR activity on the gut microbiota community structure and function and its impact on hepatic lipid metabolism. Predictions about the metabolic contribution of the gut microbiota to the host were made using 16S rRNA-based PICRUSt (phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states), then validated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics, and results were summarized by using genome-scale metabolic models. Oral Gly-MCA administration altered the gut microbial community structure, notably reducing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and its PICRUSt-predicted metabolic function, including reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (substrates for hepatic gluconeogenesis and de novo lipogenesis) in the ceca of HFD-fed mice. Metabolic improvement was intestinal FXR dependent, as revealed by the lack of changes in HFD-fed intestine-specific Fxr-null (FxrΔIE) mice treated with Gly-MCA. Integrative analyses based on genome-scale metabolic models demonstrated an important link between Lactobacillus and Clostridia bile salt hydrolase activity and bacterial fermentation. Hepatic metabolite levels after Gly-MCA treatment correlated with altered levels of gut bacterial species. In conclusion, modulation of the gut microbiota by inhibition of intestinal FXR signaling alters host liver lipid metabolism and improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. IMPORTANCE The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in mediating the dialog between the host and gut microbiota, particularly through modulation of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Mounting evidence suggests that genetic ablation of Fxr in the gut or gut-restricted chemical antagonism of the FXR promotes beneficial health effects, including the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rodent models. However, questions remain unanswered, including whether modulation of FXR activity plays a role in shaping the gut microbiota community structure and function and what metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota contribute in an FXR-dependent manner to the host phenotype. In this report, new insights are gained into the metabolic contribution of the gut microbiota to the metabolic phenotypes, including establishing a link between FXR antagonism, bacterial bile salt hydrolase activity, and fermentation. Multiple approaches, including unique mouse models as well as metabolomics and genome-scale metabolic models, were employed to confirm these results.
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Buchanan K, Sheffield J. Why do diets fail? An exploration of dieters' experiences using thematic analysis. J Health Psychol 2015; 22:906-915. [PMID: 26679713 DOI: 10.1177/1359105315618000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has drawn on theoretical models and clinical observations to develop propositions regarding the mechanisms of diet failure, with only one study examining it directly from the perspective of dieters themselves. Furthermore, research to date has failed to provide an empirically validated, multi-factorial model of diet failure, despite the issue being recognised as a complex and multifaceted one. This study extended on previous research by examining themes of diet failure from the perspective of dieters ( n = 22) and health professionals in the field ( n = 5).
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The effect of rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism on weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc 2015; 30:121-5. [PMID: 25801113 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Remarkable differences in weight loss have been observed in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). These high variations might be partly explained by genetic factors. The rs9939609 fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) polymorphism has been implicated in the susceptibility of obesity. We aimed to explore the effects of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism on weight loss among severely obese patients applying for LSG. MATERIALS AND METHODS All individuals were analyzed for the FTO rs9939609 gene polymorphism. A total of 74 morbid obese patients (20 male, 54 female) were operated. Body weight and body mass index (BMI) were measured at before LSG and after surgery at the sixth month. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (37.8%) had genotype TT (wild-type allel), 36 patients (48.6%) had genotype TA, and 10 patients (13.5%) had genotype AA. In both wild-type group and mutant group, BMI and weight levels decreased at the sixth month after surgery. Percent of excess weight loss (EWL) at 6 months of follow-up was similar in both groups. There were no differences between the mutant and wild-type groups percent of EWL at the sixth month after applying LSG. CONCLUSION Our data showed that the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism is not a useful genetic test prior to LSG to help clinicians predicting the weight loss for severely obese patients in short-term follow-up.
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Rathnayake KM, Roopasingam T, Wickramasighe VP. Nutritional and behavioral determinants of adolescent obesity: a case-control study in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1291. [PMID: 25519979 PMCID: PMC4302095 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global prevalence of adolescent obesity is rising at an alarming rate leading to increase risk of adult obesity. Obesity in adolescence is postulated to have a significant impact on both physical and psychological health of an individual. The study aim was to identify nutritional and behavioral risk factors associated with obesity among adolescent Sri Lankan school girls. METHODS In this case-control study, age and ethnicity matched 100 cases (BMI-for-age above +2SD) and 100 controls (BMI-for-age between -2SD to +1 SD) adolescent girls between 14 to 18 years of age were recruited. Predicted risk factors of obesity were assessed through an interviewer administrated questionnaire. A three day diet diary and long version of international physical activity questionnaire were used to assess daily energy intake and energy expenditure from physical activity, respectively. The significant differences in mean values were evaluated using paired t-test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors associated with obesity. RESULTS Obese girls had significantly higher BMI (31.3, 20.2 kgm-2 p < 0.0001), waist circumference (90.8, 68.2 cm p < 0.0001), energy intake (2235.4, 1921.7 kcal p < 0.0001) and lower energy expenditure from physical activity (894.6, 1844.3 MET (metabolic equivalent)-min/week p < 0.0001). High family income (Odds ratio [OR], 2.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-7.88), first born in family (2.73, 1.25-5.97), skipping breakfast (3.99, 1.81-8.80), consumption of fruits < 4 days per week (2.18, 1.02-4.67), screen viewing > 2 hours/ day (2.96, 1.33-6.61), energy intake (3.97, 3.19-16.36), significantly increased the risk of obesity, whereas increased physical activity (4.34, 1.33-14.14) decreased the risk. Irregular menstruation (4.34, 1.33-14.14) was noted among the obese. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic and behavior factors are major determinants of adolescent obesity in Sri Lanka. There is an urgent need to implement awareness as well as behavior modification programmes targeting adolescents, parents and schools to control childhood and adolescent obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari M Rathnayake
- />Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, 60170 Sri Lanka
| | - Tharrmini Roopasingam
- />Department of Applied Nutrition, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, 60170 Sri Lanka
| | - VP Wickramasighe
- />Department of Paediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Moreira RPP, Villares SM, Madureira G, Mendonca BB, Bachega TASS. Obesity and familial predisposition are significant determining factors of an adverse metabolic profile in young patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:111-8. [PMID: 23921174 DOI: 10.1159/000353762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is known to predispose to an adverse metabolic profile. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and to correlate this prevalence with GC treatment and family history. METHODS The study population consisted of 33 young CAH patients who received cortisone acetate during their growth periods; those who were salt wasters also received fludrocortisone. Obesity was defined by a body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile and MetS by the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel modified criteria. Each patient's familial history of MetS components was assessed. The impact of GC therapy on the metabolic profile was analyzed by comparing CAH patients with BMI z-score-matched controls. RESULTS MetS and obesity were observed in 12.1 and 30.3% of the CAH patients, respectively, both of which were higher than in the reference population. A positive family history of MetS was found to be more prevalent in the obese patients compared with the nonobese CAH patients, and similar findings were observed for the controls. The metabolic profile did not differ between the CAH patients and matched subjects. CONCLUSION CAH patients presented a higher prevalence of obesity and MetS, which were not correlated with the GC treatment. This study suggests that obesity and familial predisposition are significant determining factors for an adverse metabolic profile in CAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P P Moreira
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Liao Y, Liao J, Durand CP, Dunton GF. Which type of sedentary behaviour intervention is more effective at reducing body mass index in children? A meta-analytic review. Obes Rev 2014; 15:159-68. [PMID: 24588966 PMCID: PMC4131845 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour is emerging as an independent risk factor for paediatric obesity. Some evidence suggests that limiting sedentary behaviour alone could be effective in reducing body mass index (BMI) in children. However, whether adding physical activity and diet-focused components to sedentary behaviour reduction interventions could lead to an additive effect is unclear. This meta-analysis aims to assess the overall effect size of sedentary behaviour interventions on BMI reduction and to compare whether interventions that have multiple components (sedentary behaviour, physical activity and diet) have a higher mean effect size than interventions with single (sedentary behaviour) component. Included studies (n = 25) were randomized controlled trials of children (<18 years) with intervention components aimed to reduce sedentary behaviour and measured BMI at pre- and post-intervention. Effect size was calculated as the mean difference in BMI change between children in an intervention group and a control group. Results indicated that sedentary behaviour interventions had a significant effect on BMI reduction. The pooled effect sizes of multi-component interventions (g = -0.060∼-0.089) did not differ from the single-component interventions (g = -0.154), and neither of them had a significant effect size on its own. Future paediatric obesity interventions may consider focusing on developing strategies to decrease multiple screen-related sedentary behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liao
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingjing Liao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Casey P. Durand
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Martínez JA, Milagro FI, Claycombe KJ, Schalinske KL. Epigenetics in adipose tissue, obesity, weight loss, and diabetes. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:71-81. [PMID: 24425725 PMCID: PMC3884103 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the role that diet and other environmental factors play in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, the implication of different epigenetic processes is being investigated. Although it is well known that external factors can cause cell type-dependent epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, and chromatin remodeling, the regulation of these processes, the magnitude of the changes and the cell types in which they occur, the individuals more predisposed, and the more crucial stages of life remain to be elucidated. There is evidence that obese and diabetic people have a pattern of epigenetic marks different from nonobese and nondiabetic individuals. The main long-term goals in this field are the identification and understanding of the role of epigenetic marks that could be used as early predictors of metabolic risk and the development of drugs or diet-related treatments able to delay these epigenetic changes and even reverse them. But weight gain and insulin resistance/diabetes are influenced not only by epigenetic factors; different epigenetic biomarkers have also been identified as early predictors of weight loss and the maintenance of body weight after weight loss. The characterization of all the factors that are able to modify the epigenetic signatures and the determination of their real importance are hindered by the following factors: the magnitude of change produced by dietary and environmental factors is small and cumulative; there are great differences among cell types; and there are many factors involved, including age, with multiple interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kate J. Claycombe
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND; and
| | - Kevin L. Schalinske
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Obesity--a neuropsychological disease? Systematic review and neuropsychological model. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 114:84-101. [PMID: 24394671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic associated with a series of secondary complications and comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, sleep-breathing disorders, and certain forms of cancer. On the surface, it seems that obesity is simply the phenotypic manifestation of deliberately flawed food intake behavior with the consequence of dysbalanced energy uptake and expenditure and can easily be reversed by caloric restriction and exercise. Notwithstanding this assumption, the disappointing outcomes of long-term clinical studies based on this assumption show that the problem is much more complex. Obviously, recent studies render that specific neurocircuits involved in appetite regulation are etiologically integrated in the pathomechanism, suggesting obesity should be regarded as a neurobiological disease rather than the consequence of detrimental food intake habits. Moreover, apart from the physical manifestation of overeating, a growing body of evidence suggests a close relationship with psychological components comprising mood disturbances, altered reward perception and motivation, or addictive behavior. Given that current dietary and pharmacological strategies to overcome the burgeoning threat of the obesity problem are of limited efficacy, bear the risk of adverse side-effects, and in most cases are not curative, new concepts integratively focusing on the fundamental neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying overeating are urgently required. This new approach to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies would justify assigning obesity to the spectrum of neuropsychological diseases. Our objective is to give an overview on the current literature that argues for this view and, on the basis of this knowledge, to deduce an integrative model for the development of obesity originating from disturbed neuropsychological functioning.
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Moreira RPP, Gomes LG, Madureira G, Mendonca BB, Bachega TASS. Influence of the A3669G Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Polymorphism on the Metabolic Profile of Pediatric Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:594710. [PMID: 25050120 PMCID: PMC4094695 DOI: 10.1155/2014/594710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Pediatric CAH patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and it remains unknown if genetic predisposition is a contributing factor. Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) polymorphisms are associated with an adverse metabolic profile. Our aim was to analyze the association between the NR3C1 polymorphisms and the metabolic profile of pediatric CAH patients. Methods. Forty-one patients (26SW/15SV) received glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy to achieve normal androgen levels. Obesity was defined by BMI ≥ 95th percentile. NR3C1 alleles were genotyped, and association analyses with phenotype were done with Chi-square, t-test, and multivariate and regression analysis. Results. Obesity was observed in 31.7% of patients and was not correlated with GC doses and treatment duration. Z-score BMI was positively correlated with blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL-c levels, and HOMA-IR. NR3C1 polymorphisms, BclI and A3669G, were found in 23.1% and 9.7% of alleles, respectively. A3669G carriers presented higher LDL-c levels compared to wild-type subjects. BclI-carriers and noncarriers did not differ. Conclusion. Our results suggest that A3669G-polymorphism could be involved with a susceptibility to adverse lipid profile in pediatric CAH patients. This study provides new insight into the GR screening during CAH treatment, which could help to identify the subgroup of at-risk patients who would most benefit from preventive therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P. P. Moreira
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa G. Gomes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guiomar Madureira
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Berenice B. Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia A. S. S. Bachega
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 05403-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Tânia A. S. S. Bachega:
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase and has reached epidemic proportions. Accumulating data over the past few decades have given us key insights and broadened our understanding of the peripheral and central regulation of energy homeostasis. Despite this, the currently available pharmacological treatments, reducing body weight, remain limited due to poor efficacy and side effects. The gastric peptide ghrelin has been identified as the only orexigenic hormone from the periphery to act in the hypothalamus to stimulate food intake. Recently, a role for ghrelin and its receptor at the interface between homeostatic control of appetite and reward circuitries modulating the hedonic aspects of food has also emerged. Nonhomeostatic factors such as the rewarding and motivational value of food, which increase with food palatability and caloric content, can override homeostatic control of food intake. This nonhomeostatic decision to eat leads to overconsumption beyond nutritional needs and is being recognized as a key component in the underlying causes for the increase in obesity incidence worldwide. In addition, the hedonic feeding behavior has been linked to food addiction and an important role for ghrelin in the development of addiction has been suggested. Moreover, plasma ghrelin levels are responsive to conditions of stress, and recent evidence has implicated ghrelin in stress-induced food-reward behavior. The prominent role of the ghrelinergic system in the regulation of feeding gives rise to it as an effective target for the development of successful antiobesity pharmacotherapies that not only affect satiety but also selectively modulate the rewarding properties of food and reduce the desire to eat.
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Santiago S, Zazpe I, Martí A, Cuervo M, Martínez JA. Gender differences in lifestyle determinants of overweight prevalence in a sample of Southern European children. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7:e391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abete I, Parra MD, Zulet MA, Martínez JA. Different dietary strategies for weight loss in obesity: role of energy and macronutrient content. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 19:5-17. [PMID: 19079872 DOI: 10.1079/nrr2006112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disorder caused by an imbalance of the energy metabolism with high associated burdens. Therefore, huge efforts are being currently devoted in studying new types of hypoenergetic diets and their composition, in order to characterise more specific, long-lasting and safe slimming protocols. A number of investigations are trying to determine the specific influence of the macronutrient distribution in energy-restricted diets on the management of excessive body weight. In this context, very-low-energy diets supplying between 1670 and 3350 kJ (400 and 800 kcal)/d have been beneficial in short-term treatments causing a weight loss of 300-500 g/d. Such strategies place more emphasis on energy restriction than on the macronutrient composition of the diet prescription. Weight loss produced by either low-carbohydrate or low-fat moderately energy-restricted diets ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 kg/week, while diets with high or moderately high protein content have also been applied in weight-reducing programmes by inducing losses of 0.2-0.4 kg/week. Other factors that determine weight loss by dieting are sex, age, initial body weight, race, genetics, regional fat deposition, etc, which must be taken into account to explain the variability in the outcomes of different low-energy diets. Therefore, more research is needed about the impact of diets with different fuel substrates and foods on the characteristics of the weight-loss process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Abete
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Stamatakis KA, Leatherdale ST, Marx CM, Yan Y, Colditz GA, Brownson RC. Where is obesity prevention on the map?: distribution and predictors of local health department prevention activities in relation to county-level obesity prevalence in the United States. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2012; 18:402-11. [PMID: 22836530 PMCID: PMC3711616 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0b013e318221718c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The system of local health departments (LHDs) in the United States has the potential to advance a locally oriented public health response in obesity control and reduce geographic disparities. However, the extent to which obesity prevention programs correspond to local obesity levels is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study examines the extent to which LHDs across the United States have responded to local levels of obesity by examining the association between jurisdiction-level obesity prevalence and the existence of obesity prevention programs. DESIGN Data on LHD organizational characteristics from the Profile Study of Local Health Departments and county-level estimates of obesity from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed (n = 2300). Since local public health systems are nested within state infrastructure, multilevel models were used to examine the relationship between county-level obesity prevalence and LHD obesity prevention programming and to assess the impact of state-level clustering. SETTING Two thousand three hundred local health department jurisdictions defined with respect to county boundaries. PARTICIPANTS Practitioners in local health departments who responded to the 2005 Profile Study of Local Health Departments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Likelihood of having obesity prevention activities and association with area-level obesity prevalence. RESULTS The existence of obesity prevention activities was not associated with the prevalence of obesity in the jurisdiction. A substantial portion of the variance in LHD activities was explained by state-level clustering. CONCLUSIONS This article identified a gap in the local public health response to the obesity epidemic and underscores the importance of multilevel modeling in examining predictors of LHD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Stamatakis
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Schellekens H, Finger BC, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Ghrelin signalling and obesity: at the interface of stress, mood and food reward. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:316-26. [PMID: 22749794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal circuitry underlying the complex relationship between stress, mood and food intake are slowly being unravelled and several studies suggest a key role herein for the peripherally derived hormone, ghrelin. Evidence is accumulating linking obesity as an environmental risk factor to psychiatric disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression. Ghrelin is the only known orexigenic hormone from the periphery to stimulate food intake. Plasma ghrelin levels are enhanced under conditions of physiological stress and ghrelin has recently been suggested to play an important role in stress-induced food reward behaviour. In addition, chronic stress or atypical depression has often demonstrated to correlate with an increase in ingestion of caloric dense 'comfort foods' and have been implicated as one of the major contributor to the increased prevalence of obesity. Recent evidence suggests ghrelin as a critical factor at the interface of homeostatic control of appetite and reward circuitries, modulating the hedonic aspects of food intake. Therefore, the reward-related feeding of ghrelin may reveal itself as an important factor in the development of addiction to certain foods, similar to its involvement in the dependence to drugs of abuse, including alcohol. This review will highlight the accumulating evidence demonstrating the close interaction between food, mood and stress and the development of obesity. We consider the ghrelinergic system as an effective target for the development of successful anti-obesity pharmacotherapies, which not only affects appetite but also selectively modulates the rewarding properties of food and impact on psychological well-being in conditions of stress, anxiety and depression.
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Sabbağ C. Seasonal BMI changes of rural women living in Anatolia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:1159-70. [PMID: 22690188 PMCID: PMC3366605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9041159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Today, obesity is one of the most evident public health problems in many parts of the World and it is more common among women. Several factors are affecting women's obesity, among these short term weight fluctuations, either gain or loss, cause severe health disorders, particularly in rural areas where seasonal activity differs significantly throughout the year. Since this case has not been studied in detail, our research focused on prevalence and probable causes of seasonal rural obesity among women in two rural areas of Turkey. The study was undertaken with 100 participants. One-way ANOVA and one-way repeated ANOVA tests were utilized for categorical, continuous and repeated variables as study contains groups with more than one and repeated variables. Overweight is more common in the 18-30 years and 50+ years groups, whereas the absence of obesity, except during winter of 2010 in the 50+ years of age group, is most probably due to the widespread occurrence of diabetes for this age group. The highest BMI values for all groups, which were 25.2 ± 3.39 for 2009 and 26.1 ± 3.40 for 2010, were determined in winter, because of minimum physical activity, while summer BMIs were 24.1 ± 3.39 in 2009 and 25.1 ± 3.35 in 2010. This decrease was most probably due to intense agricultural field work in both regions. The majority of the women claimed that their weight is balanced in summer but results revealed that participants did not lose all the weight which was gained during winter months although BMI showed a significant fall from spring to autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciğdem Sabbağ
- Food and Beverage Department, Adiyaman University, 02040 Altinsehir, Adiyaman, Turkey.
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Rank M, Siegrist M, Wilks DC, Haller B, Wolfarth B, Langhof H, Halle M. Long-term effects of an inpatient weight-loss program in obese children and the role of genetic predisposition-rationale and design of the LOGIC-trial. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:30. [PMID: 22429873 PMCID: PMC3368736 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased worldwide, which is a serious concern as obesity is associated with many negative immediate and long-term health consequences. Therefore, the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is strongly recommended. Inpatient weight-loss programs have shown to be effective particularly regarding short-term weight-loss, whilst little is known both on the long-term effects of this treatment and the determinants of successful weight-loss and subsequent weight maintenance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short, middle and long-term effects of an inpatient weight-loss program for children and adolescents and to investigate the likely determinants of weight changes, whereby the primary focus lies on the potential role of differences in polymorphisms of adiposity-relevant genes. Methods/Design The study involves overweight and obese children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years, who participate in an inpatient weight-loss program for 4 to 6 weeks. It started in 2006 and it is planned to include 1,500 participants by 2013. The intervention focuses on diet, physical activity and behavior therapy. Measurements are taken at the start and the end of the intervention and comprise blood analyses (DNA, lipid and glucose metabolism, adipokines and inflammatory markers), anthropometry (body weight, height and waist circumference), blood pressure, pubertal stage, and exercise capacity. Physical activity, dietary habits, quality of life, and family background are assessed by questionnaires. Follow-up assessments are performed 6 months, 1, 2, 5 and 10 years after the intervention: Children will complete the same questionnaires at all time points and visit their general practitioner for examination of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and assessment of pubertal stage. At the 5 and 10 year follow-ups, blood parameters and exercise capacity will be additionally measured. Discussion Apart from illustrating the short, middle and long-term effects of an inpatient weight-loss program, this study will contribute to a better understanding of inter-individual differences in the regulation of body weight, taking into account the role of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors. Trial Registration NCT01067157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rank
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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Giuli C, Papa R, Mocchegiani E, Marcellini F. Predictors of participation in physical activity for community-dwelling elderly Italians. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 54:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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